Graphene Oxide

INTRODUCTION
Early in 1859, Brodie reported synthesis technique of graphite oxide during investigating
the structure of graphite. Similar to graphene which is a monolayer of graphite, GO can also
considered as a monolayer of graphite oxide. Graphene oxide is a single layered material as
shown in Fig 1, which is made from oxidize graphite is available in large amount. Now
Graphene oxide has achieved more focus cause of it is easy functionalization.
It is makes promising nanomaterial for bio application. In industry’s graphene oxide is
made because we can widely use the application of graphene oxide like as solar cell, hydrogen
storage, transparent conductive films, polymer composite, paper like materials, biomedicine,
fabricating Nano electronic device, energy storage devices, biosensors, catalysis and transparent
electrodes. It has huge attention because of activities of graphene oxide. Graphene oxide is well
in structural, thermal, electrical and plane material properties. These properties are interesting for
engineering application. Graphene oxide is synthesized by the method of heat treatment in
hydrogen and this thermal method is done at different temperature.
There are three major methods of synthesis of graphene oxide, Brodie, Staudenmaier,
and Hummers. However, the Brodie and Staudenmaier methods both generate ClO2 gas, which
is very toxic and explosions, this drawback has been eliminated by the Hummers method; in this
method graphene oxide is made by the mixture of graphite and concentrated acid.
Graphene oxide can be synthesized by Graphite. Namely there are three types of graphite;
first one is crystalline flake (flake graphite), second one is lump graphite (vein graphite), and the
last one is amorphous graphite and these are different in their structure and morphology.
Graphene oxide is produced from hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups and these groups are put is
different ways as hydroxyl and epoxide groups are puts in top and each sheet of the bottom and
also the carbonyl functional groups and carboxyl functional groups are put in sp2 hybridized
carbons. The fictitious prose of nanomaterial have more potential in their applications like as
electrochemical devices, energy storage, adsorption of enzyme, cell imaging and drug delivery.
METHOD
Hummer’s Method:
Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized according to hummers method by using graphite
powder, sodium nitrate, sulfuric acid (70%), potassium permanganate (99%),. KMNO4 (9g) was
added at different proportions to a cooled (0oC) then the solution of concentrated H2SO4 (69ml)
containing graphite (3g). Now the mixture was stirred at room temperature for nearly 5days and
then distilled water was added slowly to the reaction mixture while doing this the temperature is
kept below the 98 degree Celsius for 3hrs. After that the resultant yellow suspension was diluted
and solution of H2O2 was added drop wise. Now the obtained reaction mixture was washed to
remove the remaining salt. Then the wet graphene oxide was dried by vacuum drying (50 degree
Celsius). For the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, graphite oxide (75mg) was dispersed in
water (50ml). Now under the constant string the mixture obtained is kept under 80 degree
Celsius for 1 hour then the dispersion turned from dark brown to black along with gassing. The
obtained mixture is stirred for 15 minutes and washed 3-4 times with distilled water to remove
all the impurities. Thus finally results the synthesis of graphite oxide nanoparticle.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the simplified Hummers’ method, this technique had utilized the bottom-up approach
with the readily synthesized graphene oxidized from a strong acid reaction. Once the mechanical
exfoliation of the graphene had been completed by way of sonication, the strong acid would then
inflict damages on the surface by breaking the graphitic structure of the graphene with its heat
reaction halted by the H2O2. As for the common Hummer’s method the KMnO4 was used as a
strong oxidation agent to supply the oxygen element. As seen from the above, the simplified
method had used the oxygen from the environment in halting the reaction process and the use of
the H2O2. As a result, the minute oxidation that was formed on the graphene surface from the
carbonyl formation of the KMnO4 was found to have experienced a gradual cessation because of
the titrated H2O2.

DOCUMENTATION
Figure 1.1 Preparation and stirring of Graphene oxide solution in Ice bath for 3 hours
Figure 1.2 Dispersing
of 75 mL of water in
Graphene oxide
solution
Figure 1.3 Final result of Graphene oxide
REFERENCES
Patel, Arunendra & Jain, Nidhi & Patel, Pooja & Bajapi, Rakesh. (2016). Synthesis and
Application of Graphene Oxide (GO): A Review. International Journal for Scientific Research &
Development|. 4. 2321-613.
Foo, Kai Loong & Hashim, U. & Tan, S.J. & Liu, Wei Wen & Voon, C.. (2017). Synthesis of
Graphene Oxide using Modified Hummers Method: Solvent Influence. Procedia Engineering.
184. 469-477. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.118.
Jianguo Song, Xinzhi Wang, and Chang-Tang Chang, Preparation and Characterization of
Graphene Oxide, Journal of Nanomaterials, Volume 2014, Article ID 276143.
S. V. Tkachev, E. Yu. Buslaeva, A. V. Naumkin, S. L. Kotova, I. V. Laure, and S. P. Gubin,
Reduced Graphene Oxide, Inorganic Materials, 2012, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 796–802.
Xiguang Gao, Synthesis, Characterization, Chemical Reduction and Biological Application of
Graphene Oxide, Master of Science thesis in Chemistry – Nanotechnology Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada, 2013.

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INTRODUCTION

considered as a monolayer of graphite oxide. Graphene oxide is a single layered material as

Graphene oxide has achieved more focus cause of it is easy functionalization.

It is makes promising nanomaterial for bio application. In industry’s graphene oxide is

engineering application. Graphene oxide is synthesized by the method of heat treatment in

hydrogen and this thermal method is done at different temperature.

the titrated H2O2.

184. 469-477. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.118.

Graphene Oxide, Journal of Nanomaterials, Volume 2014, Article ID 276143.

S. V. Tkachev, E. Yu. Buslaeva, A. V. Naumkin, S. L. Kotova, I. V. Laure, and S. P. Gubin,

Xiguang Gao, Synthesis, Characterization, Chemical Reduction and Biological Application of

Graphene Oxide, Master of Science thesis in Chemistry – Nanotechnology Waterloo, Ontario,

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