Answers and References 3 1

Answers and References
Chapter 1
1. The correct answer is "c". Social psychology focuses more on individuals and uses
more experimentation. Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses
less on individuals’ differences and more on how individuals, in general, view and affect
one another.
Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 4 on Chapter 1
2. The correct answer is "c". Although World War I marked the first time that
psychologists (not social psychologists) performed wide-spread group intelligence
testing, it was not until World War II that social psychology emerged as the vibrant field
that it is today.
3. The correct answer is "d". Because social representations are our most important yet
most unexamined convictions.
4. The correct answer is "d". Because the hindsight bias is the tendency to exaggerate,
after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out.
5. The correct answer is "c". Hypotheses are tentative guesses about interrelationships
among variables while principles are general statements about truth.
6. The correct answer is "c". Because experimental research is the studies that seek clues
to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables)
while controlling others (holding them constant).
7. The correct answer is "c". This is what is affected by changes in the independent
variable.
8. The correct answer is "a". Because mundane realism is a degree to which an

experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.
9. The correct answer is "c". Random assignment is when experiment randomly assign
people either to a condition that receives the experimental treatment or to a control
condition that does not. This gives the researcher confidence that any later difference is
somehow caused by the treatment.
10. The correct answer is “b”, because if survey researchers want to describe a whole
population (which for many psychology surveys is not the aim), then they will obtain a
representative group by taking a random sample. A random sample is on in which every
person in the population being studies has an equal chance of inclusion.
Chapter 2: The Self in a Social World

1. Answer: D. Illusion of transparency is the illusion that our concealed emotions leak
out and can be easily read by others.
2. Answer: C. Possible Self is an image of what an individual dreams of or dreads of
becoming in the future.
3. Answer: A. The situation explains that the student has compared himself highly when
he was in high school, but when he entered college, he compared himself lowly from
others because he wasn’t the only intelligent student in the university. This is an
example of Social Comparison, an evaluation of one’s abilities and opinions by
comparing to other people.

4. Answer: B Individualism. It is the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over
group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group
identifications.
5. Answer: B. Narcissistic individuals have inflated high self-esteem and they tend not to
care about other people.
6. Answer: A. Self-Efficacy encourages us not to resign ourselves to bad situations.
7. Answer: D. Self-monitoring is being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social
situations and adjusting one’s performance to create desired impressions.
8. B. Self- presentation is the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed
to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals.
9. C. Self-Handicapping is protecting one’s self-image behaviors that create a handy
excuse for later failure.
10. Answer: A. None because the twin truths are—the truth of self-efficacy and self-
serving bias.
11. Answer: D. Self-efficacy is a sense that one is competent and effective. If a person
has a strong sense of self-efficacy he/she is more persistent, less anxious, and
competent thus, thrive to seek solutions to any problem than to ruminate on their
inadequacy.
12. Answer: B. Learned helplessness is the sense of hopelessness and resignation
when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events. Humans in
such situation become passive because they believe that their effort has no effect.
13. Answer: A. Self-serving attribution is a form of self-serving bias in which we have
the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to ourselves and negative outcomes to other
factors.
14. A. Defensive pessimism is the adaptive value of anticipating problems and
harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.
15. C. False consensus effect is a phenomenon in which we find support for our
positions and/or actions by overestimating the extent in which others agree. For
example, If we cheat on our income taxes or smoke, we are likely to overestimate the
number of other people who do likewise.
Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements
1. A
Explanation: beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment. If, led to believe that their bank is about
to crash, its customers race to withdraw their money, then their false perceptions may create
reality, noted Merton. If people are led to believe that stocks are about to soar, they will indeed.
References: Robert Merton (1948) , (See “Focus On: The Self-Fulfilling Psychology of the
Stock Market.”)
2. B
Explanation: When our attention focuses upon ourselves, we often attribute responsibility to
ourselves. Allan Fenigstein and Charles Carver (1978) demonstrated this by having students
imagine themselves in hypothetical situations. Some students were made self-aware by thinking
they were hearing their own heartbeats while pondering the situation. Compared with those who
thought they were just hearing extraneous noises, the self-aware students saw themselves as
more responsible for the imagined outcome.
Reference: Allan Fenigstein and Charles Carver (1978), Social Psychology by David Myers 10
Edition, Social Beliefs and Judgments Chapter 3 p.110
3. C
Explanation: The variations of attribution theory share some common assumptions. As Daniel
Gilbert and Patrick Malone (1995) explain, each “construes the human skin as a special
boundary that separates one set of ‘causal forces’ from another. On the sunny side of the
epidermis are the external or situational forces that press inward upon the person, and on the
meaty side are the internal or personal forces that exert pressure outward. Sometimes these
forces press in conjunction, sometimes in opposition, and their dynamic interplay manifests itself
as observable behavior.”
Reference: Daniel Gilbert and Patrick Malone (1995), Social Psychology by David Myers 10
Edition, Social Beliefs and Judgments Chapter 3 p.103
4. D
Explanation: If we believe a correlation exists, we are more likely to notice and recall
confirming instances. If we believe that premonitions correlate with events, we notice and
remember the joint occurrence of the premonition and the event’s later occurrence. If we believe
that overweight women are unhappier, we perceive that we have witnessed such a correlation
even when we have not.
Reference: (Viken & others, 2005), Social Psychology by David Myers 10 Edition, Social
Beliefs and Judgments Chapter 3 p.98
5. A
Explanation: In Olympic competition, athletes’ emotions after an event reflect mostly how they
did relative to expectations, but also their counterfactual thinking —their mentally simulating
what might have been. Bronze medalists (for whom an easily imagined alternative was finishing
without a medal) exhibited more joy than silver medalists (who could more easily imagine
having won the gold). On the medal stand, it has been said, happiness is as simple as 1-3-2.
Similarly, the higher a student’s score within a grade category (suchas B ), the worse they feel.
The B student who misses an A by a point feels worse than the B student who actually did
worse and just made a B by a point.
References: (McGraw & others, 2005; Medvec & others,1995), (Medvec & Savitsky, 1997)
Social Psychology by David Myers 10 Edition, Social Beliefs and Judgments Chapter 3 p.97
6. The answer is letter B, counterfactual thinking is a way of imagining alternative

scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
Source: Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements, Page 122 on the slide, Page 97 on the PDF
7. The answer is letter D, representativeness heuristic is the tendency to presume,

sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular
group if resembling (representing) a typical member.
file.
8. The answer is letter A, this is called belief perseverance because it shows that beliefs
can grow their own legs and survive the discreding of the evidence that inspired them
file.
9. The answer is letter A, because the availability heuristic is a rule that judges the
likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something
come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.
10. The answer is letter C, belief perseverance is the persistence of one’s initial
conceptions, as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why
the belief might be true survives.
file.
11. The answer is letter D. Attribution theory. The theory of how people explain others’
behaviour for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits,
motives, and attitudes) or to external situations.
Source: Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements, Page 128 on the slide, Page 103 on
the PDF file
12. The answer is letter A. Edward Jones and Keith Davis (1965) noted that we often infer
that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions. If I observe
Rick making a sarcastic comment to Linda, I infer that Rick is a hostile person. Jones and
Davis’s “theory of correspondent inferences” specified the conditions under which people
infer traits.
the PDF file
13. The answer is letter C. Attribution researchers have found a common problem with our
attributions. When explaining someone’s behavior, we often underestimate the impact of
the situation and overestimate the extent to which it reflects the individual’s traits and
attitudes.
the PDF file
14. The answer is letter B. In collectivist cultures, people less often perceive others in terms
of personal dispositions (Lee & others, 1996; Zebrowitz-McArthur, 1988). They are less
likely to spontaneously interpret a behavior as reflecting an inner trait (Newman, 1993).
When told of someone’s actions, Hindus in India are less likely than Americans to offer
dispositional explanations (“She is kind”) and more likely to offer situational
explanations (“Her friends were with her”) (Miller, 1984).
the PDF file
15. The answer is letter D. Tversky and Kahneman (1974) noted another way by which an
illusion of control may arise: We fail to recognize the statistical phenomenon of
regression toward the average.
Source: Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements, Page 124 on the slide, Page 99 on the
PDF file
Chapter 4: Behavior and Attitudes
1. b.) Attitude, as the rest of the answers doesn’t immediately imply reactive behavior
outward self, attitude however always have a visible reactive behavior, either positive or
negative outward self.
Source: Chapter 4: Behavior and Attitudes, Page 124 on the slide, Page 149 on the PDF file.
2. c.) IAT, IAT stands for implicit association test, a computer-driven assessment of
implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations
between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are
taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.
3. a.) Role, The word role is borrowed from the theater and, as in the theater, refers to
actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position.
4. d.) Foot-on-the-door phenomenon, researchers posing as drive-safely volunteers asked

Californians to permit the installation of huge, poorly lettered “Drive Carefully” signs in
their front yards. Only 17 percent consented. Others were first approached with a small
request: Would they display three-inch “Be a safe driver” window signs? Nearly all
readily agreed. When approached two weeks later to allow the large, ugly signs in their
front yards, 76 percent consented (Freedman & Fraser, 1966). One project helper who
went from house to house later recalled that, not knowing who had been previously
visited, “I was simply stunned at how easy it was to convince some people and how
impossible to convince others” (Ornstein,
1991). other researchers have confirmed the foot-in-the-door phenomenon with altruistic
behaviors.
5. a.) Low-ball technique, Cialdini and his collaborators (1978) explored a variation of the
foot-in-the-door phenomenon by experimenting with the low-ball technique, a tactic
reportedly used by some car dealers. After the customer agrees to buy a new car because
of its bargain price and begins completing the sales forms, the salesperson removes the
price advantage by charging for options or by checking with a boss who disallows the
deal because “we’d be losing money.” Folklore has it that more low-balled customers
now stick with the higher-priced purchase than would have agreed to it at the outset.
Airlines and hotels use the tactic by attracting inquiries with great deals available on only
a few seats or rooms, then hoping the customer will agree to a higher-priced option.
Cialdini and his collaborators found that this technique indeed works.
6. c.) Evil act, as stated in the passage on source.
7. d.) Killing begets killing, to simulate the “killing begets killing” process, Andy Martens
and his collaborators (2007) asked University of Arizona students to kill some bugs. They
wondered: Would killing initial bugs in a “practice” trial increase students’ willingness to
kill more bugs later? To find out, they asked some students to look at one small bug in a
container, then to dump it into the coffee grinding machine shown in Figure 4.5 , and
then to press the “on” button for 3 seconds. (No bugs were actually killed. An unseen
stopper at the base of the insert tube prevented the bug from actually entering the opaque
killing machine, which had torn bits of paper to simulate the sound of a killing.) Others,
who initially killed five bugs (or so they thought), went on to “kill” significantly more
bugs during an ensuing 20-second period.
8. b.) Cognitive dissonance, it assumes that we feel tension, or a lack of harmony

(“dissonance”), when two simultaneously accessible thoughts or beliefs (“cognitions”)
are psychologically inconsistent. Festinger argued that to reduce this unpleasant arousal,
we often adjust our thinking. This simple idea, and some surprising predictions derived
from it, have spawned more than 2,000 studies (Cooper, 1999). Dissonance theory
pertains mostly to discrepancies between behavior and attitudes. We are aware of both.
Thus, if we sense some inconsistency, perhaps some hypocrisy, we feel pressure for
change. That helps explain why British and U.S. cigarette smokers have been much less
likely than nonsmokers to believe that smoking is dangerous (Eiser & others, 1979; Saad,
2002).
9. c.) Insufficient justification, Dissonance theory predicts that when our actions are not
fully explained by external rewards or coercion, we will experience dissonance, which we
can reduce by believing in what we have done.
10. a.) Self-perception theory, (proposed by Daryl Bem, 1972) assumes that we make
similar inferences when we observe our own behavior. When our attitudes are weak or
ambiguous, we are in the position of someone observing us from the outside. Hearing
myself talk informs me of my attitudes; seeing my actions provides clues to how strong
my beliefs are. This is especially so when I can’t easily attribute my behavior to external
constraints. The acts we freely commit are self-revealing.
11. a.) Intrinsic motivation, when people do something they enjoy, without reward or
coercion, they attribute their behavior to their love of the activity. External rewards
undermine intrinsic motivation by leading people to attribute their behavior to the
incentive.
12. b.) Overjustification effect, Self-perception theory goes a step further. Contrary to the
notion that rewards always increase motivation, it suggests that unnecessary rewards can
have a hidden cost. Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them
to attribute their action to the reward.
13. d.) Self-affirmation theory, Why is “volunteering” to say or do undesirable things so

arousing? Because, suggests Claude Steele’s (1988) self-affirmation theory, such acts are
embarrassing. They make us feel foolish. They threaten our sense of personal competence
and goodness. Justifying our actions and decisions is therefore self-affirming; it protects
and supports our sense of integrity and self-worth. And when people engage in
dissonance-generating actions—uncoerced counterattitudinal actions—their thinking left
frontal lobes buzz with extra arousal (Harmon-Jones & others, 2008).
14. A.) public conformity, as stated in the passage on the source.
15. d.) Dissonance, as stated in the passage on the source.
Chapter 5: Genes, Culture, and Gender
1. The answer is letter B. Expressiveness means “the quality of effectively conveying a thought
or feeling.” Every norms in every country may differ thus the way we express our feelings may
mean positive or negative towards the other person. Other items are things that should also be
considered upon the norms of communities.
2. The answer is letter C. Personal space is where we draw the line between our own privacy
from other people.
3. The answer is letter A. Rule-Breaking is one of the thing that should be considered upon
varying types of social norms and it means violation of social norms.
4. The answer is letter D. Women by nature do express their feelings openly than men. While
children can be honest in what their feeling they can’t define themselves more in relationships,
and lastly elders differ in expressing themselves especially whether they are men or women.
5. The answer is letter B. Due to culture’s influence and gender socialization, men and women
are expected to behave according to their gender roles. In our civilization as of now, gender roles
are important to know ones capabilities and orientation.
6. The answer is letter C. Women turn to friends and family for support when facing a crisis
compared to men who respond with aggression or physical defense.
7. The answer is letter D. Men tend to excel as directive, task focused leaders; women excel
more often in the “transformational” leadership that is favored by more and more organizations,
with inspirational and social skills that build team spirit.
8. The answer is letter B. In surveys, men admit to more aggression than do women. Says John
Archer (2000, 2004, 2007) from his statistical digests of dozens of studies, women may be
slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts, such as spreading malicious gossip. But
all across the world and at all ages, men much more often injure others with physical aggression.
9. The answer is letter A. Because according to Steven Pinker (1997), “They are simply men
whose male desires bounce off other male desires rather than off female desires.”
10. The answer is letter A. Because according to the observation of Roy Baumeister and
Kathleen Vohs (2004; Baumeister & others, 2001), not only do men fantasize more about
sex, have more permissive attitudes, and seek more partners, they also are more quickly aroused,
desire sex more often, masturbate more frequently, are less successful at celibacy, refuse sex less
often, take more risks, expend more resources to gain sex, and prefer more sexual variety.
11. The answer is letter A. Noting the worldwide persistence of gender differences in
aggressiveness, dominance, and sexuality, evolutionary psychologist Douglas Kenrick (1987)
suggested, as have many others since, that “we cannot change the evolutionary history of our
species, and some of the differences between us are undoubtedly a function of that history.”
12. The answer is letter B. Studies in 37 cultures, from Australia to Zambia, reveal that women
everywhere feel attracted to men whose wealth, power, and ambition promise resources for
protecting and nurturing offspring.
13. The answer is letter B. It is the specific prediction derived from its hypothesis that says:
Where males can and sometimes do contribute resources to offspring, females will select mates
in part based on their ability and willingness to contribute resources.
14. The answer is letter B. It is the specific prediction derived from its hypothesis that says: The
sex that invests less parentally in offspring will be more competitive with each other for mating
access to the high- investing sex.
15. The answer is letter C. It was stated in its hypothesis that: In species where the sexes differ
in parental investment, the higher-investing sex will be more selective in choice of mating
partners.
Chapter 6: Conformity and Obedience

1. The answer is letter A. According to the book by David Myers, COMFORMITY is a change
in behavior or belief to accord with others.
2. The answer is letter C. The three varieties of comformity are: compliance, obedience and
acceptance. (Nail and others, 2000)
3. The answer is letter A. Outwardly going along with the group while inwardly disagreeing is
called compliance.
4. The answer is letter A. Norms are the standard or pattern, especially of social behavior, that
is typical or expected of a group.
5. The answer is letter B. Normative influence results from a person’s desire for acceptance
because of one’s concern for social image.
6. The answer is letter A. Informational Influence leads people to privately accept other’s
influence, it is because when reality is ambigous, other people can be a valuable source of
information.
7. The answer is letter D. Cohesiveness because The more cohesive a group is, the more power
it gains over its members. In college sororities, for example, friends tend to share binge-eating
tendencies, especially as they grow closer (Crandall, 1988).
8. The answer is C. Prior Commitment, Prior commitments restrain persuasion and Making a
public commitment makes people hesitant to back down.
9. The answer is A. Milgram’s Obedience Experiments, These experiment have become social
psychology’s most famous and controversial experiments. “Perhaps more than any other
empirical contributions in the history of social science,” notes Lee Ross (1988).
10. The answer is D, Reactance, according to the theory of psychological reactance, people act
to protect their sense of freedom this is supported by experiments showing that attempts to
restrict a person’s freedom often produce an anticonformity “boomerang effect” (Brehm &
Brehm, 1981; Nail & others, 2000).
11. The answer is A
12. The answer is C
13. The answer is C
14. The answer is D
15. The answer is B
Reference:
Social Psychology by David Myers, 10th edition
https://www.bing.com/search?q=what+is+the+meaning+of+norm%3F&form=EDGEAR&qs=PF
&cvid=d03fd61fef6944a390944ef934370959&cc=PH&setlang=en-US&PC=HCTS
Chapter 7: Persuasion
1. D. Because going not only by the number but also through the results of the test, the clinician
should base his/her findings in the scientifically presented data rather than his/her cognitive
capacity alone.
2. B. It confirms a part of an individual’s personality if answered.
3. A. It is a program wherein one can learn of social cues in order to be more socially apt.
4. B. If a person acts a certain way or according to the standards one wishes to uphold, the mind
will adjust with our external actions
5. B. It helps set goals and leaves people enough time to rest and keep stress at bay.
6. D. Along with other disorders, social psychology has contributed to the understanding of
depression, loneliness, and anxiety.
7. C. Women report more symptoms than men do.
8. A. Mirels and McPeek (1977) found that those writing the self-laudatory essays expressed
higher self-esteem than those who wrote essays about a current social issue. The text does not
mention their likelihood of committing the fundamental attribution error.
9. C. A humanistic study of thought and behavior is prone to illusory thinking too.
10. A. The text does not identify this as a characteristic of lonely people.
11. C. The consistency between her patients' reports and Freud's theory has more to do with the
expectations of the therapist than the strength of the theory itself.
12. C. More than likely, she has a poor self-image.
13. D. Neither of these attitudes is associated with successfully coping with stress
14. D. An educational psychologist would study the educational process, not stress management.
15. C. The text does not report that the students were feeling pessimistic.
Chapter 8: Group Influence
Answer:
1. B Basis: Group size affects perceived conformity pressure, in that, the complaints the group,
the less pressure is exerted.
2. D Basis: When arousal and diffused responsibility combine and normal inhibitions diminish,
the results may be startling. People may commit acts that range from a mild lessening of restraint
(throw- ing food in the dining hall, snarling at a referee, screaming during a rock concert) to
impulsive self-gratification (group vandalism, orgies, thefts) to destructive social explosions
(police brutality, riots, lynchings).
3. C Basis: Symbols of defective decision making includes, Incomplete survey of

alternatives,Incomplete survey of objectives, Failure to examine risks of preferred choice, Poor
information search, Selective bias in processing information at hand, Failure to reappraise
alternatives and Failure to work out contingency plans. �
4. A Basis: Clark McCauley and Mary Seyal terrorist does not errupt suddenly, the result is
violent acts that the individuals, apart from group would never have committed.
5. B Basis: Amundsen illustrated the power of leadership, the process by which individuals
mobilize and guide groups. The presidency of George W. Bush illustrates “the power of one,”
observes Michael Kinsley (2003). “Before Bush brought it up [there was] no popu- lar passion”
for the idea “that Saddam was a terrible threat and had to go. You could call this many things,
but one of them is leadership. If real leadership means leading people where they don’t want to
go, George W. Bush has shown himself to be a real leader.”
6. B Basis: At times not by argument but by personal sarcasm
7. B Basis: Those who consistently press toward their goals and exude a self confident charisma
often engender trust and inspire others to follow.
8. A Basis: Group members rebuffed those who raised doubts about the group’s assumptions
and plans, at times not by argument but by personal sarcasm. Once, when President Johnson’s
assistant Bill Moyers arrived at a meeting, the president derided him with, “Well, here comes
Mr. Stop-the-Bombing.” Faced with such ridicule, most people fall into line.
9. C Basis: According to Leon Festinger(1954) argued in his influential theory of comparison.

We humans want to evaluate our opinion and abilities by comparing our view with others.
10. D Basis: by the tendency pf decision making group to suppress dissent in the interest of
group harmony.
11. B Basis: Vincent Brown and Paul Paulus 2002 individuals ideas can continue flowing
without being implemented by the group context that allows only one person to speak at a time.
12. B Basis: Marvin Shaw 1981 he defines a group, that all groups have one thing in common.
13. C Basis: John Sweeney 1973 people who benefit from the group but give little in return
14. A Basis: the three ways to enhance group brainstorming are: * Combine group and solitary
brainstorming. Group brainstorming is most pro- ductive when it precedes solo brainstorming.
With new categories primed by the group brainstorming, individuals’ ideas can continue flowing
without being impeded by the group context that allows only one person to speak at a time.
* Have group members interact by writing. Another way to take advantage of group priming,
without being impeded by the one-at-a-time rule, is to have group members write and read,
rather than speak and listen. Brown and Paulus describe this process of passing notes and adding
ideas, which has everyone active at once, as “brainwriting.” * Incorporate electronic
brainstorming. There is a potentially more efficient way to avoid the verbal traffic jams of
traditional group brainstorming in larger groups: Let individuals produce and read ideas on
networked computers.
15. A Basis: Vincent Brown and Paul Paulus 2002
CHAPTER 9: Prejudice; Disliking Others

Reference:
Social Psychology by David Myers, 10th edition
Chapter 10: Aggression; Hurting Others

1. correct answer: A
analysis: Researching the effects of televised violence can be the key to further understand its
root causes and prevent aggression in people.
2. correct answer: B
analysis: A study on the causes of rspe is very timely nowadays because it can help raise
awareness among to effectively prevent it and protect the women in our society.
3. correct answer: C
analysis: Frustration-aggression can lead to violent acts. It is best to know how to manage it
since it can cause harm to self or others.
4. correct answer: A
analysis: Knowing the causes of frustration can be very helpful in orde to find and plan a proper
coping mechanism to reduce its effect on people
5. correct answer: D
analysis: Frustration can be felt by anyone depending on how high their tolerance is. It is
important to know their capacity to adapt in different situations so we will be able to point out
the cause of their frustrations and devise to a method to cope up with it.
reference: https://www.mheducation.ca/olc/myers/student/olc/1spm_mc_10.html
Chapter 11: Attraction and Intimacy; Liking and Loving Others

1. The correct answer is A
- This could mean that, gut-level prejudice against those who are culturally different could be a
primitive, automatic emotional response and research has given more support to "out of
sight, out of mind
- According to the psychology of attraction physical proximity increases the attractiveness of a

person as a result of the continues exposure that happens. A theory called the mere exposure
effect states that people tend to become attracted to a novel stimuli if it was repeated over and
over again.
3. The correct answer is C
- According to the text, Gupta and Singh (1982) studied romantic love; it does not mention them
studying disclosure reciprocity.
4. The correct answer is C
- Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) found that physical attractiveness predicted attraction more
than personality factors (i.e., sincerity)
- The complementarity hypothesis is the supposed tendency, in a relationship between two

people, for each to complete what is missing in the other.
6. Answer: B
The triangular theory of love holds that love can be understood in terms of three components that
together can be viewed as forming the vertices of a triangle. The triangle is used as a metaphor,
rather than as a strict geometric model. These three components are intimacy, passion, and
decision/commitment.
7. Answer: D
The mere-exposure effect is the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more
positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
8. Answer: B.
Aronson and Linder (1965) found that the target person was well liked when the subject
experienced a gain in the other's esteem, especially when the gain occurred gradually and
reversed an earlier criticism. Perhaps nice words have more credibility coming after not-so-nice
words; or after being withheld, nice words are especially gratifying.
9. Answer: D
The mere-exposure effect is the tendency for novel people to be liked more or rated more
positively after repeatedly being exposed to them; therefore, a critical attitude is unlikely.
10. Answer: B
The matching phenomenon is the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who
are good match in attractiveness and other traits.
11. The correct answer is "d". In an analysis of 166 cultures, Jankowiak and Fischer (1992)
found that 89 percent have a concept of romantic love, as reflected in flirtations or
couples running off together.
12. The correct answer is "d". Lykken and Tellegen (1993) claim that with repeated exposure
to someone, our infatuations may fix upon almost anyone who has roughly similar
characteristics and who reciprocates our affection. Thus the twin's personality similarity
does not contribute much when predicting the person with whom one will fall in love.
13. The correct answer is "d". Both romantic and companionate relationships are rewarding
14. The correct answer is "c". To a large extent attractiveness is an innate biological
characteristic that elicits a responses from the environment which creates psychological
characteristics in the individual.
15. The correct answer is "b". Secure adults find it easy to get close to others and don't fret
about getting too dependent or being abandoned. Insecure attachment style includes
anxious-ambivalent adults who are less trusting, and therefore more possessive and
jealous.
Chapter 12: Helping

1. d. social-exchange theory; evolutionary psychology
see Page 468
2. c. guilt
see Page 471
3. d. people are less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
see Page 462
4. d. all of the above
see Page 468
5. b. self-efficacy
see Page 82
6. b. reciprocity
see Page 473
7. d. the bystander effect
see Page 462
8. b. the parable of the Good Samaritan
9. d. Social-Exchange Theory
10.b. Liza donated a bag of her blood to Red Cross.
11.a. they are led to think that helpfulness will be socially rewarded
12.a. subsequently volunteered less time to a service agency
13.c. less likely to help when they are sad
14.c. both the number of contributors and the average amount of each
contribution increased
15.a. no
Chapter 13: Conflict and Peacemaking
1) Right term and answer for the perceived incompatibility of actions or goals used in the
reference is Conflict. Other choices are the synonyms of Conflict.
Reference: Social Psychology 10 th edition by David G. Myers, Hope College, Holland

Michigan
2) Peace is a condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually
beneficial relationships. Also, it is the outcome of creatively managed conflict.

Michigan
3) On other words, social trap is a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-
term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole.
References: Social Psychology 10 th edition by David G. Myers, Hope College, Holland

Michigan
Wikipedia
4) Commons pertain to any shared resource, including air, water energy sources and food
supplies. Essentials are nonspecific term for those stated above and it was not used in the
reference book. Grit on the other hand is an acronym for graduated and reciprocated
initiatives in tension reduction while Equal-Status Contact is a contact on an equal basis.

Michigan
5) Entrapment is also called the “sacrifice trap” and is defined as a decision making process
whereby individuals escalate their commitment to a previously chosen, though failing,
course of action in order to justify or ‘make good on’ prior investments.
References: Social Psychology 10 th edition by David G. Myers, Hope College, Holland

Michigan
M.Maiese.(2004) Entrapment | Beyondintractibility.org Mirror-Image Perceptions are reciprocal
views of each other often held by parties in conflict for example, each may view itself as moral
and peace-loving and other as evil and aggressive.
6) Other choices were just associated with Mirror-Image Perceptions.

Michigan
7) Other choices except mediation are just words associated with bargaining. On the other
hand, mediation is an attempt by neutral third party to resolve conflict by facilitating
communication and offering suggestions.

Michigan
8) Non-zero-sum-games is the answer. It was the term for the games in which outcomes
need not sum to zero. If both parties cooperate, they may both win. And with
competition, they may both lose. All other choices were all mixed up terms.
Michigan
9) Among the most researched solutions to social dilemmas is communication. It enables
cooperation, discussing the dilemma forges a group identity, which enhances everyone’s
welfare. It devises group norms and expect- actions and pressures members to follow
them. Since the late 1950s, it has been well known that communication enhances
cooperation in social dilemmas.
Michigan
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20684630?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
10) Without conflict, people seldom face and resolve their problems is true. Conflict is a
normal part of any healthy relationship. After all, two people can’t be expected to agree
on everything, all the time. The key is not to avoid conflict but to learn how to resolve it
in a healthy way.
https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships-communication/conflict-resolution-
skills.htm/
11) The smaller the commons, the more responsibility each people feel about it. Diffusion of
responsibility is a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take
responsibility for action or inaction when others are present. Considered a form of
attribution, the individual assumes that others either are responsible for taking action or
have already done so.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_responsibility
12) Sherif demonstrated in his famous “Robber’s Cave” experiment how superordinate goals
reduce conflict
https://www.simplypsychology.org/conformity.html
13) A shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's
differences from one another.
https://quizlet.com/31232943/conflict-ans-peacemaking-flash-cards/
14) Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may
view itself as moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive.
https://quizlet.com/31232943/conflict-ans-peacemaking-flash-cards/
15) Arbitration, as defined, is a resolution of conflict by a neutral third party who studies both
sides and imposes settlement.
The process of arbitration is overseen by a professional arbitrator, who facilitates
communication between two sides of a dispute. An arbitrator may or may not be an
attorney, and many retired judges take positions as arbitrators. Often the most effective
arbitrators have knowledge of, and experience in, the subject of the disputes they hear.
For instance, an employment law attorney, or retired administrator in the state’s
employment division, may be effective in resolving an employment dispute.
https://legaldictionary.net/arbitration/
Chapter 14: Social Psychology in the Clinic

1. D. Because going not only by the number but also through the results of the test, the clinician
should base his/her findings in the scientifically presented data rather than his/her cognitive
capacity alone.
2. B. It confirms a part of an individual’s personality if answered.
3. A. It is a program wherein one can learn of social cues in order to be more socially apt.
4. B. If a person acts a certain way or according to the standards one wishes to uphold, the mind will
adjust with our external actions
5. B. It helps set goals and leaves people enough time to rest and keep stress at bay.
6. D. Along with other disorders, social psychology has contributed to the understanding of
depression, loneliness, and anxiety.
7. C. Women report more symptoms than men do.
8. A. Mirels and McPeek (1977) found that those writing the self-laudatory essays expressed higher
self-esteem than those who wrote essays about a current social issue. The text does not mention
their likelihood of committing the fundamental attribution error.
9. C. A humanistic study of thought and behavior is prone to illusory thinking too.
10. A. The text does not identify this as a characteristic of lonely people.
11. C. The consistency between her patients' reports and Freud's theory has more to do
with the expectations of the therapist than the strength of the theory itself.
12. C. More than likely, she has a poor self-image.
13. D. Neither of these attitudes is associated with successfully coping with stress
14. D. An educational psychologist would study the educational process, not stress
management.
15. C. The text does not report that the students were feeling pessimistic.
Chapter 15: Social Psychology in Court
1. The correct answer is C. Since we like those who are similar, John will probably be more
lenient since they are both men who have been brought before the criminal justice
system.
2. The correct answer is D. Having Mary appear in court as attractively dressed as possible
and selecting jurors who oppose the death penalty would also help. Juries look favorably
on those who are physically attractive. Those who oppose the death penalty are more
lenient toward defendants because they are more concerned with due process of law and
less concerned with crime control.
3. The correct answer is B. Unless the juror minds are prepared to reject certain types of
inadmissible evidence, the evidence will have an effect despite instructions to the
contrary after the evidence has been presented.
4. The correct answer is A. According to the two-thirds rule, if less than eight favor
conviction a hung jury is likely.
5. The correct answer is B. Group polarization enhances members' preexisting
tendencies; it strengthens the member average tendency. Since they individually leaned
away from conviction, as a group they will lean even farther away.
6.) A is the answer, Paul Amato (1979) had Australian students read evidence concerning a leftor
right-wing person accused of a politically motivated burglary. The students judged less guilt
when the defendant’s political views were similar to their own.
7.) C is the answer, “Death-qualifies” Jurors are the one who refers to a jury dealing with
criminal cases where death penalty is the most prospective sentence.
(https://definitions.uslegal.com/d/death-qualified-jury/)
8.) B is the answer. Simulated juries also called as “not real juries” or Mock juries, efers to a type
of group research that allows lawyers to evaluate the potential reactions of jurors to their
evidence and arguments before a case goes to trial. Typically, a mock jury consists of eight to 12
“jurors” who are assembled to hear a summary presentation of both sides of a case. Once the
case is presented, participants then discuss the evidence and the arguments.
(https://www.decisionanalyst.com/whitepapers/mockjuries/)
9.) B is the answer. Objection is the common court phrase means they are taking issue with a
statement or question posed by the other side. The objection to the inclusion of a statement or
question is based on a legal rule or procedure for which the judge must determine relevance.
(https://moralessparks.com/37-common-courtroom-phrases/)
10.) C is the answer, Judge is an elected or appointed official who conducts court proceedings.
Judges must be impartial and strive to properly interpret the meaning, significance, and
implications of the law. Judges must also recognize that justice means more than just interpreting
the law and they must also show compassion and understanding for the people on both sides of
the case.
(http://www.ride.ri.gov/Portals/0/Uploads/Documents/Instruction-and-Assessment-World-Class-
Standards/Transition/EIA-CCSS/BlanchetteC-Trial_Alexander-Role_of_a_Judge.pdf)
11. (B) In other studies of this misinformation effect, Loftus (1979a, 1979b, 2001) found that
after suggestive questions, witnesses may believe that a red light was actually green or
that a robber had a mustache when he didn’t. When questioning eyewitnesses, police and
attorneys commonly ask questions framed by their own understanding of what happened.
So it is troubling to discover how easily witnesses incorporate misleading information
into their memories, especially when they believe the questioner is well informed and
when suggestive questions are repeated (Smith & Ellsworth, 1987; Zaragoza
&Mitchell, 1996).
12. (C) Of course, some witnesses are more confident than others. Wells and his colleagues
report (2002, 2006) that it’s the confident witnesses whom jurors find most believable.
Unless their credibility is punctured by an obvious error, confident witnesses seem more
credible (Tenney & others, 2007). In the convictions overturned by DNA evidence,
the eyewitnesses proved persuasive because of their great but mistaken confidence in
their identifications of the perpetrator. So it is disconcerting that unless conditions are
very favorable, as when the culprit is very distinctive-looking, the certainty of witnesses
often bears only a modest relation to their accuracy. Yet some people—whether right or
wrong—chronically express themselves more assertively. And that, says Michael Leippe
(1994), explains why mistaken eyewitnesses are so often persuasive.
13. (A) Errors sneak into our perceptions and our memories because our minds are not
videotape machines. Many errors are quite understandable, as revealed by “change
blindness” experiments in which people fail to detect that an innocent person entering a
scene differs from another person exiting the scene (Davis & others, 2008). People
are quite good at recognizing a pictured face when later shown the same picture alongside
a new face. But University of Stirling face researcher Vicki Bruce (1998) was surprised
to discover that subtle differences in views, expressions, or lighting “are hard for human
vision to deal with.” We construct our memories based partly on what we perceived at the
time and partly on our expectations, beliefs, and current knowledge.
14. B) Former U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno wondered, as had Canada’s Law Reform
Commission a decade earlier, and she invited Gary Wells to share suggestions.
Afterward, the Department of Justice convened a panel of researchers, attorneys, and law
enforcement officers to hammer out Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement
(Technical Working Group, 1999; Wells & others, 2000). Their suggestions parallel
many of those from a recent Canadian review of eyewitness identification procedures
(Yarmey, 2003a). They include ways to (a) train police interviewers and (b) administer
lineups. Doing so supports a “forensic science of mind.” It seeks to preserve rather than
contaminate the eyewitness memory aspect of the crime scene
15. (C) The Eyewitness Evidence guide instructs interviewers to begin by allowing
eyewitnesses to offer their own unprompted recollections. The recollections will be most
complete if the interviewer jogs the memory by first guiding people to reconstruct the
setting. Have them visualize the scene and what they were thinking and feeling at the
time. Even showing pictures of the setting.
CHAPTER 16: Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

1. D. All of the above - One component in a sustainable future is improved technologies.
Today’s new refrigerators consume half the energy of those sold a decade ago (Heap &
Comim,
2005). The second component of a sustainable future is controlling consumption. Though
accounting for only 5 percent of the world’s population, the United States consumes 26 percent
of the world’s energy (USGS,2006).
2. A. Adaptation-level Phenomenon - Our tendency to judge our experience (for example, of
sounds, temperatures or income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. We
adjust our neutral levels – the points at which sounds seem neither loud nor soft, temperatures
neither hot nor cold, events neither pleasant nor unpleasant – on the basis of our experience. We
then notice and react to up or down changes from those levels.
3. D. All of the above – Life satisfaction is engaging people in appraising their life as a whole.
Domain satisfaction invites people to indicate their satisfaction with their physical health, work,
leisure, relationships, family and community. Quality of life is a broader concept that includes
one’s environment and health, and one’s perception of such.
4. C. Social Psychology - Social psychology’s contribution to a sustainable and survivable
future will come partly through its consciousness-transforming insights into adaptation and
comparison. These insights also come from experiments that lower people’s comparison
standards and thereby cool luxury fever and renew contentment.
5. B. Subjective Well-being - Subjective well-being index combines happiness and life
satisfaction (average of percent-age rating themselves as “very happy” or “happy”). People’s
experiences, feelings and perceptions of how their lives are going directly measure people’s
subjective well-being.
6. The answer are close relationship, social networks based on belief and positive thinking
habits because:
1. Having close relationship satisfied our deep need to belong. People who are supported by
intimate relationship are much more likely declare themselves very happy
2. Social networks based on belief are often a source of connections as well as meaning and
hope
3. Positive thinking habits such as having high optimism, has self and perceive control also mark
happy experiences and happy lives.
7. The answer is B. Increase - Our population increases as well as the resources that needed for
our daily consumptions. Resources such as tress that is the main proviider of materials that we
needed such as houses, clothes and some other finished that made of trees. As the population
increases the place wherein trees grow became
8.The aswer is C - It provides a continous readout of electricity use and its cost because
according to Conservative Party leader David Cameron " smart meters have the power to
rationalize people's relationship with the energy they use".
9. The answer is c. It helps people to become true individual's - Social psychology is
essentially study people and how they behave to its environment. To serve it's purpose ,
social
psychology helps individual to understand other individual why they reacted to such situation.
Becoming true individual define the ability to understand others as you already true to yourself.
10.The answer is A. The affluent society - The affluent Society because every income of
working Americans was 2000 dollars per month. It indicate that American are more well off and
can be able to support every family member. It was shown that since 1957 Americans became
the most influential country in the word. They also have the most upgraded technology since
then till now.
11.The answer are achieving a sustainable economy because Respecting the limits of the
planet's environment, resources and biodiversity— to improve our environment and ensure
that the natural resources needed for life are unimpaired and remain so for future generations.
Building a strong, stable and sustainableeconomy which provides prosperity and opportunities
for all, and in which environmental and social costs fall on those who impose them (Polluter
Pays), and efficient resource use is incentivised.
12.The answer is Yes its increasing because - A doubly affluent society although this rising tide
has lifted the yachts faster than the dinghies, nearly all boats have risen. With double the
spending power, thanks partly to the surge in married women’s employment, we now own
twice as many cars per person, eat out twice as often, and are supported by a whole new world
of technology.
13.The answer is promoting good governance because Meeting the diverse needs of all people
in existing and future communities, promoting personal well-being, social cohesion and
inclusion, an creating equal opportunity for all. Actively promoting effective, participative
systems of governancein all levels of society—engaging people's creativity, energy, and
diversity.
14.The answer is face the implications of population and realize that materialist values less
happy lives - Face the implications of population and consumption growth for pollution, climate
change, and environmental destruction. Realize that materialist values make for less happy
lives. Identify and promote the things in life that matter more than economic growth. To build a
sustainable and satisfying future, we can individually seek and, as a society, promote close
relationships, social networks based on belief, positive thinking habits, and engaging activity.
15.The answer is no because - Not at all, it seems from the slight decline in self-reported
happiness and the increasing rate of depression during the post-1960 years of increasing
affluence.
References:
Heap, B., & Comim, F. (2005). Consumption and happiness: Christian values and an
approach towards sustainability. Capability and Sustainability Centre, St. Edmund’s
College, University of Cambridge. Address to Christians in Science annual meeting.
. (2006). United States energy and world energy production and consumption statistics.
U.S. Geological Survey
(energy.cr.usgs.gov/energy/stats_ctry/Stat1.html#ConsumptionUvsW).
Bhutan, Sander Tideman (2003)
Https//.www.qoura.com
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Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 4 on Chapter 1

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 4 on Chapter 1

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 11 on Chapter 1

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 14 on Chapter 1

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 18 on Chapter 1

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 19 on Chapter 1

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 25 on Chapter 1

8. The correct answer is "a". Because mundane realism is a degree to which an

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 27 on Chapter 1

Reference: Chapter 1 Introduction to Social Psychology Pg. 21 on Chapter 1

Chapter 2: The Self in a Social World

out and can be easily read by others.

2. Answer: C. Possible Self is an image of what an individual dreams of or dreads of

becoming in the future.

example of Social Comparison, an evaluation of one’s abilities and opinions by

comparing to other people.

care about other people.

6. Answer: A. Self-Efficacy encourages us not to resign ourselves to bad situations.

situations and adjusting one’s performance to create desired impressions.

to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals.

9. C. Self-Handicapping is protecting one’s self-image behaviors that create a handy

excuse for later failure.

13. Answer: A. Self-serving attribution is a form of self-serving bias in which we have

14. A. Defensive pessimism is the adaptive value of anticipating problems and

harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.

number of other people who do likewise.

Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements

6. The answer is letter B, counterfactual thinking is a way of imagining alternative

7. The answer is letter D, representativeness heuristic is the tendency to presume,

4. d.) Foot-on-the-door phenomenon, researchers posing as drive-safely volunteers asked

6. c.) Evil act, as stated in the passage on source.

8. b.) Cognitive dissonance, it assumes that we feel tension, or a lack of harmony

13. d.) Self-affirmation theory, Why is “volunteering” to say or do undesirable things so

14. A.) public conformity, as stated in the passage on the source.

15. d.) Dissonance, as stated in the passage on the source.

Chapter 6: Conformity and Obedience

11. The answer is A

12. The answer is C

13. The answer is C

14. The answer is D

15. The answer is B

Social Psychology by David Myers, 10th edition

2. B. It confirms a part of an individual’s personality if answered.

7. C. Women report more symptoms than men do.

9. C. A humanistic study of thought and behavior is prone to illusory thinking too.

12. C. More than likely, she has a poor self-image.

3. C Basis: Symbols of defective decision making includes, Incomplete survey of

6. B Basis: At times not by argument but by personal sarcasm

9. C Basis: According to Leon Festinger(1954) argued in his influential theory of comparison.

15. A Basis: Vincent Brown and Paul Paulus 2002

CHAPTER 9: Prejudice; Disliking Others

Social Psychology by David Myers, 10th edition

Chapter 10: Aggression; Hurting Others

Chapter 11: Attraction and Intimacy; Liking and Loving Others

2. The correct answer is A

- According to the psychology of attraction physical proximity increases the attractiveness of a

3. The correct answer is C

4. The correct answer is C

rationalize people's relationship with the energy they use".

9. The answer is c. It helps people to become true individual's - Social psychology is

systems of governancein all levels of society—engaging people's creativity, energy, and