HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ECG344
OPEN-ENDED LAB
SEPT 2019 – JAN 2020

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : SAND PATCH METHOD

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 26th NOVEMBER 2019

GROUP : 5C

GROUP MEMBERS 1. ADAM AFIQ BIN AHMAD FATHUL JOHARI (2017207734)

2. NOR ARIF BIN SAHARUDDIN (2017253166)

3. MOHD ANIES NAJMUDDIN BIN MOHAMMAD (2017226636)

LECTURER : NURUL NAJIHAH BINTI MAD ROSNI

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 2

ELEMENT COPO MARKS COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION CO3 PO10

CO3 PO10
BASIC CONCEPTS

METHODOLOGY CO3 PO10 2 4 6 8 10

RESULTS CO3 PO10 2 4 6 8 10

DISCUSSION CO3 PO10 2 4 6 8 10

CONCLUSION CO3 PO10 2 4 6 8 10

ORGANIZATION CO3 PO10 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS

Introduction

The skidding resistance is the measure of the friction generated between a

pavement surface and vehicle tire. Skidding occurs when the available friction is not
enough to react to the forces imposed by a moving vehicle. The available friction
depends upon the microtexture and macrotexture of the road surface, the properties of
the tire, vehicle speed and weather conditions. The frictional properties of wearing
course of a pavement, is a function of the resistance to skidding which relies on
pavement surface texture of exposed aggregate. The movement of vehicle at a high
speed removes bulk of water from tire and stone interfere there by maintaining grip
contact on the road surface. This is achieved by the macrotexture of aggregate
particles on the road surface.
In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the apparatus and
appropriate methods to carry out the skid resistance for the surface pavement. The
slipperiness of surface pavement can be measured either in terms of the friction
between a freely-spinning wheel and the pavement surface. One of the requirements
of surface pavement is skid resistance. With skid resistance it allow better grip
between tires and road surface. Most road surface has adequate skid resistance on dry
condition compared during the wet condition. The presence of water between tires
and road surface reduce the contact area which is needed to create the grip of vehicle
tires.

Objectives
To determine the skid resistance value of the road pavement surface dry and wet.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
1. Identify the correct apparatus to carry out the skid resistance test thus determine
the skid resistance value of the road pavement surface.
2. Analyze the collected data correctly and present in proper technical format.
3. Work in a group to undertake the task and produce the technical report.

Theoretical Background

One of the factors that contribute to accident on the road is the road surface condition.
Macro and micro texture of the road surface affect the condition of the road surface.
Skid resistance of the pavement is monitored using portable skid resistance tester. The
instrument give a direct reading, gives a measure of the friction between skidding tire
and the pavement surface in low speed situation (<50km/h). It provides the highway
engineer with the practical means of obtaining reliable scientific evidence on which to
take appropriate measures to reduce skidding.

Problem statement

Skid resistance is an important pavement evaluation parameter because,

inadequate skid resistance will lead to higher incidences of skid related accidents.
Previous studies on road safety indicate that the skid resistance of wet pavements
have a major influence on the occurrences of accidents where that approximately 20%
of road accidents occurred during wet weather. The presence of water between the tire
and road surface reduces the contact area which are needed to create the 'grip'.

For new road surface, it is recommended that skid resistance test for compliance
checking should be carried out before opening to traffic. Your team has been
appointed to conduct road assessment in order to determine skid resistance at that
particular new road section in kampus Samarahan 2. The testing procedure should be
performed on the smooth & dry, rough & wet and rough & dry pavement surfaces.

Apparatus
1. The British pendulum tester.
2. Water
3. Brush

Procedures

1. The spot of the roads to be test was selected. Make sure the road is dry and free
from loose materials.
2. The spot of the road was cleaned using brush before the skid resistance tester was
setup so that the center column is vertical (this is done by adjusting the three
leveling screws at the base).
3. The height of the pivot was adjusted so that the arms swings freely through its arc
without touching the road surface (check that it swings right through to the zero
on the scale).
4. The pivot height was lowered so that the friction foot is in contact with the road
surface over the precise distance (150mm) as shown by the gauge (scale rule)
which is placed alongside.
5. The pendulum arm was raised up to the starting position and engage the retaining
catch.
6. The maximum swing indicator was checked and set to vertical position.
7. The pendulum arm was released.
8. After it has swing through, catch the arm to prevent a back swing which could
disturb the apparatus reading.
9. The reading on the scale was taken as dry skid.
10. The test was repeated to obtain three readings and get the average value.
11. Road surface was poured by water to wet surface of the test is to be taken.
12. Step 5 to step 9 was repeated to get value wet surface skid.
13. Repeat step 1 to step 12 with three different locations of the different surfaces.
14. The data was calculated and tabulated.

DATA AND ANALYSIS

POINT TEMPERATURE CORRECTION SKID RESISTANCE AVERAGE AVERAGE REMARK

OF WATER FACTOR VALUE VALUE MEAN (AVG
VALUE +
1 2 3 CORRECTION
FACTOR)

A 27 1.7 74 60 70 68.00 69.70 Wet

0 0 88 86 84 86.00 86.00 Dry

B 27 1.7 50 54 52 52.00 53.79 Wet

0 0 97 94 90 93.67 93.67 Dry

C 27 1.7 44 48 40 44.00 102.7 Wet

 0 0 84 88 86 86.00 86.00 Dry

Discussion

From the experiment we conducted, we gained the average skid resistance value
for three different locations of different types of surface pavement roads. Average
skid resistance value for dry surface are 86, 93 and 86. Average skid resistance value
for wet surface are 69, 53 and 44 respectively.

Based on the JKR specifications, only fine surface can be classified as asphaltic
concrete value. The skid resistance value of others surface are higher than the JKR
specifications. Thus, it has a great grip between tyres and road surfaces and this can
reduce the road accidents due to skidding.

The data that we obtained is acceptable with the suggestion of skid resistance value
for dry and wet. It has to be free of accident and provide a smooth and safe riding
surface. A road can only be good if it can provide safety, convenience and economic
services to the users.

Skid resistance properties can be affected by several factors such as road surface
texture, types of aggregate and size, surface roughness, road surface defects and type
of road structure. However, the skid resistance of a road surface could be enhance
through, overlying the existing surface making sure that there are limited cracks to
avoid premature failure or waste. The surface could be improved by retexturing using
pressured water jets or sand blasting. Other process includes grooving the surface, use
of slurry scale or micro surfacing.

Conclusion

To conclude this experiment, we have determined the resistance skid value of the
road pavement surface. For average dry skid resistance value at fine surface, medium
surface and coarse surface are 86, 93 and 86. Wet average skid resistance value at fine
surface, medium surface,and course surface are 53,69 and 102. Thus, the road surface
is safe as the tyres has large contact area with road surface and have better grip.