Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
(BPK 30902)
CHAPTER 2:
FUNDAMENTAL COST
CONCEPTS
E.g.
•Insurance and taxes on facilities
•General management and administrative salaries
•License fees
•Interest cost on borrowed capital
•Fixed overhead
VARIABLE COSTS
Associated with an operation that varies in total with the
quantity of output or other measures of activity level.
E.g.
•The costs of material and labour used in a product or
service
Direct labour
Subcontractors
Indirect costs
Marketing
Advertisement
Legal
INCREMENTAL COSTS
Additional cost (or revenue) that results from increasing the
output of a system by one (or more) units.
E.g.
• Incremental cost per mile for driving
• Incremental cost of producing a barrel of oil
• Incremental cost to the state for educating a student
TOTAL COSTS
Total Cost (TC) is the sum of Fixed Cost (FC) and
Variable Cost (VC).
TC = FC + VC
R = TR - TC
whereby: R = revenue
TR = total revenue
TC = total cost
TOTAL REVENUE (CONT.)
Breakeven point
TR = TC
Penyelesaian:
a) Diberi FC = RM300 / hari, VC = RM5 / kg
∴ Jumlah kos, TC = F + VQ = 300 + 5Q
b) Bagi 1,000 kg kopi,
TC = (300/hari)(1 hari) + (5 /kg) x (1000 kg/hari)(1 hari)
= 300 + 5(1000)
= RM 5,300
EXERCISE 4
A contractor has a choice of two sites on which to set up the asphalt-
mixing plant equipment. Factors relating to the two mixing sites are as
follows (production costs at each site are the same):
Cost factor Site A Site B
Site B is better for it has smaller total costs for the job.
B) FOR THE SELECTED SITE, HOW MANY CUBIC YARDS OF PAVING
MATERIAL DOES THE CONTRACTOR HAVE TO DELIVER BEFORE
STARTING TO MAKE A PROFIT IF PAID RM8.05 PER CUBIC YARD
DELIVERED TO THE JOB LOCATION?
In EE analysis, only those costs that are cash flows or potential cash
flows from the defined perspective for the analysis need to be
considered.
SUNK COST
Occurred in the past and has no relevance to estimates of
future costs and revenues related to an alternative course
of action.
Example:
A firm is considering the replacement of a piece of
equipment. It originally cost RM50,000, is presently
shown on the company records with a value of
RM20,000, and can be sold for an estimated RM5,000.
The present investment in the equipment should be
considered as RM5,000, because, by keeping the
equipment, the firm is giving up the opportunity to
obtain RM5,000 from its disposal.
RECURRING COSTS
Periodic
Cumulative
life-cycle
cost
Cost Cumulative
(RM) commited
life-cycle
cost
Time
0
Needs Conceptual Details Production or
Operation or Retirement &
assessment: (preliminary) design construction
customer use: disposal
defination of design: production or
maintenance
requirement advanced construction
& support
development planning:
prototype facility &
testing resources
accquisition
Working capital
Funds required for the start-up & support of operational
activities
E.g. Material for product/ spare part for maintenance/ cash
for salaries etc
LIFE-CYCLE COST –
CATEGORIES (CONT.)
Operation and maintenance cost (O&M)
Includes many of the recurring annual expenses items
associated with operation phase of LC
Direct & indirect cost of operation associated with 5
primary resources (people/machines, materials/ energy/
information
Disposal cost
Includes those non-recurring costs of shutting down the
operation & the retirement & disposal of assets at of LC
THANK YOU…
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 2
An entrepreneur named DK was considering the money-making potential
of chartering a bus to take the people from his hometown to an event in a
larger city. DK planned to provide transportation, tickets to the event and
refreshment on the bus for his customer. He gathered data and
categorized the predicted expenses as either fixed or variable.
DK’s variable costs depend on how many people sign up for the
charter, which the level of activity
TC = FC + VC
TC = 225 + 20 * (number of people on the trip)
TC = 225 + 20x
CONTINUE..
Evaluate the potential to make money from this chartered bus trip.
If DK believe that he could attract 30 people at a charter ticket
price of $35.
Total revenue = charter ticket price * number of people on the trip
= 35x
If x = 30,
Total profit = $225.
A distributor of electric pumps must decide what to do with a “lot” of old
electric pumps purchased 3 years ago. Soon after the distributor purchased
the lot, technology advances made the old pumps less desirable to
customers. The pumps are becoming more obsolescent as they sit in
inventory. The pricing manager has the following information.
Looking at the data, the pricing manager has concluded that the price
should be set at $8000. This is the money that the firm has “tied up” in the
lot of old pumps ($7000 purchase and $1000 storage), and it was reasoned
that the company should at least recover this cost. Furthermore, the pricing
manager has argued than an $8000 price would be $1500 less than the list
price from the 3 years ago, and it would be $4000 less than what a lot of
new pump would cost ($12,000 - $8000). What should be your advice on
price?
SOLUTION
Distributor’s purchase price 3 years ago:
This is a sunk cost that should not be considered in setting the price
today.
Distributor’s storage costs to date:
The storage costs for keeping the pumps in inventory are sunk costs; that
is; they have been paid. Hence they should not influence the pricing
decision.
Distributor’s list price 3 years ago:
If there have been no willing buyer in the past 3 years at this price, it is
unlikely that a buyer will emerge in the future. This past list price should
have no influence on the current pricing decision.
Amount offered from a buyer 2 years ago:
This is a forgone opportunity. At the time of the offer, the company chose
to keep the lot and thus the $500 offered become an opportunity cost for
keeping the pumps. This amount should not influence the current pricing
decision.
Current price the lot could bring:
The price a willing buyer in the marketplace offers is called the
asset’s market value. The lot of old pumps in question is believed
to have a current market value of $3000.