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5G and wireless body area networks

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DOI: 10.1109/WCNCW.2018.8369035

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 5G and Wireless Body Area Networks

Richard W. Jones Konstantinos Katzis

ZJU-UIUC International Institute Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Zhejiang University European University Cyprus,
Haining, Zhejiang Province, China Nicosia, Cyprus

Abstract—5G wireless is the next step in the evolution of mobile this at a lower cost per patient. Wireless Body Area
communications with the aim being to provide connectivity for Networks (WBANs) have great potential for continuous
any kind of device and any kind of application. Wireless Body patient monitoring in ambulatory settings as well as the
Area Networks (WBANs) constitute just one component of early detection of abnormal conditions, and supervised
connected healthcare utilising small intelligent physiological
rehabilitation [2]. A typical Wireless Body Area Network
sensors either on or implanted in the human body. This
contribution examines the 5G technologies that will make a (WBAN) consists of a number of inexpensive, lightweight,
significant contribution to providing secure healthcare- and miniature sensor platforms, each featuring one or more
orientated WBANs with improved energy efficiency, physiological sensors, such as electrocardiograms (ECG),
interference mitigation and wireless power transfer capability. blood pressure, electro-encephalograms (EEG), and blood
glucose sensors. The sensors could be located on the body
Keywords- WBANs; Interference Mitigation; Energy as intelligent patches, integrated into clothing, or implanted
Efficency; Millimeter wavelength; Network Coding; Security. in the body. The trend is towards integrating implanted
miniaturized devices into WBANs, for example, Deep Brain
I. INTRODUCTION Stimulation for the control of Parkinson’s disease is
Fifth generation (5G) wireless access is the next step in becoming viable. WBANs are generally characterized by a
the evolution of mobile communications with goals that three-tier architecture composed of: (1) body-worn or
include; providing connectivity for any kind of device, an implanted sensors, (2) a hospital information system for
order of magnitude increase in data rate, higher energy storage and management of health data and (3) a mobile
efficiency as well as compatibility with previous device that acts as a personal gateway between (1) and (2),
technologies - the ultimate aim being successful see Figure 1. The continuing advances in WBANs are
management of future mobile device requirements. To be driven by developments in wireless communications, as
able to achieve these goals a variety of 5G enabling well as pervasive, and wearable computing.
technologies are being developed. These include extending
wireless communication to higher frequency bands, the
development of advanced multi-antenna systems, and the
use of wireless power transmission. In addition to be able to
evolve beyond 4G, intelligence, communication capabilities,
and processing power will need to be diffused across
networks and mobile devices, empowering even the smallest
of connected devices. The European 5G Public Private
Partnership (5GPPP) have, for example, funded projects in
Figure 1. A Typical 3-Tier WBAN Architecture.
areas ranging from physical layer to overall architecture,
network management and software networks [1]. This contribution provides a brief overview of G5
To achieve all of the above, most likely new paradigms enabling technologies and the ways in which they can make
and enablers such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) a significant contribution towards realizing the full potential
and Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) need to be of healthcare orientated WBANs, with regard to energy
supported. In such an ultra-flexible environment, it is efficiency, interference mitigation, wireless power transfer
necessary to consider new solutions, such as the separation and security.
of user and control planes, and possibly, re-definition of the II. 5G TECHNOLOGIES
boundaries between the network domains (e.g. radio access
network and core network) [1]. In 5G networks, spectrum availability is one of the key
The recent advances made towards ‘Totally connected challenges to supporting the projected future mobile traffic
healthcare’, due to advances in wireless and electronics demand. It will be necessary to go higher in frequency and
technology, promises to increase not only the quality of use larger portions of free spectrum bands, especially in
healthcare but also patient accessibility while achieving all dense deployments to overcome overcrowding currently
used bands. Thus 5G networks will operate in a wide
spectrum range with a diverse range of characteristics, 28 GHz, which can reach 200 m without LoS and 256 Mbps
allowing spectrum to be managed (more efficiently) by error-free messages [7].
enabling sharing strategies in mobile networks. For B. Network Coding
example, multi-RAT resource allocation could exploit
spectrum in licensed, unlicensed and/or lightly-licensed Network coding (NC) can offer significant gains in terms
bands allowing the prioritization and allocation of traffic in of network throughput [8], robustness and security [9]
a dynamic way. Moreover, 5G networks will have to if/when thousands of devices interact. In NC the classical
address the complexity of advanced communication and store-and-forward paradigm of managing packets is changed
different antenna types with different beam-forming to a code-and forward paradigm. This is recognized as ‘the’
capabilities. Examples of this are multi-antenna schemes enabling technology of 5G [10]. Random linear network
with large antenna arrays, massive multiple-input multiple coding (RLNC), involving random linear combinations of
output (MIMO) and clustering of millimeter-wave the original data, is extremely flexible and can operate in a
(mmWave) access points addressing the coverage and decentralised way, making it particularly useful for a variety
mobility needs by using beam-steered antenna patterns. of applications, including mesh networks, peer-to-peer
Software network technologies are also fundamental 5G (P2P) file distribution P2P streaming [11] as well as cloud
enablers needed to realize the requirements of storage. The concept has been extended, to create more
programmability, flexibility (e.g., re-configurability, and reliable WBAN’s, by combining NC (more precisely
infrastructure sharing), adaptability (e.g., self-configuration, RLNC) with Cluster-based Cooperative Communications
self-healing and self-optimization) and capabilities (e.g., [12] to create Cooperative Network Coding (CNC) [13].
mobile edge computing, network slicing, autonomic CNC increases reliability by transmitting information
network management) expected to be inherent in 5G through spatially separate paths, see Figure 2, where the
networks [1]. solid lines represent logical wireless channels.
A selection of G5 technologies, that have direct impact on
WBAN capability, are now addressed, namely mmWaves,
Network coding, Radio Access Networks and Game Theory.
A. Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Bands
The main reason attracting scientists and engineers for
research and development of communication systems in the
millimeter wave (mmWave) bands, which range from 30 to
300 GHz, is the availability of huge and continuous
bandwidth within this part of the spectrum. While mmWave
Figure 3. Cooperative Network Coding Model. [13].
has historically been used for backhaul links and satellite
communications, it was not considered suitable for cellular Cooperation provides increased reliability while NC
communications due to much higher path-loss provides increased throughput by using spatial and time
characteristics. Advances in RF and semiconductor diversity. Additionally, latency, which is an important metric
technologies have made the use of mmWave bands more in WBANs applications, is decreased because of the feed-
suitable for cellular communications [3] with antenna arrays forward nature of these approaches.
now small enough so they can be practically accommodated C. Radio Access Networks
inside mobile devices. Beam-forming – basically steerable
The integration of a number of new radio technologies
antennas - is considered an essential enabling technology for
with existing technologies is anticipated in 5G. Both the
mmWave communication [4], see Figure 2. availability (and characteristics) mmWaves are expected to
be exploited which will make cells even smaller and denser
than in current setups. Also, the adoption of massive MIMO
systems will necessitate more efficient interference
management schemes, e.g., by coordinated multi-point
(CoMP) techniques [14]. Thus interference coordination has
to be realised across systems (e.g., across both macro and
small cells).

Figure 2. Beam-forming antenna enabling signals and nulls to be precisely

D. Game Theory
directed from a base station [5]. Game theory has been widely used in wireless
The IEEE 802.11ad standard focuses on the 60 GHz networking for a range of problems such as flow control,
frequency though for outdoor use the maximum rain drop power control, routing, and resource sharing can be modeled
related attenuation occurs at this frequency. Rappaport and using game theoretical methods [15]. A non-cooperative
co-workers have investigated radio channel measurements at game - Figure 4 provides an overview of an ‘energy
28, 38 and 73 GHz [6] while Samsung already has its own efficiency game’ - is a game with competition between
5G prototype network based on mmWave technology, at individual players. When other players' strategies are fixed,
the strategy that produces the most favorable outcome for a specific type of WBAN healthcare application determines
player is called the best response (BR). If all the players which of these technologies is most suitable.
play at their BR’s then the Nash bargaining game has the Currently the most widely used WBAN technologies
capability to deal with the problem effectively and achieve a include Bluetooth and ZigBee. Bluetooth is already
desirable solution with a good balance between efficiency integrated in cell phones while Wibree is a low power
and fairness with Pareto optimality being used to check the version of Bluetooth that is well suited to personal
solution. Since the players are only concerned with their monitoring applications. ZigBee is an emerging wireless
own payoffs this tends to be inefficient from the whole standard for low data rate, very low-power applications, with
system viewpoint. potential applications in personal healthcare. UWB is
currently considered the best candidate technology for
WBANs, leading to standardization within, for example, the
IEEE 802.15.6 or 802.15.4a. UWBs intrinsic characteristics
include good material penetration properties, low power
emissions, low-interference, robustness against multi-path,
radar-like operation and high temporal resolution, enabling
accurate sub-centimetres localizations [21].

Figure 4. Energy Efficiency game in IEEE 802.15.6 UWB WBANs

However, the inefficiency of the Nash equilibrium, which

stems from selfish behavior, has been solved by adopting
usage-based pricing mechanisms - both linear [16] and
nonlinear [17] solutions, with regard to the allocated
resource, have been determined.
III. WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORKS Figure 5. Standard Designated Frequency Bands for WBANs. [20].

WBANs face several design challenges – its requirements Implanted sensors – standalone or as part of an implanted
relate to reliability, quality of service (QoS), low power, data medical device - provide important information on internal
rate, and non-interference. Both IEEE 802.15.6 [18] and the organs and/or the implanted medical devices themselves.
ETSI SmartBAN standard [19] were established to help meet Such in vivo communication requires effective wireless
these requirements, especially the dual requirements of solutions for WBAN implementation with UWB
energy efficiency and quality of service (QoS), as well as contributing to a possible solution. UWB provides tools to
supporting high data rates up to 10 Mbps in the vicinity of measure the spatial movement or trajectory of an implant
living tissues [18]. after installation which potentially allows the human healing
In WBANs, the nodes are partitioned into a physical process to be monitored.
(PHY) layer and a medium access control (MAC) layer. An
integral part of WBAN operation is the energy efficiency of IV. 5G ENABLED WBANS
the devices and enabling their transmissions with the optimal
This section discusses the utilization of 5G related
choice of Physical layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control
(MAC) parameters. Both IEEE 802.15.6 and SmartBAN technologies (plus channel estimation and link adaptation),
describe MAC and PHY layers to provide a certain level of to enhance the performance of WBAN’s. Game theory is
quality for low power devices in communications used primarily within two areas of extreme importance to a
surrounding the human body in order to support a variety of WBAN; Energy Efficiency and Interference Mitigation.
WBAN applications. SmartBAN provides increased channel A. Energy Effciency
utilization in both layers, for example, enabling the
transmission of emergency (high-priority) packets in every Energy efficiency is essential for WBAN application
time slot [19]. because of the battery-operated sensor nodes. Application
requirements, such as average application data bandwidth,
A. Existing Frequency Bands for WBAN’s maximum required data bandwidth and latency, as well as
WBANs have to comply with applicable medical and alert requirements, need to be considered.
communication regulatory authorities. Medical Implant Methods to increase the energy efficiency of wireless
Communications Service (MICS), Wireless Medical sensor networks include [22]:
Telemetry Services (WMTS), Industrial, Scientific and  Link adaptation methods, which jointly optimize the
Medical (ISM) and ultra-wideband (UWB) are some of the PHY and MAC layer parameters, provide a means to
frequency bands used worldwide for medical purposes, see adapt the transmissions to the channel characteristics.
Figure 5. IEEE 802.15.6 does support different frequency Different ways of implementing link adaptation in
bands such as UWB, narrowband (NB), and human body WBANs are outlined in [23].
communication (HBC) with three levels of security (levels 0,  The use of sleeping patterns and duty cycling [24]
1 and 2) in terms of authentication and encryption. The offers significant energy savings by periodically turning
 off energy-hungry components or even the whole Game theory-based power control schemes for
device. IEEE 802.15.6 addresses this through the m- interference mitigation among WBANs are proposed in
periodic scheduled allocation mode, where devices can [30], in which players maximize their individual utilities
enter into sleep modes between superframes [18]. selfishly by adapting their transmission power, see Figure 4.
 The third method includes joint low duty cycle MAC In addition, channel allocation approaches using game
and routing protocols that trade off latency, reliability, theory have also been adopted to alleviate inter- and intra-
and energy efficiency [25] such that nodes only wake WBAN interference in body-to-body networks [31]. As
up if they have data to transmit. WBAN MAC protocols mentioned previously non-cooperative game models, always
typically have dynamic transmission power control result in non-Pareto optimal solutions due to player
(TPC) – in [26] a protocol based on link-state selfishness though a data-rate tuning mechanism, based on
estimation, where Wireless sensors adjust the the Nash bargaining game model, attempts to improve
transmission power, based on short and long-term link network performance amongst multiple heterogeneous
state estimations. The dynamic TPC achieved a PDR of sensors with different priorities though it does not consider
97% using 26.6mW. inter-WBAN interference [15]. In [32] a QoS-based
adaptive power control (QPC) scheme for co-located
An energy efficiency maximization problem for the IEEE WBANs from a cooperative bargaining game theoretic
802.15.6 IR-UWB PHY has recently been formulated - a perspective is proposed. It improves both network reliability
cross-layer optimization algorithm being used to determine and energy efficiency by dynamic power adjustment with
the optimal payload size in MAC layer and number of friendly adaption to different QoS requirements. Perhaps the
pulses per burst in the physical layer [22]. most important contribution of this work is the
B. Interference Mitigation incorporation of both the urgency of the sensed data into the
A WBAN may suffer interference not only because of utility function, especially the former. The index used to
the presence of other WBANs, see Figure 6, but also from quantify the urgency of the sensed data grows with the
wireless devices simultaneously operating on the same measured increasing fluctuation of the signal.
channel. It has been stated in [27] that even with one active C. Body Shadowing
transmitting device per user, supporting multiple Propagation paths in WBANs can experience fading due
uncoordinated wearable communication networks become to different reasons, such as energy absorption, reflection,
unfeasible at high user densities, 1−2 users/m−2, due to diffraction, shadowing by the body, and body postures. All
resource scarcity. these unique features lead to high packet losses. Relay
nodes, if deployed outside of the human body, might
possess better channels and less stringent energy limitations.
Therefore, cooperative communication has received
considerable interest in recent years [18, 33].
D. Data Rate
‘Faster Data Rates’ is perhaps the most prominent stated
advantage of 5G though for a WBAN, depending on the
characteristics of the individual elements, a range of data
rates will likely result, especially with the need to address
energy efficiency. There have been a variety of studies that
Figure 6. Interference model for co-located WBANs specifically address faster data rates and the advantages they
IEEE 802.15.6 designated the Medical Implant might bring. These include In vivo wireless networks, as part
of a WBAN [34]. To overcome the highly dispersive nature
Communication Service (MICS) band to provide reliable
of the in vivo environment Chao and co-authors [35] have
communication with low power consumption for in-body
investigated, with some success, the use of MIMO
communication. Unfortunately the MICS band suffers from communications to achieve enhanced data rates. This work is
interference problems, which causes significant performance currently being applied to Laparoscope-Endoscopy surgery
degradation in WBANs - coexistence mitigation schemes in at Tampa General Hospital [36] to provide low-delay high
IEEE 802.15.6 completely, ignore the MICS band. definition video.
Avoidance and mitigation of channel interference have A number of 5G-based WBAN architectures have also
been extensively researched in the wireless communication been proposed and studies performed to specifically address
literature. So far not many techniques in the area of IoT the effect faster data rates can have on performance. These
have been published but those that have can be categorized architectures specifically consider emergency healthcare
as either resource sharing and allocation [28, 29] or power situations where continuous monitoring, at fast data rates, far
control and scheduling. In [29] a dynamic frequency outweighs energy efficiency considerations. In [37] the
allocation method is proposed to mitigate bi-link emergency healthcare system, basically a WBAN configured
interferences, that affect the WBAN's, and hence impose to address emergency situations, is based on both mobile
them to switch to the same frequency. cloud computation and 5G to provide low-delay continuous
patient monitoring and location detection. In a more recent the future design, development and operation of WBAN’s
proposal [38] the architecture elements include wearable namely wireless power transfer (WPT) and security.
devices, a smartphone to process the patient data and an WPT to both on-body and in-body sensors/devices
intelligent decision support system to generate an alarm provides a way of (a) lengthening the life of the device and
when an anomalous event is detected, see Figure 7. (b) overcoming the low power design requirements subject
Simulated 4G and 5G performance was very similar up to to safety operating limits. With the trend towards
about 300 users but increasing 4G packet loss above this miniaturized body implants, WPT becomes pretty much a
number showed that only 5G can deliver both low delay and necessity [43]. The two practical WPT approaches relating
bandwidth availability if a high number (≈1000) need to be
to WBANs are:
continuously monitored.
 Ultrasonic based WPT [43].
 Energy Harvesting (EH) [44].
Ultrasonic WPT provides many advantages, especially for
implanted devices such as small propagation losses and high
allowable intensity. EH-based WPT currently has a greater
amount of research effort applied to it. Not only
conventional EH but energy harvested from the Radio
Frequency-based communication is being investigated.
Most of the recent work seems to be addressing
simultaneous wireless power transfer and information
transfer. [43] mainly examines ultrasonic-based power
transfer efficiency relating to the depth of a miniaturized
body implant as well as examining simultaneous power and
data transfer performance while [44] considers the
Figure 7. 5G-based Continuous mHealth Monitoring. [38] information throughput from the sensor to the uplink by
E. Communication: Millimeter Waves examining the trade-off between the time used for the EH
A number of researchers are now looking at the use of phase and the information transfer phase.
mmWave based communication, to examine if it provides Finally some brief remarks relating to security. Security
distinct advantages with regard to interference mitigation, considerations for WBAN off-body communication match
signal security, technology miniaturization and fast data those for any other mobile device as a smartphone is
rates in WBANs [27, 39, 40]. Multi-gigabit data rate, Line- generally accepted as an appropriate on-body receiver.
of-Sight (LoS) and Non-line-of-Sight (NLoS) indoor Security challenges such as reliability and data privacy must
communication, high level frequency reuse are extremely be addressed with eavesdropping, evil twin access point and
advantageous plus at the exposure levels to which humans man-in-the-middle being typical types of attacks that can
will be subjected to mmWaves in the future there are no real challenge the confidentiality of the system.
safety concerns, though more work needs to be done on eye The IEEE 802.15.6 standard [18] defines three levels of
exposure [41]. security: Level 0 represents the lowest level of security
MmWave communication drastically reduces the inter- where data is transmitted via unsecured frames. Level 1
network interference among coexisting WBANs due to its represents the medium level of security where data is
short-range which also has important implications for transmitted with secured authentication but without being
improving signal security However, being unlicensed will encrypted. Level 3 provides the highest level of security
pose a significant challenge for mmWave-based WBANs to where data is transmitted in securely authenticated and
coexist with other unlicensed mmWave networks encrypted frames. This low-overhead but relatively strong
MmWaves are mostly reflected by the human body security solution includes a master-key generation pre-
therefore can only be used to connect wearable devices, not shared association, unauthenticated association, public key
implantable or endoscopic devices which indicates that at hidden association, password authenticated association and
least a dual-band solution is required for WBANs with displace-authenticated association. It also features a simple
implanted devices. A recent mmWave-based study revisits two-way handshake for MK pre-shared association, elliptic
interference mitigation of co-existing WBANs using a game curve cryptography (ECC) based for key agreement and
theory-based power control scheme [42]. 60 GHz mmWave temporal key creation / distribution, pairwise temporal key
communication between WBANs is used and a pair of (PTK) creation for unicast protection, group temporal key
pricing factors is introduced into the game to penalize (GTK) distribution for multi-case / broadcast protection.
greedy players. Also, it supports data authentication / encryption based on
AES-128 as well as reply prevention.
V. WIRELESS POWER, SECURITY AND PRIVACY
This section briefly considers two areas that though VI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
perhaps not obviously 5G enabling technologies This work provides some indication about how the
nevertheless will have a substantial impact on 5G as well as technologies required to realise evolving and improved
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