SOIL MECHANICS 2019

PROGRESS REPORT
I. Title:
STABILIZATION OF SOIL USING GEO-JUTE
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Local

According to Lim, L K, Tolentino, R D and Espino, R C.(2006), that the first project involved the
use of geosynthetic reinforcement consisting of a composite continuous fiber nonwoven geotextile
reinforced with high strength polyester yarns for the construction of an 18m high slope. The nonwoven
component provides in-plane drainage capacity while the high tenacity polyester yarn provides tensile
strength. The second project involved the successful use of reinforced glass paving fabric for Subic
International Airport runway rehabilitation works. The paving fabric consists of a continuous filament
nonwoven needle punched polypropylene geotextile reinforced with high strength glass fiber. It can
extend the design life service of the new asphalt overlay more than twice compared to the conventional
overlays method without paving fabrics. The installation procedure, bitumen selection, spray rate and
testing of the adhesion between the new asphalt overlay - paving fabric - old asphalt concrete overlay
for the successful application of the paving fabric.

Carating, Rodelio B., Galanta, Raymundo G., Bacatio, Clarita D. (2014), the first soil survey in
the Philippines was done by Mr. Clarence Dorsey, an American soil scientist in the province of
Batangas in 1903. The Soils of the Philippines, however, is the first comprehensive summary of more
than a century of soil-survey work in this country. It integrates the soil concepts of the reconnaissance
soil-survey results, which commenced as early as 1934 and continued until the mid 1960s, with the
semi-detailed soil surveys that continue to this day. The result is the first-ever genetic key for classifying
Philippine soils at soil series level; thus, making it possible for any newcomers to the soil survey field to
confidently produce their own soil map, at a more detailed map scale, to suit the project requirements.

S. Pinzi, M. Pilar Dorado (2012) The production of biodiesel from non-edible oilseed crops has
been extensively investigated in recent years. Non-edible oleaginous crops used in biodiesel
production, including Bahapilu, castor, cotton seed, cuphea, Jatropha curcas, karanja seed, linseed,
mahua, nagchampa, neem, rubber seed, tonka bean, castañola, cardoon and milkweed.

Guadalupe M. Dejarme-Calalang & Gilles Colinet (2014). The information discussed was
gathered from on-line journals, a compilation of agricultural research reports published in Northern
Mindanao, published theses, government data and reports, and books. Bukidnon has existing soil
information that could be useful for assessing and monitoring soil fertility and in establishing a regional
Land Information System (LandIS). Soils in the Province are classified according to Soil Order, Great
Group and soil type under the USDA Soil Taxonomic Classification. Data on crop production yields are
also available. Soil information is intended more for crop fertilization planning at the broader scale.
Studies on geomorphopedology and the interactions of elements within the soil are scarce.

A study made by Navarette stated that a large portions of the deforested areas in Southeast
Asia in general and in the Philippines in particular have been replaced by grassland, but the dynamics
between the soil organic carbon inputs after forest conversion into grassland and the original OC are
understood. Also, quantitative data on the C stabilization is important to understand, assess and predict
the long term effect on land use change, but soil C stabilization mechanisms are not fully considered
important when studying land use change. They measured the soil OC content to depths of 100cm in
paired forest and grassland plots across the soil types in Leyte Philippines.

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A research conducted by Dungca focused on the analysis of the soil bearing capacities of the
various cities and municipalities of Metro Manila, Philippines. The allowable soil bearing capacities to
be used for foundation dsesign were calculated through various theories and studies using
geotechnical parameters, such as relative density and angle of internal friction.

A study made by Balatucan refers to the process of changing soil properties to improve strength
and durability. There are many techniques for soil stabilization. Including compaction, dewatering and
by adding material to the soil. Nowadays, engineers determine which form of soil stabilization is the
best solution for a specific soil problem. If this is tthe case with your soil stabilizers applied to improve
your soil quickly and econoically. The primary beneficial effect of the rice husk ash is on their physical
properties of soil.

A study conducted by Orale evaluated the effects of coconut husk ash as a stabilizer of fine
grained soil for subgrade/subbase purposes. The CHA with size less than No. 200 sieve with a specific
gravity of 0.66 was able to improve soil strength parameters; the effects, however, was sensitive.
Maximum dry density which is also associated with higher CBR rating was achieved for clay and silt
clay soils at 5 % CHA content, while silt soil gained its maximum density at 2.5% CHA. The data is,
however, insufficicent to conclude the range of quantity that results into better CBR rating.

Foreign

According to V. Aravind (2019) soil is considered as a complex material. Apart from the testing and
classification of various types of soil, in order to determine the stability, physical properties, the
problems related to foundation design construction, pavement design, design of embankments,
excavation and deign of earth dams are necessary. Thus the stability of the pavement is depends upon
the stability of the subgrade and it is done with soil stabilization. In order to enhance the engineering
properties, soil can be reinforced with jute fibre. Jute fibre is preferable because of its better durability,
high tensile strength and capacity to withstand rotting and heat, porous texture which gives it good
drainage and filtration properties. Moreover, jute is locally available, cheap, eco- friendly and
biodegradable.

Reinforcing in soil masses increases its strength, bearing capacity and ductility; reduces
settlement and inhibits lateral deformation. Jute fibre stabilized soils show greater extensibility and
compressive strength and reduction on settlement. The jute is biodegradable and has no environmental
hazard. In this paper jute fibre is used with varying amount and their effect was analyzed on shear
strength. Therefore, the improvements in shear strength have been taken and comparative studies on
the stabilization of soil are carried out using different proportion of Geo-jute.

Geo-jute or jute geotextile has many potential applications in civil construction works. The
engineering properties of jute fabrics are suitable for separation, reinforcement, drainage and filtration
functions and can be suitably used in overcoming geotechnical problems of weak soil. Applied research
including performance evaluation of geo-jute applications are needed to highlight the beneficial uses of
geo-jute in the field.

According to V. Aravind, V. Aravind, K. Kaven, V.S Priyanka, Supriya Sunil (2019), the
protection of environment is a vital issue in the world. The demand of jute is raised for environment
friendly for future.In this investigation we have used jute fibre pieces in different proportion to study its
effect on various geotechnical properties of soil. The results of the testing clearly shows that the
engineering properties of the soil importance considerably due to stability with jute fibre geotextile.As

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the maximum density increases generally optimum moisture content (OMC) of the soil will be
increasing. Based on the observation, the density increase with the increase of jute.

Since maximum dry density was obtained at 1 % addition of jute. It is obtained that by
increasing the jute fibre content percentage of MDD decreases and OMC increases. Geo jute has many
potential applications in civil construction works. The engineering properties of jute are suitable for
separation, reinforcement, drainage and filtration and can be suitably used in overcoming geotechnical
problems of weak soil. Since, the jute is used as vegetable, geo-textile, biogas, biodegradable products
which have impact on the environment. There are lots of scopes for future research in this economy,
environment friendly issue.

The Jute Geotextile according to Aamir Farooq, Dr. Rajesh Goyal (2017) has the potential of
being used to serve as a filter fabric as well as a fabric reinforcement to stabilize and protect weak
subgrades in road construction. When the jute fabric is placed directly on the subgrade and topped with
a granular backfill to form a sub base for the pavement, it is found to function in a threefold way : It
separates the subgrade from sub-base thus preventing the punching of the base material into the
subgrade and at the same time the fines from the subgrade are also prevented from gaining entry into
the road structures, it acts as drainage layer to remove excess water from softening the subgrade, and,
it helps to improve the bearing capacity and settlement behaviour of the subgrade by virtue of its action
as a fabric reinforcement.

The Jute Geotextile is expected to contribute towards better road performance by reducing road
defects with the consequent reduction in maintenance costs. The economy resulting in reduced road
thickness design and construction time is an added bonus. While the jute geotextile appears to function
quite close to synthetic ones in performance, its durability aspect seems to pose a limitation on its use.
However, jute geotextile is found to be fairly resistant to deterioration when embedded in wet soil under
a narrow, margin of annual variation in subgrade water content (18% to 30%) and subgrade
temperature (25°C to 30°C) conditions prevailing in the geographical region of Southeast Asia,. There
is little doubt that the jute fabric and jute mats are initially very strong and ideal for use as a geotextile
material.

After it is placed on the weak subgrade, the subgrade stiffens and becomes stronger on
consolidation within about a year or so under the action of granular sub-base surcharge, self weight of
pavement, construction rolling and traffic loads. The jute geotextile immensely helps in this rapid
subgrade strengthening process in combination with the drainage layer above it. With time, the
subgrade becomes less and less dependent on the fabric for its stability and therefore, the long term
durability aspect of jute fabric should not deter its use as a geotextile for various applications in road
construction. Jute geotextile materials are biodegradable and their uses in various geotechnical
engineering applications are ecologically safe.

According to T.Subramani, R.K.Sridhar, S.Priyanka (2017), site feasibility study for geotechnical
projects is of far most beneficial before a project can take off. Site survey usually takes place before the
design process begins in order to understand the characteristics of subsoil upon which the decision on
location of the project can be made. Soil stabilization aims at improving soil strength and increasing
resistance to softening by water through bonding the soil particles together, water proofing the particles
or combination of the two Usually, the technology provides an alternative provision structural solution to
a practical problem. The simplest stabilization processes are compaction and drainage (if water drains
out of wet soil it becomes stronger). The other process is by improving gradation of particle size and
further improvement can be achieved by adding binders to the weak soils.

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Geojute may be used as an interim overlay on the exposed slopes for reducing total erosion of
the soil mass due to rainfall. It increases stability of a slope for a longer duration of rainfall in absence of
vegetation cover. Amount of top soil erosion may be reduced by about 95% as obtained from this study
in the laboratory. It may be noted that selection of designed vegetation is another important aspect of
this bio-engineered approach to the solution of top soil erosion control. More rigorous field trials and
laboratory simulations studies should be undertaken in order to establish a more sound understanding
according to Abdul Jabbar Khan and Tarik Habib Binoy (2012).

According to Stalin V.K., Ravi E. and Arun Murugan R.B. (2010) made an attempt to control the
expansion of swelling clays with geosynthetics. Swelling tests were conducted on expansive clay with
varying orientation and number of layers of geogrid, geomembrane and geotextiles. Results revealed
that two layers of horizontally placed geomembrane controls swell potential much better than geogrid
and geotextile. Load carrying capacity of swollen clay with geogrid was high compared with clay with
geotextile and geogrid. It was concluded that even though control of swell potential of expansive clay
with geomembrane was effective, but however, considering swell 18 control as well as enhancement of
load carrying capacity of expansive clay, geogrid and geocomposites were preferable.

Geojute improves the performance of geotechnical constructions, it allows the water within the
soil to flow across and along its plane controlling the particle movement. This property of geojute bears
major significance in filtration and drainage applications and it provides technically superior solution
over traditional granular graded filters. To avoid biodegradation problem, proper design of geojute-soil
matrix through model studies. The behavior is described in three time-dependents stages, influenced
by constituents, compaction, structure of the soil and the geojute. Effective design of these factors
ensures development of ‘filter cake’ within a reasonable period according to Ng, Zhang & Wang (2006).

Sahu et ali. (2004) carried out model testing to determine the aging effects on a geojute
reinforced soil bed under cyclic load. Based on the test results, they concluded that the total and
permanent settlements of the footings were found to reduce with the aging of the soil under various
load cycles. An increase in cohesion and a reduction in moisture content were found to increase with
the increasing aging period of the test bed. The overall performance of the test bed was found to
improve with the aging of the soil, even after the complete biodegradation of the geojute.

Harvey, J. C. (n.d.). Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (Vol. 34).This study was
undertaken to research the effects of jute fiber content, fiber length, water content and dry density of
reinforced and unreinforced soil on the strength influence mechanism by implementing a series of
laboratory tests and analysis. The most efficient fiber reinforcement effects were achieved by means of
adding jute fiber with content of 0.6 % and length of 6 mm into expansive soil specimen prepared at
maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. The cohesion of reinforced specimens increased
first with increasing fiber content and fiber length and then decreased with further increase in fiber
content and fiber length. The internal friction angle of reinforced specimens was not affected
significantly by fiber content and fiber length. Higher water content reduces the fiber reinforcement
effects by means of acting as lubricant in the interface of fiber and soil particles. Fiber reinforcement
effects is more prominent for specimens prepared at higher dry density by increasing the effective
contact area of fiber/soil. The application prospect of soil reinforcement using natural fiber is impeded
by the hydrophilic nature and biodegradability of natural fiber, thus, studies on using chemical additive
to do surface treatment for natural fiber are needed to improve the interfacial interaction of fiber/soil so
as to widen the application of natural fiber.

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Dasgupta, T. Soil Improvement By Using Jute Geotextile And Sand. The Good Connectivity To
Any Part Of The Country In All Seasons Is The First Step To Develop The Infrastructure Of The Nation.
The Structure of Road Consists of The Formation or Subgrade and The Pavement. The Structural
Element of The Pavement Is the Foundation (Soiling or Bottoming) Also Called The Sub-Base Of The
Base. The Base May Be Surfaced Either with A Concrete or A Bituminous Surfacing.Subgrade Is And
Integral Part Of Road Pavement Structure As It Provides Support To The Pavement As Its Foundation.
The Main Function of The Subgrade Is to Give Adequate Support to The Pavement And For This The
Subgrade Should Possess Sufficient Stability Under Adverse Climatic And Loading Conditions. The
Formation Of Waves, Corrugations, Rutting And Shoving In Black Top Pavements Are Generally
Attributed To Poor Subgrade Conditions. Geotextile, Both Natural And Synthetic, Are Helpful In
Improving The Geotechnical Properties Of Soil. These Fabrics Are Used for Erosion Control, Drainage,
Filtration, As Separation Layer, For Vegetation Support Etc. Jute Is Also A Geotextile Which Is More
Ecofriendly And Can Be Used In Road Works Cost Effectively.

Yagya Sharma, Dr. D. G. M. Purohit, & Dr. Sunil Sharma (2017), improvement of engineering
properties of soil by using jute fiber treating with the sand. Jute fiber is treated with the sand to enhance
the engineering properties in case of pavement and earthen slopes. This analysis discusses the
potential of fine sand stabilization with jute is cut into approximately 20mm lengths as admixture.
Present work has been taken up by addition of 20mm jute pieces as admixture. The varying percentage
0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% of jute pieces of jute geotextile were mixed with fine sand of different densities and
moisture content. It is determined that the stabilization of fine sand using 20mm pieces of jute as
admixture improves the strength characteristics of the fine sand so that it becomes usable as
construction of embankment.

Geojute may be used as an interim overlay on the exposed slopes for reducing total erosion of
the soil mass due to rainfall. It increases stability of a slope for a longer duration of rainfall in absence of
vegetation cover. Amount of top soil erosion may be reduced by about 95% as obtained from this study
in the laboratory. It may be noted that selection of designed vegetation is another important aspect of
this bio-engineered approach to the solution of top soil erosion control. a study made by Eastwell
states that the existing soil at a particular location may not be suitable for the construction due to poor
bearing capacity and higher compressibility. particularly clays exhibit generally undesirable engineering
properties. they tend to have low shear strengths and also loose shear strength further upon wetting or
other physical strength further upon wetting or other physical disturbances. the improvement of soil at a
site is indispensable due to rising cost of the land, and huge demand for high rise buildings. so recent
research could be beneficial in finding the different ways of utilizing waste materials in most efficient
ways like rice husk ash, fly ash, used tires, etc. so replacement of natural soils aggregates and cement
with solid industrial by-product is highly desirable.

A research made by Calvart said that open mesh type untreated geojute has been used to
stabilize the road slopes from raindrop erosion until the vegetations are established. Both laboratory
testing and field trial have been undertaken for this purpose. All the test data and observations suggest
that the geojute and vegetation system reduces the surface runoff by 85% and reduces the eroded soil
particles by 93% in comparison to an exposed slope. The system is also eco-compatible and cost-
competitive. However, periodic maintenance is necessary to get the desired result.

A study made by Ahsan Rabat said soil stabilized with cement is known as soil cement. The
cementing action is believed to be the result of chemical reactions of cement with siliceous soil during
hydration reaction. The important factors affecting the soil-cement are nature of soil content, conditions
of mixing, compaction, curing and admixtures used.

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A study by Familusi said that geotextiles are porous fabrics made of synthetic materials such
as polyethylene, polyester, nylons and polyvinyl chloride. Woven, non-woven and grid form varieties of
geotextiles are available. Geotextiles have a high strength. When properly embedded in soil, it
contributes to its stability. It is used in the construction of unpaved roads over soft soils.

The research conducted by Sujitkawade said that the effect of Lime and geogrid on the
properties of the soil. Their main objectives were to determine the properties of the soil before and after
the addition of lime and geogrid to it. The different tests they conducted were natural moisture content
determination, specific gravity, Atterbergs limits, Compaction test, Compressive Strength test.

A study conducted by HarshitaBairagi said that the effectiveness of jute fibers in controlling the
swelling behavior of black cotton soil measured in lab with and without use of randomly reinforced jute
fibers in the soil. Their objectives were to determine the CBR values and unconfined compressive
strength of the soil. The different tests conducted were sieve analysis, Atterbergs limits, differential
swelling test, proctor test, CBR test and unconfined compression test. From the test they concluded
that there was a substantial increase in shrinkage limit, optimum moisture, dry density, CBR value and
shear strength of the soil and also the addition of jute fibers to black cotton soil decreased the swelling
behavior.

A research by AK Singh said that mass movements, especially landslides, are a recurring
natural phenomenon and are an integral part of any geological/geomorphological cycle of landform
development through sequential development of slopes in any elevated region and especially in young
fold mountain chains. The purpose of this paper is to develop and evolve cheap, affordable,
environment friendly and ecologically sustainable techniques of landslide disaster management and
prevention.

Lejano, B. A., & Pineda, K. S. D. (3n.d.). INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF

DIFFERENT NATURAL FIBERS ON THE STRENGTH OF COMPRESSED STABILIZED EARTH
BLOCKS (CSEB) . The effects of adding coconut coir, abaca, and maguey fibers in CSEB were
investigated. The results showed significant strength improvement of CSEB at certain fiber combination
may be obtained for all strength tests conducted. RSM was used to model how the strength may be
predicted for s given fiber combination or vice-versa. Furthermore, using RSM, a mix of 42.5% Abaca
and 57.5% Maguey was predicted and verified to be the optimum mix. The increase in strength may be
explained by the bonding effect of the fibers. The wall test of reinforced CSEB walls shows a 33.79%
increase in compressive strength compared to unreinforced CSEB wall, where both walls failed through
shear. Due to the establishment of shear failure as the governing mode of failure of the wall, it is
recommended that the blocks are best suited for pavements because of their high compressive
strength when used individually. It is also recommended to have interlocking blocks for walls instead of
plain blocks to enable further reinforcements such as steel, which minimizes shear failure and enables
it to be used as load bearing wall. Lastly, changes in the dimensions of blocks are also recommended
to further reduce the shear failure.

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III.PROCEDURES:
Determination of Water content

Procedure:
1. Clean the container with lid dry it and weigh it (W1). Make sure you do this after you have tarred the
balance.
2. Take a specimen of the sample in the container and weigh with lid (W2).
3. Keep the container in the oven with lid removed. Dry the specimen to constant weight maintaining
the temperature between 1050 C to 1100 C for a period varying with the type of soil but usually 16 to 24
hours.
4. Record the final constant weight (W3) of the container with dried soil sample. Peat and other organic
soils are to be dried at lower temperature (say 600 ) possibly for a longer period. Certain soils contain
gypsum which on heating loses its water if crystallization. If it is suspected that gypsum is present in the
soil sample used for moisture content determination it shall be dried at not more than 800 C and
possibly for a longer time.

Determination of Specific Gravity of Soil

Equipment & Apparatus
• Pycnometer
• Sieve(4.75 mm)
• Vacuum pump
• Oven
• Weighing balance
• Glass rod

Preparation of sample: After receiving the soil sample it is dried in oven at a temperature of 105 to
1150C for a period of 16 to 24 hours.

Procedure:

1.Dry the pycnometer and weigh it with its cap(W1)

2.Take about 200 g to 300 g of oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve into the pycnometer and
weigh again(W2)
3.Add water to cover the soil and screw on the cap.
4.Shake the pycnometer well and connect it to the vacuum pump to remove entrapped air for about 10
to 20 minutes.
5.After the air has been removed, fill the pycnometer with water and weigh it (W3).
6.Clean the pycnometer by washing thoroughly.
7.Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water upto its top with cap screw on.
8.Weigh the pycnometer after drying it from the outside thoroughly (W4).

DIRECT SHEAR TEST:

 Apparatus:
 Direct shear box apparatus
 Loading frame (motor attached).
 Dial gauge.

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 Proving ring.
 Tamper.
 Straight edge.
 Balance to weigh up to 200 mg.
 Aluminum container.
 Spatula.

PROCEDURE:
1. Check the inner dimension of the soil container.
2. Put the parts of the soil container together.
3. Calculate the volume of the container. Weigh the container.
4. Place the soil in smooth layers (approximately 10 mm thick). If a dense sample is desired tamp
the soil.
5. Weigh the soil container, the difference of these two is the weight of the soil. Calculate the density
of the soil. 6. Make the surface of the soil plane.
7. Put the upper grating on stone and loading block on top of soil.
8. Measure the thickness of soil specimen.
9. Apply the desired normal load.
10. Remove the shear pin.
11. Attach the dial gauge which measures the change of volume.
12. Record the initial reading of the dial gauge and calibration values.
13. Before proceeding to test check all adjustments to see that there is no connection
between two parts except sand/soil.
14. Start the motor. Take the reading of the shear force and record the reading.
15. Take volume change readings till failure.
16. Add 2 kg normal stress 0.2 kg/cm2 and continue the experiment till failure
17. Record carefully all the readings. Set the dial gauges zero, before starting the experiment
18. Repeat the steps 4-17 by replacing 3% total weight with jute fiber.
19. Repeat the steps 4-17 by replacing 6% total weight with jute fiber.

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IV. DATA AND RESULTS

Running the test and recording the data:

Water Content:

1 Weight of can (W1) 0.034 0.034 0.034

2 Weight of can +Wet soil (W2) 0.322 0.318 0.358

3 Weight of can + Dry Soil (W3) 0.278 0.292 0.316

4 Water/Moisture Content (w) 18% 10% 14.9%

W(%)=[(W2-W3)/(W3-W1)]*100

Result:

The natural moisture content of the soil sample is 14.3%

Determination of Specific Gravity of Soil

W1= 165g

W2= 431g

W3= 910g

W4= 743g

Sp. G = (431-165)/[(431-165)-(910-743)]

Sp. G = 2.67

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Direct Shear Test

0% Jute

Reading No. Time Time 1 2 3

(dd:hh:mm:ss) min mm kPa mm

0 00.00.00.01 0.020 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 00.00.01.00 1.002 0.00 23.14 1.92

2 00.00.02.00 2.004 0.00 43.82 4.95

3 00.00.03.00 3.002 0.00 40.38 8.04

4 00.00.03.20 3.337 0.00 37.11 8.54

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3% Jute

Reading No. Time Time 1 2 3

(dd:hh:mm:ss) min mm kPa mm

0 00.00.00.01 0.020 0.00 4.60 1.65

1 00.00.01.00 1.003 0.66 10.43 5.03

2 00.00.02.00 2.003 1.13 10.56 8.06

3 00.00.02.24 2.403 1.17 9.95 8.47

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6% Jute

Reading No. Time Time 1 2 3

(dd:hh:mm:ss) min mm kPa mm

0 00.00.00.01 0.020 -0.01 0.00 0.00

1 00.00.01.00 1.004 -0.16 25.11 1.63

2 00.00.02.00 2.001 0.52 434.53 3.91

3 00.00.03.00 3.002 1.29 1022.84 5.11

4 00.00.03.27 3.457 1.35 1022.84 5.54

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PROGRESS REPORT
Topic: Stabilization of Soil using Geo Jute

Task:
Chapter 1:
Introduction: COMPLETED
Significance of the study: COMPLETED
Statement of the problem: COMPLETED
Conceptual Framework: COMPLETED
Operational Definition of Variables: COMPLETED
Scope of the study: COMPLETED
Chapter 2: RRL: COMPLETED
Chapter 3: Methodology
Methods and techniques used: COMPLETED
Instruments of the study: COMPLETED
Materials: COMPLETED
Data gathering procedure: COMPLETED
Chapter 4: Data Gathering: INCOMPLETE

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