Science, Technology, and Society LASERNA, CIARRA BIANCA

1K-MT

(Aikenhead, 1994)

✓ Science, Technology, and Society

• Study of nature and behavior of natural things and
the knowledge we obtain about them
➢ Scire: to know
• Community of people with a common goal
• Application of scientific knowledge for practical
purposes/goal of science
• Study of how social, political, and cultural values
affect scientific research and technological
innovation and how these in turn affect society, and
politics
• Interaction between science and technology and
social, cultural, political, and economic contexts
which shape and shaped by them
• WHY STS?
➢ For awareness and sustainability

EDUCATIONAL VIEWPOINT
(Aikenhead, 1994)

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
✓ Sense of belonging to a broader community
✓ Beyond national boundaries that emphasizes our
common humanity and draws on the
interconnections between local (national) and
global (international)
➢ Student’s engagement with different perspectives ✓ 4 Pillars
on societal issues concerning the impact of science ➢ Learning to know
and technology on everyday life ➢ Learning to do
(Fensham, 1988) ➢ Learning to be
➢ Learning to live together

17 Sustainable Development Goals

1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
(Aikenhead, 1992) 4. Quality Education

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5. Gender Equality History and Philosophy of Science
6. Clean Water and Sanitation Science and Technology in:
7. Affordable and Clean Energy ✓ Ancient Times
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth ➢ Transportation and Navigation
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure ➢ Communication
10. Reduced Inequalities ➢ Weapons and armors
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities ➢ Conservation of life
12. Responsible Consumption, and Production ➢ Health
13. Climate Action ➢ Engineering
14. Life Below water ➢ Architecture
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions • Summerian Civilization
17. Partnerships for the Goals ➢ Cuneiform – handwriting
➢ Society hinders these goals ➢ Uruk City
➢ Irrigation and Dikes
➢ Sailboats
➢ Wheel
➢ The Plow

• Egyptian Civilization
➢ Papyrus/Paper
➢ Ink
➢ Hieroglyphics
➢ Cosmetics and Wigs
➢ Water Clock/Clepsydra

Society vs Society • Greek Civilization

✓ Social Dwarnism ➢ Alarm Clock
➢ Humans, like animals, compete in a struggle for ➢ Water Mill
existence in which natural selection results in
"survival of the fittest." • Roman Civilization
✓ Social Exchange Theory ➢ Newspaper
➢ Attempts to explain the social factors that influence ➢ Bound books/Codex
how individuals interact within a reciprocal ➢ Roman Architectures
relationship ➢ Roman Numerals
➢ FORMULA FOR PREDICTING BEHAVIOR:
- Behavior (profit) = Reward of Interaction • Chinese Civilization
(Benefits) – Cost of Interaction ➢ Silk
➢ Tea Production
➢ Great Wall of China
➢ Gunpowder

✓ S&T in the Middle Ages

• (DARK Ages)
➢ Lack of central government
➢ Widespread diseases
➢ Long religious wars
➢ Little access to education
➢ Lack of technological/cultural development
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➢ Printing press (Johannes Gutenberg, 1440) - Should be the basis of theories
➢ Microscope (Zacharias Janssen / Anton Van - Observation is seeing; seeing is believing
Leeuwenhoek?) - Observable Facts are objectives
➢ Telescope (Hans Lippershey / Galileo Galilei?) - Places a high degree of faith into the senses
➢ War weapons (unbiased and unprejudiced observer)

✓ S&T in the Renaissance

➢ 14th to 17th century
➢ Bridge between Middle Ages and Modern History
✓ Hypothetico-deductivism
➢ Asserts that “facts” are not always observable
➢ Ex. The Research of Charles Lyell Darwinism vs
Creationism
➢ Rejects the context of discovery
➢ Facts have to scientist not by observation but rather
by accident, through dreams, visions and
preexisting theories
➢ Rejects the notion that facts are neutral objective.
➢ Theories are confirmed, not proven, yet every
instance that lends support corroborates the theory
➢ Some things are more often too small to be
✓ S&T in the Modern Days observed by the human eye alone (microscopic)
➢ Internet
➢ Gadgets ✓ Falsification
➢ A never-ending quest to falsify previous theories for
better ones-more falsifiable the better
➢ Also rejects the context of discovery
✓ Philosophy of Science ➢ Confirmation of hypothesis is not enough
➢ Application of philosophical methods to ➢ A body of science must be falsifiable.
philosophical problems as they arise in the context ➢ The notion of scientific progress for the
of sciences falsificationist rests on the premise that scientific
➢ Science seeks knowledge of facts while philosophy theories are tentative
seeks ultimate knowledge ➢ No specific number of confirmations will make any
➢ Philosophy and Science are both interested in hypothesis true
knowledge
✓ Conjecture and Refutation
NOTE: Philosophies on page 16 ➢ Science must continue to progress through an open
quest to put theories to the test, allowing
✓ Facts preconceived notion of “facts,” whatever they may
➢ Basis of Science be, up to scientific criticism and refutation
➢ Thomas Kuhn famously published The Structures of
✓ Inductivism Scientific Revolutions (1962)
➢ Proposes and rests on a common understanding of ➢ This publication brought previous theories in the
the laws of the universe history and philosophy of science into a whole new
➢ There are laws of nature, uniformities that govern context.
these laws ➢ Coined the term “paradigm” or model
➢ Emerged in the work of Francis Bacon ➢ Conjecture: conclusion formed based on
➢ Facts here are: incomplete information
- Observable
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➢ Refutation: providing a statement or theory to be ➢ These early people also gathered wild nuts, berries,
wrong or false fruits, wild grains, and green plants
➢ They fished along coastal areas
Normal Science vs Revolutionary Science ➢ Current research indicates that two-thirds of the
➢ For a new paradigm, or paradigm shift to occur, it is energy was derived from animal foods
in this Period of Revolutionary Science that: ➢ The fat content of the diet believed to be like that
- theories are checked of the present day.
- previously held formulations are reanalyzed ➢ Paleolithic men and women performed different
- possible refutations are generated tasks
➢ Men hunted large animals
✓ Solving Problems is Scientific Progress ➢ Over time, they developed tools and weapons to
help them hunt
➢ The traps and spears made increased their chances
of killing their prey
➢ Women’s tasks
- stayed close to the camp, which was often
located near a stream or other body of water.
- They looked after the children and searched
nearby woods and meadows for berries, nuts,
and grains.
➢ Everyone worked to find food, because it was the
key to the group’s survival.
➢ Some scientists believe that an equal relationship
existed between Paleolithic men and women.
➢ Some evidences suggest that some men and
✓ Technology’s Four Historical Transition women may have hunted in monogamous (married)
➢ Makes difficult tasks easier pairs
➢ Brought about by gradual improvements to earlier ➢ This means that a man and a woman worked
works from different time periods together to find food for themselves and their
➢ Developments in this field are not just products of children- first families.
one time though process ➢ Technology tools and methods to perform tasks
✓ Human Revolution (Origin) were first used.
➢ Remarkable and sudden emergence of language, ➢ Before this time, sticks, stones and tree branches
consciousness, and culture in our species served as tools.
➢ Homo sapiens sapiens ➢ Flint- devices from a hard stone (sedimentary
➢ Stone Age: Historians called the early period of crystalline form of the mineral quartz)
human history ➢ The broken pieces of flint had very sharp edges that
could be used for cutting
1.Paleolithic ➢ Spears, bows, and arrows made killing large animals
➢ Earliest part of the period easier.
➢ Began about 2.5 million years ago until 8000 B.C. ➢ Spears and fish hooks increased the number of
➢ People often moved around in search of food fishes caught.
➢ They were NOMADS (people who regularly move ➢ Scraping tools to clean animals hide, which was
from place to place to survive) used for clothing and shelter.
➢ They traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30 ➢ By the end of the Paleolithic Age, people were
members making smaller and sharper tools
➢ Hunted buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, and ➢ Use of Fire:
other animals, depending on where they lived - Cooked food
➢ Survived by hunting and gathering

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- Iron pyrite gave off sparks when struck against ➢ The cotton gin increased productivity of removing
another rock seed from cotton.
➢ Development of spoken language (constantly ➢ Invented by Eli Whitney
growing and changing) ➢ Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning
➢ Transfer of knowledge and weaving of textiles
➢ Paleolithic cave paintings have been found all ➢ Factory System
around the world ➢ The use of machines and an “assembly-line
➢ Crushed yellow, black, and red rocks and combined approach”
them with animal fat to make their Paleolithic ➢ James Watt created the first truly reliable steam
painting in Lascaux, France paints engine in 1775
➢ Used twigs and fingertips as brush ➢ Made locomotives and many textile machines
➢ Iron Making
- Substitution of coal for charcoal greatly lowered
2. Neolithic the fuel cost of iron production
➢ First Agricultural Revolution - The charcoal powdered steam engine enabled a
➢ 10,200 BC and ending between 4500 BC and 2000 large increase in iron production in the 1750’s
BC ➢ Invention of first machine tools
➢ Wide-scale transition from a lifestyle of hunting and ➢ Screw Cutting Lathe, Cylinder Boring Machine, and
gathering to one of agriculture and settlement Milling Machine
➢ Period in the development of human technology ➢ Large-scale production of chemicals
➢ Selected Breeding ➢ Production of sulphuric (sulfuric) acid was
➢ People lived in small tribes composed of families pioneered by the Englishman John Roebuck (1746).
➢ The domestication of large animals resulted in a ➢ Production of fertilizers, detergents, dyes,
dramatic increase in social inequality explosives, drugs and other chemicals
➢ Headed by a charismatic leader of tribal groups ➢ Germany took world leadership in the chemical
➢ Introduction of Agriculture industry
- Surpluses could be stored and traded. ➢ Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities
- Agricultural life affordable securities. during the period
- Sedentary farming populations grew faster than ➢ Joseph Aspdin (1824), British bricklayer turned
nomadic builder, patented a chemical process for making
➢ An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, Portland cement
axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ➢ Joseph Foliambe’s Rotherham (1730) was the first
➢ Neolithic stone artifacts are polished. commercially successful iron plough
➢ Skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of ➢ The threshing machine, invented by Andrew Meikle
stone tools and ornaments, including projectile (1784), displaced hand threshing with a flail, a
points, beads and statues laborious job that took about one-quarter of
➢ The polished stone axe allowed forest clearance in agricultural labor.
large scale ➢ Peter Durand (1810) patented the humble tin can.
➢ It would have an incalculable impact on food
3. Industrial Revolution preservation and transportation right up to the
➢ Period when the face of industry changed present day
dramatically ➢ Jean Lenoir (1858) invented the internal
➢ 1870-1900 combustion.
➢ Lasting impact on the economies of the world and ➢ Internal Combustion Engine: a heat engine where
the lives of the person. the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer
➢ Introduction of inventions that made the life of (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an
people easier integral part of the working fluid flow circuit
➢ The advancement of the textile industry was a key ➢ Eventually this engine was used in transportation
development in the Industrial Revolution. ➢ Electricity
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- Source of power ➢ It deposited radionuclides – atoms with excess
- Done by an international collection of scientists nuclear energy across a wide area
including Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, ➢ Since 1952, more explosive thermonuclear
and Michael Faraday weapons have been tested
➢ Automobile ➢ The products of burning fossil fuels mark
- Henry Ford, one of the most imperative Anthropocene age
inventors of the Industrial Revolution ➢ Current rates of carbon emission
- Enabled people to go wherever and whenever are thought to be higher than at any
they wanted time in the last 65 million years
- Modernize the transportation industry entirely ➢ The concentration of carbon dioxide
➢ Telephone in the atmosphere has risen sharply since
- Created by Alexander Graham Bell (1876) 1850.
- Further improved communications and
eventually led to the various devices used
today.
➢ Camera
- Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1814): the first
person to ever take a photograph
➢ Phonograph
- Thomas Edison (1877) created the phonograph
- Prior to the creation of the phonograph the only
option for entertainment was for live musicians
or actors to perform
- Allowed phone to listen to music anywhere - Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas
➢ Airplane
- Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wight (1903)
created the first airplane.
- Within a few decades plane had changed the
face of personal and business travel and had
dramatically altered warfare

4. The Anthropocene
➢ Rise of Human Empire
➢ Human activity has been the dominant influence on - Global Carbon Emissions from Fossil Fuels
climate and the environment - Plastics:
➢ Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have used developed in 1900s
the term "Anthropocene" as early as the 1960s to have grown since 1950s
refer to the Quaternary, the most recent geological produced 500 million tons/year
period. Sediments containing plastics will be a clear
➢ The term was widely popularized in 2000 by sign of the Anthropocene
atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen, who regards Length of biodegradability
the influence of human behavior on Earth's • Styrofoam cup: 50 years
atmosphere • Aluminum can: 200 years
➢ Issues: • Nappy, Plastic Bottle: 450 years
- Nuclear Weapon • Fishing Line: 600 years
➢ War efforts have left their mark on geology
➢ The first nuclear weapon was detonated on July
16, 1945 in New Mexico

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➢ Sparked by massive global changes mark the
Anthropocene period
➢ Expected that three-quarters of species set to
be wiped out in the coming centuries

✓ The Dark Side of Technology (Michio Kaku)

➢ Technology is a mostly positive endeavor,
Changed Geology
except for some troubling and unnerving
➢ Destroying patch of rainforest changes the
possibilities
future of Earth’s geology
➢ Kaku refers to as “wildcards”
➢ We transformed more than 50% of Earth’s land
➢ The unanticipated uses of technology and
area for our own purpose
science threaten to turn happy futuristic
➢ Deforestation, farming, drilling, mining, landfills,
dreams into nightmares
dam-building and coastal reclamation are all
➢ Sword of Damocles
having widespread effects on sedimentary
- with great fortune and power comes also
processes.
great danger
➢ Disrupting how layers of rock are laid down,
which will be detectable thousands of years in
Technology in a dangerous modern
the future
world with respect to:
1. Terrorism
✓ Fertilizers
2. Environmental remediation
➢ Our attempts to feed an increasing population
3. Socio-technical systems
will leave clear indicators, too
4. Imagination of disaster
➢ Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have
5. e-learning
doubled in the last century because of our
6. e-Commerce
increased use of fertilizers
7. Human Trafficking and cybersex
➢ We produce 23.5 million tons of phosphorus a
8. Drug trafficking
year
9. Nanotechnology
➢ Human activity had the biggest impact on the
nitrogen cycle for 2.5 billion years

✓ Global Warming
➢ Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average ✓ Biology: science of the 21st Century
surface temperature over the past century
primarily due to the greenhouse gases released Anthropology of Biology
as people burn fossil fuels - Human intervention and manipulation of
➢ Rate of temperature increase has nearly life at the molecular level
doubled in the last 50 years - DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid
➢ Average global sea levels are higher than at any - RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
point in the past 115,000 years and are rising - Protein Molecule
rapidly, which may also be detectable in future - DNA Replication
- Transcription
✓ Mass Extinction - Translation
➢ Generally considered to be the death of the last
individual of the species

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✓ Genomics (Gene)
Biological technologies that could shape society ➢ DNA sequence organization, function, and
✓ Genomics evolution of genes
✓ Proteomics ➢ Made possible by the invention of techniques of
✓ Biotechnology recombinant DNA, also known as gene cloning
✓ Synthetic Biology or genetic engineering
✓
✓ Proteomics (Protein)
➢ Aims to identify all the proteins in a cell or
organism including any posttranslational
modified forms, as well as their cellular
localization, functions and interactions

❖ Genomics was made possible by the invention

of techniques of recombinant DNA, also known
DNA = ATCG | A = T & C = G | A = Adenine | T = as genetic cloning or genetic engineering
Thymine
RNA = AUCG | A = U & C = G | C = Cytosine | ✓ Biotechnology
G = Guanine | U = Uracil ➢ The use of living organisms in any form for the
convenience of life
➢ Uses biological systems, living organisms, or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify products
or processes for a specific use (from Law and
Policy of relevance to the management of plant
genetic resources module
➢ Traditional Biotechnology
➢ Used in food preservation and production
of foods
➢ Fermentation-process where
microorganisms are used to produce a
➢ Genetic code Table of Amino Acids product
➢ Modern Biotechnology

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❖ The Biodiversity International has released a • Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis- selecting
module titled “Law and PoIicy of relevance to the the best egg; simplest method and used since
management of plant genetic resources” (Bragdon 1988
et al., 2005) which aims to help professionals in: • TALENS (Transcription Activator-like Effector
- Managing, Nucleases)
- Conserving • CRISPR
- Using plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture
✓ Law and Policy of relevance to the management
of plant genetic resources Module defines:
➢ Biotechnology: uses biological systems, living
organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or
modify products or processes for a specific use.
➢ Genetic Engineering: technique that allows
genes and DNA to be transferred from one
source to another
➢ Modern Biotechnology: gives scientists
molecular tools for obtaining a better
understanding of the structure and function of
genes in living organisms ➢ 3-Parent Baby
➢ Leads to the production of living modified • Human offspring produced from the genetic
organisms (LMOs) or genetically modified material of one man and two women using
organisms (GMOs) or obtaining a better assisted reproductive technologies, specifically
understanding of the structure and function of mitochondrial manipulation (or replacement)
genes in living organisms technologies and three-person in vitro
➢ Aims of Biotechnology fertilization (IVF)
• Enhance the nutritional quality of food
• Increase crop varieties and choice
• Reduce inputs and production costs
• Increase profits (Bragdon et al., 2005)

➢ C.R.I.S.P.R. Technology
• Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats
• Short hand for “CRISPR-CaS9”
• A genetic engineering tool that uses a CRISPR
sequence of DNA and its associated protein
(Cas9) to edit the base pairs of a gene.
• Adapted from the natural defense mechanisms ➢ Synthetic Biology
of bacteria and archaea • Design and construction of new biological parts,
• Mikihiro Shibata of Kanazawa University and devices, and systems and the re-design of
Hiroshi Nishimasu (2017) of the University of existing, natural biological systems for useful
Tokyo showed how it works purposes
➢ Engineer’s approach to biology
➢ Designer Babies
• A baby genetically engineered in vitro for
specially selected traits or a baby whose genetic
makeup has been altered or chosen to provide
the desired genome
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3. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
➢ Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882)
- Darwin's general theory presumes the
development of life from no- life and
stresses a purely naturalistic
(undirected)"descent with
- The Origin of Species (1859)

B. Darwinian Evolution
1. Occurrence of Descent
- “descent with modification”
- Organisms share many characteristics,
leading to perceive a unity in life
A. History of Evolutionary thought - He attributed the unity of life to the descent
1. Cuvier and Catastrophism of all organisms from an ancestor that lived
➢ George Cuvier (1769 - 1832) in the remote past
- This theory was based on the assertion that - He also thought that as the descendants of
there have been violent and sudden natural that ancestral organism lived in various
catastrophes such as great floods and other habitats, they gradually accumulated
very sudden physical changes to the earth diverse modifications, or adaptations, that
- Organisms living in those areas where these fit them to specific ways of life
sudden, violent changes had occurred were ➢ An adaptation is a trait that helps an
often killed off and replaced by new organism become more suited to its
lifeforms moving in from other geographic environment. – Product of natural selection
areas 2. Natural Selection and Adaptation
2. Lamarck’s Theory of Use and Disuse - Process in nature by which organisms
➢ Jean Baptiste Chevalier de Lamarck (1744 - better adapted to their environment tend
1829) to survive and reproduce more than those
- Lamarck was a proponent of spontaneous less adapted to their environment.
generation, the belief that life can appear
spontaneously from inanimate materials 1. Individuals have heritable variations
and then gradually change into more 2. Many more individuals are produced each
complex form through a constant striving generation than the environment can support
for perfection 3. Some individuals have adaptive characteristics
enabling increased survival and reproduction
4. Increasing proportion of succeeding generations
have these characteristics
5. Populations become adapted to their local
environment

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Natural Selection Artificial Adaptation • Documents a succession of life forms from
(Selective Breeding) the simple to the more complex
The organisms that Humans select the ➢ Transition to life in the sea
reproduce are organism that
selected by the reproduce
environment.
The result is The result is
unpredictable. predetermined
The species will be The species will be more
better adapted to useful for humans
the environment

2. Biogeographical evidence
➢ The study of the geographic distribution of
life forms on earth
- Darwin saw how similar species replaced
each other, and reasoned related species
could be modified according to the
environment
- Geographic distributions of organisms are
➢ Galápagos Islands influenced by many factors, including
• Tortoises continental drift
- Darwin wondered if tortoise speciation on - Distributions of many plants and animals
islands could be correlated with a throughout the world are consistent with
difference in vegetation among the islands the hypothesis that when forms are related,
• Finches they evolved in one locale and then spread
- Darwin speculated that all the different to accessible regions
types of finches could have descended from 3. Anatomical evidence
a single type of mainland finch - Darwin was able to show a common
C. Evidences for Evolution descent hypothesis offers a plausible
1. Fossil Evidence explanation for anatomical similarities
• Fossil record is the history of life recorded among organisms
by remains from the past - Despite dissimilar functions, all vertebrate
• The fossil record documents the pattern of forelimbs contain the same sets of bones in
evolution, showing that past organisms similar ways
differed from present day organisms and
that many species have become extinct

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➢ Homologous Structures ✓ Each member of the community gathers food in
- Anatomically similar because they are a unique way
inherited from a common ancestor

➢ Vestigial Structures ✓ Controversial Theory

- are fully developed anatomical structures - People perceived this theory as
developed in one group of organisms, but contradictory to the church’s teachings that
reduced, and may have no function, in the source of life is a powerful creator
similar groups - This theory emerged at a time when most
of the population believed and accepted
4. Biochemical Evidence the biblical version of the Earth’s creation
- Almost all living organisms use the same - The people were divided some believed
basic biochemical molecules that the theory explained the origin of life,
o same DNA triplet code and same 20 but the religious and the faithful strongly
amino acids in their proteins refuted it
- When the degree of similarity in DNA base - After a massive debate between science
sequences are compared, the data suggest and religion, Darwin’s theory of evolution
common descent was understood to be not against the
teachings of the church and believed that
both can coexist

5. Embryological Development
- Embryos of different species develop in
almost identical ways

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➢ The tragedy of the commons: “The bleeding
town of Zambales”
Encyclical Letter of the Holy Father – “On Care for our - Is a situation where individuals tend to
Common Home” exploit shared resources so the demand
greatly outweighs supply, and the resource
➢ “…Saint Francis of Assisi reminds us that our becomes unavailable for the whole
common home is like a sister with whom - Individuals acting independently according
we share our life and a beautiful mother to their own self-interest and behave
who opens her arms to embrace us contrary to the common good
✓ Albert Einstein - Short term convenience
- "Science without religion is lame, religion - Throwaway culture and short sightedness
without science is blind.” V. Justice between the generations
✓ Chapter 5: Lines of Approach and Action
✓ Chapter 1: What is happening to our common I. Dialogue on the environment in the
home? international community
I. Pollution and Climate Change II. Dialogue for the new national and local
- Pollution, waste and the throwaway culture policies
- Climate as a common good III. Dialogue and transparency in decision
II. Issues of Water making
III. Biodiversity Loss IV. Politics and economy in dialogue for human
IV. Decline in the Quality of Human Life and the fulfillment
Breakdown of Society V. Religions in dialogue with science
V. Global Inequality
VI. Weak Responses
VII. A Variety of Opinions
➢ If we destroy creation, creation will destroy
us. Never forget this. – Pope Francis (May
21, 2014)
✓ Chapter 2: The Gospel of Creation
✓ Chapter 3: The Human Roots of the Ecological
Crisis
I. Technology: Creativity and Power
II. The Globalization of the Technocratic
Paradigm
III. The Crisis and Effects of Modern
Anthropocentrism
- Practical Relativism
- The need to protect employment
✓ Chapter 6: Ecological Education and Spirituality
- New biological techniques
I. Towards a new lifestyle
✓ Chapter 4: Integral Ecology
II. Education for the covenant between
I. Environmental, economic, and social
humanity and environment
ecology
III. Ecological conversion
II. Cultural ecology
IV. Joy and peace
III. Ecology of daily life
V. Civic and political love
IV. The principle of the common good

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VI. Sacramental signs and the celebration of
rest
VII. The trinity and the relationship between ✓ Nano
creatures • Expresses a very tiny amount or size
VIII. Queen of all creation • A unit meaning one billionth or ten raised
IX. Beyond the sun to negative nine (10-9)
• Illustrative examples:
- 1 inch = 25, 400,000 nanometers
- A sheet of newspaper =100,000
- nanometers thick
• On a comparative scale
- If a marble were a nanometer, the one
meter would be the size of Earth
✓ Nanotechnology
- Part of science and technology about the
control of matter on the atomic and
molecular scale this means things that are
about 100 nanometers across
- Refers to manipulation of matter on an
atomic to subatomic scale
✓ Nanoscience
- Deals with materials that are very small
using specialized microscopes and other
nanodevices
- Study of structures (NANOSTRUCTURES)
and materials on the scale of nanometers
(Nanoscale)

✓ Nanostructures
• Structures that range between 1nm and 100nm
in the nanoscale
• Exists also in nature
• Cannot be seen by the naked eye
• Can only be observed using specialized
• equipment
- Scanning tunneling microscope
- Atomic force microscope

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✓ Classification of Nanomaterials (a) 0D spheres and ✓ Everyday Applications of Nanotechnology
clusters, (b) 1D nanofibers, wires, and rods, (c) 2D - Nanotechnology has numerous applications in
films, plates, and networks, (d) 3D nanomaterials everyday life, ranging from consumer goods to
medicine to improving the environment

1. Medicine
- One application of nanotechnology in medicine
currently being developed involves employing
nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or
other substances to specific types of cells, such
as cancer cells.
- Particles are engineered so that they are
attracted to diseased cells, which allow direct
treatment of those cells. This technique reduces
damage to healthy cells in the body and allows
for earlier detection of disease.
2. Electronics
- Nanoelectronics holds so many answers on
expanding the capabilities of electronics device
while reducing their weight and power
✓ Nanotechnologies and Society consumption.
- Nanotechnologies may contribute to major - These include improving display screens on
changes to the US and global economy, electronics devices and increasing the density of
workforce, and way of living memory chips.
- Some nanotech products are already on the - Nanotechnology can also reduce the size of
market while others are decades away from transistors used in integrated circuits.
realization outside the lab - One researcher believes it may be possible to
- These new nanotechnologies pose many put the power of all of today’s present
uncertainties for society. The risks that may computers in the palm of your hand.
accompany their use are largely unknown and 3. Environment
their potential social and economic effects raise ➢ Carbo-Iron: combination of nano iron and
questions regarding equity and fairness, many active carbon particles a development by
of which are difficult to anticipate the project partner UFZ are being tested at
VEGAS on a large scale
• This includes cleaning up existing pollution,
improving manufacturing methods to reduce
the generation of new pollution, and making
alternative energy sources more cost effective.
• Potential applications include:
- Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting
groundwater

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- Generating less pollution during the ✓ Products of Nanotechnology
manufacture of materials 1. Nanosilver socks
- Increasing the electricity generated by
windmills
4. Consumer Products

2. Mini drones

5. Sporting Goods
➢ Current nanotechnology applications in the
sports arena include:
- Increasing the strength of tennis racquets by
adding nanotubes to the frames which
increases control and power when you hit the 3. Lab-on-a-chip
ball
- Filling any imperfections in golf club shaft
materials with nanoparticles; this improves the
uniformity of the material that makes up the
shaft and thereby improving your swing
- Reducing the rate at which air leaks from tennis
balls so they keep their bounce longer

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4. Sunscreens
✓ Philosophy of Social Science

5. Nanofiber Cloth

6. Cleansing Soap

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(From Leila Castrojo) c. Only the second sentence is correct.
d. Both sentences are false.
1. If traffic in the Philippines is the society’s response,
which is Technology 1? 9. The best perspective of STS on societal issues
a. Defective LRT and MRT concerns the:
b. Principle of Urbanization a. Impact of Science and Technology on man’s
c. Inefficient traffic enforcers everyday life
d. A and B b. Impact of Science and Technology on economy
e. A and C c. Impact of Science and Technology on culture
d. Impact of Science and Technology on politics
2. Coal substituted the charcoal in the iron
production. Alexander Graham Bell invented the 10. These are the main themes of the technology’s
telephone. four historical transition, except:
a. Both statements are correct a. Makes difficult tasks easier
b. Only the first sentence is correct. b. Developments are not a one-time thought process
c. Only the second sentence is correct. c. Developments are well-documented.
d. Both sentences are false. d. Brought by gradual improvements to earlier works
coming from different time period.
3. All of these are the current societal issues, except: e. All of these are the main themes.
a. Fake anti-rabies vaccine
b. Leprosy becomes epidemic 11. Ancient time’s Science and Technology concerns,
c. Polio virus except:
d. All of these are the current issues of our society. a. Food production
b. Health
4. What industry employed the first factory system? c. Engineering
a. Mining industry d. Weapons
b. Construction industry e. None of the above
c. Petroleum industry
d. None of these 12. Addressing the problem of terrorism in Mindanao
is under what SDG?
5. Who is/are the proponent of Empiricism? a. 10
a. Bacon b. 11
b. Kuhn c. 15
c. Osborne, Rubenstein, and Morgenstern d. 16
d. Locke, Berkeley, Hume
13. UN Sustainable Development Goal/s (SDGs) that
6. It is the sense of belonging to a broader would address environmental problems:
community, beyond national boundaries. a. SDG 1
a. Global Citizenship b. SDG 6
b. Social Darwinism c. SDG 7
c. Social Exchange Theory d. SDG 13
d. Inductivism e. All of these

7. All of these happened during the ancient Egyptian 14. Importance of STS include the ff., except:
Civilization, except: a. Develop the student’s inquiry skills.
a. The birds sent the letters. b. Develop the student’s hypothetico-deductive
b. Clay tablets were replaced by papers. reasoning
c. Water clock was used c. Assist the student’s “fake news” in social media.
d. Eyeliner was utilized for medicinal purposes. d. Help students address major environmental issues
e. All of these happened during the Egyptian Civilization like climate change
e. None, all of these 4 are important in studying STS.

8. Cotton gin increased the productivity of removing 15. Stones containing iron pyrite were used to make
seeds from cotton. Large production of chemicals fire. a. These stones are also called flint
started during the Anthropocene. b. Both sentences are correct.
a. Both sentences are correct. c. Only the first sentence is correct.
b. Only the first sentence is correct. d. Only the second sentence is correct.

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e. Both sentences are false. 23. The Egyptian civilization invented the first ever
handwriting. They also established the first ever city
16. Drug trafficking has a positive side. Imagination in the world.
of catastrophe is an example of technology in a a. Both sentences are correct.
dangerous modern world. b. Only the first sentence is correct.
a. Both sentences are correct. c. Only the second sentence is correct.
b. Only the first sentence is correct. d. Both sentences are false.
c. Only the second sentence is correct.
d. Both sentences are false. 24. Levels of nitrogen and phosphorous in soils have
doubled. What issue during the Anthropocene is
17. Gunpowder was invented during the medieval being described?
period. Gunpowder is a mixture of carbon, potassium a. Global warming
nitrate, and sulphur; when ignited, it produces large b. Fertilizers
amounts of heat and gas in an instant. c. Mass Extinction
a. Both sentences are correct. d. Plastics
b. Only the first sentence is correct.
c. Only the second sentence is correct. 25. Addressing hunger is under what SDG?
d. Both sentences are false a. 1
b. 2
18. If traffic in the Philippines is society’s response, c. 3
what is Technology 2? d. 4
a. Principle of Urbanization
b. Law-making 26. Societal issues arising from the closure of
c. Color-coding System Boracay Island, except:
d. None of the above a. Algal blooms caused by improper disposal of sewage.
e. B and C b. Unemployment
c. Economic stagnation
19. The first wheel was used for? d. Environmental injustice
a. Farming and food processes e. None, all of these are important in studying STS.
b. Transportation
c. Plowing 27. It is reflexive knowledge.
d. War a. Science
b. Philosophy
20. The Greek Civilization was known for: c. Both A and B
a. Western Philosophy d. Neither A and B
b. Eastern Philosophy
c. Bounded books 28. STS is said to be _______ oriented.
d. Crusades a. Scientifically
e. None of the above. b. Student
c. Global
21. The following are pillars of global citizenship d. Teacher
education (GCED) according to UNESCO, except:
a. Learning to know 29. Which of these happened during the Dark Ages?
b. Learning to communicate a. Lack of Central Government
c. Learning to live together b. Widespread diseases
d. Learning to be c. Global warming
e. Learning to take action d. A and B only
e. All of the above
22. The ff. are negative products of technology,
except: 30. The bridge between middle ages and modern
a. Super viruses history.
b. Atomic bombs a. Industrial Revolution
c. Flu vaccine b. Renaissance Period
d. Global Warming c. Anthropocene
d. Dark Ages

31. ______ generates knowledge.

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a. Science
b. Philosophy 39. What hinders the attainment of the 17 SGDs?
c. Both A and B a. Irresponsibility
d. Neither A and B b. Anger
c. Society
32. He stated that technology is a mostly positive d. Pride
endeavor, except for some troubling and unnerving
possibilities, which is referred as “wildcards”. 40. This civilization developed irrigation canals and
a. Thomas Kuhn dikes
b. Michio Kaku a. Mesopotamians
c. Michio Cuballes b. Egyptians
d. Thomas Edison c. Romans
d. Chinese
33. They formulated the Game Theory.
a. Osborne, Rubenstein, and Morgenstern (From Leila Castrojo and Kat Hamoy)
b. Locke, Berkely, Hume
c. Osborne, Kuhn, Hume 1. CRISPR technology has two important parts – the
d. Habernas, Hume, Kuhn Cas9 protein and the guide DNA.
a. TRUE
34. What are the signs of Anthropocene? b. FALSE
a. Sediments containing plastics and products of
burning fossil fuels. 2. It refers to the popular term used to describe the
b. Large production of chemicals and food preservation process of natural selection.
c. Robots and touch screen devices a. Evolution
d. All of these are signs of Anthropocene b. Survival of the fittest
e. None of these things of Anthropocene c. Adaptation
d. None of the above
35. _______ is making sense of factual information.
a. Science 3. The nails on the flippers of manatees are called?
b. Philosophy a. Homologous structures
c. Both A and B. b. Vestigial structures
d. Neither A and B c. Embryonic structures
d. None of the above
36. Who patented a chemical process for making
Portland Cement? 4. It is the study of the geographic distribution of life
a. Joseph Antler forms on Earth.
b. Joe Roebuck a. Pangaea
c. Joseph Aspdin b. Biogeography
d. John Aspdin c. Continental Drift
d. Evolution
37. What is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s
average surface temperature over the past century 5. DNA is single-stranded
primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as a. TRUE
people burn fossil fuels? b. FALSE
a. Polar ice melt
b. La Nina 6. To survive, reproduction is unnecessary.
c. El Nino a. TRUE
d. Global warming b. FALSE
e. C and D
7. Which of these fit the definition of a GMO? You can
38. All of these happened during the Paleolithic Age, have two or more answers.
except: a. Drought-resistant rice in the Philippines
a. Fished along the coastal areas b. Cauliflower and broccoli ae the same plants
b. Men and women performed different tasks c. The sweetest strawberries of Japan
c. Domestication of large animals…(etc) d. The pest-resistant corn plants
d. Transfer of knowledge
e. All of these happened during the Paleolithic Age 8. The Origin of Species was published on 1859.
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a. TRUE
b. FALSE 17. Chimpanzees and humans evolved from a
common ancestor. Fish and humans evolved
9. Cas9 is a protein and an enzyme. separately.
a. TRUE a. BOTH statements are TRUE.
b. FALSE b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE.
c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE.
10. Niche includes all the biotic and abiotic factors of d. BOTH statements are FALSE.
the environment. Sex plays an important role in
evolution. 18. The pelvic bone of manatees is an example of
a. BOTH statements are TRUE vestigial structure. Vestigial structures are similar
b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE. parts inherited from a common ancestor.
c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE. a. BOTH statements are TRUE.
d. BOTH statements are FALSE. b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE.
c. BOTH statements are FALSE.
d. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE.
11. The type of selection wherein results are 19. When the degree of similarity in DNA base
unpredictable. sequences are compared, the date suggests common
a. Natural Selection descent. This is what type of evidence?
b. Artificial Selection a. Fossil evidence
c. Modern Selection b. Biogeographical evidence
d. Traditional Selection c. Anatomical evidence
d. None of the above
12. Transcription is irreversible. Translation is
reversible. 20. Creativity and power of technology is discussed
a. BOTH statements are TRUE. on the Chapter 3 of Laudato Si.
b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE. a. TRUE
c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE. b. FALSE
d. BOTH statements are FALSE.
21. Bt is a natural bacterium found in soil. Bt stands
13. It deals with the DNA sequence organization, for Bacillus subitilis.
function, and evolution of genes. a. BOTH statements are TRUE.
a. Genetics b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE.
b. Genomics c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE.
c. Proteomics d. BOTH statements are FALSE.
d. Genetic Engineering
22. Who pioneered the Spontaneous Generation
14. According to this theory, giraffes originally have Theory?
a short neck. a. Georges Cuiver
a. Theory of Catastrophism b. Jean Baptiste Chevalier de Lamarck
b. Theory of Use and Disuse c. Charles Darwin
c. Theory of Evolution d. Christopher Columbus
d. Theory of Continental Drift
23. All of these are topics involved in the Chapter 1 of
15. Cas9 is an enzyme. It acts as a molecular scissor. Laudato Si, except:
a. BOTH statements are TRUE. a. Issues of water
b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE. b. Global inequality
c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE. c. Premarital sex
d. BOTH statements are FALSE. d. Weak responses
e. All of these are topics in Chapter 1
16. Evolution and survival of the fittest is not the same
thing. Evolution is defined by Darwin as descent with 24. The first artificially cloned mammal was a?
modification. a. Rat
a. BOTH statements are TRUE. b. Cat
b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE. c. Sheep
c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE. d. Cow
d. BOTH statements are FALSE.

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25. The word evolved appeared in the first chapter of 33. It is a technique that allows genes and DNA be
“The Origin of Species”. Adaptation is the product of transferred from one source to another.
the natural selection. a. Biotechnology
a. BOTH statements are TRUE. b. Gene cloning
b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE. c. Genetic Engineering
c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE. d. Recombinant DNA
d. BOTH statements are FALSE. e. All of the above.

26. TALENS is a technique used to make designer

babies. 34. The BEAKS of FINCHES are example of this type
a. True of selection.
b. False a. Natural Selection
b. Artificial Selection
27. If fish became amphibians through the process of c. A and B
evolution, then why do fishes still exist? d. None of the above
a. The fish today evolved dependently.
b. The fish today evolved independently. 35. All of these are examples of Modern
c. The fish today and amphibians came from a different Biotechnology techniques, except:
ancestor. a. Animal Cloning
d. A and C. b. GMO
e. None of the above. c. Fermentation
d. All of these are Modern Biotechnology techniques
28. Darwin wondered if tortoise speciation in
Galapagos Islands could be correlated with what? 36. In the CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLCULAR
a. Weather BIOLOGY, the product of translation is______.
b. Food a. DNA
c. Diurnal b. RNA
d. Vegetation c. Proteins
d. Lipids
29. Laudato Si is the 2nd encyclical of Pope Benedict
XVI. The third part of Laudato Si about the Gospel of 37. DNA is the only molecule that can be modified.
Creation. a. True
a. BOTH statements are TRUE. b. False
b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE.
c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE. 38. The first organisms with the capability of cloning
d. BOTH statements are FALSE. themselves.
a. Bacteria
30. All of these summarized the work of Darwin on b. Mammals
Natural Selection and Adaptation, except: c. Plants
a. Individuals have heritable variations. d. Humans
b. The offspring is predetermined.
c. Populations become adapted to their local 39. The CRISPR method was first observed due to the
environment. capability of _____ to keep “memories’ of its
d. All of these summarized the work of Darwin. attackers.
a. Bacteria
31. This process within the Central Dogma of b. Virus
Molecular Biology wherein DNA becomes RNA. c. DNA
a. Replication d. RNA
b. Transcription
c. Translation 40. The hind limb bones of bats are examples of
d. Amplification vestigial structures. These bones are said to be
related with the bones of humans.
32. Upon the introduction of a gene into a bacterium, a. BOTH statements are TRUE.
the organism is said to be amplified. b. Only the FIRST statement is TRUE.
a. True c. Only the SECOND statement is TRUE.
b. False d. BOTH statements are FALSE.

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Answers:

Long Test I Long Test II

1. E 1. B
2. A 2. B
3. B 3. B
4. D 4. B
5. D 5. B
6. A 6. B
7. E 7. A, C, D
8. B 8. A
9. A 9. A
10. C 10. A
11. A 11. A
12. D 12. D
13. E 13. B
14. E 14. B
15. B 15. A
16. D 16. A
17. C 17. A
18. C 18. C
19. A 19. D
20. A 20. A
21. B 21. B
22. C 22. B
23. D 23. C
24. B 24. C
25. B 25. C
26. A 26. A
27. B 27. B
28. B 28. D
29. D 29. D
30. B 30. B
31. C 31. B
32. B 32. A
33. A 33. C
34. A 34. A
35. A 35. C
36. C 36. C
37. D 37. B
38. C 38. A
39. C 39. A
40. A 40. C

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