MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES Summary o
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES Summary o
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES Summary o
BODIES
« Summary of Notes »
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE
BODIES
• Support Reactions:
INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS (REMINDER)
• It will be shown in later that point O is most often chosen at the centroid of
the sectioned area, and so we will always choose this location for O, unless
otherwise stated.
• Also, if a member is long and slender, as in the case of a rod or beam, the
section to be considered is generally taken perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of the member.
• This section is referred to as the cross section
INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS (REMINDER)
• The method of sections is used to determine the internal resultant
loadings acting on the surface of the sectioned body.
• In general, these resultants consist of a normal force, shear force,
torsional moment, and bending moment.
Right-hand rule
COPLANAR LOADINGS (REMINDER)
• General Procedure:
• Support Reactions: N, V, T and M Diagrams
– Determine the reactions acting on the chosen segment
• Free-Body Diagram:
– Draw a free-body diagram of one of the “cut” segments. N, V, M &T.
– These resultants are normally placed at the point representing the geometric
center or centroid of the sectioned area.
– Coplanar system of forces, only N, V & M act at the centroid .
• Equations of Equilibrium:
– If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative value for a
resultant, the directional sense of the resultant is opposite to that shown on
the free-body diagram.
STRESS
• Units: Since stress represents a force per unit area, the magnitudes of
both normal and shear stress are specified in basic units as N/m2.
• Also;
Pascal: 1Pa= 1 N/m2,
Megapascal: 1MPa= 1 N/mm2= 1 MN/m2.
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
• Average stress distribution acting on the cross-sectional area of an
axially loaded bar is focused.
• This bar is prismatic, all cross sections are the same throughout its length.
• P is applied to the bar through the centroid of its cross-sectional area, then
the bar will deform uniformly throughout the central region of its length,
provided the material of the bar is both homogeneous and isotropic.
• Due to the uniform deformation of the material, it is necessary that the cross
section be subjected to a constant normal stress distribution.
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
• Two normal stress components on the element must be equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction.
• This is referred to as uniaxial stress.
MAXIMUM AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
• In our analysis both the internal force P and the cross-sectional area A
were constant along the longitudinal axis of the bar, and as a result the
normal stress σ= P/A is also constant throughout the bar’s length.
• Several external loads along its axis, or a change in its cross-sectional area
may occur. As a result, the normal stress within the bar could be different
from one section to the next, and, if the maximum average normal stress
is to be determined, then it becomes important to find the location where
the stress is maximum.
• To do this;
– Determine the internal force P at various sections along the bar.
– It may be helpful to show this variation by drawing an axial or normal
force diagram.
– P will be positive if it causes tension in the member, and negative if it
causes compression.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #1 (1/1):
• Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is
subjected to the loading shown. (Thickness: 10 mm.)
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #2 (1/2):
• Member AC is subjected to a vertical force of 3 kN.
• Determine the position x of this force so that the average compressive
stress at the smooth support C is equal to the average tensile stress in the
tie rod AB. The rod has a cross-sectional area of 400 mm2 and the contact
area at C is 650 mm2.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #2 (2/2):
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
• All four shear stresses must have equal magnitude and be directed either
toward or away from each other at opposite edges of the element.
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #1 (1/2):
• The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 600 N.
Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of
contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the
horizontal plane defined by DB.
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE #1 (2/2):
• Changing the orientation of the stress element produces different stress
components for the same state of stress.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
• To ensure the safety of a structural member, it is necessary to restrict
the applied load to one that is less than the load the member (or element)
can fully support.
• Deformation:
• Whenever a force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s
shape and size.
• These changes are referred to as deformation, and they may be either
highly visible or practically unnoticeable.
NORMAL STRAIN
• In order to describe the deformation of a body by changes in length of line
segments and the changes in the angles between them, we will develop the
concept of strain.
• NORMAL STRAIN:
• Normal strain is the change in length of a line per unit length, then we will
not have to specify the actual length of any particular line segment.
• Notice that the normal strains cause a change in volume of the element,
whereas the shear strains cause a change in its shape.
• Both of these effects occur simultaneously during the deformation.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
• One of the most important tests to perform in this regard is the tension or
compression test.
• σ and ε are plotted so that the vertical axis is the stress and the horizontal
axis is the strain, the resulting curve is called a Conventional Stress–
Strain Diagram.
THE STRESS–STRAIN DIAGRAM
Conventional Stress–
Strain Diagram
True Stress–Strain
Diagram
THE STRESS–STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Conventional stress–strain diagram for a mild steel specimen.
1ksi≈ 6.895 MPa
STRESS–STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND BRITTLE MATERIALS
• Ductile Materials:
• Any material that can be subjected to large strains before it fractures is
called a ductile material.
• Ductile materials for design because these materials are capable of
absorbing shock or energy, and if they become overloaded, they will
usually exhibit large deformation before failing.
• In most metals, however, constant yielding will not occur beyond the
elastic range. One metal for which this is the case is aluminum.
• Actually, this metal often does not have a well-defined yield point , and
consequently it is standard practice to define a yield strength using a
graphical procedure called the offset method.
STRESS–STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE AND BRITTLE MATERIALS
• Offset Method:
• Normally for structural design a 0.2% strain is chosen, and from this
point on the ε axis a line parallel to the initial straight-line portion of the
stress–strain diagram is drawn.
• The point where this line intersects the curve defines the yield strength.
• Modulus of Resilience:
• In particular, when the stress σ reaches the proportional limit, the
strain-energy density is referred to as the modulus of resilience.
• In the elastic range the ratio of these strains is a constant, since the
deformations are proportional.
• Constant is referred as Poisson’s ratio, υ(nu), and has a value that is
unique for a particular material that is both homogeneous and isotropic.
• The negative sign is included since longitudinal elongation (positive strain)
causes lateral contraction (negative strain), and vice versa.
POISSON’S RATIO
THE SHEAR STRESS–STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Creep: When a material has to support a load for a very long period of time,
it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs or its usefulness is
impaired. This time-dependent permanent deformation is known as creep.
• REFERENCES:
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