CHAPTER 8: Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)

 Refers to systematic efforts to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks, to avoid (prevention) or to limit
(mitigation and preparedness) the effects of hazards.
 Mitigation measures are designed to minimize disaster-related losses (life, property or assets, and environment).
Like mitigation measures, preparedness measures such as early warning are DRR treatment activities which are
also done before a disaster-causing event.
 Examples of DRR activities, which are done before a disaster strikes, are the following:
• building code revision and implementation hazard and vulnerability analysis
• zoning and land use management
• public awareness and education
• early warning systems including forecasting and dissemination of warnings
 Disaster risk reduction is a process which is done before a disaster strikes and consists of FIVE STEPS:

1. The risk identification stage identifies the hazards; potential threats are identified based partly on experience
and records. This step is necessary in prioritizing targets of mitigation measures.
2. Risk analysis aims to establish the magnitude and the likelihood of occurrence of the event. This step is also
necessary in prioritizing target areas of mitigation measures.
3. The risk prioritization step analyzes and identifies priority subjects (hazards, areas, and elements at risk)
requiring treatment.
4. The risk treatment stage identifies the cause of the risks, identifies and evaluates treatment strategies, and
prepares and implements treatment plans.
5. Monitoring and evaluation oversees the implementation progress of the disaster risk management process. This
stage also conducts periodic investigation of progress and analysis of impact and achievement.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM)

 Disaster risk reduction activities are part and parcel of the whole effort undertaken before and until long after a
disastrous event. The entire array of activities aimed at reducing the severity of impact of the disaster-causing
event which are undertaken before, during, and after a disaster is referred to collectively as DISASTER
MANAGEMENT.
 The Key Components of DRRRM

DRRM

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION DISASTER MANAGEMENT

PREVENTION MITIGATION ADAPTATION PREPAREDNESS RELIEF RECOVERY

CLDIMACALE, TII-NEHS-SHS, DRRR Page 1

 PRE-EVENT
Prevention The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Prevention expresses the
concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance.
Can be in the form of proper land use or using suitable engineering design. (However, oftentimes
complete avoidance of losses is not feasible and the task transforms to that of mitigation)
Mitigation The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. While the adverse
impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully, their scale or severity can be substantially lessened
by various strategies and actions. Mitigation measures involve a wide range of elements from
engineering techniques to environmental policies and even public awareness.
Adaptation The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
This definition addresses the concerns of climate change and is sourced from the secretariat of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Preparedness The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery
organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the
impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.
Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster risk management and aims to build
the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions
from response through to sustained recovery.
POST EVENT
Response The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in
order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs
of the people affected.
Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes
called “disaster relief”.
Recovery The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of
disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.
The recovery task of rehabilitation and reconstruction begins soon after the emergency phase has
ended, and should be based on pre-existing strategies and policies that facilitate clear institutional
responsibilities for recovery action and enable public participation. 239

Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM)

 CBDRRM empowers the people by recognizing and emphasizing the value of communities and local
organizations.
 The community is an endless pool of human resources. CBDRRM can thus tap teeming local knowledge and
expertise readily. Cost-effectiveness and sustainability of activities should be expected when these are
conducted by the local people.
 CBDRRM engages communities not only in DRR but also in all phases of the disaster management cycle. The
tasks of decision-making and activity implementation rest primarily on local people and organizations with the
national government assuming a supportive partner's role.
 Various Stakeholders and Actors in the CBDRRM Process:
1. Individuals
2. Community Leaders
3. Laborers
4. Government Agencies
5. NGOs
6. Private Sector
7. United Nations
 Educational institutions are indispensable actors in community-based DRRM. Students fall within the most
vulnerable sectors of the population. Yet, because of the nature of schools and students, they could also be the
most potent agents not only of disaster preparedness but in all aspects of the disaster management cycle.

CLDIMACALE, TII-NEHS-SHS, DRRR Page 2

CHAPTER 9: Disaster Preparedness: The Roles of the State and the Citizens
Policies of DRRM - The Philippine DRRM Law RA 10121 and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations

1. RA 10121/ The Philippine DRMM Law: An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and institutionalizing the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes.
2. Title: Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
3. Road Map of RA 10121: 21 years in the making, 7 congress, 4 administrations
4. Framework of National Disaster Risk Reduction Management
I. Serves as conceptual guide to all local and national efforts concerning DRRM
II. Shifts country’s paradigm and approach from reactive disaster management to proactive disaster risk
reduction.
III. Goal: Safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable development.

PARADIGM SHIFT

Top-down and centralized disaster Bottom-up and participatory disaster

management risk reduction

Disasters as merely a function of Disaster mainly a reflection and

physical hazards people’s vulnerability

Focus on disaster response and Integrated approach to genuine social

anticipation and human development to reduce
disaster risk

DRRMC Organizational Structure and Functions

 On top of NDRRMC's organizational pyramid is the Secretary of National Defense as Chairperson. The
Department of National Defense (DND) is the agency mandated to guard against external and internal threats
to national peace and security in times of peace, war, and disasters.
 The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) is the implementing arm of the NDRRMC and has the primary mission of
administering a comprehensive national civil defense and DRRM program. It is the lead agency in the continuous
development of strategic and systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks
to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters.
 In addition to the functions enumerated above, OCD's main responsibility is ensuring the implementation and
monitoring of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP).
 NDRRMC is empowered to do the following functions:
 Develop the NDRRM framework
 Development of NDRRM plan
 Advise the president on the status of DRRM in the country
 Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation
 Establish a national early warning and alert system
 Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms
 Monitor the development and enforcement of the Act
 Manage and mobilize resources
 Monitor and provide guidelines on LDRRMF (Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund )
 Develop assessment tools in coordination with the Climate Change Commission (CCC)
 Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms
 Formulate a national institutional capability building program
 Formulate a national agenda for Research and Technology Development on DRRM
 Formulate and implement a framework for CCA (Climate Change Adaptation) and DRRM
 Constitute a Technical Management Group
 Task OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performance monitoring of the member agencies

CLDIMACALE, TII-NEHS-SHS, DRRR Page 3

  Coordinate or oversee the implementation of the country's obligation with disaster management
treaties

 Under the chairman are four Secretaries who act as Vice-Chairmen of the four frontline agencies, namely:
1. VC for Disaster Preparedness: Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary
2. VC for Disaster Response: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Secretary,
3. VC for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Secretary
4. VC for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Director
General
 Under Republic Act 10121, there shall be a DRRM Council for each region. LGUs, from the provincial to the
barangay level, are also mandated to form and operate DRRM Councils. Like their national counterpart
(NDRRMC), each of these offices must come up with a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
(LDRRMP) covering aspects of disaster preparedness, response, prevention and mitigation, and rehabilitation
and recovery. Each local DRRM office shall have its own Chief DRRM Officer who is supported by personnel for
administration and training, research and planning, operations, warning, search and rescue, and emergency
medical services.
 The Regional DRRM Council (RDRRMC) is NDRMMC's regional arm. It maintains an operating facility on a 24-
hour basis, known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (RDRRMOC).
 Depending on the scope or size of a disaster, the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the new DRRM
law defines when the different national and local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils will be
activated:
 Barangay Development Council (BDC) - if a barangay is affected
 City/Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (C/MDRRMC) - if two or more
barangays are affected
 Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (PDRRMC) - if two or more cities or
municipalities are affected
 Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC) - if two or more provinces are
affected
 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) - if two or more regions are
affected

FUNCTIONS OF THE LDRRMCS

A. Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs and regularly review and test the plan consistent
with other national and local planning programs.
B. Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into local development plans,
programs and budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction.
C. Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation of local residents, if necessary.
D. Convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary.

DISASTER VOLUNTEERS
A. Mobilization of volunteers may be undertaken by government agencies, civil service organizations, private sector, and
local government units.
B. Enhancement, welfare, and protection of the volunteers will be the responsibility of the agencies, civil service
organizations, private sector, or local government unit which assembled them.
C. Accreditation and inclusion in the database of community disaster volunteers are done at municipal or city level.
D. Volunteers will follow guidelines set by the NDRRMC.
E. Volunteers are entitled to compensatory benefits and insurance under the guidelines.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

A. DRR education is integrated into the school curricula of secondary and tertiary level of education including formal and
non-formal, technical-vocational, indigenous learning, and out-of school youth courses and programs.
B. SK councils together with the DRRMCs shall encourage the youth to participate in DRRM activities, e.g. quick response
groups. DRRM shall be part of SK programs and projects.
C. Mandatory training of public sector employees in emergency response and preparedness shall be undertaken.

COORDINATION DURING EMERGENCIES

A. LDRRMCs shall take the lead in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the effects of any disaster
B. BDC, if barangay is affected
C. City/municipal DRRMC, if two or more barangays are affected
D. Provincial DRRMC, if two or more cities/municipalities are affected
E. Regional DRRMC, if two or more provinces are affected
F. NDRRMC, if two or more regions are affected

CLDIMACALE, TII-NEHS-SHS, DRRR Page 4

G. NDRRMC and LDRRMCs support LGUs which have primary responsibility as first disaster responders.

STATE OF CALAMITY
A. National Council shall recommend to the President of the Philippines the declaration and lifting of state of calamity in
an area. B. Scope of state of calamity can be a cluster of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions.
C. International humanitarian assistance may be necessary.
D. Local sanggunian may also declare and lift the state of calamity upon the recommendation of the LDRRMC.

REMEDIAL MEASURES (MANDATORY IMMEDIATE UNDERTAKING OF THE MEASURES WHEN STATE OF CALAMITY IS
DECLARED)
A. Imposition of price ceiling on basic necessities and prime commodities by the President upon the recommendation of
the implementing agency.
B. Monitoring, prevention and control by the Local Price Coordination Council of overpricing/profiteering and hoarding
of prime commodities, medicines and petroleum products.
C. Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and safety upgrading of public infrastructures and facilities.
D. Granting of no-interest loans by government financing or lending institutions to the most affected section of the
population through their cooperatives or people’s organizations.

NTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

A. Importation and donation of food, clothing, medicine and equipment for relief and recovery and other disaster
management and recovery-related supplies
B. Importations and donations shall be considered as importation and/or donation to the NDRRMC, subject to the
approval of the Office of the President.

PROHIBITED ACTS
A. Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of facilities and misuse of funds.
B. Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disasterstricken areas, including appropriate technology, tools,
equipment, accessories, disaster teams/experts.
C. Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any relief goods, equipment or other and
commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster affected communities.
D. Buying, for consumption or resale, from the recipient disaster affected persons any relief goods, equipment or other
aid commodities received by them.
E. Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster victims.
F. Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities intended for or consigned to a specific group of
victims or relief agency.
G. Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities to persons other than the rightful
recipient or consignee.
H. Accepting, possessing, using or disposing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities not intended for nor
consigned to him/her.
I. Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities by:
(1) Either covering, replacing or defacing the labels of the containers to make it appear that the goods, e
quipment or other aid commodities came from another agency or persons.
(2) Repacking the! goods, equipment or other aid commodities into containers with different markings to make
it appear that the goods came from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a particular
agency or persons.
(3) Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or other and commodity m its untampered original
containers actually came from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a particular
agency or persons.
J. Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities with the same items or inferior/cheaper
quality.
K. Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations representing others as defined in the standards and guidelines set by
the NDRRMC.
L. Deliberate use of false at inflated data in support of the request for funding, relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities for emergency assistance or livelihood projects.
M. Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster preparedness equipment and paraphernalia.

FUNDING

A. LDRRM Fund
(1) Not less than 5% of estimated revenue from regular sources shall be set aside to support disaster risk management
activities such as, but not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs (training, purchasing life-saving rescue
equipment, supplies and medicines) and post-disaster activities (e.g. payment of premiums on calamity insurance)

CLDIMACALE, TII-NEHS-SHS, DRRR Page 5

(2) LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of the LDRRMF.
(3) LDRRMC may transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction work of other LDRRMCs which are declared
under state of calamity upon the recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of sanggunian concerned.
(4) Thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery
programs in order that situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities,
epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.

B. NDRRM Fund

(1) NDRRM Fund shall be used for disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities such as
but not limited to training of personnel, procurement of equipment, and capital expenditures. It can also be utilized for
relief, recovery, reconstruction and other work or services in connection with natural or human induced calamities
which may occur during the budget year or those that occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year.
(2) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate recipient agencies and/or LGUs shall be determined
upon approval of the President of the Philippines in accordance with the favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC.
(3) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund
(QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in
order that situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics,
or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.
(4) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM fund shall submit to the NDRRMC their monthly
statements on the utilization of DRRM funds and make an accounting thereof in accordance with existing accounting
and auditing rules.
(5) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are hereby authorized to use a portion of their
appropriations to implement projects designed to address DRRM activities in accordance with the guidelines to be
issued by the NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.

C. Funding of the OCD

(1) OCD shall be allocated a budget of one billion pesos (Php 1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund.


CLDIMACALE, TII-NEHS-SHS, DRRR Page 6