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Lesson 4. Not Indivisible (Atomic Models) HO

The document summarizes the key contributions of several scientists to developing the modern understanding of the structure of the atom. J.J. Thomson established that electrons have mass and a negative charge through his cathode ray experiments. Ernest Rutherford showed that atoms have a small, positively charged nucleus through experiments scattering alpha particles off a gold foil. Niels Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels, absorbing or emitting quanta of energy when changing levels. This nuclear model of the atom located protons, neutrons, and electrons but did not fully explain chemical bonding.

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Valerie Amor Salabao
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158 views

Lesson 4. Not Indivisible (Atomic Models) HO

The document summarizes the key contributions of several scientists to developing the modern understanding of the structure of the atom. J.J. Thomson established that electrons have mass and a negative charge through his cathode ray experiments. Ernest Rutherford showed that atoms have a small, positively charged nucleus through experiments scattering alpha particles off a gold foil. Niels Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels, absorbing or emitting quanta of energy when changing levels. This nuclear model of the atom located protons, neutrons, and electrons but did not fully explain chemical bonding.

Uploaded by

Valerie Amor Salabao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 4: Not Indivisible

(The Structure of the


Atom)
Objectives
• main ideas in the discovery of the structure of the atom
and its subatomic particles

• Cite the contributions of J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford,


Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr to the understanding of
the structure of the atom

• Describe the nuclear model of the atom and the location


of its major components (protons, neutrons, and
electrons)
Joseph John Thomson
-Experimented with cathode rays, he established
the mass and charge properties of electrons.

- In 1904, he came up with the plum-pudding


model, an idea of what the atom looked like
based on his experiments.
Ernest Rutherford
- a student of Thomson’s, who was among many
who studied radioactivity

- In 1902, he worked in Thomson’s laboratory and


distinguished two kinds of radiation based on
their penetrating power: α (alpha) and β (beta).

- alpha particles would sometimes bounce


off at a high angle when made to penetrate a
very thin gold foil.
• He theorized that the model proposed by
Thomson did not explain the deflection of
alpha particles.

• devised his own model with a positive nucleus


at the center and electrons revolving like
planets at a distance around it.
Niels Bohr
- Bohr proposed that the electrons existed only at fixed
distances from the nucleus at set “energy levels,” or
quanta.

Quanta
- first conceptualized mathematically by Max Planck.

- Bohr also proposed that the electrons “jumped”


between energy levels by absorbing or releasing
discrete amounts of energy.
• The Bohr model of the atom was still unable
to explain why atoms bonded in certain ways
to form compounds.
• Instead of electrons being particles in the
model, electrons have characteristics of both
waves and particles.

• There were orbitals or regions of space with


high probability of finding electrons. These are
sometimes known as electron clouds or
electron subshells whose shapes are described
by complex wave equations.
• There is no real “empty space,” but there are
regions with a high or low probability of
finding an electron.

• It is difficult to determine the exact location


of an electron in an atom.

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