Arthropods As Direct Cause of Injury
Arthropods As Direct Cause of Injury
Arthropods As Direct Cause of Injury
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ARTHROPODS AS DIRECT
CAUSE OF INJURY
D. Order Chilopoda F. Order Araneida (Spiders)
Centipedes − Body is divided into a cephalothorax and abdomen joined
− terrestrial arthropods, dorsoventrally flattened with 1 by a slender waist– pedicel or stalk
pair of leg per body segment − Cephalothorax has 8 simple eyes and 6 pairs appendages
− Head bears pair of antennae, mandibles and 2 pairs − 1st pair of appendages –Chelicerae or fangs, clawlike,
maxillae used to capture prey
− First body segment bears a pair of modified legs found − 2nd pair of appendages – pair of 6 segmented palpi or
just ventral and lateral to the mouth pedipalps, found infront of the legs, mistaken for legs
− Modified legs form claws, the terminal joints are curved, − Other 4 pairs of appendages – walking legs
sharply pointed, horn‐like fangs that connect to the − Chelicerae – segmented appendages with hollowed tips,
venom glands through which venom is injected from the modified
− Can grow up to 25cm in length, considered venomous salivary or poison glands
− Small types about 2 to 5 cm long, harmless – do not have − Spinning organs – located near the back of the abdomen
well developed fangs for biting and on the underside
− The amount of venom introduced depends on the size of − Spinnerets ‐6, used for spinning the web
the Centipede − Nocturnal
− Bite characterized by local pain at the site of puncture, − Prefer quiet, cool shelters and dimly lit areas
hardening of the skin, formation of papules, rash, − Dangerous species – Latrodectus (Black widow or
swelling and purple patches katipo); Loxosceles (Brown widow/recluse spider)
− Signs or symptoms subside within 24 if uninfected − Female destroy or kill the males after mating
− Pineda (1934), death due to Centipede bite in the
Philippines; pain, numbness of affected area, minute 1. Latrodectus
reddish punctured wound − Deep black
Things to consider: − Red markings (hourglass)
1. Proximity of bite to the brain where marked congestion − Approximately 1.2 to 5.1 cm in size
was observed indicating the concentration effect of the − Bite is often inconspicuous; Slight local swelling and
poison 2 tiny red spots; local redness usually evident at the
2. Thinness of the skin in the region of the bite, which point of attack.
allowed the deep injection of large amount of poison and − Few minutes after bite, latrodectism develops
its rapid absorption − Latrodectism – severe pain which spreads
throughout the extremities and the trunk; within few
E. Order Scorpionida (Scorpions) hours, chills, vomiting, cramps, delirium and spasms
− Body is divided into a cephalothorax and abdomen occur
− Cephalothorax is unsegmented and covered by a dorsal − Severe abdominal pain mistaken for appendicitis,
plate – carapace (contains 2 to 12 eyes) colic or food poisoning
− Abdomen is segmented with the terminal five segments − Grace and DaOgo (1987) – reported a case of bite by
ending in a bulbous sac and a conspicuous stinger gagambang gubat; patient exhibited leg muscle
− The sac contains 2 poison glands that are connected to contraction, high fever, hemoglobinuria and jaundice
the terminal stinger by ducts − Venom apparatus consists of 2 glands, located on the
− No antenna cephalothorax connected byducts to 2 curved fangs,
− Bodies and legs are covered with sensory hairs located on the distal segments of the chelicerae
− Nocturnal creatures (obtain food ‐ insects and other − Venom is a complex protein with neurotoxic
arachnids) lopoprotein fraction.
− Hidden under stones, logs, piles of lumber, closets, shoes,
folded blankets, folded papers and other debris (day) 2. Loxosceles
− Rarely sting humans − 3 pairs of eyes arranged in semi‐circle fashion on the
− Dangerous – produce hemolytic and neurotoxic venom forepart of the head and dark violin shaped marking
− Hemolytic venom – painful swelling at the site of sting, immediately behind the simple eyes
diminishes within 30 min. − Most commonly found inside houses
− Neurotoxic venom – numbness at the sting site, profuse − Loxoscelism – caused by bite, initial thick wheal may
sweating, salivation, nausea and paresthesia of the become necrotic
tongue − Barrion (1987) reported 2 cases of loxoscelism; 2 boys
− Drowsiness may follow the immediate sharp pain bitten on their hands while climbing a mango tree;
− Survival is probable if patient is alive for 3 hours localized swelling at the bite sites, high fever and
contraction of leg muscles then necrosis and gangrene.
− Venom contain spreading factor (necrotic effect)
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ARTHROPODS AS DIRECT
CAUSE OF INJURY
ECTOPARASITISM AND LESIONS DUE TO ARTHROPOD BITES:
A. Order Diptera ( Class Insecta : Mosquitoes and Flies)
− Single pair of wings
− 2nd pair reduced to small knob‐like structures (halteres);
used during flight as balancer
1. Suborder Nematocera ( Mosquitoes, Blackflies, Midges and
Sandflies)
− Possess pair of threadlike antennae of similar segments - Reaction to bites are associated with the trauma
− About 11 to 15 segments for the long type of antennae produced by the mechanical insertion of the proboscis by
− Antennae are longer than the head and thorax combined the mosquito
− The mouthparts are adapted for sucking blood - Initial cutaneous reaction is due to the sensitizing effect
of the saliva
a. Family Culicidae (Mosquitoes) b. Family Simulidae (Simulium or Black flies)
− Only females bite − Humpback dipterans
− Both sexes feed on nectar and juices − 1.5 to 4 mm long
− Male – hairy or plumose antennae − Black or gray
− Female – pin nose antennae with less hair − Short legs and antennae
− Have scaly wings; 3rd vein is simple;2nd and 4th veins are − Short and inconspicuous mouthparts
branched − Only females bite
− Mouthparts – piercing‐sucking type − Stay near vegetation
− 4‐6 mm long (2‐10 mm) − Intermediate stages breed in fast flowing streams
− Females – abdominal segment terminates in a smal pair − Lesions – localized swelling and inflammation with
of cerci intense irritation for several weeks
− Males – pair of claspers
2 major division: c. Family Ceratopogonidae ( Leptoconops, Culicoides,
a. Anophelinae ‐ Anopheles Midges , Nik nik)
b. Culicinae – Aedex, Culex, Mansonia and Armigeres − 1.5 to 5 mm long
Mechanism of bite reaction: − Long antennae
− Some species bite during the day, night, dusk or dawn − Wings are spotted and covered with hairsshort and
− Inflicted on exposed body surface inconspicuous mouthparts
− Reaction may be immediate, delayed or both − Males do not take blood meals
− Females stay in around vegetation, cow sheds, muddy
3 general types of reactions debris and shaded trees
1. Hemorrhagic macule − Eggs are laid on the surface of mud, wet soil, cow dung
− Punctum seen at the site of bite and other habitats that are moist or partially submerged
− May develop without symptoms of irritation in water
− Become darker and eventually disappear − Midges usually swarm over the head, biting the face,
neck and exposed body parts
− Lesions – multiple vesicles with intense itching
d. Family Psychodidae (Phlebotomus, sandfly, mothfly)
− 2‐5 mm long
2. Delayed reaction papule − Body and wings entirely covered with hairs
− Observed from few hours up to 2 weeks after the bite − Looks like small moths
− Swelling with intense irritation − Wings are lanceolate with simple venation
− Antennae have 12 to 16 segments
− Long and slender legs
− Short and inconspicuous mouthparts
− Only females bite at night
− Usually attack the face and neck producing vesicles or
wheals
− Intense itching, pain, heat and swelling; blue scar
3. Immediate reactions wheal − Eggs require moist environment with high humidity
− appear within few minutes of bite, less than an hour (holes on the ground and leaf litters)
− cause moderate irritation
2. Suborder Brachycera ( horseflies and deerflies)
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ARTHROPODS AS DIRECT
CAUSE OF INJURY
− Antennae shorter than combined head and thorax Severe infestation may result in the hair
− Composed of 3 segments 3rd segment is enlarged and becoming matted with eggs
bears a terminal bristle (style) Itching – predominant symptom, due to
− Cutting‐sponging type of mouthparts injection of saliva and reaction to lice feces
2. Genital louse ( Phthirus pubis, pubic/crab louse)
a. Family Tabanidae (Tabanus and Chrysops) Crab‐like body
− 5 to 25 mm 1.5 to 2 mm
− Tabanus (horsefly) – black with whitish markings on the Middle and hind legs stouter than the first pair
thorax and abdomen, with clear wings More common in adult
− Chrysops (deerfly) – smaller with rounded head, with Transmission usually results from intimate contact
brown coloration in the middle part of ita wings Pubic hairs, axillary hair, eyebrows or lashes
− Males do not bite Concomitantly infected with STD ( gonorrhea)
− Eggs are deposited on the underside of leaves, twigs, Intense pruritus
stems, stones and rocks overhanging or adjacent to their
larval habitat, moist environment Lice of domestic animals and do not attack or infest humans
− Mostly are aquatic or semi aquatic Haematopinus – hog louse
− Inflict very painful bites Trichodectes canis – dog biting louse
− Erythema and swelling Linognathus – cattle louse
− Attacks are usually persistent, producing multiple painful Menopon – chicken louse
non pruritic lesions on exposed areas Columbicola – pigeon louse
− All have similar life histories
3. Suborder Cyclorappha/Orthorappha (houseflies, Stomoxys, − Adult lays eggs (nits)
biting housefly and other biting flies) − Nits – white or gray bodies which are glued to the
− Antennae with 3 segments hair by the head or by gonopod (pubic lice)
− 3rd segment is enlarged and carries a conspicuous bristle − Young resemble adults except in size
(arista) − 1 week to complete development
− Sponging and piercing type of mouthparts
− Resemble housefly (Musca) – piercing sucking type of C. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)
mouthparts − Wingless insects
− Has 4 brown‐black longitudinal bands on its thorax and − Less than 4 mm, usually 1.4 to 2 mm length
its antennae are of the aristate type − Body is laterally compressed and covered with spines
− Breeds in moist, rotting and fermenting vegetable matter − Short antennae, 3 segmented, club shaped and
such as grass, hay or horse manure embedded in a deep groove
− Both male and female suck blood − Legs are adapted for jumping (jump as far as 28 cm
− Active at day time and bite outdoors vertically or 32 cm horizontal
− Inflict very painful bite − Both sexes feed on blood
− Piercing‐sucking mouthparts
B. Order Anoplura (sucking lice) Ctenophalides canis (dog flea)
− Wingless permanent ectoparasites Ctenophalides felis (cat flea)
− 1.5 to 3 mm in length Pulex irritans (human flea)
− Body is dorsoventrally flattened, gray in color Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea)
− Host specific − Female fleas after blood meal, lay their eggs on the
− Pediculidae – head and genital lice, mouthparts for fur of the host, in dust, on debris, in floor cracks and
piercing‐sucking under rugs and carpets
1. Head louse ( Pediculus humanus capitis) − Larvae feed on organic debris
Male – 2 to 3 mm long − Pupae emerge after 10 to 12 days
Female – 3 to 4 mm long − Any change in humidity, temperature or vibration
Head is small compared to body size stimulates the pupae to escape from their cocoons
Narrow and pointed in front, has antennae with and emerge as adult
4 to 5 segments − As fleas suck blood, inject saliva to prevent the host’s
Legs are of the clinging type and are of equal blood from clotting
size − Bite – small punctures, zigzag lesion
Found on the scalp − Confirmed by previous exposure to animal host
Head lice infestation very common in the
Philippines
Children most commonly affected
Associated with warm weather
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ARTHROPODS AS DIRECT
CAUSE OF INJURY
D. Order Hemiptera (Bed bugs) − Chronic cases: skin becomes eczematoid
− Cimex hemipterus – common in tropical climates
− Inflict very irritating and itchy bite c. Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis
− Multiple bite lesion with erythematous wheals of uniform − Face – D. folliculorum
size with red punctate centers that persist for many days − Face and trunk _ D. brevis
− Cimicosis – skin condition caused by a Cimex bite − Cause follicle mite infestation
− Nocturnal feeders − Found in hair follicles and sebaceous secretions of
− Uses its beak like proboscis to pierce or puncture the skin humans
of host − Associated with black heads
− Swelling and irritation − Erythematous follicular eruption in beard of males
− Saliva injected – 0.16uL (contains anticoagulant) Dermanyssus (red poultry mite)
− Attack humans
E. Order Acarina (Mites and Ticks) − Common parasite of wild bird
− Round or oval − Feeds on blood
− Dorsoventrally depressed forms with head, thorax and − Irritation and discomfort
abdomen fused together (no visible segmentation) Prnithonyssus (tropical rat mite)
1. Mites − Attacks people living in rat infested buildings (dorm,
a. Chigger infestation resto, warehouse and granaries)
− Caused by the larval stage of Leptotrombidium species − Irritating and painful bite
− Larva feed on host’s epidermal cells Pyemotes (grain itch mite)
− Occur when one walks through long grass, or when one − People handling infested grain, cotton and hay develop
sits or lies on infested ground dermatitis
− Intense pruritus and severe reactions occur Acarus (cheese mite), Glycyphagus, Tyrophagus
− Attaches itself using large, segmented palps and blade − Stored product mite cause dermatitis in humans (Miller’s,
like chelicerae Grocer’s, Copra’s or Worker’s rash)
− It secretes powerful digestive enzymes which liquefy − Precipitates asthmatic attacks
epidermal cells and resultant fluid serves as its main diet 2. Ticks
− Itching begins few hours after attaching to the skin, 2 types of bites
wheal formation a. Soft or Argasid
− Heavy infestation – inability to sleep (intense pruritus) b. Hard or Ixodid – more frequent, difficult to remove
− Pruritus gradually decreases and resolves after 5 to 14 − Pass through egg, larval, nymphal and adult stages over
days months and years
− Usually attacks the legs or attaches to the skin in areas − Eggs laid on the ground in batches of 100 to 18000
where skin meets clothing (edges of bra, waistband of − Larvae emerge and climb up any available object in order
underwear and tops of socks to reach passing host
− Diagnosis: history of previous outdoor exposure and − Females take prolonged blood meal (8 to 10 days)
typical skin lesions − Tick paralysis – acute CNS disorder; caused by neurotoxin
secreted by salivary gland of ticks during prolonged
b. Scabies feeding
− “galis aso”
− Sarcoptes scabiei INHALANT ALLERGENS:
− Contagious skin infection − Decomposed and pulverized arthropods, cast skin, scales,
− All age group hairs, spines, cocoons and webs
− Common in crowded dwellings − House dust mites (Dermatophagoides)
− MOT : direct contact − Winged insects such as mayflies, caddis flies, moths and
− Burrow in human skin butterflies and aphids – most common arthropods
− Intense pruritus at night inducing respiratory allergies
− Favors places in the body where the skin is wrinkled (
wrist, elbows, feet, penis, scrotum, breast, axillae and in INGESTANTS:
between fingers − Feces of cockroaches and vomitus of non‐biting flies
− Digs and eats its way through the surface of stratum − Highly contaminated with microorganisms pathogenic to
corneum humans
− It buries itself , excavates and creates a tunnel then feeds − Associated with diarrheal diseases
on liquid oozing from dermal cells − Found in various parts of the body (alimentary and GUT)
− Lay about 4 to 6 eggs and defecates when feeding − Enteritis, nocturnal enuresis and hematuria
− Definitive diagnosis: demonstration of female mite − Most common mites present on food – Tyrophagus,
− P.E.: mite burrows Acarus, Glycyphagus
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ARTHROPODS AS DIRECT
CAUSE OF INJURY
FOOD AND WATER PESTS: Identifying characteristics of some myiasis producing larva
− Contamination may be incurred in any 6 stages 1. Musca spiracles posterior; D shaped
1. Storage with spiral slits
2. Transport 2. Chrysomya bands of spines (body)
3. Preparation 3. Stomoxys posterior spiracles; spiral slit;
4. Processing 4. Lucilia and Phaenicia posterior spiracles; lower
5. Packaging spiracular slits oriented upward
6. Serving not horizontal
5. Sarcophaga posterior spiracles; lie in a deep
Arthropods Food products/water slit, slits not pointing towards
sources/places infested opening of peritreme; anterior
1. Chironomid larva water tanks, hospital faucet spiracles with 12 processes,
2. Moth caterpillar chocolate, candies accessory oral hook absent
3. Moth pupa chocolate bar
4. Moth adult chocolate rice crispies Specific injuries and causative agents:
5. Beetle adult hospital bed Injury Agents
6. Beetle(grain)adult raisins 1. Envenomization bees, wasp,kissing bugs, ants,
7. Mites pancake mix, bakery products caterpillar, centipede, Spider,
8. Fly larvae stiffed milkfish Scorpion
9. Phorid fly bread with sugar coating 2. Ectoparasitism mosquito, flea, lice, mite, ticks
10. Centipede adult Pancit 3. Inhalant allergens dead, decomposing body of insects,
11. Cockroach adult dimsum from Chinese restp cockroach feces, hairs, spines,
house dust mites
MYIASIS: 4. Contact allergens caterpillar hairs, blister beetle,
− Infestation or invasion of tissues or organs of humans millipede
and animals by dipterous larvae 5. Food and water pests moth, beetle, mite, chironomids,
− Obligatory myiasis – condition wherein the larva need a maggots
host to complete their development 6. House pests mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches
− Facultative myiasis – occurs when free living larvae 7. Myiasis fly maggots feeding on human
become parasitic wound
− Classified according to the part of body invaded
− Aural, nasal, ophthalmic, cutaneous and intestinal
myiases
− Obligatory – Chrysomya, Boopunus, Stomoxys, Lyperosia
− Facultative – Phaenicia and Lucilia
− Accidental – Sarcophaga and Pericoma
Identification of Myiasis‐producing larvae
− Important for prevention and control
− In Forensic medicine identification of the species and age
of larvae can help establish the time of death of the
victim
− Identification done by examining the morphology of
spiracles and cephalopharyngeal skeletons
− Maggots, the larvae of muscoid diptera are legless, worm
like and more or less cylindrical
− They are usually tapered anteriorly and broad posteriorly
− Spiracles are found on the posterior end
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