Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A.

Carmichael

Electric Force and Field: Fundamentals 2kλ

Cylinder r ≥ R E(r) =
r
Coulomb’s Law F = kqq 0 /r2 kQ
Rod, distance a from end E(a) =
Force on charge q F~ = q E
~ a(a + l)
kQ
Electric field of charge q E~ = kqr̂/r2 Rod, bisector E(x) = p
x (L/2)2 + x2
Electric field of element dq ~ = kdqr̂/r2
dE
~ 1 p~ 2k~p
I Dipole, on axis E(r) ≈ = 3
Surface integral (Gauss’ law) ~ · dA
E ~ = 1 Qenclosed 2πε0 r3 r
ε0 1 p~ k~p
I Dipole, ⊥ to axis ~
E(r) ≈ = 3
Line integral (Kirchhoff loop) ~ · d~l = 0
E 4πε0 r3 r

Potential: Useful Results

Potential & Potential Energy
kQ R
Z Uniform sphere r ≥ R V (r) = = Vsurface
~ · d~r r  r
Potential Energy ∆U = −q E
r2

kQ
Z Uniform sphere r ≤ R V (r) = 3− 2
~ · d~r 2R R
Potential difference ∆V = − E
Q
Charged ring, on axis V (z) = k √
Field & potential ~ = −∇V
E R2 + z 2
hp i
∂V Charged disk, on axis V (z) = 2πσk z 2 + R2 − z
Component of field Es = −
∂s
V (0) hp 2 i
P. E. and potential U = qV Charged disk, on axis V (z) = z + R2 − z
R
P. E. and P. D. ∆U = q∆V
Infinite plane V (z) = 2πσkR (1 − z/R)
Electric P.E. two charges U = kqq 0 /r
Infinite plane V (z) = V (0) (1 − z/R)
Potential point charge q V = kq/r
l+a
Potential of element dq dV = kdq/r Rod, on axis a from end V (a) = kλ ln
a
1 X kqi qj p cos θ
P.E. of point charges U= Dipole V (r) ≈ k
2 rij r2
i6=j
X kqi
Potential of charges V = Capacitors (notation V = |∆V |, radius b > a)
i
ri
energy 1 Capacitance Definition C = Q/V
Energy Density u= = ε0 E 2
volume 2 Parallel plate capacitor C = εr ε0 A/d = εr A/4πkd
P.D. parallel plate V = Ed
Uniform Field
Energy Stored U = 21 QV = 12 CV 2
P.E. of q in uniform field U (x) = −qEx + U (0) Field, parallel plate E = σ/ε0 = 4πkσ
Potential in uniform field V (x) = −Ex + V (0) Capacitors parallel C = C1 + C2 + ...
Force in 1D F = Fx = −dU/dx 1 1 1
Capacitors series = + + ....
Field in 1D E = Ex = −dV /dx C C1 C2
   
PE ∆U = qEd = qEs λ b b
Cylindrical capacitor V = ln = 2kλ ln
2πε0 a a
Electric Field: Useful Results C 2πε0 1
Cylindrical capacitor = =
l ln (b/a) 2k ln (b/a)
1 Q kQ Q b−a b−a
Uniform sphere r ≥ R E(r) = = 2 Spherical capacitor V = = kQ
4πε0 r2 r 4πε0 ab ab
1 Q kQ ab 1 ab
Uniform sphere r ≤ R E(r) = 3
r = 3r Spherical capacitor C = 4πε0 =
4πε0 R R b−a kb−a
kQz
Ring on axis E(z) = 2 Isolated sphere C = 4πε0 a = a/k
(z + R2 )3/2
 
z Point charges summary
Disk on axis E(z) = 2πσk 1 − √
z 2 + R2
F = kqq 0 /r2 E = kq/r2
Infinite plane E = σ/2ε0 = 2πkσ
U = kqq 0 /r V = kq/r
2kλ
Uniform cylinder r ≤ R E(r) = 2kρr = 2 r
R

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

DC Circuits Lorentz force law F~ = q E

~ + q~v × B
~
dq Magnetic Force and Field: Useful Results
Current I=
dt
~ ~ µ0 I
Current density J = I/A = nq~v = ne~v Field of a long wire r > R B=
2π r
Current I = nAvq = nAve µ0 I
Ohm’s “law” ∆V = IR Field inside wire r < R B = r
2πR2
~ = 1E F µ0 II 0
Ohm’s “law” J~ = σ E ~ Force between wires =
ρ l 2π r
Power (general) P = I · ∆V Field in a long coil B = µ0 nI = µ0 N I/l
Power in a resistor P = I 2R µ0 N IR2
Field on axis, flat coil Bz =
RA 1 2 (z 2 + R2 )3/2
Resistivity ρ= = µ0 N I
L σ Field, centre of flat coil B=
ne2 τ 2 R
Conductivity σ=
m Field of dipole, far on axis B
µ
~ ≈ 0 2m ~
eEτ 4π z 3
Drift velocity v= Radius of motion of charge r = mv/qB
m
Resistors Series R = R1 + R2 + ... Frequency of circular motion ω = 2πf = qB/m
1 1 1
Resistors Parallel = + + .... Electric and Magnetic Dipoles
R R1 R2
Terminal voltage ∆V = E − Ir Electric Dipole Moment p = qa
1 dR Magnetic Dipole Moment m = IA
Temperature coefficient α=
R dT Torque on Electric Dipole ~Γ = p~ × E
~
Temperature coefficient R(T ) = R(T0 ) (1 + α∆T )
Torque on Magnetic Dipole ~Γ = m
~ ×B~
1
Hall Voltage VH = BI P.E. of electric dipole U = −~p·E~ = −pE cos ϕ
nte
P.E. of magnetic dipole U = −m~ ·B~ = −mB cos ϕ
RC DC circuits
Inductors
Charging voltage VC (t) = E(1 − e−t/τ )
Definition L = N ΦB /I
Discharging voltage VC (t) = V0 e−t/τ = Ee−t/τ
Charge on capacitor q(t) = VC (t)C Inductance of a coil L = µ0 N 2 A/l
Energy Stored U = 21 LI 2
Charging/discharging I(t) = I0 e−t/τ
Field in a long coil B = µ0 nI = µ0 N I/l
Charging/discharging VR (t) = I(t)R = Ee−t/τ
Inductors series L = L1 + L2 + ...
Time constant τ = RC
1 1 1
Max current Imax = I(0) = I0 = E/R Inductors parallel = + + ...
L L1 L2
Max charge qmax = Q = EC dΦB
Faraday’s Law E = −N
dt
Magnetic Force and Field: Fundamentals dI
Emf, inductor E = −L
dt
Force on charge F~ = q~v × B
~
Emf, moving conductor E = Blv
Force on current element dF~ = Id~l × B
~ Tansformer E1 /E2 = N1 /N2 = I2 /I1
Force on straight current F~ = I~l × B~ Induced E, rotating coil E = ωBAN sin(ωt + θ0 )

Biot-Savart Law for q B~ = µ0 q~v × r̂ RL DC Circuits

4π r2
~ Current growth I(t) = Imax (1 − e−t/τ )
Biot-Savart Law for element dB~ = µ0 Idl × r̂
I 4π r2 Current decay I(t) = I0 e−t/τ = Imax e−t/τ
Ampère’s Law B~ · d~l = µ0 I Voltage across inductor VL (t) = Ee−t/τ
I Voltage across resistor VR (t) = I(t)R
Gauss’ Law ~ · dA
B ~=0
Time Constant τ = L/R
energy 1 1 2 Steady state current Imax = E/R
Energy density u= = B
volume 2 µ0

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

AC Circuits Maxwell equations (static case)

Current I = Imax cos(ωt) Integral form Differential form Name

I Z
Circular Frequency ω = 2πf = 2π/T ~ · dA
E ~= 1 ~ = ρ
ρ(~r)d3 x ∇ · E Gauss
Imax Vmax ε0 ε0
rms for sinusoidal A.C. Irms = √ ; Vrms = √ I
2 2 ~ · dA
B ~=0 ∇·B ~ =0 Gauss
rms for square wave A.C. Irms = Imax ; Vrms = Vmax I
“Ohm’s Law” Vrms = Irms Z ~ · d~l = 0
E ∇×E ~ =0 Kirchhoff
Power P = Irms Vrms cos ϕ I Z
q ~ · d~l = µ0 J~ · dA
B ~ ∇×B ~ = µ0 J~ Ampère
2
Impedance, RLC series circuit Z = R2 + (XL − XC )
Angle by which V leads I tan ϕ = (XL − XC )/R Maxwell equations (sourceless, time dependent case)
√
Oscillations, LC circuit ω0 = 1/ LC
Integral form Differential form Name
I
~ · dA
E ~=0 ~ =0
∇·E Gauss
Element Reactance “Ohm’s Law” Phase of V
I
Resistor R VR = IR in phase with I ~ · dA
~=0 ~ =0
B ∇·B Gauss
0
Inductor XL = ωL VL = Imax XL Leads I by 90 I Z ~
Capacitor XC = 1/ωC VC = Imax XC Lags I by 900 ~ · d~l = − d
E ~ · dA
B ~ ~ =−
∇×E
∂B
Faraday
dt ∂t
Flow equations differential form (1D) I Z ~
~ · d~l = µ0 ε0 d
B ~ · dA
E ~ ~ = µ0 ε0
∇×B
∂E
Maxwell
dq dV A dV dt ∂t
Electric = I = −σA =−
dt dx ρ dx Maxwell’s equations
dQ dT
Heat = −κA I
1
Z I
dt dx ~ ~
E · dA = 3
ρ(~r)d x B~ · dA~=0
dV πr4 dp ε0
Fluid (vol.) =− I Z
dt 8η dx ~ · d~l = − d
E ~ · dA
B ~
dm ρπr4 dp dt
Fluid (mass) =−
I Z Z
~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ · dA
~
dt 8η dx B · dl = µ0 J · dA + µ0 ε0 E
dt
Fluids: ρ = density, η = viscosity, V = volume
Electric: ρ = resistivity, V = potential, σ = conductivity Auxilliary Maxwell equations
Heat: κ = conductivity, T = temperature, Q = heat
Lorentz force law F~ = q E
~ + q~v × B
~

Flow equations integrated form Ohm’s law J~ = σ E

~ = −σ∇V
Scalar potential (static case) ~ = −∇V
E
A ∆V ∆V
Electric I=− =− dq dV
ρ l R Displacement current I= =C
∆Q ∆T dt dt
Heat = −κA
∆t l EM Waves
∆V πr4 ∆p
Fluid (vol.) =− Wavenumber k = 2π/λ
∆t 8η l
∆m ρπr4 ∆p Angular Frequency ω = 2π/T = 2πf
Fluid (mass) =−
∆t 8η l Frequency, period f = 1/T
Wave Speed c = fλ
Flow equations general form
Dispersion relation ω = ck
Electric J~ = −σ∇V = σ E
~ Intensity=power/area I = P/A
Heat J~ = −κ∇T Point source I = Psource /4πr2
Radiation pressure (full absorption) p = I/c
Radiation pressure (full reflection) p = 2I/c

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Trigonometry sin θ = sin α =⇒ θ = (−1)n α + nπ

θ(rad) 2π π 2π π tan θ = tan α =⇒ θ = α + nπ
= o
= 1 rpm = rad/s = rad/s
θ(deg) 360 180o 60 30 Binomial formulae
√ 1
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + n(n − 1)x2 + ... if |x|  1
cos(±π/6) = sin π/3 = sin(2π/3) = 3/2 2!
n
cos(±π/3) = sin π/6 = sin(5π/6) = 1/2 X
√ (a + b)n = n
Cr an−r br integer n
cos(±π/4) = sin π/4 = sin(3π/4) = 1/ 2 r=0

√ Cominatorics
cos(±5π/6) = sin(−π/3) = sin(−2π/3) = − 3/2 n! n!
n n
cos(±2π/3) = sin(−π/6) = sin(−5π/6) = −1/2 Cr = Pr =
r!(n − r)! (n − r)!
√
cos(±3π/4) = sin(−π/4) = sin(−3π/4) = −1/ 2
Quadratic equation y = ax2 + bx + c
√
a2 = b2 + c − 2bc cos A Law of cosines b b2 − 4ac
Roots at x=− ±
2a 2a
a b c
= = Law of sines max, min at x = −b/2a
sin A sin B sin C
Linear Equation y = mx + b
sin (θ ± φ) = sin θ cos φ ± cos θ sin φ
Given m, (x1 , y1 ) y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
cos (θ ± φ) = cos θ cos φ ∓ sin θ sin φ  
y2 − y1
Given (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) y − y1 = (x − x1 )
x2 − x1
sin(π ± θ) = ∓ sin θ sin(π/2 ± θ) = cos θ
cos(π ± θ) = − cos θ cos(π/2 ± θ) = ∓ sin θ Exponential behaviour
sin(θ ± π) = − sin θ sin(θ ± π/2) = ± cos θ y(t) = y(0)e−t/τ = y(0)e−λt Exponential decay
cos(θ ± π) = − cos θ cos(θ ± π/2) = ∓ sin θ y(t) = y(0)2−t/Thalf Exponential decay
Thalf = τ ln 2 Half life
sin(ωt ± π) = − sin ωt cos(ωt ± π/2) = ∓ sin ωt  
y(t) = ymax 1 − e−t/τ Exponential growth
cos(ωt ± π) = − cos ωt sin(ωt ± π/2) = ± cos ωt
Percent difference between quantities A, B
2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1 |A − B| |A − B|
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ % diff (A, B) = × 100 = × 200
av(A, B) A+B
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ Percent error
Sum to product |measured − true|
% error = × 100

θ±φ

θ∓φ
  true
sin θ ± sin φ = 2 sin cos Possibly useful integrals
2 2
   
θ+φ θ−φ Z
dx ±x
cos θ + cos φ = 2 cos cos = √
2 2 (x2 ± a2 )3/2 a2 x2 ± a2
   
θ+φ θ+φ
Z
xdx 1
cos θ − cos φ = −2 sin sin = −√
2 2 (x2 ± a2 )3/2 x2 ± a 2
Z
Product to sum dx hp i
√ = ln x2 + a2 − x
x2 + a2
2 cos θ cos ϕ = cos(θ − ϕ) + cos(θ + ϕ) Z
xdx p
√ = x2 + a2
2 sin θ sin ϕ = cos(θ − ϕ) − cos(θ + ϕ) x2 + a2
2 sin θ cos ϕ = sin(θ + ϕ) + sin(θ − ϕ) Taylor series
Small angle formulae for small θ  1 (in radians) x − a = h, |x − a| = |h| < 1
1 00
sin θ ≈ θ cos θ ≈ 1 − θ2 /2 tan θ ≈ θ f (x) = f (a) + (x − a)f 0 (a) + f (a)(x − a)2 + ...
2!
Inverse trig functions where α = principal value h2 00
f (a + h) = f (a) + hf 0 (a) + f (a) + ...
2!
cos θ = cos α =⇒ θ = ±α + 2nπ

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Mathematical constants Abbreviations used:

AC = Alternating Current
e = 2.71828... 1o = 1.745 × 10−2 rad
atm.=atmosphere (pressure)
π = 3.14159... 10 = 2.9089 × 10−4 rad con. = conservative (force)
log10 e = 0.434... 100 = 4.8481 × 10−6 rad DC = Direct Current (or Detective Comics)
ln 10 = 2.3025... 1 rad = 57.296o EM or E&M = ElectroMagnetism
EMF = ElectroMotive Force (voltage)
ln 2 = 0.693... π/6 rad = 30o EPE = Elastic Potential Energy
e−1 = 0.368... π/3 rad = 60o GPE = Gravitational Potential Energy
(1 − e−1 ) = 0.632... π/4 rad = 45o G.T. = Galilean Transformation
√ PE = Potential Energy
3/2 = 0.866... 1 rpm = 0.1047 rad/s PD = Potential Difference
√
1/ 2 = 0.707... 1 rad/s = 9.549 rpm SHM = Simple Harmonic Motion
SPE = Strain/Spring Potential Energy
Greek alphabet STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure (20o C, 1 atm)
N1,N2,N3= Newton’s laws of motion
Letter Upper case Lower case T0,T1,T2,T3= the laws of thermal physics
Alpha A α K1,K2,K3= Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
Beta B β
Gamma Γ γ
Delta ∆ δ
Metric Prefixes
Epsilon E , ε
Zeta Z ζ exa E 1018
Eta H η
Theta Θ θ peta P 1015
Iota I ι tera T 1012
Kappa K κ giga G 109
Lambda Λ λ
Mu M µ mega M 106
Nu N ν kilo k 103
Xi Ξ ξ hecto h 102
Omicron O o
Pi Π π deci d 10−1
Rho P ρ centi c 10−2
Sigma Σ σ
milli m 10−3
Tau T τ
Upsilon Y υ micro µ 10−6
Phi Φ φ, ϕ nano n 10−9
Chi X χ
pico p 10−12
Psi Ψ ψ
Omega Ω ω femto f 10−15
atto a 10−18

SI units and derived units

Quantity Symbol Unit Name Basic Units
Mass m kg kilogram kg
Length l m meter m
Time t s second s
Force F N Newton kg ms−2
Energy E J Joule kg m2 s−2
Power P W = Js−1 Watt kg m2 s−3
Pressure p Pa = N/m2 Pascal kg/ms2

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Position, velocity and acceleration Uniform circular motion at = 0, α = 0

∆x/∆t = vav ∆v/∆t = aav Forces and Momentum

dx/dt = v(t) dv/dt = a(t)
Newton’s 2nd Law F~net = m~a
Z Z
a(t)dt = ∆v v(t)dt = ∆x
Potential energy and force (1D) F = −dU/dx

Uniformly accelerated linear motion (a=const.) Potential energy and force (3D) F~ = −∇U
Linear Momentum p~ = m~v
v = u + at s = ut + 12 at2
Newton’s second law (general) F~ = d~
p/dt
u+v
v 2 = u2 + 2as s= t Impulse for constant force J~ = ∆~
p = F~ ∆t
2
Friction (static) fs ≤ fs,max = µs n
Alternative form
Friction (kinetic) fk = µk n
v = v0 + at x = x0 + v0 t + 12 at2 Weight w = mg
 
2 v0 + v
v = v02 + 2a(x − x0 ) x = x0 + t
2 Grav. fields due to point or spherical sources

Projectile motion 2D (uniform field g=const.) Force between masses F = Gmm0 /r2
ay = −g = const. ax = 0 = const. Gravity field of mass m g = Gm/r2
vy (t) = vy (0) − gt vx (t) = vx (0) = const. G.P.E. two masses U = −Gmm0 /r
y(t) = y(0) + vy (0)t − 21 gt2 x(t) = x(0) + vx (0)t Grav. potential of m V = −Gm/r

In terms of v(0) and θ Orbital motion

ay = −g = const. ax = 0 = const. Kepler’s 2nd Law K2 T 2 = (4π 2 /GM )r3

vy (t) = v(0) sin θ − gt vx = v(0) cos θ = const. Orbit (circular) v 2 = GM/r
y(t) = y(0) + v(0)t sin θ − 12 gt2 x(t) = x(0) + v(0)t cos θ Escape velocity v 2 = 2GM/r

Constants related to gravity

v 2 (y) = v 2 (0) − 2g(y − y0 )
vy2 (y) = vy2 (0) − 2g(y − y0 ) Universal const. of gravitation G = 6.67 × 10−11 N · m2 /kg2
Earth surface gravity g = 9.81 m/s2
Trajectory and velocity equations for x(0) = y(0) = 0
    Earth mass & G GME = 3.98 × 1014 m3 /s2
vy (0) 1 g Solar mass & G GM = 1.33 × 1020 m3 /s2
y(x) = x− x2
vx (0) 2 vx2 (0)
  Moon mass & G GM$ = 4.91 × 1012 m3 /s2
1 g
y(x) = x tan θ − x2
2 v 2 (0) cos2 θ Work and energy
Range R, height h, flight time T
Kinetic energy K = 21 mv 2
h = vy2 (0)/2g h = v 2 (0) sin2 θ/2g
Z
Work W = F~ · d~r
R = 2vx (0)vy (0)/g R = v 2 (0) sin 2θ/g
T = 2vy (0)/g T = 2v(0) sin θ/g Power P = dE/dt = W/∆t
Instantaneous Power P = F~ · ~v = Fk v
R = 4h cot θ
Work-energy theorem Wnet = Wc + Wnc = ∆K
Circular motion Work done by con. forces Wc = −∆U
Centripetal acceleration 2
ar = v /r = rω 2 Mechanical energy Emech = K + U
Arc length s = rθ Conservation of mech. energy Ki + Ui + Wnc = Kf + Uf
Tangential speed v = rω = 2πr/T Work done by non-con. forces Wnc = ∆Emech
Tangetial acceleration at = rα GPE uniform field U (y) = mgy + U (0)
Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 2π/T GPE uniform field ∆Ugrav. = mgh = mg∆y
Frequency and time period f = 1/T Spring (strain) P.E. Uspring = 21 kx2

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Mechanical energy Emech. = K + Utotal a =⇒ α ~ = I~

p~ = m~v =⇒ L ω

Moments of inertia
Theorems for variable forces
Z Moment Object Axis
Impulse-momentum ~
J = ∆~ ~
p = Fav ∆t = F~net (t)dt I = MR 2
Uniform ring/tube Through centre
1 2
Z I= 2MR Uniform disk/cylinder Through centre
Work-energy Wnet = ∆K = F~net · d~r 1 2
I= 12 M L Uniform rod Through centre
1 2
Centre of mass I= 3ML Uniform rod Through end
2 2
Z I= 5MR Uniform sphere Through centre
~ cm = 1 ~ cm = 1
X
R mi~ri R ~rρdV 2 2
M M I= 3MR Hollow sphere Through centre
1 2
Types of collision I= 3Ma Slab width a Along edge (door)

• totally elastic: No loss of K.E. , e = 1 Rotational motion with (α = const.)

• inelastic: Some loss of K.E., 0 < e < 1 ω = ω0 + αt ∆θ = ω0 t + 12 αt2

ω0 + ω
ω 2 = ω02 + 2α∆θ ∆θ = t
• completely inelastic: v1 = v2 = v, e = 0 Max K.E. loss 2
Collision conservation laws (1D & 2D) Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
Momentum m1 ~u1 + m2 ~u2 = m1~v1 + m2~v2 Hooke’s Law F (x) = −kx
2
K.E. (elastic only) 1
2 m1 u1 + 12 m2 u22 = 12 m1 v12 + 12 m2 v22 acceleration a(x) = −ω 2 x = −n2 x
p
Newton’s collision law (1D only) Velocity v(x) = ±ω A2 − x2

Newton’s collision law (1D) (v2 − v1 ) = −e(u2 − u1 ) SPE for a spring U (x) = 12 kx2
Total energy E = 21 kA2 = 12 mω 2 A2
1D collision, stationary target (u2 = 0)
Position x(t) x(t) = A sin(ωt + ϕ)
m1 − em2 (1 + e)m1 Velocity v(t) v(t) = Aω cos(ωt + ϕ)
v1 = u1 v2 = u1
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 Acceleration a(t) a(t) = −Aω 2 sin(ωt + ϕ)
r
1 2π m
∆K m2 Period, mass-spring T = = = 2π
loss of K.E. = (1 − e2 ) f ω k
Ki m1 + m2 s
1 2π l
Rotational motion Period, simple pendulum T = = = 2π
f n g
Kr = 12 Iω 2
s
Rotational K.E. 1 2π I
Period, physical pendulum T = = = 2π
Moment of inertia I = Σ mr2 f n mgr
Z
Moment of inertia I = r2 ρdV
Elasticity (cables) (δl = x, k=Hooke const.)
Magnitude of torque Γ = rF sin ϕ = rF⊥
Work done by a torque W = Γ · ∆θ = ∆Kr Tensile stress stress = F/A
Rotational power P = Γω Tensile strain strain = δl/l0
N2 for rotation Γ = Iα stress F/A
Young’s modulus Y = =
strain δl/l0
N2 for rotation (general form) ~Γ = dL/dt
~
dF/A
Angular momentum L = Iω Young’s modulus (diff. form) Y =
dl/l0
~
Conservation of L Ii ωi = If ωf Hooke’s law (diff. form) dF = (Y A/l0 ) · dl = k · dl
Rolling without slipping vcm = Rω, acm = Rα Hooke’s law (int. form) F = (Y A/l0 ) · δl = k · δl
Substitutions for rotational dynamics Strain energy W = U = 12 F · δl = 12 kx2

s =⇒ ∆θ F~ =⇒ ~Γ
u =⇒ ω0 m =⇒ I
v =⇒ ω K = 21 mv 2 =⇒ Kr = 12 Iω 2

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Fundamental and other Constants

Gravitation
Earth surface field strength g 9.80665 m/ss = N/kg
Gravitational constant G 6.674 × 10−11 N · m2 /kg2

Thermal Physics

Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.381 × 10−23 J/K

−15
4.136 × 10 eV/K
23
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 × 10 molecule/mol
Gas constant R 8.314 J/K · mol
0.08206 litre · atm/(K · mol)
−8
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.670 × 10 W/m2 T4
Wien constant b 2.898 × 10−3 m·K
≈ 2900 µmK

Electricity and magnetism

Speed of light in a vacuum c 299, 792, 458 ≈ 3 × 108 m/s

−19
Magnitude of electron charge e 1.602 × 10 C
2 −12
Permittivity of vacuum ε0 = 1/µ0 c 8.854 × 10 C2 /(N · m2 ) = F/m
Coulomb constant k = 1/4πε0 8.988 × 109 N · m2 /C2
ke2 = e2 /4πε0 2.307 × 10−28 N · m2
Permeability of vacuum µ0 4π × 10−7 T · m/A = H/m

Particle masses

Mass of the electron me 9.109 × 10−31 kg

−27
Mass of the proton mp 1.673 × 10 kg
−27
Mass of the neutron mn 1.675 × 10 kg
Neutron-electron mass ratio mn /me 1839 −−
Proton-electron mass ratio mp /me 1836 −−
2
Proton rest energy mp c 938.27 MeV
2
Neutron rest energy mn c 939.57 MeV
2
Electron rest energy me c 0.5110 MeV
−27
Hydrogen atom mass mH 1.674 × 10 kg

Quantum physics and Bohr atom

Planck’s constant h 6.626 × 10−34 J·s

−15
4.136 × 10 eV · s
−34
Reduced Planck’s constant ~ 1.055 × 10 J·s
−16
6.582 × 10 eV · s
Ground state energy E1 = −hcR − 13.6 eV
Rydberg constant R 1.097 × 107 m−1
Bohr radius r1 5.29 × 10−11 m
6
Electron Bohr velocity v1 2.19 × 10 m/s
~c ~c 197 MeV · fm
hc hc 1240 eV · nm

version: Friday 22nd September, 2017 14:24 Page 8 SFSU Department of Physics
Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Unit Conversions (table 2)

Quantity Units Conversion or value

Length inch, cm 1 in. = 2.54 cm
Length foot, cm 1 ft = 30.48 cm
Length mile, km 1 mile = 1.609 km
Energy electron-volt, Joule 1 eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J
Energy atm-litre, Joule 1 atm · litre = 101.325 J
Energy calorie, Joule 1 cal = 4.1868 J
Energy British thermal unit, Joule 1 Btu = 1055 J
Energy foot-pound, Joule 1 ft · lb = 1.356 J
Energy kilowatt-hour, Joule 1 kW · h = 3.600 MJ
Power horsepower, Watt 1 hp = 746 Watt
Mass atomic unit, kg 1 u = 1.6605 × 10−27 kg
Force pound, Newton 1 lb = 4.442 N
Density g/cm3 → kg/m3 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
Pressure Pascal, psi 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1.450 × 10−4 psi
Pressure atmosphere, Pascal 1 atm = 101, 325 Pa = 760 Torr = 14.7 psi
Pressure psi, Pascal 1 psi = 6.895 × 103 Pa
Pressure mm Hg 1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 0.0394 in Hg = 1.333 × 102 Pa
Pressure bar 1 bar = 105 Pa
Volume litre 1 l = 103 cm3 = 10−3 m3 = 1.057 qt (US)
Volume quart (US) 1 qt (US) = 946 ml
Volume gallon (US) 1 gal.(US) = 3.758 l
Magnetic Field Gauss, Tesla 1 G = 10−4 T
Angle rev, rad, deg 1 rev = 360o = 2π rad

Miscellaneous Data (table 3)

Density of pure water at 4o C 1, 000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml

Density of sea water (approx.) 1, 025 kg/m3 = 1.025 g/cm3 = 1.025 g/ml
Density of ice 917 kg/m3 = 0.917 g/cm3 = 0.917 g/ml
Density of copper (20o C) 8960 kg/m3 = 8.96 g/cm3 = 8.96 g/ml
Density of aluminium (20o C) 2700 kg/m3 = 2.70 g/cm3 = 2.70 g/ml
Latent heat of fusion of water lf 333.7 kJ/kg
Latent heat of vaporization of water lv 2256 kJ/kg
Specific heat capacity of water 4.186 kJ/(kg · K)
Specific heat capacity of ice 2.093 kJ/(kg · K)
Specific heat capacity of aluminium 900 J/kg · K
Speed of sound in air at STP 343 m/s
Refractive index of pure water 1.33
Refractive index of glass (typical) 1.50
o
Resistivity of copper (20 C) 1.68 × 10−8 Ω · m = 16.8 nΩ · m
Electrical conductivity of copper (20o C) 5.96 × 107 S/m = 5.96 × 107 (Ω · m)−1
Resistivity of aluminium (20o C) 2.82 × 10−8 Ω · m = 28.2 nΩ · m
Electrical conductivity of aluminium (20o C) 3.55 × 107 S/m = (Ω · m)−1

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Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Derived units (table 4)

Quantity Symbol SI Unit SI Unit Name Elementary Units

Mass m kg kilogram kg
Length l m meter m
Time t s second s
Charge Q C Coulomb As
Force F N Newton kg ms−2
Energy E, K, U, W J Joule kg m2 s−2
Power P W = Js−1 Watt kg m2 s−3
Potential Difference V V = J/C Volt kg m2 s−3 A−1
Capacitance C F = C/V Farad kg−1 m−2 s4 A2
Current I A Amp A
Resistance R Ω = V/A Ohm kg m2 /A2 s3
Conductance G S = Ω−1 Siemens kg−1 m−2 s3 A2
Electric field ~
E NC−1 = Vm−1 kg ms−3 A−1
Magnetic Field ~
B T Tesla kg s−2 A−1
Electric Flux ΦE NC−1 m2 = Vm kg m3 s−3 A−1
Magnetic Flux ΦB Wb = Tm2 = Vs Weber kg m2 s−2 A−1
Inductance L H = Vs/A Henry kg m2 s−2 A−2

version: Friday 22nd September, 2017 14:24 Page 10 SFSU Department of Physics
Formula Sheet: Physics 230 A. Carmichael

Symbols used in mechanics, fluids and solids: Symbols for E&M:

A Amplitude for SHM A Area (of loop)
A, A1 , A2 Cross sectional area of pipe a Charge separation (in electric dipole)
a Acceleration B Magnetic field
at Tangential component of acceleration C Capacitance
ar Radial component of acceleration c Speed of light
e Coefficient of resitution E Electric field
E Total energy I Electric current or field intensity
F , Fav Force, average force Imax Maximum current
f Frequency (rev/second or cycles/second) Irms Root mean square current
f Friction (force) I0 Current at time t = 0
G Universal gravitation constant k = 1/4πε0 Coulomb’s constant
g Gravitational field strength L Inductance
h depth or height l Length
I Moment of inertia m Magnetic dipole moment
J~ Impulse N Number (of turns)
K Kinetic energy n number density (n = N/l)
Kr Rotational kinetic energy n index of refraction
k Spring constant P Power
k wavenumber 2π/λ p Electric dipole moment, momentum
~
L Angular momentum Q, q Electric charge
l Length R Resistance
M, m Mass U Potential energy
n Normal force U Energy of EM wave or field
P Power V Electric potential or potential difference
Pav Average power Vmax Maximum voltage
p Momentum Vrms Root mean square voltage
r radius V0 Voltage at time t = 0
s Displacement Z Impedance
T Time period/ time of flight ρ Resistivity
T tension σ Conductivity or charge density
U Potential energy ε0 Permittivity of free space
u velocity at time t = 0 E EMF (voltage), battery voltage for DC
v velocity at time t ω Angular frequency
W Work
Wc Work done by a con. force(s)
Wnc Work done by non-con. force(s)
Wnet Work done by net force
Y Young’s modulus
α Angular acceleration (rad/s2 )
∆ change in...
µk Coefficient of kinetic friction
µs Coefficient of static friction
ω Angular speed at time t (rad/s)
ω0 Angular speed at time t = 0 (rad/s)
∆θ angular displacement ∆θ = θ − θ0
θ0 Angular position at time t = 0
Γ Torque
ρ density (mass/volume)

Andrew Carmichael
California Polytechnic University
San Luis Obispo
Friday 22nd September, 2017
Updates on my profile at:
https://www.academia.edu
https://SFSU.academia.edu/AndrewCarmichael

version: Friday 22nd September, 2017 14:24 Page 11 SFSU Department of Physics
 The periodic table
www.webelements.com
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Hydrogen Helium
Formula Sheet: Physics 230

1 2

H He
1.008 Key: 4.0026
Lithium Beryllium Element Name Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 Atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li
6.94
Be
9.0122
Symbol
Atomic weight (mean relative mass)
B
10.81
C
12.011
N
14.007
O
15.999
F
18.998
Ne
20.180

version: Friday 22nd September, 2017 14:24

Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg
22.990 24.305
Al
26.982
Si
28.085
P
30.974
S
32.06
Cl
35.45
Ar
39.948
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

K
39.098
Ca
40.078(4)
Sc
44.956
Ti
47.867
V
50.942
Cr Mn Fe
51.996 54.938 55.845(2)
Co
58.933
Ni
58.693
Cu Zn Ga Ge
63.546(3) 65.38(2) 69.723 72.63
As
74.922
Se
78.96(3)
Br
79.904
Kr
83.798(2)
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224(2) 92.906(2) 95.96(2) [97.91] 101.07(2) 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60(3) 126.90 131.29

Page 12
Caesium Barium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57-70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba * Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 174.97 178.49(2) 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23(2) 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 [208.98] [209.99] [222.02]
Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
87 88 89-102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

[223.02] [226.03] [262.11] [265.12] [268.13] [271.13] [270] [277.15] [276.15] [281.16] [280.16] [285.17] [284.18] [289.19] [288.19] [293] [294] [294]

Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
*lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 [144.91] 150.36(2) 151.96 157.25(3) 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
**actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
[227.03] 232.04 231.04 238.03 [237.05] [244.06] [243.06] [247.07] [247.07] [251.08] [252.08] [257.10] [258.10] [259.10]

Symbols and names: the symbols and names of the elements, and their spellings are those recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC - http://www.iupac.org/). Names have yet to be proposed for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 and so those used
here are IUPAC’s temporary systematic names. In some countries, the spellings aluminum, cesium, and sulphur are usual.
Group labels: the numeric system (1–18) used here is the current IUPAC convention.
Atomic weights (mean relative masses): these are the IUPAC 2009 values and given to 5 significant figures. The last significant figure of each value is considered reliable to ±1 except where a larger uncertainty is given in parentheses. Representative values for those elements having an
atomic weight interval are given (H, Li, B, C, N, O, Si, S, Cl, Tl). Elements for which the atomic weight is given within [brackets] have no stable nuclides and are represented by the element’s longest lived isotope reported in the IUPAC 2009 values.
©2012 Dr Mark J Winter [WebElements Ltd and University of Sheffield]. All rights reserved. For updates to this table see http://www.webelements.com/nexus/Printable_Periodic_Table (Version date: 7 June 2012).

SFSU Department of Physics

A. Carmichael