PA 11 FINALS • Frederickson (1971) argued that disparities existed because

New Public Administration public administration focused less on social purposes or values
• New Public Administration is a Philosophy or Movement for of government policies and programs and more on the
Reform that emerged in the late sixties following conference of economy and efficiency of execution.
“Young Scholars of Public Administration” in their • Old PA or Traditional PA has alienated the less privileged and
“Revolutionary Thirties” deprived the groups in the society. New PA advocated that
• This period was marked by widespread youth unrest and public administrators should not be neutral, they should be
student protest particularly against American policies in committed to both good management and social equity as
Vietnam, as well as the perceived neglect of the minorities values to be achieved.
(there is racism during this time) • New PA the called for client-oriented administration, non-
• New Public Administration represented a call for a bureaucratic structures, participatory decision making,
Redefinition of the field of identity and review among others decentralized decision making, and advocate administrators
the proper terrain of public administration, its logic of inquiry, (Fredrickson, 1971; Nigro and Nigro, 1989).
its social relevance, and its ethical and normative values • With the above contentions, it can be said that the theme of
• New Public Administration invited attention to review of the New PA is change and the challenge for public administrators
core values in the principle of management tradition: The is their capacity to accept change.
Three E’s Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Economy Old PA vs New PA
• According to Prof. Danilo Reyes of NCPAG, three E’s is not • Prof. Nestor Pilar mentioned on his paper Relevance of New
complete and inadequate because it is not relevant to the large PA in the Philippine Public Administration. There are at
society least two related assumptions of the New PA in contact with
• New Public Administration brought attention to what is Old PA.
considered as new and relevant values that must be adopted to o One is that man is either an organizational member
strengthen the discipline. or an external client who is a whole, complete and
an authentic human being.
• Three E’s are more relevant by adding Three R’s
§ As an organizational member, the full
• Public Administration must represent the interest of the range of his needs must be taken into
majority of the society consideration not only the rational and
• New Public Administration brought attention to what it economic but the non-rational and social
considered as new and relevant values that must be adopted to needs as well.
strengthen the discipline through Three R’s o Societal and individual goals take precedence over
• The Three R’s (talking of bureaucracy): organizational goals which conventional PA used to
o Representativeness - public administration must emphasize.
represent the interest of the greater majority § This thought is conveyed in a number of
o Responsibility - public administration must be works, among them which contrasted
responsible to the public “mechanical” with “organic” or client
o Responsiveness - public administration must centered organization.
response to the need of the people Values
• New Public Administration traces its origins to the first • The goals of public administration is interrelated with values.
Minnowbrook Conference held in 1968 under the patronage of • Conventional PA sought “good government” as
Dwight Waldo. operationalized in criteria of efficiency, economy, and
• This conference brought together the top young scholars and effectiveness.
young public administrators in public administration and • In New PA, Fredrickson mentioned that the 3Es are still worth
management to discuss and reflect issues varying perspectives pursuing but they are not enough because even the most
on PA. efficient, economical, and effective governments have
• The 1960’s in the USA was a time of unusual social and systematically discriminated against the underprivileged sector
political turbulence and upheaval. Waldo concluded that of the society.
neither the study nor the practice of public administration was o New PA pursues the value of relevance, social
responding suitably to the escalating turmoils and the equality and client-orientedness.
complications that arose from those conditions. o The test of good government is not on its internal
• One of its controversy is that it has rejected the classical efficiency as its capability to advance social equity
theories of public administration and instead offer new through relevant programs and projects which bring
principles. perceivable benefits to specific target clients.
• Examples: Structure
o Fredrickson in his essay Towards a New Public • Old PA is more bureaucratic.
Administration add social equity to the classical • New PA assumes that non-hierarchical organizations are more
definition of public administration. responsive because:
o The Conventional or Classical Public o they are temporary, problem-oriented, flat
Administration seeks to answer: structured, simple in obtrusively led (because the
§ How can we offer more or better services leader operates from a position of expertise, not
with the available resources (efficiency)? authority)
§ How can we maintain out level of o Intimate interaction with their target clients. By
services while spending less money contrast, bureaucratic structures are handicapped by
(economy)? rules, formalism, ritual, and organization members’
But New Public Administration adds another question: Does this service interest in status, authority and power.
enhance social equity? Processes
• The Minnowbrook conferees also questioned the relevance of • New PA calls for a shift in interest from the traditional
traditional Public Administration to existing deprivation of an managerial processes of organization and management,
era of fast-paced technological advancement in the backdrop. personnel and fiscal administration (the hallowed conventional
 PA) to the distributive, integrative, boundary exchange, and • Philippines and Vietnam is given independence but not
socio-emotional processes. developing due to problem in the management of
o Distributive - process of externally allocating administrative system, therefore they introduced the concept of
resources, goods, and services for the benefit of Development Administration.
clients; How they will benefit from governmental • Their focus must be on the development
services became the focus of inquiry. • Development Administration was conceived as an approach to
o Integrative - seeks to modify bureaucratic, address the problems of newly independent countries after
hierarchical structures. The matrix of organization, World War II; and to translate the aspiration and demands of
taskforce, or project team and decentralized their populace into viable policies and programs that will
structures are suggested as effective integrating ensure self determination and self government
mechanisms or alternates to the bureaucratic • Newly developed countries are weak some scholars said
structure. • Development Plan is an example … there must be five year
o boundary-exchange - process highlights the development plan
relationships, interaction, or linkage between the • Bureaucracy focus on Development e.g. National Economic
public agency and its reference groups, publics, or Development Authority (NEDA), Development Bank of the
clients. Philippines. Development Academy of the Philippines etc.
§ Enhanced client involvement is suggested
to enable “distributive” decisions that Reinventing Government
support the interest of deprived minorities
even if these decisions are difficult to
• Reinventing Governament (1992) is part of the stream of
justify in terms of either efficiency or
prescriptions in the 1990s seeking to reform public sector
economy.
organizations;
o Socio-emotional processes - complements the other • It is critique of prevailing patterns and practices of modern
three other processes by bringing to bear a change in bureaucracies working and structured within the framework of
administrative behavior that is ‘sensitive” to the Weberian model
emotions, conflicts, and risks. This is purportedly • Reinventing Government established an “entrepreneurial
the antidote to bureaucratics insensibility and non- government”
responsiveness. • Reinventing Government toned down the Idea of Weberian
• Professor Pilar said New PA is relevant because there is no Theory
other indigenous model of public administration. • Developed by David Osborne (journalist) and Ted Gaebler
• Relevance of New PA may be regarded as: (government employee), Reinventing Government prescribes
o In terms of capability with the context of the the alternative model of an Entrepreneurial government to
environment, as well as the purposes, and replaced Weberian principles and practices in the management
aspirations of the country. of modern bureaucracies
§ Classical/conventional PA is OBSOLETE • Government should not only spend but need to earn to support
because we are facing new and its projects and programs
challenging problems such as: pollution, • Reinventing government rejects the traditional hierarchical,
traffic, urban congestions. centralized, ritualized and rigid system of bureaucracies that are
well ingrained in bureaucratic cultures today;
• New PA theory is compatible with the environment of • The problem with the government especially in the Philippines
Philippine PA … we are future blind .. We let from crisis to crisis … if there is
• New PA is assumed to operate in a disturbed, turbulent, and a crisis that is the time we react ..
unpredictable environment • Example:
• The dizzying rate of change in a Western high technology • Traffic in Metro Manila … the government did not prepare mass
society is certainly not equated in the Philippines. transportation system … it should be done ten or fifteen years
ago
• A dualistic character of change may be noted in the Philippine
• Congestion is not only in road due to traffic but also in justice
environment.
system, jail management, government offices
• The urban center like in Metro Manila have a unique problem • Is Philippine government ready for 105 Million Filipinos?
as compared to the Westerne country counterparts • Reinventing Government is closely associated with New Public
o Floods Management in that it seeks to apply private sector techniques
o Traffic jam to ensure efficiency, economy and effectiveness in
o Informal Settlers bureaucracies
o Drugs • This premise is to develop entrepreneurship in government
Development Administration operations
• It seeks to involve the various sectors of society in the
management of public affairs
• Development Administration emerged in the decade of the
sixties or even earlier “to represent those aspects of public
administration and those changes in public administration Principles of Reinventing Government
which are needed to carry out policies, projects and programs 1. Catalytic Government: Steering rather than Rowing
to improve social and economic conditions” (Gant 1979:3) (BOTH IS NEEDED)
• Independence is not enough if development is not in place • Government act as a catalyst or facilitator to bring together
• Like the Philippines we were given independence but not given private business organization, non-profit organizations,
development volunteer organizations, and groups and members of the
• Philippines remain a developing country like India and community to address a public or social need
Vietnam • Government sees to it that public problems are solved not
• Development Administration emerged in the decade of the necessarily by direct engaging in the provision or production of
sixties or even earlier “to represent those aspects of public goods and services (rowing) but by seeking solutions and
administration and those changes in public administration mobilizing resources outside public sector (steering)
which are needed to carry out policies, projects and programs
to improve social and economic conditions (Grant 1979:3) • Steering government has more time to concentrate on policy
• Example: matters and actively direct and shape the future of the country
 • Policy managers steer other service providers, within and • Preventive measures are easier, more effective, and less costly
outside of government using competition to determine the most to administer in the long run
effective and efficient providers 9. Decentralized Government: From Hierarchy to Participatory and
o As a government worker, you have the Teamwork
responsibility to deliver services and find solutions • By decentralizing organization, public institutions can respond
to problems more quickly to the changing environment and needs of the
o SYSTEM- the system of government must be public they serve
efficient (maapektuhan yung buong sistema) • Decentralized government empowers employees and frontline
2. Community-owned government: Empowering rather than serving workers
• involved the community in government since they better • Example: Health - rejection of lacking documents. Binigyan ng
understand and can define their needs and problems power to recheck and accept the papers.
• Make communities more concerned and committed to perform • Lahat ng empleyado dapat may power to decide pero yung
civil responsibilities authority dapat may limitasyon.
• Advantages in involving communities in governance process • Once delegated, cannot be delegated
have more commitment to their members, understand their 10. Market Oriented Government: Leveraging Change through the
problems better, help solve their problems and more flexible Market
and creative in problem solving
o Governments must act accordingly immediately • Government resort to market mechanism to provide the needed
services to the people
o Government goal: empower everybody, all services
must come from the government, addressing all • Incentives serve as catalyst in affecting behavior and decisions
needs of the community of people in the direction of solving the problem and achieving
3. Competitive Government: Injecting Competition Into Service communal goal
Delivery Critiques: Reinventing Government
1. Reengineering approach has gained less ground in
• Institutionalization of a competitive government in the delivery
public sector
of service, looking for service providers who can do the job
better than the regular government office and departments and 2. Efforts entail large budgetary /economic loss.
promotes competitions among private sector entities and even a. dahil magbabago ka ng system
among public organizations to improve the quality of service 3. Unions anticipate/assume that it is a ploy
o Ex. UP being a research-competitive university downsizing the bureaucracy
. computerization
o Makati vs. Taguig. UP Ranking
4. Employees are displaced or laid off
o Exchanges ng good ideas, kaya tumataas kasi
patuloy yung pagpapaimplement ng direction 5. Disrupt the overall governmental process
6. Entials political risks which may be too high for our
4. Mission Driven Government: Transforming Rule Driven
leaders and public managers
Organization (Innovative)
7. There is a danger of having a government that will
• Public organizations are provided with discretion and become less responsible to its citizens
flexibility to use creative and innovative methods and Reengineering Government
strategies to accomplish their missions
• Rules are there to help not to hinder government institutions to • Fundamental rethinking and radical redesign processes to
perform and accomplish their purpose achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary
5. Results Oriented Government: Funding Outcomes not Inputs measures of performance such as cost, quantity, service and
speed
• PBB / Seal of Governance - Evaluation of performance
• OTOP- One Town, One Product • Abandoning long established procedures and principles and
inventing new approaches to process structure
• Uses performance measure and indicators to assess their • Starting all over from scratch
performance and how well they have used their budget to
fulfill their mission, Entrepreneurial government looks at what • Seeks breakthroughs by breaking away from ineffective
public institutions have accomplished or what they have done. antiquated ways of conducting business
6. Customer Driven Government: Meeting the Needs of the Forces that encourage reengineering
Customers not the Bureaucracy
• Seeks out its clients, listens to them, and knows what exactly • Customers take charge, competition intensifies and changes
they need to be a responsive bureaucracy and provide become constant
appropriate programs and services Kinds of organizations that apply reengineering
o Customers are given control over resources
o Provides flexibility to customers to choose which • Those in deep trouble
service providers can best suit or given their needs • Those not yet but management anticipates that it is coming and
7. Enterprising Government: Earning rather than Spending those at the peak of success that want more innovation
• Transform programs and projects into opportunities to generate Key Themes of Reengineering
revenues or profits for government
• Searches for creative and innovative strategies to fund a project • Process orientation-look at the entire process
or activity at less or no cost and at the same time earn revenue • Ambition aim for breakthrough
for the government Characteristics of the Reengineering Process
• Earnings generated can consequently be used for other public 1. Several jobs are combined into One
projects
2. Workers make decisions
8. Anticipatory Government: Preventive rather than Cure 3. Steps in the process are performed in a natural order
• Poor Planning, Informal Settlers = Voters 4. Processes have multiple versions
• Government should incorporate foresight in its planning and 5. Work is performed where it makes the most sense
decision making activities and tries to foresee its costs and 6. Checks and controls are reduced
possible consequences 7. Reconciliation is minimized
8. A manager provides a single point of contract
 9. Hybrid centralized/decentralized operations are prevalent • At the core of these changes has been a fundamental and
Changes that occur in reengineering ideological transformation of public sector ethos collectively
referred to as New Public Management
• Work unit changes-from functional department to process Driving Paradigms of New Public Management
teams • According to Kickert, the characteristics of NPM are the
• Job changes from simple tasks to multi dimensional work following eight aspects:
• People’s role changes from controlled to empowered o Strengthening steering functions at the center
• Job separation changes from training to education o Devolving authority, providing flexibility
• Focus on performance measure and compensation shifts from o Ensuring performance, control and accountability
activities to results o Improving the management of human resources
• Advancement criteria changes from performance to ability o Optimizing information technology
• Values change from protective to productive
o Improving the quality of regulation
o Providing responsive service
• Manager change from supervisor to coaches
o Developing competition and choice
• Organizational change from hierarchical to flat
§ Local government offices tend to compete
• Executives change from scorekeepers to leaders with each other
• Ex. Makati vs Taguig for
government offices
§ Ex. PH’s competitive (or lack thereof) for
New Public Management rice
Important Criteria of New PM
• Emphasis on increasing adoption of managerial practices or
• Label given to a series of reforms from the 1980s onwards, to
private sector in public administration
improve the efficiency and performance of Western
governments and/or public sector organizations • Promotion of competition within public sector
• NPM points to the future and inadequacies of public sector • Greater use of contract arrangements within the government as
performance over time, and locates the ailed problem in the well as outside it
nature and processes of public sector activity and public • Emphasis in results rather than procedures
administration • Government was focused purely on procedures before
• Emerged as a new managerial approach in the public sector to • PH Context: Return of Investment, RSA
correct the inadequacies of traditional models (or paradigms)
of public sector management
• Formulation of explicit or definite standards and measures of
performance
• Seeks a transformation o Performance-based Bonus
• NPM is a model seeking to reform • Emphasis on separation of administrative units
• The approach has different labels: New Public Management, o Existence of departments within certain offices
Managerialism
• A shift away from policy to management
• Entrance of an entrepreneurial government o Encouragement of lack of wastefulness in public
• NCPAG: presence of different fields such as organizational expenditure
studies. Public policy, voluntarism, local government, public o Public office should not spend so much
entrepreneur 10 Points Programme of New PM
• New Public Management has now swept around the world 1. Government must promote competition among service-
since 1990s. providers.
• New Zealand, The United Kingdom, and Australia including 2. It must empower citizens by pushing control out of the
United State of America during then US President Clinton bureaucracy into the community.
administration, set the trend with a series of State-Centered 3. It must measure the performance of their agencies focussing
Administrative Reforms on outcomes, not on inputs.
Implications 4. It must be motivated by goals , not by rules and regulations.
5. It re- defines its clients as customers, and offers them choices.
• Key public change in public sector ethos
6. It must prevent problems before these emerge, rather than
• Basis of NPM has been an emphasis on efficiency and cost- simply offering them services afterwards
cutting and general assumption the government should deliver 7. It must direct its energy towards earning money not simply
more or less spending it
• Ideas borrowed from the private sector can improve experience 8. It must decentralize authority and promote
and serve of those who use the planning system participative management
• NPM seeks to reshape public ethos 9. It must prefer market mechanisms to bureaucratic mechanisms
• Basis of NPM has been an emphasis of efficiency and cost 10. It must focus on providing public services but on catalyzing
cutting and general assumption the government should deliver all sectors in the society-public , private , voluntary-into action
more or less. to solve the community’s problems
Reforms of New Public Management
• Ideas borrowed from private sector can improve experience
and serve of those who use the planning system. • Privatization
• NPM seek s to reshape public interactions with the • Deregulation
government • Reorganization to Engender Competitions among Government
• Customer-oriented Agencies (local government should have competitions to
o Customer - may choice improve)
§ Customers need quality and efficient • Competitions among Government Agency
service o Local governments should have competitions to
o Client - walang choice improve
 • The use of “customer: as a metaphor for users of government 1. A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules
services and characterized by the continuity of offices organized into a
o Customer replace client because customers have a hierarchy
choice 2. A specified sphere of competence marked by a sphere of
obligations in the performance of official functions following a
• Emphasis on performance management rational and systematic division of labor; (Our bureaucracy
o Government employees must perform or less (they today is based on Max Weber ideas e.g DBM, DOF, DILG,
will not get promoted) DepEd expertise)
o 3 instances of unsatisfactory performance = 3. Technical rules based on rationality govern and regulate
termination conduct and behavior (Government employees are not allowed
• Public private Sector Partnership to wear expensive jewelries, shorts, etc. per CSC).
• Reduction of Rule-based management 4. There is clear separation of the business and personal affairs of
the people manning the organization (No government employee
• Measurement of Outcomes; and must conduct business within the government e.g. DoT case)
• Mission Driven Management 5. To enhance organizational independence, the resources of the
Reasons Given for Privatization organization are free from outside and the position cannot be
• High production costs monopolized by the incumbent (If an employee retire he or she
• Government cannot cover cannot be replaced by his or her relatives)
6. Candidates to positions in the organization are selected on the
• Low level of efficiency basis of technical qualifications (if you’re a government
• Feather-bedded labor cost employee you must have technical qualification, except for
• Pork barrel capital allocation elected officials)
7. 7.The office constitutes a career governed by a system of
• Low level consumer input promotion and treated as the sole or primary occupation of
• Poor maintenance and loss of service incumbents with a salary scale graded according to rank in the
o Government is known to not maintain facilities well hierarchy (government follow salary scale by grade)
• Inability of political leaders to impose cost control 8. Administrative acts, decisions are rules are formulated,
• Free riders problems recorded or documented in writing; (all rules must be in black
and white) and
o Problems are directly brought to the government
9. Secrecy of records and affairs are maintained (what you see,
o Ex. NLEX, SLEX production caused PH what you hear, what you talk …. Leave it here)
government to carry the burden of the loan. SM will
What is Government? (Part of Governance. See Paradigm 6)
earn profit
Criticisms of Privatization • A group of people that governs a community or unit
• Private sector and NGOs are not necessarily more effective and • Sets and administers public policy and exercises
efficient than government agencies executive, political and sovereign power through
customs, institutions, and laws within a state
• Loss of Coverage for social services (Rule of Structural
Adjustment) • A government can be classified into many types--
democracy, republic, monarchy, aristocracy, and
• Can replicate private sector within government (This is the dictatorship are just a few
• Need to deal with corruption
Criticisms on NPM • are synonymous in most dictionaries both denoting
• Economist Hag Joon Chang claims that increased NPM the exercise of authority in an organization,
inspired reforms have often increased corruptions institution or state.
What is Governance?
• •The reform strategy of the Australian government failed in
two important respects • Governance is interpreted in various ways even if the spirit or
• The reform technique were expensive and have increased costs substance of various interpretations of the term remains the
in the short term same
• An attempt to save costs has damaged the organizational • Governance is “the system of values, policies, and institutions
capacity to maintain quality services and innovation by which a society manages its economic, political and social
affairs through interactions within and among the state, civil
Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy society and the private sector.
• It is “the exercise of political, economics and administrative
• The German sociologist and scholar Max Weber presented a authority to manage a nation’s affairs and refers to the
world view that addressed the issue of power and authority, “complex mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions
and the legitimacy of those who rule in society through which citizens and groups articulate their interests,
exercise their rights and obligations and mediate their
• Weber presented a world view on authority relationship based
differences
on rational-legal rules by identifying the basis of legitimacy
• Governance transcends the state but include civil society
• Based on these types of rules, he advocated the rational-legal
organizations and the private sector “because all three are
as most ideal. He then prescribed a bureaucracy as the most
involved in most activities promoting sustainable human
efficient form of organization that meets and responds to the
development” (UNDP, 1997).
demand of large complex of organization under a rational-legal
leader
• Bureaucracy, according to Weber, is characterized by speed,
precisions, unambiguity, rationality, impersonalism, efficiency,
technicism and high standards of moral and ethical behavior
based on on established rules and norms of conduct
• Dean Ledivina Carino said governance is not the sole
Weber Concepts of a Bureaucratic Organization responsibility of the government per se but the role of market
and civil society are of equal importance to and should also be
recognized.
Government
 • creates a political and legal environment • The 1986 EDSA revolution established a framework of
• To enable is to make changes in the law and incentive constitutional democracy and civil rights, but deep social and
structure and to develop local capacity rather than to political divisions have persisted alongside problems
manage resources or to deliver services directly. of inefficiency and corruption in government.
• Creation of a government which creates an enabling setting • The failure to address governance issues has given rise in
within which the people can be more effective in meeting recent years to marked political instability, bordering on
those needs. threats to constitutional government, and a deepening
cynicism and mistrust of formal political institutions.
• Is the exercise of political, economic and administrative
authority to manage a nation’s affairs. • Political instability and widespread corruption have also had
• Governance embraces all of the methods – good and bad – that serious repercussions on the investment climate.
societies use to distribute power and manage public resources • Efforts until now have at best created “islands of good
and problems. governance” in certain sectors, some national agencies, and
• To govern is to exercise power and authority over a territory LGUs.
system or organization. • But these have failed to translate into improvements in the
country’s overall state of governance, nor have any significant
Market social impact.
• This refers to the stakeholders or those who will benefit from
Public Service Delivery
the services given by the government. They can also be
referred to as those governed.
• The Anti-Red Tape Act (ARTA) of 2007 already requires
Civil Society national departments, agencies, and LGUs to set up their
• facilitates political and social interaction and mobilizes groups respective service standards known as Citizen’s Charters
to participate in economic, political and social activities (CCs), to simplify procedures, and to facilitate transactions.
• Civil Society of the complex of citizens and groups outside • As of August 30, 2010, 74 percent of agencies (4,253 of
government but working in a public arena. Sometimes called 5,716) nationwide had complied with the drafting and
non-government organizations, or the non profit or voluntary promulgation of CCs.
sector. • As a means to develop citizens’ awareness of their rights vis-
• They attempt to represent the interest of the inarticulate and à-vis government and encouraging citizens’ criticisms when
the excluded or marginalized to organize them to raise their aggrieved, this is one step towards cutting red tape and
voices on social issues and own their issues. reducing corruption.
• They get organized and contest the power of the state to show • However, this is unlikely to be sufficient.
alternative ways of service provision and policy formulation. • Impersonal online services can reduce the face-to-face
transactions that typically provide the occasion for extortion
Based on the definition given, How can you define governance in your and corruption, and some agencies have provided such
own knowledge and interpretation? services.
• These include the Land Transportation Office (LTO),
Good Governance and the Rule of Law the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Bureau
of Internal Revenue (BIR), and the Government Service
Good Governance Insurance System (GSIS).
• The government has also selected 120 LGUs to become
• Good governance sets the normative standards of “Sparkplugs for Governance and Economic Development” by,
development. among others, streamlining their business permit and
• It fosters participation, ensures transparency, demands licensing system to reduce opportunities for bribery and other
accountability, promotes efficiency, and upholds the rule of forms of corruption.
law in economic, political and administrative institutions and • These reforms need to be harmonized and well established,
processes. however, for significant results to be achieved.
• It is a hallmark of political maturity but also a requisite • Moreover, in the “Ease of Doing Business” index, the
for growth and poverty reduction, for there are irreducible Philippines remained in the bottom fifth of the economies
minimum levels of governance needed for large-scale surveyed (ranked 148 out of 183 economies surveyed).
investment to occur and for social programs to be supported. • Various initiatives have also been undertaken to provide a
more competitive compensation system in the government to
Assessment and Challenges improve the economic wellbeing of civil servants and raise
their morale, with a view to better service provision.
• The country’s history has been plagued by questions of • The pay of government personnel covered by the
legitimacy, accountability, and allegations of grand corruption. Compensation and Position Classification under RA 6758, as
amended, was adjusted in 2007 and 2008 through an
Legitimacy additional 10 percent increase in basic monthly salaries.
• The integrity of the civil service has been perennially
• Vice Presidency Electoral Protest (B. Marcos v.s. Robredo) undermined by appointments based on political
• Presidential Inauguration Issue (F. Marcos v.s. C. Aquino) accommodation rather than on merit and fitness, a
phenomenon that is partly an offshoot of the president’s
Accountability vast powers of appointment and discretion.
• This is true across the board but particularly in third- level
• Department of Tourism; Office of Sec, Wanda Teo 60M to positions and in the appointment of teachers, police, and
Bitag treasurers.
• The eligibility requirement is only weakly enforced in
Allegations of Grand Corruption the career executive service, in which 47 percent of the
occupied positions are held by non-eligible individuals.
• Plunder charges to Enrile, Revilla, and Estrada
 • Local governments confront rising public expectations • These efforts must be sustained and, in some cases, deepened.
regarding the delivery of services. It is also noted that while citizens’ participation in local
• Despite almost two decades of implementation of the 1991 development councils and special bodies is mandated, CSOs
Local Government Code (LGC), however, local governments claim that most of these are either inoperative or nominal.
still face various challenges in the exercise of their devolved • Basic Elements of Good Governance
service delivery functions.
Governance: Public Administration
• Foremost among these is the raising of sufficient funds for
local development. • Problem: 5 Monkeys
• A majority of the local governments still lack the ability or the o Government is ineffective
will to raise adequate local revenues. o There is no change
• LGUs have become unduly dependent on Internal Revenue o Monkeys bring each other down. PRactice remains
Allotment (IRA) transfers from the national government and while the people are changed
have failed to manage their financial resources effectively and • Governance is the exercise of economic, political, and
sustainably. administrative authority to manage the nation’s affairs at all
• The size and scope of the bureaucracy has expanded through levels
time and has led to overlaps and redundancies in functions and • Governance is not the sole domain of government but transcends
operations of departments/ agencies. government to encompass the business sector and civil society
• The executive branch pursued a rationalization program in • Actors in Governance
2004, but this remains uncompleted. o Government - create political and legal judgement
• As of December 31, 2010, 177 (82%) of the 216 departments/ o Business sector - generates value, jobs and income.
agencies, other executive offices (OEOs) and GOCCs have o Civil Society- facilitates political and social
submitted their Rationalization Plans (RPs) to the DBM, of interaction and mobilizes groups to participate in
which 85 have been approved. economic, political, and social activities.
• The abolition of 15,485 regular, contractual, or casual o In addition, the roles of actors in governance, all of
positions has resulted in savings in Personal Services (PS) them are interlink and inter-relationship to each other
amounting to PhP2.39 billion annually, while on the other § Civil Society and Government clash
hand incentives and terminal-leave benefits paid to those because they criticize each other
retiring or separated from government service amounted to § They collaborate sometimes
PhP1.396 billion. • Governance means the process of decision making and the
• The law assigns the Office of the Ombudsman (OMB) a process by which decisions are implemented or not
pivotal role in ensuring integrity and deterring corruption in implemented.
the public sector. o It can only be determined as “bad” or “good”
• The threat of prosecution and conviction of public wrong- governance after the implementation of the policy
doers is a potent sanction against corruption. • Governance is broadly defined as the sound exercise of
• This will not be regarded as a credible threat without a reliable political, economic, and administrative authority to manage
and effective OMB that demonstrates credible leadership and country’s resources for development.
publicly measurable success in a sustained anti-corruption o It involves the institutionalization of a system through
effort. citizens, citizens
• The weak rule of law and an unresponsive justice system • UNDP Definition of Good Governance
hinder economic development. o Good Governance means that government or the state
is able to define what is must do, what it can do, what
• Delays in resolving corruption cases, the high cost of
it wants to do, thereby ascertaining what it will do. It
litigation, and the long and arduous legal process have resulted
is participatory, transparent, and accountable and also
in the diminution of public trust and confidence in government
effective and promotes the rule of law
and the justice system.
o It assures that corruption is minimized and ensures
• Another factor affecting investors’ confidence pertains to that political
disputes arising from unmet contractual obligations and the
proper enforcement of property rights, including those of Three Legs of Governance
foreigners.
• Economic Governance - decision making process that affects a
• Major reasons for the lack of responsiveness of the justice country’s economic activities and its relationship with other
system include its fragmentation, the presence of archaic laws economies. Major implications for equity, poverty, and quality
and rules, and low funding support. of life.
Rule of Law
§ Government should be good at forecasting
o Government should invest in infrastructure (accdg.
To UNDP and ADB)
• A cornerstone of good governance is adherence to the, that is, § Infrastructure will produce ROI
the impersonal and impartial application of stable and
predictable laws, statutes, rules, and regulations, without • Political Governance - a decision-making to formulate policy
regard for social status or political considerations. o Policies should be beneficial to the public
o Decision-making of legislature should focus on
Citizen’s Participation policies that will help all
§ Policies that are fair, equal, and beneficial
• Citizens’ participation has been one of the strengths of to all people
Philippine governance. • Administrative Governance - a system of policy
• Partnerships between government and CSOs facilitate the implementation
promotion of good governance. o How to implement the rules, policies
• The government also partners with CSOs in promoting o Ex. differences in rules of Makati, QC, Navotas,
transparency, accountability and public participation in Pasig
the preparation, authorization, execution and monitoring of o If you will implement good administrations, that is
the national budget. good governance
 § Ex. properly implementing laws
Elements of Good Key Dimensions Specific Areas of
Governance Action • Absence of governance is the reason why many countries,
especially in the third world countries, continue to fail their
efforts at poverty reduction and in their quest for economic and
Accountability means - Establishing criteria - Public sector
human development
making public officials to measure management
and employees performance of - Public enterprise • In the Philippines, the assessment of governance focuses on
answerable for public management seven areas:
government behavior and officials officials/em -Civil service reform 1. Civil Service
responsive to the entity ployees 2. Bureaucracy
from which they derive - Institutionalizing 3. Public Financial Management
authority. mechanisms to 4. Fiscal Administration
ensure that standards 5. Legal Judicial System
Explanation: are met. • Ex. Problem in BuCor: failure in judicial
-Accountability relates to system is bad governance bc it takes long
making public officials for ppl to go to court
answerable to the 6. Local Governance and Decentralization
citizenry for the actions 7. Electoral System
and decisions of
Philippines: Ensuring People-Centered, Clean, and Efficient Governance
government.
- Government actions are • Public perception of the Philippine government will
responsive to the continuously improve as it works to become cleaner, more
faithfully safeguard the efficient, effective, and people-centered.
welfare and interests of • By 2022, the country will improve its rankings in global
the people. governance indices such as the Worldwide Governance
- Accountability involves Indicators (WGI), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), Global
establishing criteria to Competitiveness Index (GCI), and Open Budget Index (OBI)
measure performance of
public officials and • The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 includes strategies
institutionalizing to reduce corruption, achieve seamless service
mechanisms to ensure • delivery, enhance administrative governance, strengthen the
that these criteria or civil service, and fully engage and empower citizens.
standards are met. Strategies:

Participation refers to - Understanding - Participation of • To reduce corruption

enhancing the people’s development for and beneficiaries and o Promote public awareness of anti-corruption drives
access to and influence by the people affected groups o Implement prevention measures
on public policy process. -Government-Private o Strengthen deterrence mechanisms
sector interface • To achieve seamless service delivery
Explanation: -Decentralization of o Adopt a whole-of-government approach in delivery
-Participation refers to public and service of key services
enhancing the people delivery functions o Implement regulatory reforms
access to, and (empowerment of o Improve productivity of the public sector
involvement involvement local government)
in all levels and facets of -Cooperation with • To enhance administrative governance
policy and decision NGOs o Strengthen results-based performance management,
making, a free and open public financial management, and accountability.
dialogue and consensus o Right-size the bureaucracy
between the government § All officials should be held accountability
and people to ensure that § Right now, Duterte has immunity from
development. accountability
• To fully engage and empower citizenry
Predictability refers to - Establishing and -Law and o Promote participatory governance
the existence of laws, sustaining development o Ensure public access to information
regulations, and policies appropriate legal and -Legal frameworks o Institutionalize response and feedback mechanisms
to regulate society, and institutional for private sector o Implement electoral reforms
their fair and consistent arrangements development. • To strengthen civil service
application of law. - Observing and o Promote shared public service values
upholding the rule of
o Improve human resource management systems and
Explanation: law
streamline processes
-relates to the consistent - Maintaining
and equal applications of consistency of public
§ Ex. Bureaucracy protested emerging of
ICT bc ppl would get fired. ICT has helped
laws, regulations, and policies
in the improvement
policies.
o Develop and invest in human resource
Transparency - the § Ex. seminars, trainings
availability § Ex. LSP. Members of the bureaucracy can
Ex. Isko Moreno had pursue master’s degrees with free tuition,
political will whereas paid study leave, and book allowance on
Erap didn’t the condition that the degree is finished.
Having political will it’s not finished, you have to pay all the
makes people remember fees
them Good Governance
 • The concept of Good Governance has emerged and become
prominent in international aid circles around
Creating a conducive • Enact and enforce laws that promote
economic development economic competition
• It served as a general guiding principle for donor agencies to
demand that recipient governments to adhere to proper • Decentralize economic decision-
administrative processes in the handling of development making, stabilize inflation
assistance and put in place effective policy instruments towards • Reduce public deficit and free market to
that end set prices for privately produced goods
o Investments should be used to produce good outputs and services
• When there is good governance, there is sustainable
development goals. Protecting the • Ensure the survival of the pension
o From MDGs to SDGs vulnerable system
• Asian Development Bank affirmed that good governance is • Create or maintain reasonable
synonymous to sound development management. unemployment benefits
• Then they identified some key principles of development which • Establish and maintain a system of
may be considered as elements of good governance private health and social insurance

Improving • Attract qualified, competent, honest,

Government Efficiency and realistically paid individuals into
and Responsiveness public service
• Establish a civil service system that
relies on merit-based recruitment
promotion, incentive-based
compensation and clearly defined
reward-oriented career paths
• Attract and retain a corps of
professionals who are responsible for
formulating
1. Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of •
good governance. It is important to point out that representative
democracy does not necessarily mean the concerns of the most
vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration on
decision-making. Participation needs to be informed and Empowering people • Establishing a conducive institutional
organized. This means freedom of association and expression on and democratizing the environment comprising of properly
the hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. political system functioning parliaments
2. Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are
enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human
rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of
Decentralizing the • Respond quickly to local needs and
administrative system conditions
law requires an independent judiciary and an impartial
enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an • Redistribute authority, responsibility,
impartial and incorruptible police force. and financial resources for public
3. Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement services among different levels of
are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also government
means that information is freely available and directly accessible • Strengthen sub-national units of
to those who will be affected by such decisions and their government
enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided • Respect traditional structures of
and that it is provided easily understandable forms of media. authority as well as traditional
4. Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to mechanisms for resolving conflicts and
serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. managing common property in society
5. There are several actors and as many view points in a given
society. Good governance requires mediation of the different
interests in society to reach a broad and long term perspective
Reducing the gaps • Reduce social disputes
between rich and poor
on what is needed for sustainable human development and how
to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result
from an understanding of the historical, cultural, and social
Encouraging cultural • Maintain cultural identity and roots
diversity and social while promoting social cohesion
contexts of a given society or community. integration
6. A society’s well-being depends on ensuring that all its members • Ensure that political systems are
feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the accessible to all and that legal systems
mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly afford equal opportunities
the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain
their well-being. Protecting the • Integrated economic and environmental
• Minorities should have a voice. Environment accounting
7. Good governance means that processes and institutions • Promote intergenerational equity
8. Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not
only governmental institutions but also the private sector and
civil society organizations must be accountable MDGs and SDGs

• At the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit on

29/09/15, world leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for
Sound Development Key Milestones
Sustainable Development, which includes a set of 17
Management Roles of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty
the Government
• MDGs have 8 goals, 21 targets, and 60 indicators
 • SDGs have 17 goals, 169 targets, and 304 indicators The fact that rural children are highly affected by hunger and malnutrition
has also seriously affected their learning ability. As such, food security and
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS primary education should be addressed at the same time to give rural
people the capacity to feed themselves and overcome hunger, poverty, and
In September 2000, building upon a decade of major United Nations illiteracy. Social protection brings together all efforts for education and
conferences and summits, world leaders came together at the United food security towards increased effectiveness.
Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations
Millennium Declaration. 3. To Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women – It is important
The Declaration committed nations to a new global partnership to reduce to promote the total and equitable participation of both men and women in
extreme poverty, and set out a series of eight time-bound targets - with a efforts aimed at improving poverty reduction, food security, and
deadline of 2015 - that have become known as the Millennium sustainability of rural development. Without gender equality and the
Development Goals (MDGs). economic and social improvement for rural women, food security cannot
be achieved.
The final MDG Report found that the 15-year effort has produced the most Target: To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education
successful anti-poverty movement in history: by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015.

4. To Reduce Child Mortality – Undernutrition is estimated to contribute

• Since 1990, the number of people living in extreme poverty to more than 33 percent of all deaths in children under five. So, efforts to
has declined by more than half. improve household food security and nutrition have increased the chances
• The proportion of undernourished people in the developing of children growing to adulthood. In this regard, FAO programmes, in
regions has fallen by almost half. combination with efforts by the Renewed Efforts against Child Hunger and
• The primary school enrolment rate in the developing regions Undernutrition (REACH) and WHO, WFP, and UNICEF have helped
has reached 91 percent, and many more girls are now in school communities and households secure access to nutritionally adequate diets
compared to 15 years ago. to minimize child undernutrition. Efforts include the provision of training
• Remarkable gains have also been made in the fight against materials, community-centred initiatives, training programmes for local
HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. and national staff, nutrition education programmes, and promotion of
forums on community nutrition and household food security.
• The under-five mortality rate has declined by more than half,
Improving complementary feeding for babies, or giving foods in addition
and maternal mortality is down 45 percent worldwide.
to breast milk, has led to significant reduction in the child mortality caused
• The target of halving the proportion of people who lack access by undernutrition.
to improved sources of water was also met.
Target: To reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds in the
The concerted efforts of national governments, the international period between 1990 and 2015
community, civil society and the private sector have helped expand hope
and opportunity for people around the world. 5. To Improve Maternal Health – Hunger and malnutrition were
observed to increase the incidence and fatality rate of the conditions that
Yet the job is unfinished for millions of people—we need to go the last contribute to nearly 80 percent of maternal deaths.
mile on ending hunger, achieving full gender equality, improving health Improving maternal health is critical to saving the lives of hundreds of
services and getting every child into school. Now we must shift the world thousands of women who die due to complication from pregnancy and
onto a sustainable path. childbirth each year. Over 90 percent of these deaths could be prevented if
women in developing regions had access to sufficient diets, basic literacy
and health services, and safe water and sanitation facilities during
1. To Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger - Recent gains in
pregnancy and childbirth.
millennium development goal 1 have seen the number of hungry people in
Targets:
the world decrease to fewer than 1 billion, though the Food and Agriculture
A) To reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75 percent
Organization of the United Nations believes that this number is still
B) To achieve universal access to reproductive health
unacceptably high.

Targets: 6. To Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases – HIV, malaria,

and other diseases directly and indirectly impact food and nutrition
A) To halve the proportion of people whose daily income is less than $1.25 security, rural development, and agricultural productivity. At the same
time, malnutrition and food and nutrition insecurity can increase
B) To achieve full and productive employment, as well as decent work for vulnerability to disease.
all, including young people and women Targets:
A) To halt by 2015 and have started to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
C) To halve the proportion of individuals suffering from hunger in the
B) To achieve global access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for those who
period between 1990 and 2015.
need it by 2010
2. To Achieve Universal Primary Education – The fact that rural C) To have ceased and started reversal of the incidence of malaria and
children are highly affected by hunger and malnutrition has also seriously other major diseases by 2015
affected their learning ability. As such, food security and primary
education should be addressed at the same time to give rural people the 7. To Ensure Environmental Sustainability – It is critical that the natural
capacity to feed themselves and overcome hunger, poverty, and illiteracy. resources base and ecosystems are managed sustainably to ensure that
Social protection brings together all efforts for education and food security people’s food requirements and other social, economic, and environmental
towards increased effectiveness. needs are sufficiently met. Climate change, conflicts over access to
Target: To ensure that children universally – including both boys and resources, and increased water scarcity all pose a threat to not only
girls – will be able to complete a full course of primary education by environmental sustainability but also food security.
2015. An estimated 30 percent of total land area on the planet is forested. An
estimated 1.6 billion people depend on forests directly for their livelihoods,
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN claims that nearly 57 plus they provide other benefits enjoyed by all, including clean air and
million primary school age children are not able to attend school; 80 water. Forests also provide a habitat for millions of plants and animals, as
percent of whom live in rural areas. This has made the urban-rural well as catchment for 75 percent of the world’s fresh water. They help in
knowledge and education divide today’s main obstacle to achieving global the adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, though they are under
primary education by 2015. threat from deforestation.
Hunger and poverty tend to compel the disadvantaged to over-exploit Goal 3: Good health and well-being
resources on which their livelihoods depend. Policies, institutions, and We have made great progress against several leading causes of death and
strategies for protecting, conserving, and enhancing natural resources disease. Life expectancy has increased dramatically; infant and maternal
should be strengthened to deliver an enabling environment, and be based mortality rates have declined, we’ve turned the tide on HIV and malaria
on the specific resource challenged faced in a given location. deaths have halved.
Good health is essential to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda
Targets: reflects the complexity and interconnectedness of the two. It takes into
account widening economic and social inequalities, rapid urbanization,
A) To integrate the principles of sustainable development into every
threats to the climate and the environment, the continuing burden of HIV
nation’s policies and programmes, and also reverse the depletion of
and other infectious diseases, and emerging challenges such as
environmental resources
noncommunicable diseases. Universal health coverage will be integral to
B) To reduce biodiversity loss and achieve a substantial reduction in the
achieving SDG 3, ending poverty and reducing inequalities. Emerging
rate of loss by 2010
global health priorities not explicitly included in the SDGs, including
C) To halve the proportion of the universal population without
antimicrobial resistance, also demand action.
sustainable access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation
But the world is off-track to achieve the health-related SDGs. Progress has
by 2015.
been uneven, both between and within countries. There’s a 31-year gap
D) To achieve substantial improvement in the lives of a minimum of 100
between the countries with the shortest and longest life expectancies. And
million slum dwellers by 2020.
while some countries have made impressive gains, national averages hide
that many are being left behind. Multisectoral, rights-based and gender-
8. To Develop a Global Partnership for development
sensitive approaches are essential to address inequalities and to build good
Targets:
health for all.
A) To further develop an open, predictable, rule-based, non-
discriminatory trading and economic system
Goal 4: Quality education
B) To address the special needs of the least developed countries
Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the target of
C) To address the special needs of small island developing States and
universal primary education. The total enrolment rate in developing
landlocked developing countries
regions reached 91 percent in 2015, and the worldwide number of children
D) To deal exhaustively with the debt problems of developing nations
out of school has dropped by almost half. There has also been a dramatic
E) To provide access to affordable essential drugs in the developing
increase in literacy rates, and many more girls are in school than ever
world – in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies
before. These are all remarkable successes.
F) To avail benefits of new technologies, especially information and
Progress has also been tough in some developing regions due to high levels
communications, in collaboration with the private sector
of poverty, armed conflicts and other emergencies. In Western Asia and
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (UNDP) North Africa, ongoing armed conflict has seen an increase in the number
Goal 1: No poverty of children out of school. This is a worrying trend. While Sub-Saharan
Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one of the greatest challenges Africa made the greatest progress in primary school enrolment among all
facing humanity. While the number of people living in extreme poverty developing regions – from 52 percent in 1990, up to 78 percent in 2012 –
dropped by more than half between 1990 and 2015, too many are still large disparities still remain. Children from the poorest households are up
struggling for the most basic human needs. to four times more likely to be out of school than those of the richest
As of 2015, about 736 million people still lived on less than US$1.90 a households. Disparities between rural and urban areas also remain high.
day; many lack food, clean drinking water and sanitation. Rapid growth in Achieving inclusive and quality education for all reaffirms the belief that
countries such as China and India has lifted millions out of poverty, but education is one of the most powerful and proven vehicles for sustainable
progress has been uneven. Women are more likely to be poor than men development. This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free
because they have less paid work, education, and own less property. primary and secondary schooling by 2030. It also aims to provide equal
Progress has also been limited in other regions, such as South Asia and access to affordable vocational training, to eliminate gender and wealth
sub-Saharan Africa, which account for 80 percent of those living in disparities, and achieve universal access to a quality higher education.
extreme poverty. New threats brought on by climate change, conflict and
food insecurity, mean even more work is needed to bring people out of Goal 5: Gender equality
poverty. Ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic
The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what we started, and end human right, it’s crucial for sustainable future; it’s proven that empowering
poverty in all forms and dimensions by 2030. This involves targeting the women and girls helps economic growth and development.
most vulnerable, increasing basic resources and services, and supporting UNDP has made gender equality central to its work and we’ve seen
communities affected by conflict and climate-related disasters. remarkable progress in the past 20 years. There are more girls in school
now compared to 15 years ago, and most regions have reached gender
Goal 2: Zero hunger parity in primary education.
The number of undernourished people has dropped by almost half in the But although there are more women than ever in the labour market, there
past two decades because of rapid economic growth and increased are still large inequalities in some regions, with women systematically
agricultural productivity. Many developing countries that used to suffer denied the same work rights as men. Sexual violence and exploitation, the
from famine and hunger can now meet their nutritional needs. Central and unequal division of unpaid care and domestic work, and discrimination in
East Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean have all made huge progress public office all remain huge barriers. Climate change and disasters
in eradicating extreme hunger. continue to have a disproportionate effect on women and children, as do
Unfortunately, extreme hunger and malnutrition remain a huge barrier to conflict and migration.
development in many countries. There are 821 million people estimated to It is vital to give women equal rights land and property, sexual and
be chronically undernourished as of 2017, often as a direct consequence of reproductive health, and to technology and the internet. Today there are
environmental degradation, drought and biodiversity loss. Over 90 million more women in public office than ever before, but encouraging more
children under five are dangerously underweight. Undernourishment and women leaders will help achieve greater gender equality.
severe food insecurity appear to be increasing in almost all regions of
Africa, as well as in South America. Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
The SDGs aim to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030, Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an alarming figure
making sure all people–especially children–have sufficient and nutritious that is projected to rise as temperatures do. Although 2.1 billion people
food all year. This involves promoting sustainable agricultural, supporting have improved water sanitation since 1990, dwindling drinking water
small-scale farmers and equal access to land, technology and markets. It supplies are affecting every continent. More and more countries are
also requires international cooperation to ensure investment in experiencing water stress, and increasing drought and desertification is
infrastructure and technology to improve agricultural productivity. already worsening these trends. By 2050, it is projected that at least one in
four people will suffer recurring water shortages.
Safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 requires we invest in More than half of us live in cities. By 2050, two-thirds of all humanity—
adequate infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities, and encourage 6.5 billion people—will be urban. Sustainable development cannot be
hygiene. Protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems is essential. achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage
Ensuring universal safe and affordable drinking water involves reaching our urban spaces.
over 800 million people who lack basic services and improving The rapid growth of cities—a result of rising populations and increasing
accessibility and safety of services for over two billion. migration—has led to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the developing
In 2015, 4.5 billion people lacked safely managed sanitation services (with world, and slums are becoming a more significant feature of urban life.
adequately disposed or treated excreta) and 2.3 billion lacked even basic Making cities sustainable means creating career and business
sanitation. opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient societies
and economies. It involves investment in public transport, creating green
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in
Between 2000 and 2016, the number of people with electricity increased participatory and inclusive ways.
from 78 to 87 percent, and the numbers without electricity dipped to just
below one billion. Yet as the population continues to grow, so will the Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production
demand for cheap energy, and an economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating Achieving economic growth and sustainable development requires that we
drastic changes to our climate. urgently reduce our ecological footprint by changing the way we produce
Investing in solar, wind and thermal power, improving energy productivity, and consume goods and resources. Agriculture is the biggest user of water
and ensuring energy for all is vital if we are to achieve SDG 7 by 2030. worldwide, and irrigation now claims close to 70 percent of all freshwater
Expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean and for human use. The efficient management of our shared natural resources,
more efficient energy in all countries will encourage growth and help the and the way we dispose of toxic waste and pollutants, are important targets
environment. to achieve this goal. Encouraging industries, businesses and consumers to
recycle and reduce waste is equally important, as is supporting developing
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth countries to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption by
Over the past 25 years the number of workers living in extreme poverty 2030. A large share of the world population is still consuming far too little
has declined dramatically, despite the lasting impact of the 2008 economic to meet even their basic needs. Halving the per capita of global food waste
crisis and global recession. In developing countries, the middle class now at the retailer and consumer levels is also important for creating more
makes up more than 34 percent of total employment – a number that has efficient production and supply chains. This can help with food security,
almost tripled between 1991 and 2015. and shift us towards a more resource efficient economy.
However, as the global economy continues to recover we are seeing slower
growth, widening inequalities, and not enough jobs to keep up with a Goal 13: Climate action
growing labour force. According to the International Labour Organization, There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate
more than 204 million people were unemployed in 2015. change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50 percent higher than in
The SDGs promote sustained economic growth, higher levels of 1990. Global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate
productivity and technological innovation. Encouraging entrepreneurship system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not act.
and job creation are key to this, as are effective measures to eradicate The annual average economic losses from climate-related disasters are in
forced labour, slavery and human trafficking. With these targets in mind, the hundreds of billions of dollars. This is not to mention the human impact
the goal is to achieve full and productive employment, and decent work, of geo-physical disasters, which are 91 percent climate-related, and which
for all women and men by 2030. between 1998 and 2017 killed 1.3 million people, and left 4.4 billion
injured. The goal aims to mobilize US$100 billion annually by 2020 to
Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure address the needs of developing countries to both adapt to climate change
Investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic and invest in low-carbon development.
growth and development. With over half the world population now living Supporting vulnerable regions will directly contribute not only to Goal 13
in cities, mass transport and renewable energy are becoming ever more but also to the other SDGs. These actions must also go hand in hand with
important, as are the growth of new industries and information and efforts to integrate disaster risk measures, sustainable natural resource
communication technologies. management, and human security into national development strategies. It
Technological progress is also key to finding lasting solutions to both is still possible, with strong political will, increased investment, and using
economic and environmental challenges, such as providing new jobs and existing technology, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two
promoting energy efficiency. Promoting sustainable industries, and degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, aiming at 1.5°C, but this
investing in scientific research and innovation, are all important ways to requires urgent and ambitious collective action.
facilitate sustainable development.
More than 4 billion people still do not have access to the Internet, and 90 Goal 14: Life Below Water
percent are from the developing world. Bridging this digital divide is The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive
crucial to ensure equal access to information and knowledge, as well as global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. How we
foster innovation and entrepreneurship. manage this vital resource is essential for humanity as a whole, and to
counterbalance the effects of climate change.
Goal 10: Reduced inequalities Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for
Income inequality is on the rise—the richest 10 percent have up to 40 their livelihoods. However, today we are seeing 30 percent of the world’s
percent of global income whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only between fish stocks overexploited, reaching below the level at which they can
2 to 7 percent. If we take into account population growth inequality in produce sustainable yields.
developing countries, inequality has increased by 11 percent. Income Oceans also absorb about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by
inequality has increased in nearly everywhere in recent decades, but at humans, and we are seeing a 26 percent rise in ocean acidification since
different speeds. It’s lowest in Europe and highest in the Middle East. the beginning of the industrial revolution. Marine pollution, an
These widening disparities require sound policies to empower lower overwhelming majority of which comes from land-based sources, is
income earners, and promote economic inclusion of all regardless of sex, reaching alarming levels, with an average of 13,000 pieces of plastic litter
race or ethnicity. to be found on every square kilometre of ocean.
Income inequality requires global solutions. This involves improving the The SDGs aim to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal
regulation and monitoring of financial markets and institutions, ecosystems from pollution, as well as address the impacts of ocean
encouraging development assistance and foreign direct investment to acidification. Enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of ocean-
regions where the need is greatest. Facilitating the safe migration and based resources through international law will also help mitigate some of
mobility of people is also key to bridging the widening divide. the challenges facing our oceans.

Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities Goal 15: Life on land
Human life depends on the earth as much as the ocean for our sustenance professional civil service based on merit and free from political
and livelihoods. Plant life provides 80 percent of the human diet, and we interference
rely on agriculture as an important economic resources. Forests cover 30
- The CSC performs policy regulatory, and quasi-judicial functions
percent of the Earth’s surface, provide vital habitats for millions of species,
and important sources for clean air and water, as well as being crucial for - CSC is mandated to establish the following:
combating climate change.
Every year, 13 million hectares of forests are lost, while the persistent • Career service
degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares, • Adopt measures to promote morale
disproportionately affecting poor communities. • Integrity
While 15 percent of land is protected, biodiversity is still at risk. Nearly • Responsiveness and Courtesy in the Civil Service
7,000 species of animals and plants have been illegally traded. Wildlife • Strengthen the Merit and Reward System
trafficking not only erodes biodiversity, but creates insecurity, fuels • Integrate all human resources development program for all
conflict, and feeds corruption. levels and ranks
Urgent action must be taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and • Institutionalize a work environment that endangers public
biodiversity which are part of our common heritage and support global accountability
food and water security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and
- The CSC is anchored with merit system
peace and security.
- The merit system embraces the entire civil service both national and local
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions government.
We cannot hope for sustainable development without peace, stability,
- The CS ensures that the government service and become promoted are
human rights and effective governance, based on the rule of law. Yet our
qualified and competent for the job.
world is increasingly divided. Some regions enjoy peace, security and
prosperity, while others fall into seemingly endless cycles of conflict and - CSC set qualification standard for each positions which is called
violence. This is not inevitable and must be addressed. minimum criteria or qualification requirements for every items or plantilla
Armed violence and insecurity have a destructive impact on a country’s positions
development, affecting economic growth, and often resulting in grievances
What are Local Governments?
that last for generations. Sexual violence, crime, exploitation and torture
are also prevalent where there is conflict, or no rule of law, and countries - The United Nations define Local Government (LG) as political
must take measures to protect those who are most at risk subdivisions of a state or nation, which are created by law, have power over
The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with local affairs including power to impose taxes, and whose governing body
governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity. Promoting is locally chosen, either through election or appointment.
the rule of law and human rights are key to this process, as is reducing the
- As political subdivision, local governments have certain powers that
flow of illicit arms and strengthening the participation of developing
enable them to control and manage local affairs, and to promote and protect
countries in the institutions of global governance.
public interest and welfare.
Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals - These powers are exercised by duly selected officials
The SDGs can only be realized with strong global partnerships and
- Local government in the Philippines, often called local government units
cooperation. Official Development Assistance remained steady but below
target, at US$147 billion in 2017. While humanitarian crises brought on by or LGU’s, are divided into three levels – provinces and independent cities;
conflict or natural disasters continue to demand more financial resources component cities and municipalities; and barangays.
and aid. Many countries also require Official Development Assistance to - In one area, above provinces and independent cities, is an autonomous
encourage growth and trade. region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.
The world is more interconnected than ever. Improving access to
technology and knowledge is an important way to share ideas and foster - Below barangays in some municipalities are sitios and puroks. Sitios and
innovation. Coordinating policies to help developing countries manage puroks are often led by elected barangay councilors.
their debt, as well as promoting investment for the least developed, is vital Types of LGU’s
for sustainable growth and development.
The goals aim to enhance North-South and South-South cooperation by Autonomous Regions – 2 regions were pre-identified but only one is
supporting national plans to achieve all the targets. Promoting international existing
trade, and helping developing countries increase their exports is all part of Provinces – composed of cluster of municipalities or municipalities and
achieving a universal rules-based and equitable trading system that is fair component cities.
and open and benefits all.
Cities – component (independent and dependent) and highly urbanized
SDGs and ICT Municipalities – composed of barangays
• While none of the SDGs is specifically about ICTs, several Barangays – basic political unit
targets make references to ICTs and Technology
o By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular
the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights to Special Type of LGU
economic
Section 11, Article X of the 1987 Constitution
o By 2030, ensure equal access
o By 2039, substantially increase’ - The Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political
o By 2020, substantially expand globally the subdivisions, subject to a plebiscite as set forth in Section 10 hereof, the
o Enhance the use of enabling technology component cities and municipalities shall retain their basic autonomy and
o Develop quality, reliable, shall be entitled to their own local executives and legislative assemblies.
The jurisdiction of the metropolitan authority that will thereby be created
Local Government Units shall be limited to basic services requiring coordination; PD 824, EO 392,
The Philippine Central Personel Agency RA 7924.

- In the Philippines, the responsibility for personnel administration is Type Land Area (in Population (Not Income
lodged with the Civil Service Commission sq.m) Less Than) (not less
than)
- The Commission is a constitutional body and being such, it is endowed
with the autonomy and independence to establish, maintain, promote a Province At least 2,000 250k 20M
 Section 4 of 1991 LGC Scope of Application
City At least 100 150k 20M
- The LGC shall apply to all provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays,
Highly- 200k 50M and other political subdivisions as may be created by law, and to extent
Urbanized herein provided, to officials, offices, or agencies of the national
City government
Municipality At least 50 25k 2.5M - cities shall be governed by their charters as long as the charters are not
Barangay Identified by 2k (outside Metro inconsistent with the 1991 LGC.
metes and Manila) 5k Regulatory Power
bounds or (Metro Manila)
more or less - Power to generate and apply resources
permanent - Power of eminent domain
natural
boundaries - Power to reclassify agricultural lands (not under CARP): 15% for HUC
& Independent Component Cities: 10% for Component Cities and 1st to 3rd
Elective Officials Common to All Provinces class Municipalities; 5% for the 4th to 6th class municipalities (classified
• Governor according to income)
• Vice Governor - Power to close and open roads
• Sangguniang Panlalawigan:
o Presiding Officer - Inspection of food products
o Regular members determined by class of unit - Adoption of Quarantine Regulations
o President of the Liga ng mga Barangay
o President of Sangguniang Kabataan Federation - Enforcement of the National Building Code
o President of the Federation of Sanggunian Members - Regulation and Operation of Tricycles
o 3 Sectoral Representative: women, agricultural or
industrial workers, and 1 from other sectors (urban - Regulation of Real Estate Trade and Business
poor, indigent cultural communities, or disabled) - Licensing of cockpits and regulation of cockfighting
• Mayor
• Vice Mayor
• Sangguniang Panlungsod/Bayan Corporate Powers
Officials Common to All Barangays - To have continuous succession in its corporate name
• Punong Barangay - To sue and be sued
• 7 Sanggunian Members - To have and use a corporate seal
• Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman
• Barangay Secretary - To acquire and convey real or personal property
• Barangay Treasurer - To enter into contracts
Compensation of Elective Officials - To exercise other powers granted to corporation subject to limitations in
code and other laws

Governor SG 30

Vice Governor SG 28

City Mayor SG 30

City Vice Mayor SG 28 (HUC); SG 26

(CC)

Municipality Mayor SG 27

Municipality Vice Mayor SG 27

SP (Province) SG 25

SP (City SG 27

SB Member SG 25 - component city

SG 24

Structure, Power and Functions Decentralization

Section 3, Article X of the 1987 Constitution: – usually referred to as the transfer of power from the central government
- The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide to the lower levels in a political administrative and territorial hierarchy.
for more and accountable local government structure instituted through Deconcentration
system of governmentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, and
referendum allocate among the different local government units their – transfer of functions, powers, and resources
powers, responsibilities and empowerment or removal, term, salaries, – The center execute normative functions, supervision, and control
powers, and duties of local officials and all other matters. ______ of the
Organization and operation of the local units – States are responsible for operational activities and service programs
– It is mostly and administrative action and does not alter the flow of
command in the system.
Organization
Political Decentralization – Devolution of powers to the Local Government
Units (Area Approach) - Organization are defined differently by different authors or scholars

Administrative Decentralization – Deconcentration of authority to regional - According to Kast Organization are goal oriented,
units (Sectoral Approach) psychosocial system, technological system and an integration of
structured activities
Political Autonomy – the real approach to decentralization. Political
decentralization focuses on the delegation of power and authority to local - Organization is consist of people who, more or less, share
government units. It is the general approach to decentralization that is common objectives or purpose
contemplated in the Constitution and various legal issuances or laws: the - The behavior of the organization is directed towards the
delegation of powers by the center to the local government unit. It is also attainment of its objectives; the members who comprise the
within this context that the concept of autonomy is applied. organization work jointly in groups and cooperate together in
Local Autonomy independent relationships

- generally described as the ability of the local governments for self- - Organization help up to accomplish goals which otherwise
government be it at the regional, provincial, city, municipal or barrio / would be much more difficult, if not impossible, to achieve on
barangay level. an individual basis.

- The following are the major criteria in determining local autonomy or • The arrangement of personnel for facilitating the
self-government accomplishment of some agreed purpose the allocation of
functions and responsibilities
- Self-government must elect at least a legislature that would be a
representative of the various geographic divisions, and if possible, sectors, • Two or more people who work together in a structured way to
in the area who would be responsible for promulgating laws relevant to the achieve a specific goal or set of goals (Stoner)
needs of the population. • A group of people who are accustomed to obedience to the
- The area of autonomy or self-government should have clearly defined orders of leaders and who have a personal interest in the
areas of responsibility. For instance, the local unit could be specifically continuance of the domination by virtue of their own
primarily responsible for the delivery of education and health services, and participation and the resulting benefits, have divided among
local infrastructure. themselves the exercise of those functions which will serve
ready for their exercise (Max Weber)
- The relationship between the national and the local levels should be
clearly defined, and areas of primary responsibility clearly delineated • The structure of authoritative and habitual personal
interrelations in an administrative system (Dwight Waldo)
- The area of self-government or local autonomy, should be given authority
to generate local revenues through taxation. • There are three reasons for studying Organization

Delegation • Organizations contribute to the present standards of

living of people worldwide i.e. food, shelter, clothing,
- Transfer of responsibilities for decision-making and administration to medical care and employment
semi-autonomous organization not controlled by but accountable to the
central government, • Organizations build toward desirable future and help
individuals do the same. New products and practices
- Semi-autonomous public enterprises to provide services more effectively are developed as a result of the creative power that
and efficient than a central bureaucracy can emerge when people work together in
Devolution organizations

- is political in character for it transfers powers and function from the • Organizations help connect people to their pasts.
national government to local governments; Organizations can be through of as patterns of human
relationships. Every day that we work with add to the
- empowers locals by giving them wider scope of discretion and decision- history of the organization and to our own history
making.
- Strengthening the relationship among state and local governments
- Autonomy to sub-national units or government in some areas.
- Local Government acquire the necessary functions to govern and not only
to administer.
Issues in LGU’s
- Review of Local Government Code
- Review of Political Dynasty
- Review of Creation of a Province, City, and Municipalities
- Federalization of the Philippines
Organizational Studies
- Organization and Management are twin terms that exits side by side
with each other. Each one needs and supports the other
- Organization will be inert and useless if there is no management that
will steer it; Management will be hollow and meaningless, if there’s no Management
organization to manage • Management evolved part of economic system that allocated the
- In real world of administration, organization and management are resources of land, labor and capital in a way to maximize
essential elements through which human actions and objectives are materials to satisfy the wants of human beings
carried out and accomplished
 • Management is a process of planning, organizing, leading and
controlling the work of organization members and of using all
available organizational resources to reach stated organizational
goals
• Management is like Public Administration both science and art.
Science because of the different theories, concepts and
processes that are tested and have been found to be useful in
making decisions. Art because more than theories can provide
wise decision-making process for management, creative
thinking and implementation of these theories are found to be
effective
• Management, on the other hand, involves the coordination of
human and material resources toward the attainment of
organization’s goals
• In any organization, absolute harmony is hard to attain and, Organization and Management Technique
perhaps, unrealistically achievable. What is more realistically
bound to happen is for some conflict to arise. Thus, it is the task Management Information System
of management to integrate the varied elements, be these • Management information system, or MIS, is computer-based
cooperative or conflictive, into a complete organizational information system that provides accurate and timely
undertaking. information to those needing them.
• Managers – people who are responsible for integrating, • MIS is highly important for the effective performance of the
coordinating, and directing activities of others – then have to managerial functions. MIS facilitates planning, decision-making
bring together the organization staff, money, materials, time and and control, and enables the organization to carry out these
space into an integrated and effective system to achieve functions more effectively and efficiently (Stoner and Freeman,
organizational objective. 1989).
• Managers get things done by working with people and physical • It is not surprising that with the increasing sophistication of
resources to realize the goals of the organization; they computer technology today, newer systems that can aid public
coordinate and integrate the work and activities of others (Kast, managers in their job will be developed.
1974).
TQM by Dr. William Edward Deming
• Because most organizations work in a larger environment where
other organizations, institutions, groups of people, demands, • William Edwards Deming (October 14, 1900 – December 20,
pressures, changes, developments, and so on, exist, it behooves 1993) was an American engineer, statistician, professor, author,
the organizations and their managers to relate with the external lecturer, and management consultant.
environment if they have to be effective and assure their
existence and relevance.
Business Government
• Management according to Kast, has the following elements
Business leaders are driven Government leaders are
• Toward objectives by profit driven by the desire to get
• Through people elected

• Via technique and They get most of their They get their money from
money from their taxpayers
• In an organization customers
• In short management is getting the tasks done through people They are usually driven by They usually are, or use
and technique toward the attainment of objective within the competition monopolies
organization setting
• POSDCoRB The ultimate test for The ultimate test is be
managers is whether they elected
Business vs Government produce a products or profit
Public focus on government
Organization and Management in Public Sector service control expenditure
• Organization and Management in the public sector may share to avoid waste
many similarities with those in the private setting Can easily take risks and More cautious, avoid
• For instance, both practice division of labor, have an internal make mistakes making mistakes
organization structure, recruit personnel, give direction and
assign tasks to employees. Behind closed doors, can Democratic and open;
make decisions quickly moves more slowly than
• Both Organization and Management are responsible to
business; must serve
employees benefits before and after retirement
everyone equally
Public and Private Administration
• Educated initially as an electrical engineer and later specializing
in mathematical physics, he helped develop the sampling
techniques still used by the U.S. Department of the Census and
the Bureau of Labor Statistics
• TQM documented both public and private organizations in their
attempt to respond to changes as brought about by the advances
in computer and communication technology and trade
liberalization and globalization
Organization and Management Studies
 • As a field of study public administration has always been - Under Philippine bureaucracy substructure of small kinship groups,
concerned with improving the understanding of public members of the family groups by consanguinity, by affinity, and by ritual
organizations, commonly known as bureaucracy, and their kinship (or compadre) give top priority to family loyalty.
effective management;
- Within such groupings, all of them feel that they are under obligation to
• Much of government activities are carried out by the help each other in a variety of ways.
bureaucracy, it is important to investigate how these public
2. Perpetuation of the spoils system
organization work and operate; knowledge gained can help
those working in government manage their agencies more - Classify service, unclassified and temporary positions which have
effectively become convenient instruments for the practice of nepotism, of patronage,
and of influence peddling.
• Public administration has always been concerned with
improving our understanding of public organizations, 3. Apathetic public reaction of bureaucratic misconduct
commonly known as bureaucracy, and their effective
- The people looked upon the phenomenon as a concomitant result of the
management
increasing complexity of the government, a method of political promises
• Much of government activities are carried out by the to the unemployed and underemployed segments of the population.
bureaucracy, how public organization work and operate
4. Availability of external peaceful means of correcting bureaucratic
• Government relied upon its agencies and institutions to carry out weakness
its activities and the concern for improving government will
- Devices, such as constitutional right and privileges-freedom of speech,
undoubtedly involve looking into how these organizations
freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, civic action-have been used
function, the interrelationship with each other and the external
for rectifying the defects and misdeeds of bureaucracy.
environment
5. Survival of historical experience
• Public administration O and M varies in their approaches and
focus. - The Philippine political bureaucracy was administered according to a
civil law system which the Spanish bureaucracy as the scapegoat for all
• In the United States, the foci were on the formal structures,
the weaknesses of the Philippines political bureaucracy. There are
functions, and processes of the administrative organizations of
indications, however that the weaknesses are not to be totally and directly
government.
attributed to the Spanish government bureaucracy.
• On the internal aspects of public administrative system and the
6. Lack of independence from politics
concomitant values of efficiency, economy, and effectiveness
with which the organizations function and operate is - Because of the absences of “class consciousness” and of a feeling of unity
characteristic of the traditional public administration. on the part of the Filipino bureaucrats and the stigma of post-World War
II ill-repute, the Philippine bureaucracy’s “merit system” was easily
Organization
subject to attack and tampering by politicians. They worked through the
• Government relies on formal organization, more popularly legislative and executive branches of the national government.
known as bureaucracy, to carry out its functions and perform its
Essential instrument of social change
role in society
- In spite of its weaknesses, the Philippine bureaucracy’s function in
• Each organization in government are of varying sizes and
nation-building will be as big, as complicated, and as demanding as the
functions, scattered all over the country, but all bound by a
function of the whole society itself. Primarily, it will have to be a tool for
common mission and purpose – that is, to protect and promote
innovations.
the welfare of the people.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE
• In the Philippines, you can cite as example of organization, the
BUREAUCRACY
Department of Social Welfare and Development which is
responsible for planning and implementing social welfare Problem: Bureaucratic resistance to change
programs, the Philippine National Police for maintaining
- Socio-economic, political, cultural and ecological constraints to
• Organization like public organization, business enterprises, administrative change
hospital, church and military, serve the multifarious and
- Problems in the transfer of technology and adaptation
growing needs of the people and society
• Organization can be formal and informal
• Formal organizations are a system of coordinated activities of a
group of people working cooperatively toward a common goal Public Fiscal Policy
under authority and leadership
• Informal organizations while they exist side by side with formal FISCAL POLICY - Mix of policies on taxes and revenue, expenditure
organization are undocumented and officially unrecognized and budgeting, borrowing and accountability
relationship between members of an organization that - Fiscal policies of the govt can be gleaned from the national budget, that
inevitably emerge out of the personal and group needs of is, how the budget will be financed (sources of revenue), how it will be
employees allocated (expenditures) and whether public borrowing will be resorted to
finance govt programs
NATURE OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY
A POLITICAL SYSTEM DEFINES ITS BUREAUCRACY: MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF FISCAL POLICY
- As a system of administration based upon organization into bureaus,
division of labor, hierarchy of authority; designed to dispose of a large 1. Provision for social goods or the process by which resource use is
body of work in a routine manner. divided between private and social goods and by which the mix of social
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINES goods is chosen is the allocation function of budget policy
BUREAUCRACY
1. Vulnerability to nepotism 2. Adjustment of distribution of income and wealth to assure
conformance with what society considers a “fair” and “just” state of
distribution is referred to as the distribution function
3. The use of budget policy as a means of maintaining high employment, revenue, make those available, and see to it that funds are
a reasonable degree of price level stability and an appropriate rate of wisely, lawfully, effective, and efficiently spent
economic growth is termed the stabilization function • The administration of finances is an intrinsic component of
management responsibility, there is an intimate linkage between
4. The most important function of fiscal policy of LDCs (less developed administering and funding. An administrative act has financial
implications
countries) is its devt function, e.g., allocations must be made for the
• Fiscal Policy refers to the “measures employed by governance
production and distribution of more social goods
to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels
and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. Fiscal
• - Bridging the gap bet the rich and the poor have serious measures are frequently used in tandem with monetary policy to
implications on tax and expenditure policies achieve certain goals
• - Devt function can have a destabilizing effect as devt entails Public Administration Processes
massive expenditures, heavy importations and infrastructure
Introduction
PROCESS OF FISCAL ADMINISTRATION / FINANCE • Government does many things
CYCLE
• Government provides public service, collect taxes, redistributes
wealth through policies it makes and implements
1. Formulation of fiscal policy • The policies government produces are more or less determined
2. Taxation and revenue administration 3. Expenditure and by the role that a particular political regime or administration
budgeting has ascribed to itself
4. Public borrowing o Is the administration pro-poor
5. Accountability o Is the administration pro-social welfare
o Is the administration attracting foreign investments
Government agencies responsible for taxation/revenue generation and high on its list
other fiscal matters o Is the administration pro-industrialization
o Is the administration pro-abortion
1. Department of Finance - formulation and implementation of • The government on these concerns will influence its policy
tax policies; issues adm rules and regs implementing tax laws; thrust and priorities.
responsible for revenue collection through BIR and BoC • In any society, governmental entities enacts laws, make policies,
2. DOJ through opinions or rulings on tax questions and allocate resources.
3. Supreme Court and Court Tax Appeals interpret tax laws • Public policy can be generally defined as a system of laws,
through judicial decisions regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities
4. Under the Local Govt Code, LGUs thru their Sanggunians can concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental
levy taxes entities or its representatives.
5. BSP for monetary policies
• Public policy is an attempt by a government to address a public
issue by instituting laws, regulations, decisions, or actions
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR BUDGETING pertinent to the problem at hand.
• Numerous issues can be addressed by public policy including
1. DBM consolidates the national budget and releases allocation crime, education, foreign policy, health, and social welfare.
to various offices • The process to create a new public policy typically follows
2. Individual agencies prepare their respective budgets three steps:
3. Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC) o Agenda-setting, option-formulation, and
formulates fiscal measures and recommends budgetary ceilings implementation;
upon which the national budget is based; reviews consolidated o the time-line for a new policy to be put in place
national budget before it is submitted to the President and can range from weeks to several years, depending
Congress on the situation

Public Policy: Introduction

ISSUES IN FISCAL ADM AND DEVT
• “Policy Studies” refers to teaching, research, and related
1. Foreign and domestic debt to finance academic and professional activities directed at gaining and
development projects applying knowledge for improvement of government policies.
2. Priorities based on needs of the people • In the US, the policy studies movement began more or less 6
vs. conditionalities imposed by IFIs decades ago as a call for the active orientation of the social
3. Citizens’ participation science, psychology, and other disciplines to the solution of
4. Use of subsidies policy issues and problems, and subsequently for the
5. Accountability/Corruption - lumpsum development of the “policy sciences”.
(DAP, PDAF, Intel Funds)
6. Others What is Public Policy

FISCAL ADMINISTRATION • In a society, government entities enacts laws, make policies, and
• Is the act of managing incoming and outgoing monetary allocate resources.
transactions and budgets for government, education institutions • This is true at all levels
non-profit organization, and other public service entities;
• Refers to systems, processes, resources, and the policy,
• Public Policy can be generally defined as a system of laws,
regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities
environment, government, the inter-governmental and inter-
concerning a given topic promulgated by a government entity
local fiscal relations, affecting among other
or its representatives
• Fiscal Administration zero in on the management of financial
resources and those activities and operations to generate • Attempt by the government to address public issues.
•
Meaning of Public Policy • Implementation – the decided policy is enforced.
• System of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, & Stages in the Policy Process
funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a
governmental entity or its representatives Agenda Setting
• Commonly embodied in constitutions, legislative acts and • Certain problems are viewed as needing action while others are
judicial decisions; may also be created by an executive order, postponed; competing claims & prioritization gain or decline in
bureaucratic regulation, or provincial/city/municipal/barangay prominence over time
ordinance • Many People contribute- president, members of congress, executive
• Also considered academic discipline as it is studied by branch officials, political parties, interest groups, media& the general
professors & students at public policy schools of major public – in shaping public opinion.
universities. • From many & competing claims, policy makers select issues to be
• Basically the legal framework within which society operates. given priority & those to be filtered out
• Composite of decisions that government makes & programs it • Confluence of 3 streams of events: policy recognition, policy
embarks upon or implements to achieve goals generation, & political action
• Implies process of formulating & promulgating a program based Policy recognition
on a set of principles • Certain topics emerge as significant issues that demand action due to
• Rule of action, manifesting or clarifying specific organization many influences such as indicators that come to public view, feedback
goals, objectives, values, or ideals & often prescribing the on current programs, or events that demand attention
obligatory or most desirable ways & means for their • Policy entrepreneurs invest personal time, energy, & often money
accomplishment to pursue policy changes by using publicity campaigns, direct
Aims of Public Policy contacts with decision makers (letters, phone calls) petition drives,
• Reconcile conflicting claims for scarce resources etc. Or involve themselves in media, political parties, or interest
groups, that provide access to decision makers.
• Encourage or foster cooperation that would probably not occur
without government influence or encouragement • May occur almost simultaneously with policy recognition; likely that
• Prohibit morally unacceptable behavior many are trying to generate solutions to the problem
• Protect the rights of individuals • Ideas come from decision makers themselves, members of their staff,
experts in the bureaucracy, members of the scientific community,
• Provide direct benefits to citizens policy think tanks, or from the general public
Nature & Scope of Public Policy Policy generation
• “The authoritative allocation of values for a society.”
• Proposed solutions swirl around through speeches & articles, papers,
• “The process of deciding who gets what, when, where and how.” & conversations until a few ideas begin to gain special currency
• “What the government chooses to do or not to do about a • Ideas generated not only seem to correctly address the problem but
specific problem.” seem also to be politically acceptable.
• Establish the boundaries of our freedoms & color the contours Political action
of our interactions with other people in our political, social & • To reach the top of policy agenda, proposal must be consistent with
economic systems emerging political realities
Three (3) Parts to Public Policy-Making o Consistent with prevailing political climate
• Problem – issue that needs to be addresses o Favored by incumbent administration & legislative
• Player – individual or group that is influential in forming a majority
plan to address the problem in question o Support of interest groups
• · Policy – finalized course of action decided upon by the Policy formulation
government; widely open to interpretation by NGO players & • Development of formal policy statements (legislation, executive
private sector including church & cultural institutions orders, administrative rules, etc.) that are viewed as legitimate
Shaping Public Policy • Procedure in legislation: a bill is introduced & referred to a committee
• Complex & multifaceted process ( & perhaps a sub-committee), hearings are held, the committee
• Interplay of individuals & groups (interest) reports to the larger body, a vote is taken in both houses, a conference
competing/collaborating to influence policy makers. committee works out differences in the 2 versions, & the bill is sent
to the chief executive for his signature
• Variety of tools/tactics used to advance aims
• Advocating positions publicly – educating
• President has formal & informal means of influencing legislation thru
program initiatives & budget proposals
supporters/opponents, mobilizing allies
Advocacy • Other government officials interact with Congress on a regular basis
& may also affect policy outcomes
• Attempt to influence public policy thru education, lobbying or
political pressure • Individual citizens & interest groups also seek access & influence
• Educate general public/policy makers re: nature of problems, • Government agencies usually send program proposals to the
needed legislation & funding required for services/research legislature for its consideration
• Regarded as unseemly but it can clearly influence public policy • Agency personnel are often called upon to provide testimony
priorities regarding particular proposals due to their expertise on public issues
Guidance for Policy Makers • When relationship among interest groups, agency personnel, &
• Politicians & public servants are accountable to the public members of
• Elites, in politics & private sector, do not have the right to pursue • Congress become strong, frequent & intense, the resulting alliance is
their interests without constraints called sub-governments or iron triangles that often exert great
• Government bureaucratic & decision processes must be open, influence
accessible, & transparent, as well as responsive to public Policy implementation
Rational Model of Public Policy Making Process • Legislation is general & lacks details
• Agenda Setting – Agencies and government officials meet to • Legislators cannot foresee questions that may come up during
discuss the problem at hand implementation.
• Option-formulation – Alternative solutions are considered and • Legislation leaves great deal of discretion to public managers in
final decisions are made regarding the best policy. working out details of particular program.
• Managers develop administrative rules or policies to give detail to construction such as grammar & usage, form
legislation or fill in the gaps. & style; civil society groups can influence this
cycle by drafting proposals & giving them to
Types of Policy legislators

Regulatory policy – designed to limit the actions of persons or groups so The Anti Red Tape Act of 2007
as to protect the general public or a substantial portion of the public
Distributive policy – most common form of government policy, uses tax RA No. 9485
revenues to provide benefits to individuals or groups by means of grants or - It is a law that promotes transparency and expedites transactions in the
subsidies government.
Redistributive policy – take taxes from certain groups & give them to
10 Things about the ARTA
another group
1. The law applies to all government offices that provide frontline
• Income stabilization – support to unemployed or retired services.
• Social welfare – providing direct payments to indigents
• Healthcare programs – medicare 2. The law limits the number of signature of officials and employees to a
maximum of five (5) signatures.
Constituent Policy – intended to benefit the public generally or to serve the 3. The law requires all government offices to draw up a Citizen’s Charter
government which identifies:
Foreign & Defense Policies - Vision and mission of the agency
Policies affecting the structure & function of government agencies like
government re-organization, etc. - Frontline services offered
- Step-by-step procedures
Steps in Making Public Policies (Roy Sylvan)
- Employee responsible for each step
• Identify problem that needs improvement or solution
• Develop alternative solutions that can improve or solve the - Amount of fees
problem - Document to be presented
• Adopt an alternative or combination of alternatives
- Procedure for filing complaints
• Implement the adopted policy
• Evaluate the effect of the policy on the problem it addresses & 4. The citizen’s charter must be posted as information billboards at the
on the people affected main entrance or most conspicuous place and published materials.
5. Public Assistance and Complaints Desk should be set up and attended
Steps in Passage of Bill in Philippine Legislature to even during lunch and snack time.
• 1st reading - principal author may propose additional authors;
contains title, number & names of authors All officers and employees transacting with the public should wear an ID.
o Bill referred to appropriate committee for study; if 6. All applications for frontline services shall be acted upon within 5 to
disapproved by committee, dies 10 working days.
• 2nd reading – after favorable committee evaluation, bill
forwarded to Committee on Rules for calendar; read for 2nd time 7. Denial of request for access to a government service shall be fully
in entirety explained.
o Debates – general debate & amendments proposed in 8.1 Disciplinary Action for Violations of the Act
accordance with rules
o Printing & distribution – after approval on 2nd 8.2 Criminal liability for fixers
reading, bill printed in final form & distributed to
9. Head of the office or agency shall be primarily accountable and
members 3 days before passage
responsible for the implementation of the rules.
• 3rd reading – last reading where only title is read; no amendment
allowed & votes (yeas &nays) entered in journal; member may 10. CSC shall conduct a report card survey of the government agencies to
abstain; majority of quorum can pass bill check on the existence and effectiveness of the Citizen’s Charter.
o Bill referred to other house – same procedure What the RCS is
o Bill forwarded to President – if approved on 3rd
reading by both houses, bill printed in final form & - a tool to check government service offices’ compliances with
transmitted to the President for appropriate action; no various ARTA provisions.
action within 30 days means the bill becomes law;
bills re-passed over veto automatically becomes law. - a client feedback survey that provides a quantitative measure of user
perceptions on the quality, efficiency, and adequacy of different
Local Legislative Body (Sanggunian) Critical Tasks public services.
• Formulating & managing the legislative agenda - a rich information source to help management know more about
• Crafting ordinances & resolutions their clients and operations.
• Enacting ordinances & codes of ordinances - not just data collection exercise but an instrument to exact public
• Evaluating the implementation of ordinances accountability through media coverage and civil society advocacy
that accompanies the process.
Crafting Ordinances & Resolutions
What the RCS examines
• Identifying & analyzing a policy problem to be
addressed by legislation Core Area 1: Compliance with ARTA Provisions
• Gathering research-based information 1.1 Citizen’s Charter
• Drafting the legislative proposal – requires
knowledge of its parts or elements, rules of 1.2 Anti Fixing Campaign
1.3 No Noon break Policy If there is a Philippine Public Administration, then for whom does
Philippine Public Administration exist?
1.4 ID/Nameplates
1.5 PACD • The first meaning of “Public” is a synonym of “Government”
• Public School
1.6 No Hidden Costs • Public Hospital
• Public Agency
Core Area 2: Overall Client Satisfaction
• Public Funds
2.1 Frontline Service Provider • Public Places
• Public Officials
a) Timeliness; response time – response given by the service • Public Servants
provider to the transaction • This is also the original meaning of the modifier “Public” in
b) Timeliness attention – immediate attention given by the service Public Administration
provider • The Second meaning of “Public” is refers to the collective as
beneficiary of “Public Goods” those whose benefits are
c) Knowledge – service provider’s extensive information on indivisible and with significant externalities. Examples are
understanding of the service being provided. • Public Utility
• Public Health
d) Competence – skill required in delivering the service
• Public Policy
e) Courtesy and Extra Smile – service provider’s friendliness, • The Third meaning of “Public” in Public Administration is the
courteousness/politeness, and willingness to do more than what “People” the presumed beneficiary of government and
is expected by the client. providers of other public goods as well as the embodiment of
the collective in a nation
f) Fairness and Ethical Treatment – service provider’s equal • A group of people that governs a community or unit.
treatment of clients, including attending to them on a ‘first • It sets and administers public policy and exercises executive,
come, first served’ basis political and sovereign power through customs, institutions,
2.2 Service Quality and laws within a state.
• A government can be classified into many types--democracy,
a) Outcome – result/product of the service that the client received republic, monarchy, aristocracy, and dictatorship are just a few
b) Overall time to complete transaction – covers the time the
Government
respondent arrived at the office to the time the respondent
• are synonymous in most dictionaries both denoting the exercise
finished all the necessary transactions
of authority in an organization, institution or state.
2.3 Physical Set-up – measures client satisfaction with: Insert Chart 1. See Charts
signage/directions, accessibility, cleanliness, orderliness, lighting, Insert Chart 2. See Charts
ventilation, and layout Evolution of Public Administration
Paradigms
2.4 Basic Facilities – measure client satisfaction with: available facilities Robert T. Golembiewski
such as comfort room, waiting area, facilities for pregnant women, PWDs • characterized evolution of public administration through locus
and the elderly. or focus
2.5 Respondent’s Satisfaction – measures client’s general feeling of • Focus refers to the analytical targets of public administration
contentment with his/her whole experience of transacting with the • Locus is the institutional “where” of the field
agency. Paradigm 1: The Politics Administration Dichotomy Proposition
1900 – 1926 -
Introduction to Public Administration: an Integration for PA 11 Goodnow said:
• Politics has to do with policies or expression of the state will
Definition of Public Administration • Administration has to do with the execution of policies or the
Dwight Waldo will of the state
• Public Administration is the organization of men and materials • Politics should bot intrude on Administration
to achieve the purposes of government. If public administration • Management lends itself to scientific study
is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of • Public administration is capable of becoming a “value-free”
the state science in its own right
Leonard White • The mission of administration is economy and efficiency
• The composite of all laws, regulations, practices, relationships, • “contended that there were two distinct functions”
codes and customs that prevails at any time in any jurisdiction Paradigm No. 2: The Principles of Administration
for the fulfillment and execution of public policy 1927-1937; 1947-1950
Nigro and Nigro The Challenge (1938-1950)
• Public Administration focus on the client, importance in the role • Politics and administration could not be separated in any remotely
of public policy and is thus part of the political process, sensible fashion
interrelationship of the executive, legislative and judicial, • The principles of administration were logically inconsistent
providing services to the community • Questioned the assumption that politics and administration could be
• Public Administration …. “Is the use of Managerial, Political, dichotomized. This is supported by A Theory of Public
and Legal Theories and Processes to fulfill legislative, executive Administration means in out time a Theory of Politics also”
and judicial government mandates for the provision of • There could be no such thing as a Principle of Administration
regulatory and service functions for the society as a whole of for • Simon (administrative behavior 1947) that for every principle of
some segments of it administration advocated in literature there was a counter principle,
Is There a Philippine Public Administration? then rendering the very idea moot
The Reaction to Challenge 1947 – 1950
• That question had been asked 20 years ago or more, and • Public administration didn’t want to be ban from the richest sources
answers have been provided us by eminent scholars of Public of inquiry in the normative political theory, the concept of public
Administration such as Raul de Guzman and Onofre Corpuz. interest and the entire spectrum of human values
The answer is yes, there is Philippines Public Administration. • Public administration considered the formulation of public policies
within public bureaucracies and their delivery of the polity
Paradigm 3: Public Administration and Political Science • New Public Administration
1950 – 1970 • Development Administration
• 1950’s – establishing linkages between public administration • Reinventing Government
and political science. Public administration is an emphasis, an • New Public Management
area of interest • Reengineering
• 1962 – public administration was not included as a subfield of • New Public Service; and
political science in the report of the Committee on Political • Governance
Science as a Discipline of the American Political Science
Association
• 1964 – A survey of political scientists indicated that the Public
Administration Review was slipping in prestige among political
scientists relative to other journals and signaled a decline of
faculty in public administration
• 1967 – Pubic administration disappeared as an organizing
category in the program of the annual meeting of the America
Political Science
• 1972 – A survey indicated that only four percent of all the
articles published between 1960 and 1970 could be included in
the category of bureaucratic politics the only category of the 15
possible that related directly to public administration
• Public Administration as a field, area of interest of political
science
• A survey conducted in 1972 of the five major political science
journal of a non-specialized nature that only four percent of all
the articles published between 1960 and 1970 could be included
in the category of bureaucratic politics
Paradigm 4: Public Administration as Administrative Science
• Administrative science become extremely popular with new
methodologies that move into empiricism and organization
theory
• The principal dilemma of defining the “pubic” in public
administration become concern
• As a paradigm, administrative science provides a focus but not
locus. If offers technique that require expertise and
specialization, but in what institutional setting that expertise
should be applied in undefined
• Administration was administration, there was not distinction
between public, business and institutional
Paradigm 5: Public Administration as Public Administration
• The term public affairs become popularized
• Concerned on Why and how organization work
• How and why people in them behave
• How and why decisions are made
• Public administration scholars become increasingly concerned
on areas of policy science, political economy, public policy-
making process and its analysis, and measurement of policy
outputs
Paradigm 6: Governance
• Governance Paradigm was introduced and advocated
by the United Nations (UN), World Bank (WB),
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and other
international institutions
• Governance becomes the mantra in the recent years
• Governance entails larger scope and has a wider
meaning
• Governance involves the institutionalization of a
system through which citizens, institutions,
organizations, and groups in a society articulate their
interests, exercise their rights and mediate their
differences in pursuit of the collective good.
Insert Chart 3. See Charts

Cardinal Principles of Government and Governance

• The Constitution of the Philippines was consciously designed
to frustrate the concentration of Political Power in any single
branch, institution, or individual
• The principles of the separation of powers and check and
balance among co-equal branches of government (i.e.
executive, legislative, and judiciary), have served as the
guiding philosophies of our democratic framework
Prominent Reforms in PA
Some of the more prominent reform approaches and movements includes