1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Waste are items that individuals, industries, offices, schools and other facilities no longer

need and are thrown away. The individuals’ consumption of various products has drastically

increased over the past decade especially since human beings in this generation rely so much on

material things which will end up as waste. Solid waste, predominantly, is any garbage, refuse or

rubbish that we make in our homes and other places. These may include old car tires, old

newspapers, broken furniture and even food waste. Virtually everything we use creates waste

throughout its lifecycle and it is already natural for us to consume. Producing waste and maximized

consumption of resources – especially if it is necessary – is not liable for the negative effects that

excessive waste has on our environment, but rather the absence of effective Solid Waste

Management.

The excessive solid waste generated should be controlled by taking certain preventive

measures. An effective Solid Waste Management will ensure that solid waste is managed properly

and that solid waste will not cause harm to humans and the environment. Some of the ways to

achieve this goal is through waste minimization methods, such as source reduction, recycling, and

reclamation, sanitary landfills, composting, and incineration.

Despite the different methods solid waste can be managed efficiently, most of the solid

waste still end up being a threat to the environment and all living creatures, which includes us

humans. One of the causes why this happens is that most of us, as citizens of our country, are not

abiding laws regarding waste segregation. Either an individual is not aware of these laws or he
 2

lacks discipline due to its poor implementation. One way to make people perceive the concept of

caring for our environment is to start educating them.

Background of the Study

The unceasing growth in population, rapidly increasing urban setting, and the rising

demand for food and other essentials corresponds to large masses of waste generated daily.

However, either due to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets

collected and transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal is

improperly done, it can cause serious impacts on health and problems to the surrounding

environment. Waste that is not properly managed are a serious health hazard. It can lead to the

spread of infectious diseases. Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures

that in turn spread disease.

Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more vulnerable to

these pollutants. Direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure as the release of

chemical waste into the environment leads to chemical poisoning. Many studies have been carried

out in various parts of the world to establish a connection between health and hazardous waste.

(UNEP, 1996)

The Philippines has not ceased to face waste crisis. Considering this as one of the most

immediate and serious environmental problems, Solid Waste Management is devastatingly not

prioritized enough due to poor implementation of Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of

2000 (RA 9003). Some local government units fail to comply in Solid Waste Management policies.

Out of 178 LGUs in the Manila Bay region, only 51 percent are compliant with segregation-at-
 3

source; 50 percent for segregated collection; 44 percent with functional Materials Recovery

Facilities; and 30 percent with the allowed disposal facilities and sanitary landfills. Only two of

the concerned LGUs have an approved 10-Year Solid Waste Management Plan. (Legarda, 2015)

Local authorities lack the financial, technical, and human resources to manage its own

wastes. Due to these limitations, they become unable to functionally maintain this urban service.

In able to deal with this overwhelming task, LGUs tend to seek assistance from non-government

organizations (NGOs) and other public and private institutions in managing its solid waste. This

collaborative approach also makes use of community involvement in waste segregation, storage,

collection, and recycling.

To fulfil their task to boost a more environmentally responsible nation, the LGUs, in

cooperation with various institutions and NGOs throughout the country, had engaged in Solid

Waste Management programs at the community level. A number of these activities are focused on

educating and training the Filipino youth about the proper Solid Waste Management in their

respective schools. By harnessing the idealism of the youth, student leaders can influence their

fellow students and parents to become catalyst for change not only in their schools but also in their

communities. (Baula, 2015)

Theoretical Framework

Waste segregation intends to identify and separate the used materials that can be reused

and to be able to classify these materials according to their other possible uses or products that can

be made out of them. Improper segregation may cause mixing in landfills. This in turn can lead to

toxic release in the ground and eventual contamination of ground water. Methane gas is likely to
 4

be released in such circumstances, which is one of the most harmful greenhouse gases (Doh Bin,

2013). Proper segregation leads to proper recycling.

Recycling is the processes that the segregated materials undergo to transform them into

beneficial products. The three R’s – reduce, reuse, and recycle – all help to cut down on the amount

of waste we throw away (Rinkesh, 2009). The 3R concept is derived from the waste management

hierarchy. The hierarchy classifies waste management options according to their desirability and

waste reduction potential. This concept fosters co-operation among waste generators, waste

collectors, processors, and manufacturers. In short, it aims at reducing waste to be disposed of in

landfills, thereby reducing the deterioration of the environment, reducing the emissions that

landfills produce, and saving energy and natural resources. (Ajith, 2014)

Reduce – the first R – means using fewer resources in the first place. This is the most

effective of the three R’s and the place to begin (Evans, 2017). You can reduce the amount of

waste you create by choosing what rubbish you throw away. Purchase products that require less

packaging or to limit the waste you are producing. Reuse – the second R – of materials keep new

resources from being used for a while longer, and old resources from entering the waste stream.

Many items found around the home can be used for different purposes. So before you throw those

items away, think about how they can be reused. (The Guides Network, 2003) Recycle – the third

R – is an important factor in conserving natural resources and greatly contributes towards

improving the environment. Paper, plastic, glass, magazines, electronics, and more can be

processed into new products while using fewer natural resources and less energy.

Composting is a waste disposal or treatment method which is the controlled aerobic

decomposition of organic waste materials by the action of small invertebrates and microorganisms;
 5

i.e. dried leaves from plants and trees around the campus. These are collected and then put into a

compost pit where the leaves, with added soil, will decompose. This turn into compost, a natural

fertilizer. The most common composting techniques include static pile composting, vermin-

composting, windrow composting and in-vessel composting. (LeBlanc, 2016)

Material flow analysis (MFA) is a systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of

materials within a system defined in space and time (Brunner and Rechberger, 2004). The

objectives of the MFA is to reduce system complexity while maintaining basis for decision-making

and use results as a basis for managing resources, the environment, and wastes (Gregory, 2006).

Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) is a large scale centralized facility that receives,

separates, processes and markets recyclable material. MRF system processes materials uniformly

by accessing it directly from municipalities. Some key factors that affect the potential for resource

recovery are the cost of separating recyclable material and the separated material, its purity, its

quantity, and its location. The costs of storage and transport are the major factors that determine

the economic potential for resource recovery. Recycling is often well established in the informal

sector because it is done in a very labour intensive way and provides very low incomes (Da Zhu

et al.).
 6

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

• Current waste • Data gathering • Reduced waste

management through materials
programs interview. produced.
implemented by • Presentation of • Improved solid
the schools. data. waste
• Amount of • Analyzing the management
waste produced process the programs and
from each wastes will activities of the
school. undergo in the schools.
proposed solid
waste
management
system.
• Treatment of
data.

Figure 1

Statement of the Problem

What are the ways to increase the effectiveness of Solid Waste Management in Bacood

Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, and Pio del Pilar Elementary School?

Specific Problems

1. What are the Solid Waste Management programs currently implemented in Bacood

Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, and Pio del Pilar Elementary School?

2. Are there any obstacles in the implementation of these programs regarding the following:

a. Children’s participation and interest

 7

b. Time and resources

c. Area of implementation

3. Are the existing Solid Waste Management programs in Bacood Elementary School, P.

Burgos Elementary School, and Pio del Pilar Elementary School efficient in handling waste

disposal in terms of the following:

a. Cleanliness and orderliness

b. Cost

c. Time

4. What are the possible harmful effects of solid wastes if not handled properly?

Hypotheses

H0: The improved Solid Waste Management programs and activities of Bacood

Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, and Pio del Pilar Elementary School are not

effective.

H1: The improved Solid Waste Management programs and activities of Bacood

Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, and Pio del Pilar Elementary School are more

effective.

Scope and Limitation

The research will focus on improving the Solid Waste Management programs implemented

on three elementary schools, namely, Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School,

and Pio del Pilar Elementary School. The data gathering will only be limited to the waste

management programs of these schools, and the amount and type of wastes produced. The
 8

obstacles involving Solid Waste Management that these elementary schools face will represent the

obstacles faced by other elementary schools in Metro Manila.

Any special programs that other schools have will have no effect prior to the proposed

Solid Waste Management. The effect of the research is effective only up to the point that gathered

data is still relevant to the elementary schools chosen by the researchers that seemed fit for their

convenience.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Elementary Students. The research will provide the effects of Solid Waste Management

that will lead to cleaner and more pleasant atmosphere to the students of Bacood Elementary

School, P. Burgos Elementary School, and Pio del Pilar Elementary School. This will help boost

their work performance and lessen their chances on catching illnesses from discarded wastes. This

will also raise their enthusiasm in protecting and preserving our nature at a young age.

Faculty and Staff. The research will provide a cleaner and more pleasant atmosphere to

the faculty and staff of the said elementary schools to boost their work performance in guiding and

sharing knowledge to the students.

Environment. The research will help the environment by lessening the harmful elements

released by the various wastes generated by Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary

School, and Pio del Pilar Elementary School.

 9

Elementary Schools. Waste generation will be lessened, therefore, the disposal of useless

materials will be easier. The school will also become a training ground for students in the early

practice of proper waste disposal.

Future Researchers. The research will give them insight on the problems involving Solid

Waste Management faced by elementary schools.

Definition of Terms

Collection bins. A temporary storage of the waste where they are initially thrown and are

segregated.

Composting. It is the process of disposing of organic waste by decomposing it into

compost, a natural fertilizer.

Elementary Schools. Elementary school covers the first six years of education; primary

education (Grades 1–6).

Materials Recovery Facility. The final storage of recyclable wastes and also where they

are already sold.

Recycling. It refers to wastes that undergo on certain processes to make it suitable for
reuse.
Solid Waste. Solid wastes are unwanted products of human activities that are discarded

in the solid state. Any solid material in the material flow pattern that is rejected by society is called

solid waste.

Solid Waste Management. This means the control of waste generation, its storage,

collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal in a manner that is in accordance with
 10

the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, public

attitude and other environmental considerations.

Storage. Storage refers to any area where the waste are temporarily stored.

Student Impulse. The motivation of students to cooperate in Solid Waste Management.

Waste. Wastes are materials that are no longer of value to humans that are produced after

a process.

Waste Collection. This includes gathering of wastes and hauling them to the location

where the collection vehicle is emptied, which may be a transfer station, a processing plant, or a

disposal site.

Waste Segregation. It is the separation of the wastes generated into categories based on

the types of waste generated.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

In recent years, the notion of integrated waste management, applied to reduce waste at its

source before it even enters the waste stream, has spread. It means that waste materials generated

must be recovered for reuse and recycling, and the rest should be disposed at landfill sites. Open

landfill sites are the most popular solid waste treatment method. Unfortunately, disposal is not a

sustainable Solid Waste Management solution, in contrary to what has been assumed.

According to Hans Tammemagi (1999), the waste disposal problem is closely related to

population growth and urbanization. If we still lived in a world where every family had access to

large tracts of land, there would be no difficulty in using a small fraction of the land for garbage

disposal. But in this age of urbanization, the situation is quite different, with hundreds of families

often crammed onto a single acre.

A significant problem with landfills is simply their large numbers and the expanses of

valuable real estate they occupy. Every city and town has one or more operating or closed disposal

sites, although in recent years there has been a trend to fewer, but much larger, regional landfills.

Industries and commercial operations have also used landfills as integral parts of their operations.

(Tammemagi, 1999)

According to International Environmental Technology Centre (2010), accumulation of

solid wastes in landfills exacerbates environmental problems including climate change. Solid

wastes contribute to climate change by increasing greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4),
 12

emitted from landfills where the waste is disposed while carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide

(N2O) emitted from waste combustion.

Reduction of solid waste generation rate is at the top of Solid Waste Management practices.

The general global consensus points out that the climate benefits of waste avoidance and recycling

far outweigh the benefits from any waste treatment technology, even where energy is recovered

during the process. (IETC, 2010)

The real environmental and economic problem of the 20th century is that scientific and

technological developments have increased the human capacity to extract resources from nature,

process them, and use them, but have not offered parallel and similar insight into how these

resources can be returned to their environmental origin or how they could be entered into a new

cycle of extraction, processing, and use. Much of the resources extracted from nature are used in

unsustainable activities and end up as waste. This can be described as a cradle-to-grave scenario

in which the resources have a “lifetime” and are disposed of after they are used, ending up in a

“grave” (a landfill, for example). If this were to continue unabated, we may end up completely

depleting our natural resources. The only way to evade this dead end is to develop newer

production and processing techniques that use up resources in an alternative cradle-to-cradle

scenario.

A common misconception is that environmental protection and sustainable initiatives must

come at the expense of economic development. This is particularly true for managing wastes, a

process which depletes natural resources and pollutes the environment if not done correctly. Proper

waste management can be costly in terms of time and resources and so it is important to understand

what options exist for managing waste in an effective, safe and sustainable manner. (El-Haggar,

2007)
 13

The selection of a combination of techniques, technologies and management programs to

achieve waste management objectives is called integrated waste management (IWM). The

hierarchy of actions to implement IWM is reduction, reuse, and recycle treatment, and final

disposal. (Tchobanoglous et.al., 1993)

Recycling and composting activities, if organized properly by the local government, can

generate many environmental and economic benefits. For example, it can create jobs and income,

supply valuable raw materials to industry, produce soil-enhancing compost for agriculture, reduce

the need to site or build more landfills and combustors, and prevent greenhouse gas emissions. An

organized approach to recycling and composting can also have many benefits for your community.

Involving scavengers or waste pickers in formal recycling activities can empower them, increase

their income and reputation, and improve their quality of life, health, and safety. (Hayal et.al,

2014).

Foreign Study

The prediction of municipal solid waste generation plays an important role in a Solid Waste

Management. Yet achieving the anticipated prediction accuracy with regard to the generation

trends facing many fast growing regions is quite challenging. In addition to population growth and

migration, underlying economic development, household size, employment changes, and the

impact of waste recycling would influence the solid waste generation interactively. The lack of

complete historical records of solid waste quantity and quality due to insufficient budget and

unavailable management capacity has resulted in a situation that makes the long-term system

planning and/or short-term expansion programs intangible. (Dyson and Chang, 2005)
 14

Waste cannot responsibly be dumped without due concern and preparation, because not

only is it unsightly, unhygienic, and potentially disastrous to our environment, it also requires the

allocation of space and incurs costs related to the consequences of the waste disposal. Moreover,

suitable landfill sites are becoming more difficult to find as urban areas expand. Also, individuals

are not willing to accept the implementation of a new landfill site near them because of concerns

about smell, litter, pollution, pests and the reduction in the value of their homes. There are large

costs involved in providing conveniently located and environmentally responsible landfill

facilities. (Nguyen Ngoc and Schnitzer, 2009)

There are five different types of collection methods, according to Bilitewski et.al.

“The simple emptying collection method is mainly used for waste from residential areas

and small-scale commercial waste. In this case, there are certain different kinds of containers that

are emptied mechanically into a specific collection vehicle. When the emptying process is over,

the container is put back on its original position. This method can be used in both, kerbside and

drop-off collection systems. The simple emptying method is by far the dominating collection

method for MSW and waste from non-producing companies.

“The exchange method is mostly used for high density waste such as construction debris

and sludge, as well as for low-density waste from facilities that generate large quantities of waste.

Examples are manufacturing plants, hotels, offices, institutions and so on. The difference to the

simple emptying method is that the containers, used for waste collection, are not emptied into a

collection truck. As the name implies, the containers are simply exchanged with empty ones. This

method requires different kinds of vehicles, according to the containers used for collection.
 15

“The third collection method, the one-way method uses bags that are only in use for one

collection cycle. These containers are mostly made of plastic or sometimes paper. The advantage

of this method is that the bags do not have to be returned and cleaned by the collection staff. The

disadvantages are for instance that the collection staff has to carry and lift (sometimes over stairs)

the bags from the facilities to the collection vehicle, which means higher physical demands and

moreover the volume is limited. Furthermore, it cannot be in the interest of sustainable waste

management to be seen to add to the waste arising. There is roughly a 3% increase in waste volume

caused by the bag material alone. Under special circumstances, e.g. in hospitals, it is of great

importance, due to hygiene, that certain kinds of waste are collected in one-way safety containers

but long term use in residential areas is highly questionable.

“The non-systematic collection method is used for collecting bulky waste of various shapes

and sizes. In order for collection crews to easily load bulky waste onto their trucks, it must be set

out by the kerb, either in containers or as is.

“Special collection methods are vacuum extraction and hydraulic flushing methods. The

method of vacuum extraction will be presented in detail in chapter 4. The hydraulic flushing

method was introduced in the late 1960’s in Switzerland and the United States. The idea behind

this system is to flush kitchen waste (bio-waste) with tap water into the sewage system. The volume

of wastewater is not significantly increased by garbage disposal, but a greater physical and

biological demand is placed on the sewage treatment plant due to an increase in solid waste mass.”

Local Literature

(P.D. 1586 Sec. 1) It is hereby declared the policy of the State to attain and maintain a

rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection.
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(P.D. 1151 Sec.6) It is hereby declared a continuing policy of the State (a) to create,

develop, maintain and improve conditions under which man and nature can thrive in productive

and enjoyable harmony with each other, (b) to fulfil the social, economic and other requirements

of present and future generations of Filipinos, and (c) to insure the attainment of an environmental

quality that is conducive to a life of dignity and well-being.

According to the two presidential decrees stated above, despite the growing needs of a

person, the environment must still be taken care of for future generations.

“Waste Avoidance and Reduction” is the foundation of waste management hierarchy and

is the preferred choice for waste management measures. Its aim is to achieve waste minimization,

ergo, reduce the amount of waste entering the waste stream. This is especially pertinent for some

waste streams where the recycling, recovery, treatment or disposal of the waste is problematic.

“Waste Minimization” occurs largely as a result of competitive pressures and economic incentives,

and through producer responsibility initiatives implemented by industry on a voluntary basis.

While waste minimization is difficult to quantify, some countries associate indicative figures, such

as trends in waste generation per capita or per GDP, as a proxy for gauging waste minimization.

In the Philippines, RA 9003 defines terms related to this, including “Source Reduction”, which

refers to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the solid waste stream by methods such as

product design, materials substitution, materials re-use and packaging restrictions; and “Resource

Conservation”, which is defined as the reduction of the amount of solid waste that are generated

or the reduction of overall resource consumption, and utilization of recovered resources.

“Waste Diversion” shall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of solid

wastes from waste disposal facilities. Diversion activities include the processing, composting,

recovery and recycling of collected materials from the municipal waste stream. Specifically, RA
 17

9003 defines “Re-Use” as the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different

purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics; “Recycling” as the treating

of used or waste materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for

other purposes, and includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into new

products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity, and which may be

used as raw materials for the production of other goods or services; and “Resource Recovery”,

which refers to the collection, extraction or recovery of recyclable materials from the waste stream

for the purpose of recycling, generating energy or producing a product suitable for beneficial use

(RA 9003, Definition of Terms and Section 20, 26-35).

In view of the pressing global concerns and issues on the environment, the Department of

Education (DepEd) urges all public and private schools to lead the role on environmental

awareness by enhancing environmental education and by pursuing effective school-based

activities that seek to preserve and protect the environment. This is issued in DepEd Order No. 52

- Strengthening Environmental Education in Public and Private Schools. This is in pursuant to

Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9512, entitled "An Act to Promote Environmental Education and for

Other Purposes.

It states here that all public and private schools shall undertake the following activities: (1)

Intensifying lessons regarding environment on all science subjects. Environmental concerns shall

also be used as tools for classroom drills, discussions and activities and shall be taught and be

integrated in the related learning areas; (2) Encouraging the school administrators, officials and

teachers to use various instructional materials such as books, visual aids, teaching guides and

materials in making the students aware of the concerns and issues on the environment which shall

promote students’ participation in environmental activities and advocacies and instill in their
 18

minds the need to preserve and protect the environment; (3) Encouraging the teachers to attend

lecture-seminars, workshops, conferences and other forums relating to environmental education

which may be considered in their application for promotion; (4) Establishing the Youth for

Environment in School Organizations (YES- O) pursuant to DepEd Order No. 72, s. 2003 by all

public and private elementary (Grades IV-VI) and secondary schools; and (5) Establishing,

registering, monitoring and evaluating the YES-0 and other related organizations, which shall be

under the administration and supervision of the DepEd’s Center for Students and Co-Curricular

Affairs (CSCA); hence, regular reports shall be submitted by the CSCA to the Undersecretary for

Programs and Projects, Undersecretary for Regional Operations and Undersecretary for Legal and

Legislative Affairs. (D.O. No. 52, s. 2011)

Local Study

There is a further and more direct consequence to the continual accumulation of waste. The

figurative term “buried in garbage” manifested itself literally in the Payatas tragedy in Quezon

City. Payatas is a 12-hectare dumpsite that is inhabited by around 311,500 people who make a

living from scavenging and selling trash. Two typhoons that hit Metro Manila loosened the

mountain of garbage and in the morning of July 10, 2000, it eventually came crashing down on an

estimated 300 shanties, killing 224 people. The dumpsite was temporarily closed. Six months after

the disaster, having no alternative dump sites, the Payatas dumpsite was reopened (Bildan, 2003).

In the Philippines, where the population has already exceeded 100 million in 2015, and an

average solid waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, it can be estimated that an average

of 50,000 MT per day is being generated, of which, 35,000 MT/day are collected. The rest end up

in places other than the designated disposal facilities. In Metro Manila alone, where the estimated

rate of daily solid waste generation is pegged at 0.7 kg per capita, this metropolis generates an
 19

estimated amount of 8,345 MT daily plus an estimated amount of 55 MT per day of healthcare

waste (Gilbert and Ramos, 2012). Even with a national policy on Solid Waste Management (R.A.

9003), the state of solid waste is such that the local chief executives seem to be at a loss on how to

deal with it on a daily basis. The traditional method of door-to-door collection and hauling to the

final disposal facility can no longer be sustained. Modern Solid Waste Management requires more

than daily collection and disposal. (Sapuay, 2015)

School-based Solid Waste Management (SBSWM) practices are measures to observe,

implement and ensure proper waste disposal because the largest fraction of municipal waste is

generated from paper cardboard and other school related materials. Thus, institutions like schools,

private and state universities have to model responsible Solid Waste Management in terms of waste

re-use, waste reduction, waste collection, waste recycling, waste treatment, and final waste

disposal. (Gequinto, 2016)

SBSWM is being practiced in varying degrees in a number of schools throughout Metro

Manila. Quezon City had launched the “Green School Brigade” program where students from six

public elementary schools were encouraged to bring recyclable wastes and take them to their

schools in exchange for school supplies or grocery items (Reganit, 2008). Marikina City instituted

the “Eco Savers” program in 2004, requiring students from 18 public elementary schools to bring

recyclable garbage from their households to their schools (Best Practices, 2007). Thirty-six schools

in Makati City had also been chosen to engage in waste segregation (Recycling, 2008).
 20

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Methods of Research

The researchers used the quantitative-descriptive method for this research. The research

has numerical data and a descriptive study establishes associations between variables so the

researchers saw it fit to use the quantitative-descriptive method and the use of semi-structured

interviews with the stakeholders to obtain information were used.

Population and Sample Size

The target population of the research are the resource persons in the Solid Waste

Management of Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, and Pio Del Pilar

Elementary School. The sample size was based on the number of persons that gave the researchers

the data that were needed, which in this case was three, one for each school. The following resource

persons are: Mrs. Vivian Pingad, Master Teacher II, of Bacood Elementary School; Mr. Rene

Mellendrez, Master Teacher II, of P. Burgos Elementary School; and, Mr. Jimmy Regacho, Master

Teacher II, of Pio del Pilar Elementary School.

Sampling Technique

The researchers used random sampling in selecting on which schools to conduct the

research on. Random sampling is the basic sampling technique where we select a group of samples

for study from a population. Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the

population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

 21

Instrumentation

The researchers constructed a set of questions to serve as a guide on which data would be

requested from the acquainted persons on Solid Waste Management of the selected schools such

as a) current situation of Solid Waste Management, b) current programs implemented, c) amounts

of waste generated, and d) population of students that are participating. Interviews were also

conducted for additional insight on the situation of the Solid Waste Management of the schools.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers requested an approval from the selected elementary schools, in Sta. Mesa,

Manila to conduct a study on the Solid Waste Management of their school. The researcher further

sought cooperation with the selected schools by requesting data and conduction of interviews with

knowledgeable persons on their current Solid Waste Management. The data gathered and the

questions asked were based on the data that the research requires.

After the gathering of data was finished, the researchers tabulated the data. The data was

treated and results were interpreted.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers will use One-Way ANOVA for the statistical tool. The one-way ANOVA

compares the means between the groups you are interested in and determines whether any of those

means are statistically significantly different from each other. Specifically, it tests the null

hypothesis:

where µ = group mean and k = number of groups.

 22

In this study, Solid Waste Management will be evaluated on three elementary schools:

Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, and Pio Del Pilar Elementary School.

The dependent variable would be the efficiency of the Solid Waste Management of the elementary

schools shown through the amount of wastes that they produce and the independent variables are

the population of the school, amount of wastes generated, number of staff handling the Solid Waste

Management of the school, and the orientations and programs that the schools do to garner

participation from the students and the outside community.

 23

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the tabular, graphical, and textual representation of data and how the

data is being analyzed and interpreted.

The researcher gathered datum on the different factors that may affect efficiency of the

Solid Waste Management of the elementary schools. After analysis, the factors that did have an

effect on the Solid Waste Management will be the basis for a general layout of the flow of wastes

through the Solid Waste Management.

1. Waste Generated of the Following Elementary Schools

Amount of Waste Collected in Bacood Elementary School

1800
1604
Amount of Waste in KiIograms

1600

1400

1200

1000 Plastic bottles

765
800 640.5 Paper
641.5 600.5
632 Plastic Wrappers
600
731
400 573
489
200

0
2015 2016 2017

Source: Bacood Elementary School

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.1 shows the amounts of waste Bacood Elementary School has collected

with year 2016 garnering the highest because of the cooperation with the community. Year
 24

2017 still having low number of plastic bottles because it has been only halfway through

the school year but already having more than 500 kilograms of paper. This shows that the

school had an activity in 2016 that affected their collection or segregation methods and

increased the number of plastic bottles that they collected significantly.

The amount of plastic wrappers were included for Bacood Elementary School

because of their Eco‐Bricks Program where they put cut pieces of wrappers into plastic

bottles and use them as substitute for hollow blocks in their compost pits and gardens.

Amount of Waste Collected in P. Burgos Elementary School

4000
3742
3500
Amount of Waste in KiIograms

3571
3000

2500

2000 Plastic Bottles

1258 Paper
1500

1000 993
547 447
500
436 325
0
2014 2015 2016 2017

Source: P. Burgos Elementary School

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2 shows the amount of wastes collected by P. Burgos Elementary with

year 2015 being the peak of their performance due to the participation of the outside

community that kept on bringing their recyclable materials to the school. The figure

shows that the following year the school had difficulty in their Solid Waste
 25

Management. Too much waste was being dumped to them due to the overwhelming

participation of the community that the staff in charge of the Solid Waste Management

of the school could not handle the amount of work. Year 2017 is still ongoing so there

can still be changes in the amount of wastes that the school collects depending on the

actions that they will make.

Amount of Waste Collected in Pio Del Pilar Elementary

School
1200
Amount of Waste in KiIograms

965
1000

749
800

547 Paper
600
463
373 382 Plastic bottles
400

200

0
2015 2016 2017

Source: Pio Del Pilar Elementary School

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.3 shows the amount of waste Pio Del Pilar Elementary School has

collected. The amount of paper collected from 2015 to 2016 did not change that much but

the amount of plastic bottles increase from 2015 to 2016 which may have been the effect

of a certain activity of the school. The amount of recyclable wastes collected from 2016 to

2017 is still not done so the researchers cannot conclude if there has been a significant

increase or decrease in plastic bottles. The amount of paper seems constant because the

papers that they collect come from papers that the students use and test papers that can
 26

already be recycled. The school also does not cooperate that much with the community

outside because most of the establishments near the school are dormitories or apartments

rented by students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines so they cannot get much

recyclable wastes from them compared to ordinary households.

2. Funds Raised from Selling the Recyclable Wastes

Funds Raised from Recyclable Wastes (2016)

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Funds Raised

P. Burgos Pio Del Pilar Bacood

Source: Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, Pio Del Pilar
Elementary School
Figure 3

Figure 3 shows the profit of the three schools after selling the recyclable materials

and giving the students their shares. Bacood Elementary School attained the highest

income by their other programs that involve selling of other recycled materials. One of

their sources of funds is their selling of costumes made out of recycled materials. They

also have other fund raiser activities. They also avoided some costs through the use of

their eco bricks. The costs avoided were added to the funds for their Solid waste
 27

Management, likewise the money from the direct selling of recycled materials were also

used as funds for sustainability of the Solid Waste Management of the school. The same

goes for the sold recycled materials for Pio Del Pilar and P. Burgos Elementary School.

3. Number of Elementary Students Cooperating in the Solid Waste Management

Participating Population of Students

3500

3000

2500
No. of students

2000 2014

1500 2015
2016
1000
2017
500

0
Pio Del Pilar P. Burgos Bacood
Elementary School

Source: Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, Pio Del Pilar
Elementary School
Figure 4

Figure 4 shows the population of students participating in the recycling programs

of their schools. Each school shows different changes per year, which means that the

motivation of the students to participate in the programs also changes. Tools for affecting

the motivation of the students can be incentives, orientation programs, and direct

motivation from teachers.

 28

The participating population of the students in Pio Del Pilar Elementary School is

higher in 2016 and 2017 despite the decrease in programs or orientations on Solid Waste

Management because of the possible incentives that the students are offered. P. Burgos

Elementary School had a significant increase in the participating population despite only

having a few programs but then also decreased when their number of orientations

decreased. Bacood Elementary School had a practical response from their participating

population with the number of programs and orientations they did.

4. Number of Staff and Committees Associated with Solid Waste Management

Number of Committees
Number of staff associated with
associated with Solid Waste
Name of School Solid Waste Management
Management

Pio Del Pilar Elementary

2 1
School

P. Burgos Elementary School 2 1

Bacood Elementary School 16 3

Source: Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, Pio Del Pilar Elementary
School
Table 1

Table 1 shows the number of staff and committees that their respective schools allocate for

their Solid Waste Management. Pio del Pilar Elementary School with four staff and one committee

focused on the Eco‐Savers Program. P. Burgos Elementary School with three staff and one

committee also focused on the Eco‐Savers Program. Bacood Elementary School with 16 staff and
 29

two committees focused on recycling paper and plastic bottles and the other one encompassing the

other two.

The number of staff handling the Solid Waste Management of a school can affect the

efficiency of it. Given that these staff are teachers and average human beings, they have a capacity

for work and if there is not enough staff to distribute the tasks of Solid Waste Management then

the output will not be as efficient.

5. Number of Campaigns/Orientations Conducted

Name of School Number of Campaigns/Orientations Conducted

2014 2015 2016 2017
Bacood Elementary School 1 4 2
P. Burgos Elementary School 1 2 1 0
Pio Del Pilar Elmentary 3 2 1
School
Source: Bacood Elementary School, P. Burgos Elementary School, Pio Del Pilar Elementary
School
Table 2

Table 2 shows the number of campaigns and orientations that the three elementary schools

conducted in order to inspire cooperation from the students and community. The number of

campaigns and orientations made were included in the research because these are activities that

can motivate and stimulate participation from the students and also the community around the

school.
 30

6. Flowchart of Solid Waste Management

Waste Materials

Recyclable Wastes Segregation Compostable

Wastes

Pure Waste
Materials Composting
Recovery Facility

Landfill

Figure 5

Figure 5 shows how the researchers view the flowchart of Solid Waste Management in the

three selected schools. The three schools focus on recycling the solid wastes that they generate and

also do not measure the other wastes that they produce when there are also other waste treatments.

If the schools prioritized the Reduce in the 3R’s, then the waste will be lessened in the first

place especially for Pio Del Pilar and P. Burgos Elementary School because unlike Bacood

Elementary School, they do not treat the plastic wrapper wastes. Bacood Elementary School turns

the plastic wrappers into eco bricks, plastic bottles filled with cut up plastic wrappers.

The three schools engage in composting so that reduces the wastes that will go to landfills.

The three schools have trees and a tree sheds a lot of leaves but with the composting program of

the three schools they have a better treatment for these wastes and other organic wastes.
 31

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the

study.

Summary of Findings

The following are the findings based on the data that the researchers have gathered:

1. The selected schools gather different amounts of waste each year.

2. Figure 4 with Figures 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 show the relationship between the populations

of the participating students with the amount of recyclable wastes collected. The

higher the population, the higher amount of wastes.

3. Table 2 with Figure 4 show the relationship between the number of campaigns and

orientation of students with the population of participating students. The more

frequent the campaigns and orientations are, more students would participate in the

collection of recycled wastes.

4. The number of staff is relevant so that the distribution of tasks for the Solid Waste

Management of schools will not give them too much workload overlapping with their

teaching duties however no significant relationship can be seen with the data gathered.

5. Figure 5 shows that the main focus of the three selected schools is recycling. They

prioritize the recycling of the wastes they produce.

6. In Figure 2.2 and Table 1 it show that P. Burgos Elementary School had a difficult

time in maintaining their progress due to too much workload, the two teachers could

not maintain the progress.

 32

7. In Figure 2.3 and Table 2 it show that the two staff of Pio Del Pilar Elementary School

still managed to maintain progress in the Solid Waste Management through

conducting of orientations of students.

Conclusions

With the gathered data and summary of findings the following conclusions were made:

1. The decrease of amount of collected recyclable waste does not necessarily mean low

generation of wastes, it can also be because of poor Solid Waste Management.

2. Pio Del Pilar Elementary School, Bacood Elementary School, and P. Burgos

Elementary School focus on recycling their wastes so there is still room of

improvement.

3. The motivation of students is a key factor in an effective Solid Waste Management

which can be boosted through programs and incentives. Furthermore, programs and

orientations should be done regularly to also have consistent participation from the

students and also the community outside of the school.

4. The number of staff is also a factor for an effective Solid Waste Management. An

appropriate number of staff should be allocated to Solid Waste Management of

institutions for it to be efficient.

5. The amount of waste generated is directly proportional to the amount of waste

produced. The bigger the population the difficult the tasks in handling the Solid Waste

Management will be.

6. Allocation of funds is necessary for a Solid Waste Management for it to become

effective because in need to be sustainable and it is after all disposal of waste and not

a business.
 33

Recommendations

For future researchers that are interested in continuing this study, or to conduct a study

about Solid Waste Management in schools/institutions, the researchers recommend the following:

1. For selecting the school/s that you want to conduct in your research, check for the

school/s that does not have an efficient system or full implementation of Solid Waste

Management.

2. The researchers should also consider the greenhouse gas emissions or other factors to

further prove the effect of the enhancement that will be done.

3. Once the enhancements have been implemented, regular observations and evaluations

should be planned in order to avoid encountering the same tasks.

4. If the selected school/s have an existing Solid Waste Management, check for the

programs that the school/s are conducting each year.

 34

APPENDICES

6.1. Appendix A: Request Letter for Pio Del Pilar Elementary School
 35

6.2. Appendix B: Request Letter for P. Burgos Elementary School

 36

6.3. Appendix C: Request Letter for Bacood Elementary School

 37

6.4. Curriculum Vitae

DENZEL C. ARAGONES
Mobile: +639151330341 Email: denzelaragones@yahoo.com
Home Address: 421 Jose V. Concio St. San Joaquin, Pasig City

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
PRIMARY
San Joaquin Elementary School • 2006-2011

SECONDARY
Rizal High School • 2011-2015

TERTIARY
Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Sta. Mesa • 2015- Present
Bachelor of Industrial Engineering

NOTABLE SEMINAR/ EXPERIENCES

“The Climate of Change: A forum on the Global Environmental Crisis and the People’s Response”
4th flr. NALLRC Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Main Campus Sta. Mesa, Manila

“Agrarian Reform Under the Duterte Administration Principles, Prospects and Possibilities”
Claro M. Recto Hall, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Mabini Campus Sta. Mesa, Manila

“IE Assembly 2016, Mission Impossible: Industrial Engineer, The Exemplary Agents of Change”
COC Theatre, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Main Campus Sta. Mesa, Manila

“IE Assembly 2017, IEnvision: Optimizing Opportunities, Exceeding the Boundaries of Tomorrow”
Bulwagang Balagtas, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Main Campus Sta. Mesa, Manila

LEADERSHIP AND EXTRA CURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT

PIIE (Member)
Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers • 2015 – present

CEHS-PUP (Member)
College of Engineering Honor Society • 2016-2017
 38

MARVIN JOHN S. GARCIA

Mobile: 0906-408-3202 Email: marvinjohng@gmail.com
Home Address: #24 Women’s Club St. Galas, Quezon City

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
2015 – Present POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
Currently 4th year College Student

2011 – 2015 CARLOS L. ALBERT HIGH SCHOOL

Secondary School

2005 – 2011 AURORA A. QUEZON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Primary School
NOTABLE SEMINAR/ EXPERIENCES

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 2017

Optimizing Academic Excellence to Nurture Subsequent Success
Claro M. Recto Hall, PUP-Manila

Ienvision: Optimizing Opportunities Exceeding the Boundaries of Tomorrow

PUP Bulwagang Balagtas

IE Assembly 2016 & 2017

PUP COC Theatre

IE Assembly 2015
Iexplore: Trendsetting, Transforming, Trailblazing.
PUP COC Theatre

LEADERSHIP AND EXTRA CURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT

PIIE (Member)
Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers • 2015 – present
 39

NIKOLAI RAPHAEL P. MARTIJA

Mobile: +639499862208 Email: nikolaimartija@yahoo.com
Home Address: 5 st., Maries Village II Phase 2, Brgy. Mayamot, Antipolo City

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Sta. Mesa • 2015- Present
Bachelor of Industrial Engineering

SECONDARY
Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College • 2011-2015

NOTABLE SEMINAR/ EXPERIENCES

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 2017

Optimizing Academic Excellence to Nurture Subsequent Success
Claro M. Recto Hall, PUP-Manila

Ienvision: Optimizing Opportunities Exceeding the Boundaries of Tomorrow

PUP Bulwagang Balagtas

IE Assembly 2016 & 2017

PUP COC Theatre

IE Assembly 2015
Iexplore: Trendsetting, Transforming, Trailblazing.
PUP COC Theatre

LEADERSHIP AND EXTRA CURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT

PIIE (Member)
Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers • 2015 – present
 40

LOVELY D. MEDINA
Mobile: +639561223081 Email: lovely.medina568359@gmail.com
Home Address: blk 20 lt 37 Mabuhay City, Ph. , Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-Sta.Mesa, Manila.
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering - June 2015-Present

SECONDARY
GULOD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- Cabuyao, Laguna.
June 2011-March 2015

PRIMARY
SAN AGUSTIN SILANGAN ELEMENTARY SHOOL-Batangas City.
Salutatorian
June 2005-March 2011
NOTABLE SEMINAR/ EXPERIENCES

SAFETY MANAGEMENT 2016

College of Engineering, PUP-Manila

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ASSEMBLY 2016 & 2017

PUP-Manila

SPECTRUM OF OPPORTUNITIES: EXPERIENCING THE ACTUAL WORLD OF WORK THROUGH

OJT 2018
PUP-Manila

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ASSEMBLY 2018

PUP-Manila

LEADERSHIP AND EXTRA CURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT

IskoCab
Scholar Grantee of Mayor Rommel Gecolea

Iskolar ng Laguna
Scholar Grantee of Gov. Ramil Hernandez
 41

Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers

PUP Manila
 42

MORDEKKAI V. PEREZ
Mobile +63957467060 Email: perezmordekkaivalones@gmail.com
Home Address: 3A Pinaglabanan St. Batasan Hills, Quezon City, 1126

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering, 2015-2020

NOTABLE SEMINAR/ EXPERIENCES

Industrial Engineering Assembly 2016

Industrial Engineering Assembly 2017
Industrial Engineering Assembly 2018
15th PIIE National Student Congress 2018
Philip Morris International Career Day 2018

LEADERSHIP AND EXTRA CURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT

Scholarship and Youth Development Program (SYDP)- Quezon City Government Scholarship

Francisco M. Bautista Foundation Inc. (FMBFI)- St. Peter Chapels Scholarship

College of Engineering Honors’ Society, Executive Vice President (2018-2019)

College of Engineering Honors’ Society, Assistant to the Vice President for External Affairs (2017-2018)

Philippines Institute of Industrial Engineers- Polytechnic University of the Philippines Student Chapter,

(PUP-SC), Member S.Y. 2018-2019

- Silver Medalist, International Exhibition for Young Inventors (IEYI) Bangkok, Thailand, June 28-
30, 2012
- 1st Runner-up: Debate Contest, Department Wide S.Y. (2017-2018)
- 1st Runner-up: Debate Contest, Department Wide S.Y. (2016-2017)
 43

JOHANSE REICHL T. REMPONI

Mobile: 09568093438 Email johansereichl@gmail.com
Home Address B3 L51, Camella Homes SJDM Subdv., Brgy. Sto. Cristo, ity of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (PUP)
• Sta. Mesa, Manila
• Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
• AY:2015-present

SECONDARY
Sapang Palay National High School (1st Honorable Mention)
• Special Program in Science, Technology, and Engineering
• Fatima V, Area E, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

NOTABLE SEMINAR/ EXPERIENCES

Project Excellence: Value Creation Reimagined with Integrative Improvement – The Filinvest Tent,
Alabang, Muntinlupa (2018)
- 15th Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers National Student Congress

OR101: Operations Research in Manufacturing – FEU Manila (2018)

IENVISION: Optimizing Opportunities, Exceeding the Boundaries of Tomorrow – PUP Bulwagang Balagtas
(2017)

Mission Impossible: Industial Engineers, The Exemplary Agents of Change – Tanghalang PUP, College of
Communication (2017)

LEADERSHIP AND EXTRA CURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT

Philippine Institute of Industrial Engineers-ORSP-PUP chapter (Member and former Junior PIIE Officer for
Executive Vice President)

Every Nation Campus-PUP organization (Member)

PUP College of Engineering Honors’ Society (Industrial Engineering Representative)

Kapatiran ng Talino at Galing PUP Honors’ Society (Member)

 44

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