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Thermodynamics Question and Answer

1. A document describes several physics problems involving heat transfer, work, and energy changes in systems. 2. It provides the relevant information and equations to solve for the final or change in energy in each system. 3. The problems cover topics like heat transfer into and out of systems, work done by paddles and pistons, energy required to pump water to different pressures, and calculating power requirements for heating and cooling systems.

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Christian Breth Burgos
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502 views

Thermodynamics Question and Answer

1. A document describes several physics problems involving heat transfer, work, and energy changes in systems. 2. It provides the relevant information and equations to solve for the final or change in energy in each system. 3. The problems cover topics like heat transfer into and out of systems, work done by paddles and pistons, energy required to pump water to different pressures, and calculating power requirements for heating and cooling systems.

Uploaded by

Christian Breth Burgos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Burgos, Christian Breth M.

1. Water is being heated in a closed 5 kJ


pan on top of a range while being stirred
by a paddle wheel. During the process,
30 kJ of heat is transferred to the water,
and 5 kJ of heat is lost to the surrounding
air. The paddle-wheel work amounts to
500 Nm

500 Nm. Determine the final energy of


The system if its initial energy is 10kJ.

Given: 30 kJ

Qin = 30 kJ Qout = 5 kJ
Ui = 10 kJ W in = 500Nm

Solve for Uf :

∑Ein = ∑Eout + ΔEsystem


Qin + W in = Qout + Uf - Ui
1.055𝑘𝐽
30kJ + [(500Nm) (1055𝑁𝑚)] = 5kJ + Uf – 10kJ

30kJ + 0.5kJ = Uf – 5kJ


30.5kJ + 5 kJ = Uf

Uf = 35.5 kJ
2. A vertical piston-cylinder device contains
Water and is being heated on top of a range.
During the process, 65 Btu of heat is transferred
To the water, and heat losses from the side walls
Amount to 8 Btu. The piston rises as result of
Evaporation, and 5 Btu of work is done by the
8 Btu
Vapor. Determine the change in the energy of the 5 Btu
Water for this process.

Given:
65 Btu

Qin = 65 Btu Qout = 8 kJ


W out = 5 Btu

Solve for ΔE:

∑Ein = ∑Eout + ΔEsystem


ΔEsystem = Qin – Qout – W out
ΔE = 65Btu – 8Btu – 5Btu

ΔE = 52 Btu
3. At winter design conditions, a house is projected to lose heat at a rate of 60,000
Btu/h. The internal heat gain from people, lights, and appliances is estimated to be 6000
Btu/h. If this house is to be heated by electric resistance heaters, determine the required
rated power of these heaters in kW to maintain the house at constant temperature.

Win ? Given:
Qin = 6,000 Btu/h
Qout = 60,000 Btu/h

6,000 Btu/h 60,000 Btu/h

Solve for W in:

∑Ein = ∑Eout + ΔEsystem


Qin + W in = Qout + 0
W in = Qout – Qin
W in = 60,000Btu/h – 6,000Btu/h
1𝑊 1𝑘𝑊
W in = 54,000Btu/h (3.41𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ) (1000𝑊)

W in = 15.836 kW
4. A water pump increases the water pressure from 15 psia to 70 psia.
Determine the power input required, in hp, to pump 0.8ft 3/s of water. Does the water
Temperature at the inlet have any significant effect on the required flow power?

H2O at 70 psia,
T°C H2O at 15 psia,
0.8 ft3/s, T°C

Given:

Pi = 15 psia ΔV = 0.8 ft3/s


Pf = 70 psia

Solve for W (power input):

W = Δ(PV)
W = ΔP ΔV
ΔP = Pf – Pi
W = (70psia – 15psia)(0.8 ft3/s)
𝑓𝑡3 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 3600 𝑠 1𝑊 1 ℎ𝑝
W = 44 psia (5.404 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑓𝑡3) ( ) (3.41 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ) (746 𝑊)
𝑠 1 ℎ𝑟

W = 11.522 hp

‫ ؛‬Water temperature in the inlet is unnecessary and has no effect on the


required flow power.
5. A water pump that consumes 2kW of power when operating is claimed to take in
water from a lake and pump it to a pool whose free surface is 30m above the free
surface of the lake at a rate of 50 L/s. Determine if this claim is reasonable.

2 kW

50 L/s

30 m

Given:

h = 30 m Pin = 2kW
Δ V = 50 L/s

Solve for PE (power input):

PE = mgh
m = ρV
1𝑚3
PE = [(1000 kg/m3) (50 L/s) ( )] x (9.81 m/s2) x (30 m)
1000 𝐿

PE = 14715 N(kg-m/s2) ͦ m/s


1𝑊 1 𝑘𝑊
PE = 14715 J/s (1𝐽/𝑠) (1000 𝑊)

PE = 14.72 kW
‫ ؛‬The claim is false since the power input should at least be 14.72 kW.
6. A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned with window air-
conditioning units of 5 kW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to dissipate
heat at a rate of about 360 kJ/h. There are 10 lightbulbs in the room, each with a rating of
100 W. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom through the walls and the windows is
estimated to be 15,000 kJ/h. If the room air is to be maintained at a constant temperature of
21°C, determine the number of window air-conditioning units is required

Given:
15000 kJ/h
Qwall = 15000 kJ/h 100 W
Qpeople = 360 kJ/h
npeople =40
Qbulb = 100 kJ/h
nbulb =10
360 kJ/h
Qac= 5kW

Solve for Qtotal:


Qt = ∑Q
Qt = (Qpeoplen) + (Qbulbn) + Qwall
Qt = 360kJ/h (40) + 100W (10) + 15000kJ/h
Qt = 14400kJ/h(1h/3600s) + 1000W + 15000kJ/h(1h/3600s)
Qt = 4kJ/s + 1000W +4.167kJ/s
Qt = 4kW + 1kW + 4.167kW
Qt = 9.167 kW

Solve for number of units:


N = Qtotal/Qac
N = 9.167kW/5kW
N = 1.83 or 2 Units
‫ ؛‬Two air-conditioning units are required in order to maintain the room air
at constant temperature of 21°C.
7. A university campus has 200 classrooms and 400 faculty offices. The classrooms
are equipped with 12 fluorescent tubes, each consuming 110 W, including the
electricity used by the ballasts. The faculty offices, on average, have half as
many tubes. The campus is open 240 d/yr. The classrooms and faculty offices
are not occupied 4 h/d, but the lights are kept on. If the unit cost of electricity is
$0.11/kWh, determine how much the campus will save a year if the lights in the
classrooms and faculty offices are turned off during unoccupied periods.
Given Unoccupied 4 hours daily
nclassrooms = 200
noffices = 400
nC-fluorescent = 12
nO-fluorescent = 6
Consumption = 110 W
Days open/year = 240 12 – 110 W 6 – 110 W

Hours unoccupied/day = 4 Fluorescent tubes Fluorescent tubes


Unit cost = 0.11/kWh In 200 classrooms In 400 offices

Solve for the Savings:


Rate = 110W [(200 x 12)+(400 x 6)]
1𝑘𝑊
Rate = 528000W (1000𝑊)

Rate = 528 kW
Rate/year = 528kW x 4hrs/d x 240 d/yr
Rate/year = 506,880 kWh/yr
Savings = 506,880 kWh/yr ($0.11/kWh)

Savings = $ 55,756.8/year
8. The lighting requirements of an industrial facility are being met by 700 units of 40-W
standard fluorescent lamps. The lamps are close to completing their service life and are
to be replaced by their 34-W high-efficiency counterparts that operate on the existing
standard ballasts. The standard and high-efficiency fluorescent lamps can be purchased
in quantity at a cost of $1.77 and $2.26 each, respectively. The facility operates 2800
hours a year, and all of the lamps are kept on during operating hours. Taking the unit
cost of electricity to be $0.105/kWh and the ballast factor to be 1.1, determine how much
energy and money will be saved per year as a result of switching to the high-efficiency
fluorescent lamps. Also, determine the simple payback period.

700 – 40 W standard 700 – 34 W high-efficiency


Fluorescent lamps Fluorescent lamps

Ballast consuming 10% power


Given:
bF-std = 40 W/lamp nlamps = 700
bF-hi-ef = 34 W /lamp bfactor = 1.1
t = 2,800 h/yr Ecost = $0.105/kWh

Solve for Energy and Money Saved:


Wattage reduction = (40W-34W/lamp)(700lamps); WR = 4,200 W
Energy Savings = (WR)(bfactor)(t)
Energy Savings = 4.2kW x 1.1 x 2800h/yr
Energy Savings = 12,936 kWh/yr
Cost Savings = (Energy Savings) (Ecost)
Cost Savings = (12,936kWh/yr) ($0.105/kWh)
Energy Savings = $1,358 /yr
Solve for Simple Payback:
$2.26−$1.77
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 {[ ](700𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠)} $343
𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
SP = ; SP = ; SP = $1358/𝑦𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 $1358/𝑦𝑟

SP = 0.25 yr or 3 months
9. Consider a room that is initially at the outdoor temperature of 20°C. The room
contains a 40-W lightbulb, a 110-W TV set, a 300-W refrigerator, and a 1200-W
iron. Assuming no heat transfer through the walls, determine the rate of increase
of the energy content of the room when all of these electric devices are on.

40 W

110 W
300 W

1200 W

Given:

Ebulb = 40 W Etv = 110 W


Eref = 300 W Eiron = 1200 W

Solve for Δ Esystem (rate of increase of Energy):

Δ Esystem = Ein - Eout


Δ Esystem = Ein – 0
Δ Esystem = Ebulb + Eref + Etv + Eiron
Δ Esystem = 40W + 300W + 100W + 1200W

Δ Esystem = 1650 W
10. Consider a fan located in a 3 ft x 3 ft square duct. Velocities at various points at
the outlet are measured, and the average flow velocity is determined to be 22
ft/s. Taking the air density to 0.075 lbm/ft3, estimate the minimum electric power
consumption of the fan motor.

22 ft/s
3 ft

Given:

vave = 22 ft/s ρair = 0.075 lbm/ft3


Aduct = 9 ft2

Solve for Ein (electric power consumption):

m = 0.075lbm/ft3 (9ft2) (22ft)


m = 14.85 lbm/s
Ein = Eout
Ein = KEout
Ein = ½ (mv2)
1𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
Ein = ½ { (14.85lbm/s x 2.205 𝑙𝑏𝑚) x [(22ft/s) x (3.28 𝑓𝑡)]2 }

Ein = 151.49 J/s

Ein = 151.49 W

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