Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department Page 1

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This Chapter presents the reviewed related literature that gave significant insights to
this present study.

Awareness, attitude and practice of school students towards household waste management.
It is evident from this study that there is significant difference between awareness and
practice, of giving mass awareness to the impact of waste disposal practices from the
beginning of school education. Environmental education will inculcate a proper and
appropriate environmental culture in the students. Revealed awareness of e-waste disposal is
lacking there is an urgent need to rectify this gap in knowledge and practice.

There is no permanent solution for environmental problems, only thing we can reduce and
control waste generation by proper awareness and practice. Waste management activities
generate potential environmental benefits it managed properly (gentil et al, 2009). A large
amount of solid wastes are generated from homes. Household waste is a major source of
solid waste.

The quantity of solid waste grows faster than population (vinod & venugopal, 2010). Solid
waste disposal has been identified as a major cause of pollution and environmental threat. In
this era of cybernetics, young generation is being influenced by cyberphilia. As a result,
worldwide e m-wastes are generated uncontrolled and unchecked. Chinese domestic e-waste
stockpiles are approaching a peak (liu et al, 2006). Waste management is essential to
implement and notice at all times.

This research utilized descriptive method of research. The descriptive research is also known
as statistical research that describes data and characteristics about what practices, level of
effectiveness and recovery and processing, it answers that question who, what, where, and
how. This kind of research also deals with the present existing condition and data gathering
(beredo et al.,2013).

The questionnaire was self-structured patterned from books and studies of similar topics. The
questionnaire is composed of three parts. Part 1 involved the respondents department/ office
where he/she belongs. Part 2 deals withvtt the effectiveness of the existing waste an
management practices of LPU-B. Part 3 is consist of the problems encountered in the waste
management practices in LPU-B.
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In order to the local community to participate in waste management services the municipality
of bhaktapur has overall responsibility in inspecting and facilitating effective waste
management. The municipality allocates one ways inspector to each of the wards. (Practical
action Nepal November 2008). The study if dimaculangan (2009) shows that the wastes
being disposed can be recovered and reused. It is also possible to design and construct
material recovery facilities of M.R.F for solid waste management. In the study made by
Baula (2010) wherein when student are involve in the waste management program an
effective and sustainable implementation of the waste management practices are achieved.

Moreover the faculty are the promoters and must be the leaders of the schools waste
management program in order for the students to follow. In the study, of Perez (2011)
avoidance of having trash is one way of lessening the garbage problem in the country.

According to the study of furto and reyes (2010) residents of batangas city in
general,moderately implement the solid waste management practices their communities. The
finding is synonymous with furto and paz (2013) study. The residents of batangas city
encountered problems in the implementation of solid waste management practices to a
moderate level such as lack of awareness regarding the effects of solid waste management to
health, lack of training on proper solid waste management practices, public indifference,
increasing population and inadequate government policies.

The conditions,issues and problem of waste management in the industrialized and

developing words are different. Services and programmes that include proper waste
disposal fo management of hazardous biological and chemical waste minimization and
recycling will be needed.

According to julie boehike(2017), tossing everyday items into the trash can seems like
seconds nature to many people. If you are implementing recycling techniques into your
lifestyle,you are takng a positive step toward helping the enivronment. Improper garbage
disposal is not just an eysore, it poses a serious threat to nature that causes calamities
in country.

Our mission is to give information to the people for them to be able to learn how to
segregate their own waste from their grabage bin or trash can. To contribute a
sustainable development and promote community awareness to achieve the goals.
Our vision is to be able to uplift the cleanliness and orderliness of our environment. To
create a protection and sustainability of the environmental and natural resources as well
as to enlarged to chance of having a well organized community. And to improve the
quality of life.
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department Page 3

Negative effect or improper waste management to give awareness to the people in every
circumstances that might occcur and possibilities of having an unhealthy environment.
Specialy to have a clean and green community by having an accurate waste disposal.
Ignorance of people brought large amout of garbage to our place. Proper waste
management is a responsibility in terms of grabage disposal to prevent any kind of
disaster that might come.

Unhealthy disposal of solid waste is one of the important problems in my societies, and
waste recycling is considered as a solution for managing soild wastes. Waste
management is great challenge to the environmental sustainability, it not only shows the
challenge but also it shows the social handicap.

Solid waste management is the primary responsibility local authority,so people will not
give much importance to this waste management in indiia. Normally people think waste
means any organic or inorganic substances which have lost their valve from the user.
But there is nothing like waste nature, it is only the resources at wrong places. If we use
these waste as resources environmental sustainability can be achieve waste
management will successful,it will need people support and active participaton and
involvement people involvement is most important in two ways. Namely storage of
waste/segregation of waste at source is essential step of waste management. Practice of
4’R’R-Reuse.

Most common method of disposing of waste is to dump in low lying areas on the
outskirts of towns which is very haphazard and unscientific this has serious
environmental impacts like water pollution, methane emissions and soil degradation.
On the other hand, the compostable part of municipal solid waste if separated can be a
good source of manure.

As traditional disposal sites do not have an impermeable lining,

contamination to surface water and groundwater is by far the most serious environmental
impact. Surface run-off and leachate from dump sites can easily contaminate natural
sources of water the composition of leachate depends on many factors such as the
composition of waste, elapased time, temperature, moisture, available oxygen, and
management practices. Leachate characteristics at disposal sites reveal that values of
TDS (total dissolved solids), TOC (total organic carbon), and COD ( chemical oxygen
demand) are always more for pit leachates than for extractable pollutants from
degradable solid waste.

IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

The poot waste management is associated with increased health problems ranging from
epidemics of vector-borne or food/borne diseases to the adverse effect due to
contamination of groundwater. The effects of such health hazards are difficult to quantify
because of limited epidemioligical studies.
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department Page 4

The health hazards can be categorized as follows:

Direct contact with waste in the case of rag pickers who separate recyclable material
form the waste.
Direct contact with waste in the case of workers and students involved in waste disposal.
Indirect effects because of contamination of soil, air and water as a result of poor
management of landfill sites.

The deeper contains literature related to soild waste management. Topics included are
description and solid waste, soild waste management methods, and studies related to
soild waste management. SCC’s prohibited acts ecological solid waste management
act 9003 and the conceptual framework.

According to the environmental protection agency, the united states prouduces 11 billion
tons of soild waste each year. Nearly half of those amount consist of agriculture wastes
such as crop residue and animal manure which are generally recycled into the soil one
the farms where they are produced. They represent valuable resources as ground cover
to reduce erosion and fertilizer tonourish new crops. However they also constitute the
single largest source of air and water pollution in the country ( cunningham and saigo,
2001)

According to the aeckerman (1997), waste management is an integrated part of the

sustainable development. As population continues to grow and economy expands, there
is a need to ensure the waste generated is properly manage on order to preserve the
existing environment for future generations. Waste management has also been widely
recognized especially in the 1980’s when there was a fear of landfill crisis since then,
major development happened in municipal waste management.

Recycling .solid waste may be recycled into useful products. Nowadays as reported by
guzman et al., (2010) recycalable materials recovered form municipal refuse. Many
municipalities require that those who generate solid wastes must separate and keep
bottles, cans, newspaper, cardboards and other recyclabes items. Special trucks pick up
these wastes and transfer to the recycling facilities.

According to busalla, cones mercader morales serrano (2013) on their study on the level
of waste management in the selected public school in cebu city; proposed improvement
education is an essential part of our existence which is why approximately 23 million of
the philipines population today is enrolled in elementary and secondary education. Of
the 23 million, around 20 million are student of the public schools while the rest, about 3
million, are enrolled in private school.
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With the recent implemention last june 4 2012 of

k-12 educational system,the number wll increase exponentially in the years to come.
Due to the expected rise in number of enrolees because of the new educational system,
environment health is the one of the main concerns of the school and the goverment
because it directly affects the students as well as the surrounding communitied.

Almost The quarter of the population is the elementary and the secondary students and as a
group, they have an enormous impact in the environment this impact is geared towards a
positive one. The capacity of these students to influence is used appropriately so as to
raise awareness and to compel the rest of the population to do the responsible act of
proper waste disposal.

One of the greatest problems facing developing countries is the unhealthy disposal of solid
wastes which resulted from human activities for survival. According to (Osinowo, 2001;
Joseph, 2006). The poor state of waste management in the country is caused by inadequate
facilities, poor funding, and poor implementation of policies as well as wrong lifestyle.

Economic development, urbanization, improved living standards in cities,and increase in

enrollment of school children due to government policies in developing countries increase
the quantity and complexity of generated solid waste in schools. If this waste is accumulated,
it may lead to degradation of the urban environment, stresses on limited natural resources,
and various health issues. There is strong evidence which suggests that individual or group
Awareness and attitudes towards waste generation and management is critical in the effort to
respond to the waste management challenges.

According to (Kofoworola, 2007). The negative attitude of the society towards the
environment also affected the educational institution whose problem has been aggravated by
constant changes, not just in curriculum content but also school subjects. For example, health
education as school subject as replaced hygiene where students were once taught sanitation
of the environment, which provide opportunity through which the act of waste management
and sanitation can be learn.

According to (Ogunyemi, 1994; Adara, 1997; Ifegbesan, 2010). The Awareness, attitudes
and behaviors of people in the community are crucial to the management of waste.
According to (Bartlett, 2005). Problems with waste management have arisen recently in
developing countries where there is a little history of environmental awareness education
(Ojeda et al., 2000) and where many members of the community are illiterate and unaware of
the problem of solid waste accumulation (Li, 2003).
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Environmental attitude of young people appears to be crucial as they ultimately play a direct
role in providing knowledge-based solutions to in coming environmental problems
According to (Bradly et al., 1999; Eagles and Demare, 1999). School environmental
programs, although addressed to students if properly channel can also influence the
environmental knowledge, attitude and behaviors of adults (parents, teachers and local
community members) through the process of intergenerational influence.

Every school generates waste arising from routine activities such as classwork, sweeping,
serving of food, and bush cutting. The common types of solid wastes found in various
schools in less-developed countries include paper, grass, nylon (pure water bags and biscuits,
lollypops, ice cream, and sweet or candy wrappers), sugar cane, maize cobs, and groundnut
shells. Age gender, educational status, and amount charged for waste collection services had
been identified as factors influencing solid waste management in highly populated cities
(Ajani, 2007). Wastes in such dump land contamination, health hazards and environmental
degradation (Omoleka, 2004).

This ugly situation persisted for decades because of the high rate of literacy, ignorance,
uncivil culture of indiscriminate waste literring and other factors. Keeping all this in view,
the present study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of Secondary
students towards waste management.

Waste Segregation Awareness. The conditions, issues and problems of waste management in
the industrialized and developing worlds are different. Services and programmes that include
proper waste disposal for management of hazardous biological and chemical waste,
minimization and recycling will be needed. Proper solid waste management has become a
critical environmental issue for Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies in Ghana.

Despite the efforts of authorities to remediate the issue, it remains a great hurdle to
overcome. This study assesses the readiness of the Ga West municipality to integrate waste
segregation into solid waste management in its markets. Interviews conducted with key
stakeholders and questionnaires administered to traders were analysed using a binomial
logistic model.
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Findings from the interviews reveal that the municipality, in the period of this study, not only
had no bylaws for waste segregation, but was also inadequately resourced. In addition, we
found that 60% of the traders were willing to segregate waste, though only 23.4% were
willing to pay for its collection. Income, work experience, and marital status were found to
influence willingness to separate waste at source (P < 0.05). Age (20–30 years) and
awareness were found to also have a significant influence on a trader’s willingness to pay for
the collection of waste (P < 0.05). It is recommended that, for waste segregation to be
implemented in markets, municipal authorities ought to formulate bylaws that promote waste
segregation from source.

Additionally, they must provide the required infrastructure, such as different waste skips for
different types of waste; embark on massive education; and introduce innovative strategies
such as paying less for the disposal of segregated waste. These measures can help to increase
the willingness of market traders to pay for waste disposal.

The conditions, issues and problems of waste management in the industrialized and
developing worlds are different. Services and programmes that include proper waste disposal
for management of hazardous biological and chemical waste, minimization and recycling
will be needed.

According to Julie Boehlke (2017), tossing everyday items into the trash can seems like
second nature to many people. If you are implementing recycling techniques into your
lifestyle, you are taking a positive step toward helping the environment. Improper garbage
disposal is not just an eysore, it poses a serious threat to nature that causes calamities in our
country.

Our mission is to give information to the people for them to be able to learn how to segregate
their own waste from their garbage bin or trash can. To contribute a sustainable development
and promote community awareness to achieve the goals.
Our vision is to be able to uplift the cleanliness and orderliness of our environment. To create
a protection and sustainability of the environmental and natural resources as well as to
enlarged the chance of having a well-organized community. And to improve the quality of
life.

The purpose of the project is to lessen the negative effect of improper waste management. To
give awareness to the people in every circumstances that might occur and possibilities of
having an unhealthy environment. Specialy to have a clean and green community by having
an accurate waste disposal.
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department Page 8

Waste segregation is the process of dividing garbage and waste products in an effort to
reduce, reuse and recycle materials. Preparation. Identification and Segregation. Once your
waste meets the definition of solid waste, you must then determine if it meets the definition
of hazardous waste under Section C of the RCA.
Ignorance of people brought large amount of garbage to our place. Proper waste management
is a responsibility in terms of garbage disposal to prevent any kind of disaster that might
come.

Amethycians aims to create a Facebook page that will promote information connected to the
proper waste segregation in every community. It contains law such as "Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000. An act providing for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain
acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes.

“Was passed by the Congress and Senate on 2000 and signed by the President on January
26,2001. It also contains some benefits of being responsible in every action we do in
managing our own waste, together with the advantages and disadvantages of having a proper
waste management. The scope of our project is to be able to reached the Barangay Chairman,
parents, teenagers/ students and other people around the world thaq will support our petition.

The classification of waste varies and depends country by country waste can be divided into
many different types. The most common method of classification is by their physical ,
chemical, and biological characteristics.

Research Design extent, domestic activities. They may take the form of solids, liquids or
sludges, and can pose both acute and chronic public health and environmental risks by lining
and contouring the fill, compacting and planting the uppermost cover layer, diverting
drainage, and selecting proper soil in sites not subject to flooding or high groundwater levels.

The best soil for a landfill is clay because clay is less permeable than other types of soil.
Actually, the solid wastes we throw in our garbage bins everyday can be classified into
groups, this is called segregation. If you want to reduce, reuse and recycle, then it would be
better for you to identify those wastes that can still be used from real garbage that needs to be
thrown away.

Bad waste disposal in our kitchen can direct the waste straight into our plumbing system,
causing a bigger trouble for you and your family. If you want to keep your house free form
the bad smell of food waste and garbage, then it would be wise for you to have a proper
garbage disposal.
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Municipalities can treat waste in the same way. Recycling Recycling is one of the best ways
of waste management. It helps in reducing pollution, saving natural resources and conserving
energy. Recycling newspapers, plastics, glass and aluminum also helps in saving money.
Recycling other materials such as tires, batteries, asphalt, motor oil, etc. reduces pollution
(otherwise these would end up in landfill or incinerator). In order to reduce trash, it is
necessary to encourage and implement recycling at all levels of society.

Proper waste disposal is very important in making sure that your place and environment is
free from any waste that can cause health risks. If you want a clean and healthy environment,
then you have to constantly clean your area, and put some tools and equipments like a
garbage disposal to help you in keeping that area clean and free from harmful bacteria.

More discussion
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Discussion of Concepts and variables

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Figure 1. The schematic diagram

Statement of the Problem

-in question form

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Hypothesis

(If required)
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Scope and Delimitations of the Study

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Significance of the Study

Specify the stakeholders who will benefit from the findings of your study.

Definition of Terms

(If Terms) This term refers to…

(If Variables) This variable refers to…

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

(Introductory Paragraph)

This chapter presents

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Foreign Literature and Studies

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Local Literature and Studies

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY (SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH)

MATERIALS AND METHODS (FOR EXPERIMENTAL)

Research Setting

Research Design
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Respondents and Sampling Procedure

Research Instruments

(Please include Scoring Procedure for those using questionnaire)

Validity and Reliability of the Instruments

Research Protocol

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Technique

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PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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This chapter presents

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(Presentation of Tables, Figures, Discussion and Analysis of the Study)

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Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

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Conclusions

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Recommendations

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REFERENCES
(USE APA FORMAT

(Example).

Binutu, O.A. and B.A. Lajubutu.(1994).Antimicrobial potentials of some Plants

species of the Bignoniaceae family. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci., 23: 269-273.

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(Author)(Year) Title…
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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

LETTER OF CONSENT

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Scanned original document/s

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APPENDIX B

FIGURES AND PLATES

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APPENDIX C

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

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APPENDIX D

TIMEFRAME
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APPENDIX F

CURRICULUM VITAE

2x2 picture

executive look

Name:

Address:
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Email Address:

ORCID no.

Name of Father:

Name of Mother:

School Graduated:
Elementary
High School
College

Membership: