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Eng 2

[1] The document discusses the differences between tense and aspect in English grammar. Tense refers to when an action occurs (present or past), while aspect refers to how the action is viewed with respect to time, such as perfective (completed) or progressive (ongoing). [2] It also discusses verb phrases and phrasal verbs. A verb phrase contains an main verb and helping verbs that indicate tense, mood, or person. A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb, which can change the meaning of the verb. Phrasal verbs can be transitive or intransitive, and separable or inseparable based on the position of objects.

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Shana Perez
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64 views

Eng 2

[1] The document discusses the differences between tense and aspect in English grammar. Tense refers to when an action occurs (present or past), while aspect refers to how the action is viewed with respect to time, such as perfective (completed) or progressive (ongoing). [2] It also discusses verb phrases and phrasal verbs. A verb phrase contains an main verb and helping verbs that indicate tense, mood, or person. A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb, which can change the meaning of the verb. Phrasal verbs can be transitive or intransitive, and separable or inseparable based on the position of objects.

Uploaded by

Shana Perez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Perez,Shana Alexandra P.

LLB-2 May 25,2019


Mr.Miguel P. Bolo,Jr. English 20 SAT (8:00-5:00)

I.Tense and Aspect


TENSE refers to the absolute location of an event or action in time, either the present or the past. It is
marked by an inflection of the verb:
David walks to school (present tense)
David walked to school (past tense)
Reference to other times -- the future, for instance -- can be made in a number of ways, by using the
modal auxiliary will, or the semi-auxiliary be going to:
David will walk to school tomorrow
David is going to walk to school tomorrow.
Since the expression of future time does not involve any inflecton of the verb, we do not refer to a
"future tense". Strictly speaking, there are only two tenses in English: present and past.
ASPECT refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather than to its actual
location in time. We can illustrate this using the following examples:

[1] David fell in love on his eighteenth birthday


[2] David has fallen in love
[3] David is falling in love
In [1], the verb fell tells us that David fell in love in the past, and specifically on his eighteenth birthday.
This is a simple past tense verb.

In [2] also, the action took place in the past, but it is implied that it took place quite recently. Furthermore,
it is implied that is still relevant at the time of speaking -- David has fallen in love, and that's why he's
behaving strangely. It is worth noting that we cannot say *David has fallen in love on his eighteenth
birthday. The auxiliary has here encodes what is known as PERFECTIVE ASPECT, and the auxiliary
itself is known as the PERFECTIVE AUXILIARY.
In [3], the action of falling in love is still in progress -- David is falling in love at the time of speaking. For
this reason, we call it PROGRESSIVE ASPECT, and the auxiliary is called the PROGRESSIVE
AUXILIARY.
Aspect always includes tense. In [2] and [3] above, the aspectual auxiliaries are in the present tense,
but they could also be in the past tense:
David had fallen in love -- Perfective Aspect, Past Tense
David was falling in love -- Progressive Aspect, Past Tense
The perfective auxiliary is always followed by a main verb in the -ed form, while the progressive auxiliary
is followed by a main verb in the -ing form. We exemplify these points in the table below:

Perfective Aspect Progressive Aspect


Present Tense
has fallen
is falling
Past Tense
had fallen
was falling
While aspect always includes tense, tense can occur without aspect (David falls in love, David fell in
love).
Verb Tense
Tense indicates when the action expressed by a verb takes place. The three simple tenses are past,
present, and future.
Different tenses take different verb forms, either by changing the word itself or by adding helping verbs.
There is no single formula for how to change verb tenses. Here are a few examples:
Present Tense
Present tense expresses unchanging actions and states of being. It is also used with recurring actions
and with universal or widespread truths.
I walk
She runs
Past Tense
Past tense is used for actions that started and finished in the past.
I walked
She ran
Future Tense
Future tense expresses an action or event that will take place in the future.
I will walk
She will run
Verbal Aspect
“Verbal aspect” refers to the timing of the verb. More specifically, it addresses whether the action occurs
in a single block of time, continuously, or repetitively. All verbs have both tense and aspect. Verbal
aspect consists of simple, progressive, perfect, or perfect progressive, where each refers to a different
fabric of time.
Simple
The simple aspect is used to express a single action, a repeated action, or a permanent state.
Permanent state: David lives in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Repeated or habitual action: He runs every morning.
Single action: He graduated from the University of North Carolina.
Progressive
The progressive aspect is used to talk about continuous events.
Dr. Jones was lecturing about grammar.
Jane is reading a novel.
Perfect
The perfect aspect is used to discuss completed actions. It is often formed by the verb have combined
with a past tense verb.
My family had left before the flooding reached our home.
She has visited their mountain home.
Perfect Progressive
The perfect progressive combines the perfect and the progressive to refer to the completed portion of
a continuous action.
The news crew had been working for more than twelve hours to provide full coverage of the event.
I will have been sleeping for many hours by then.

II. Phrase vs Phrasal Verb


What is a Verb Phrase?

A verb phrase contains the main verb and some more helping words that can indicate tense, mood, or
person. In brief, a verb phrase is a verb that contains more than one word. We can note auxiliary verbs
and modal verbs in a verb phrase in addition to the main verb.

Auxiliary Verb – help express its mood, tense, and voice. Examples: Be (am, is, are), Do (do, does),
Have (has, have, had)

Modal Verb – indicate modality – permission, ability, and obligation, etc. Examples: can, must, will,
shall, etc.
Let’s look at some examples of verb phrases now:

He can sing really well.

They are going to Paris tomorrow.

She couldn’t understand the lesson.

You should have been with them.

I will never lie again.

A verb phrase can have up to four words. However, adverbs that occur in the middle of a verb phrase
are not parts of a verb phrase. For example, look at the last example sentence. There, never is an
adverb, but it is not a part of the verb phrase.

Moreover, the main verb usually occurs at the end of the phrase. When a verb phrase contains both a
modal verb and an auxiliary verb, the modal verb always comes before the auxiliary verb.

What is a Phrasal Verb?

A phrasal verb is a verb that consists of a verb and another element. This other element that follows
the main verb is typically a preposition or an adverb. This addition of the other element can also change
the meaning of the verb. For example, the word count means to determine the total sum, but the
addition of the preposition on makes the phrasal verb count on, which means to rely on something or
someone.

A phrasal verb can be either transitive or intransitive. Transitive phrasal verbs have two categories as
separable phrasal verbs and inseparable phrasal verbs according to the position of their objects. In
separable phrasal verbs, the object can occur between the verb and preposition/adverb. For example,

Please turn the volume down.


I talked him into helping me.
That movie really turned me off.

In inseparable phrasal verbs, the verb and preposition/adverb occur together. The object occurs after
the whole phrasal verb.

He still hasn’t got over his wife’s death.


I don’t think she takes after her mother.
No one tried to break up the fight.

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