Type of Road Testing

TYPE OF ROAD TESTING
Skid Resistance test
Skid resistance is the force developed when a tire that is prevented from rotating slides
along the pavement surface (Highway Research Board, 1972). Skid resistance is an
important pavement evaluation parameter because:
Inadequate skid resistance will lead to higher incidences of skid related
accidents.
Most agencies have an obligation to provide users with a roadway that is
reasonably safe.
Skid resistance measurements can be used to evaluate various types of
materials and construction practices.
Skid resistance depends on a pavement surfaces microtexture and macrotexture
(Corley-Lay, 1998). Microtexture refers to the small-scale texture of the pavement
aggregate component (which controls contact between the tire rubber and the pavement
surface) while macrotexture refers to the large-scale texture of the pavement as a whole
due to the aggregate particle arrangement (which controls the escape of water from
under the tire and hence the loss of skid resistance with increased speed) (AASHTO,
1976). Skid resistance changes over time. Typically it increases in the first two years
following construction as the roadway is worn away by traffic and rough aggregate
surfaces become exposed, then decreases over the remaining pavement life as
aggregates become more polished. Skid resistance is also typically higher in the fall and
winter and lower in the spring and summer. This seasonal variation is quite significant
and can severely skew skid resistance data if not compensated for (Jayawickrama and
Thomas, 1998). The example of the report of the test as in the appendix.
JKR Standard Road Testing
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is used for JKR road testing. For every layer it has its
own requirement. Firstly subgrade test, minimum soaked laboratory California Bearing
Ratio (CBR) as shown on the Drawing when compacted to 95% of the maximum dry
density determined in the BS 1377 Compaction Test (4.5 kg Rammer Method). In the
event CBR value not mentioned on the Drawing, a minimum CBR value of 5% shall be
adopted. Next, the CBR of the sub-base shall not be less than 30% or as shown on the
Drawings when compacted to 95% of the maximum dry density determined in the B.S.
1377 Compaction Test (4.5 kg rammer method) and soaked for 4 days under a
surcharge of 4.5 kg. This shall involve carrying out a series of CBR tests at various dry
densities, using the field moisture content.

DIFFERENCES JKR STANDARD TEST AND SKID RESISTANCE TESTING
In California Bearing Ratio (CBR) each layer has its own criteria to pass the test.
While for Skid resistance testing, Used for the measurement of surface friction
properties, the apparatus is suitable for both side and laboratory applications and for
Polished Stone Value (PSV) using curved specimens from accelerated polishing test
with the Accelerated Polishing machine conforming to EN 1097-8. It can also be used for
testing Paving Stones and Paving Blocks. The apparatus, originally developed at the
Transport and Research Laboratory, U.K., consists of an adjustable pendulum arm, and
a spring loaded rubber slider mounted on the end of the arm. During operation the
pendulum is raised and then allowed to swing freely, allowing the edge of the rubber
slider to skid across the surface of the road or sample.
REFERENCES
National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 14: Skid Resistance. Highway
Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Friction and Surface Texture Characterization of 14 Pavement Test Sections in Greenville, North
Carolina. Transportation Research Record 1639. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
Washington, D.C. pp. 155-161.
Task Force for Pavement Design of the AASHTO Operating Subcommittee on Design
(AASHTO). (1976). Guidelines for Skid Resistant Pavement Design. American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials. Washington, D.C.
Correction of Field Skid Measurements for Seasonal Variations in Texas. Transportation Research Record
1639. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. pp. 147-154.
APPENDIX

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Type of Road Testing

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TYPE OF ROAD TESTING

Skid Resistance test

important pavement evaluation parameter because:

Inadequate skid resistance will lead to higher incidences of skid related

Most agencies have an obligation to provide users with a roadway that is

Skid resistance measurements can be used to evaluate various types of

materials and construction practices.

Skid resistance depends on a pavement surfaces microtexture and macrotexture

(Corley-Lay, 1998). Microtexture refers to the small-scale texture of the pavement

densities, using the field moisture content.

slider to skid across the surface of the road or sample.

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