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There are several effects that an earthquake can have: 1) Building and infrastructure damage is greatest in areas with soft sediments and multi-story buildings tend to be more damaged than smaller buildings. 2) Ground rupture and landslides can be caused directly by the earthquake or by shaking, destroying buildings and blocking roads. 3) Tsunamis generated by earthquakes can travel hundreds of kilometers per hour and reach heights over 90 feet, posing severe threats to coastal areas.

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131 views

DRRR

There are several effects that an earthquake can have: 1) Building and infrastructure damage is greatest in areas with soft sediments and multi-story buildings tend to be more damaged than smaller buildings. 2) Ground rupture and landslides can be caused directly by the earthquake or by shaking, destroying buildings and blocking roads. 3) Tsunamis generated by earthquakes can travel hundreds of kilometers per hour and reach heights over 90 feet, posing severe threats to coastal areas.

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johnpaul pasion
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POSSIBLE DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE

Building and infrastructure damage


-is also greatest in areas of soft sediments, and multi-storey buildings tend to be more
seriously damaged than smaller ones. Buildings can be designed to withstand most
earthquakes, and this practice is increasingly applied in earthquake-prone regions.

Ground rupture
-is another important effect of earthquakes which occurs when the earthquake
movement along a fault actually breaks the Earth's surface.

Landslides
-are caused by earthquakes both by direct rupture and by sustained shaking of unstable
slopes. They can easily destroy buildings in their path, or block roads and railroad
lines, or take hilltop homes with them as they tumble.

Tsunami
- are popularly -- and incorrectly -- known as ``tidal waves,'' are a grave hazard to
many parts of the world, particularly around the Pacific Ocean basin. Tsunamis are a
series of water waves caused when the seafloor moves vertically in an earthquake and
which can travel vast distances in a short period of time. Tsunami speeds in the deep
ocean have been measured at more than 700 km/hr, comparable to some jet planes,
and when tsunamis reach shallow water near the coast, they can reach heights of more
than 27 meters (90 feet)! Remember that tsunamis are a series of waves, and may start
with a gentle withdrawal of water, followed by a very abrupt arriving wave, followed by
another withdrawal, etc. The safest thing to do if you hear a tsunami is coming is to
move to higher ground away from the beach as quickly as possible.
Liquefaction and subsidence
- are important effects which often are the cause of much destruction in earthquakes,
particularly in unconsolidated ground. Liquefaction is when sediment grains are
literally made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil to lose all its solidity.
Subsidence can then follow as the soil re compacts. Sand blows, or sand volcanoes,
form when pressurized jets of groundwater break through the surface. They can spray
mud and sand over an area a few meters across. All of these effects pose a grave danger
to buildings, roads, train lines, airport runways, gas lines, etc. Buildings have actually
tipped over and sunk partway into liquefied soils. Underground gas tanks and septic
tanks have been known to float to the surface through liquefied soils.

Fires
- are a major source of damage after earthquakes. Ground rupture and liquefaction can
easily rupture natural gas mains and water mains, both contributing to the ignition of
fires and hindering the efforts to control them. Shaking also contributes to starting
fires, by knocking down power lines, spilling flammable liquids from storage
containers, and tossing hot coals from barbeques and stoves.

DIFFERENT EARTHQUAKE-RELATED HAZARDS THAT CAN


AFFECT HOME AND COMMUNITY

Ground Shaking
-If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking intensity, structures like buildings,
bridges and dams can be severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping ground destabilised.
Perched or stacked objects may fall and injure or bury anyone close by. In the largest
earthquakes whole districts can be devastated by the multiple consequences of ground
shaking.
Ground shaking will vary over an area due to such factors as topography, bedrock type,
and the location and orientation of the fault rupture. These all affect the way the
seismic waves travel through the ground.
Landslides and Rock falls

-Ground shaking due to earthquakes destabilises cliffs and steep slopes, causing
landslides and rock falls as a significant side-effect. Heavy rain and unconsolidated or
fractured rock are exacerbating factors.

Subsidence and Lateral Spreading

-subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface, often occurs during earthquakes.

This may be due to downward vertical displacement on one side of a fault, and can
sometimes affect a huge area of land. Coastal areas can become permanently flooded as
a result.

Subsidence can also occur as ground shaking causes loose sediments to “settle’ and to
lose their load bearing or to slump down sloping ground.

Lateral spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to move downhill, causing cracks
to open up, that are often seen along hill crests and river banks.

Liquefaction

-Liquefaction occurs when waterlogged sediments are agitated by seismic shaking. This
separates the grains from each other, reducing their load bearing capacity. Buildings
and other structures can sink down into the ground or tilt over, whilst underground
pipes and tanks may rise up to the surface.

When the vibrations stop, the sediments settle down again, squeezing groundwater out
of fissures and holes in the ground to cause flooding. The aftermath of liquefaction can
leave large areas covered in a deep layer of mud.
DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION AND

READINESS

SUBMITTED BY:

Paul Christian Bullo

Charles Deavid Corpuz

Yoshke Estojero

Anthony Gallardo

Daniel Sigue

Leandro Tuyo

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