14

Physics
Class 12th
1. (a) Given, h1 = 2 cm, h2 = − 3 cm and u = − 16 cm 9. (c) ∫ E ⋅ dr = V
Since, image is real and inverted. So unit of ∫ E ⋅ dr = unit of V (potential)
− h2 v − h2
∴ m= = ⇒v= u
h1 u h1 = Volt = J/C = JC −1
3 1  1 1
= × (− 16) = − 24 cm 10. (a) Wavelength = R  2 − 2 
2 (1) λ
–2  1
n n 2
2. (a) Given, P = 0.5 Wm
1  1 1 
Intensity or power per unit area of radiations = R 2 − 2 
λ (2 ) (4) 
P = pv
0.5 1 1 1 
P
⇒ Pressure, p = = (Q v = 3 × 10 8ms –1) =R −
λ  4 16 
v 3 × 10 8
1  4 − 1
= 0.166 × 10 −8 Nm −2 (1) =R
 16 
λ
∆V
3. (b) Dynamic resistance, rd = 1 3R
∆I =
λ 16
Given, ∆V = 0.7 V − 0.65 V = 0.05 V and ∆l = 5mA
16
0.05 λ=
∴ rd = = 10 Ω 3R
5 × 10 −3 (1) Solution 11 → (d), 12 → (e), 13 → (a), 14 → (b) and 15 → (c)
4. (b) Mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends on 11. The magnitude of electric field due to a point charge is
distance between two coils and geometry of two coils. 1 q 1
E= ⇒ E∝ 2
i.e. it depends upon relative position and orientation of 4πε 0 r 2 r (1)
the two coils. (1)
12. Magnetic field inside a solenoid of n turns is
5. (c) Given, I = 20A, n = 10 29 electrons/m 3
2 –6 2 B = µ 0nI
and A = 1mm = 10 m
I 20 ⇒ B ∝ r0 (1)
Drift velocity, vd = =
nAe 10 29 × 10 −6 × 16
. × 10 −19 13. Electric field due to an electric dipole at a point on the
axial line is
. × 10 −3 ms −1
= 125 (1) 2p
E=
6. (c) When light ray travels parallel to the base, the light 4πε 0r 3
suffers minimum deviation. 1
So, for minimum deviation, Dmin = 40 ° ⇒ E∝
r3 (1)
i = e = 45° (from graph) (1)
14. Magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor is
7. (b) As in a pure resistor, the voltage and current are in µ 0I
B=
phase, so the minima (zero) and maxima occur at the 2 πr
same respective times. Hence, option (b) is correct. (1) 1
⇒ B∝
8. (c) B due to straight conductor is given by r (1)
µ I 15. Electric field due to system of charges,
B= 0
2 πr 1
n
q
B due to each wire will be same. E=
4πε 0
∑ r 2i r$i
i=1 i
However, the direction of B will be opposite to each
r$
other. ⇒ E∝
r2 (1)
So, net B = 0 (1)
16. The dark lines seen in the solar spectrum are called 22. QForce of a charge in a magnetic field is, F = qvB
Fraunhofer’s lines. (1) F 1N
–1 –2 ⇒ B= ⇒ 1T =
17. Given, v = 1ms , B = 0.5 Wbm and l = 2 m qv (1 C ) (1 ms −1)
The emf induced, e = vBl Thus, if a charge of 1C moving with a velocity of 1ms −1
= 1 × 0.5 × 2 = 1V (1) perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, experiences
Or a force of 1 N then the magnitude of the field is 1T. (2)
Given, Vrms = 220 V Or
2 2 Yes, we can increase the range of voltmeter by
Now Vav = V0 = (Vrms × 2 )
π π connecting additional resistance in series with the
2 2 voltmeter. We can also decrease the range of voltmeter
= × 220
π by connecting a suitable resistance in parallel with the
= 198 V (1) voltmeter. (2)

18. We know that, E = hν 23. By conservation of charge and mass, given equation
can be written as
From Einstein mass equation, E = mc 2 1 235 88 136
0n + 92 U → 38Sr + 54 Xe + 12 10 n + Q (energy)
So, mc 2 = hν
hν hc / λ h For amount of energy released, we use following formula
Moving mass, m = = =
c 2
c 2 cλ (1) Q = ∆m × 931MeV
19. The energy band in X lies below conduction band, so, it where, ∆m = mass-defect (2)
is a n-type semiconductor having pentavalent impurity. 24. For glass prism, critical angle is
In case of Y it lies above valence band, so it is a p-type  1  1 
semiconductor having trivalent impurity. ic = sin −1   = sin −1  
(1)  µ  3 / 2
 2
sin −1   = 42 °
20. When refraction takes place through a prism,  3
∠A = r1 + r2
A
where, ∠A = angle of prism and ∠r1 and ∠r2 are
refracting angles. 60º
For minimum deviation,
90º
30
r1 = r2 = r
º

60º
⇒ ∠A = 2 r
For equilateral prism B C
∠A = 60 ° ⇒ 60 ° = 2 r
r = 30 ° (1) Now, consider the diagram, angle of incidence on the
Or face AC, i = 60 > ic .
We know that, So, the ray will be totally reflected inside the prism. (2)
R= A12 + A22 + 2 A1A2 cos φ 25. (i) 10 −12m - 10 −8m → X-ray
Given, A1 = 2 A, A2 = 2 A and θ = 60 ° It is used in crystallography.
2 2
R = (2 A) + (2 A) + 2 × 2 A × 2 A × cos 60 ° (ii) 10 3m - 10 1m → radio waves
It is used in radio communication. (2)
= A 12
As, intensity ∝ (amplitude) 2
26. (i) According to Gauss theorem,
Σq
Therefore, I ∝ 12 A2 (1) φ=
ε0
21. The potential difference across the terminals of a cell is
φ ∝ Σq
given by V = E – Ir .
φS1 2Q 2Q 1
In an open circuit, there is no current, i.e. I = 0. ∴ = = =
φS 2 2Q + 4Q 6Q 3
∴ V = E, i.e. potential difference across the terminals of
a cell is equal to emf. (ii) If a medium of dielectric constant ε r is introduced in
In closed circuit, V < E. the space inside S 1 in place of air, then
The difference between the two values of potential Σq 2Q
φS1 = =
difference is equal to Ir which is called the lost voltage. ε 0ε r ε 0ε r (2)
(2)
27. The number of electrons thermally generated (ii) Because when the circuit is broken, then the large
(ni ~ 10 6m − 3 ) are negligibly small as compared to amount of induced voltage is used up in charging
those produced by doping. the capacitor in primary circuit of an induction coil.
Thus, sparking is avoided. (1/2)
∴ ne ~
− ND
1 1
1ppm = 1part per million (iii) XL = ωL = 2 πνL and XC = =
ωC 2 πνC
5 × 10 28
ND = = 5 × 10 22m − 3 Case I For DC, ν = 0, then XC = ∞ and XL = 0
10 6
Thus, capacitor blocks DC or it will appear across C.
∴ ne ~
= 5 × 10 22m − 3
Case II For AC of higher frequency, XL is also
Since, we know that ne nh = ni2
higher, thus the inductor blocks the AC. Hence, AC
The number of holes, nh = ni2 / ne signal appears across L. (1½)
. × 10 16 )2 ~
(15 30. (i) Current gain For the common emitter configuration,
= 22
= 4.5 × 10 9m − 3
5 × 10 (2) the current gain is defined as the ratio of change in
the collector current to the change in the base current
Or
for a constant collector-emitter voltage and is denoted
As it is given that both the diodes are identical, so both
by β.
will conduct.
The diodes are ideal, so the equivalent resistance of  ∆I 
Thus, β= C
arm AB and DC is  ∆IB  VCE = constant (1)
3×2 6 (ii) The schematic diagram for an n-p-n transistor with
R1 = = Ω
3 +2 5 (1/2) direction of flow of charges and current is shown
This is in series with 1Ω resistance, so total resistance below
of circuit, Emitter Collector
junction junction
6 11
R2 = + 1 = Ω n p n
5 5 (1/2)
∴Current across 1Ω resistor is
V 6 30 E B C
I= = = A IE IB=(IE –IC) IC
R2 11 11
5 (1)
28. Given, T = 127 °C VEE IE IC V
CC

= 127 + 273 = 400 K Electrons are represented by dot and holes by circle.
(a) Emitter-base junction is always forward biased.
de-Broglie wavelength,
(b) Collector-base junction is reverse biased.
h
λ= (c) Ideally, IE = IC and IB = 0. (2)
p 1
31. (i) Velocity of light in vacuum, c =
where, p = momentum µ 0ε 0
Q p = mv = 2 mE 1
and velocity fo light in medium, v =
3  3  µε
= 2 m × kT Q E = kT
2  2  1/ 2
c  µε 
= 3 mkT So, n = = 
v  µ 0ε 0  (1)
h
∴ λ= (ii) Given, velocity of electromagnetic wave in vacuum
3 mkT
= 3 × 10 8 m/s
6.63 × 10 −34
= Relative electric permittivity, ε r = 2
. × 10 −27 × 138
3 × 166 . × 10 −23 × 400 and magnetic permeability, µ r = 1
6.63 × 10 − 10 Since, velocity of electromagnetic wave in a medium
= = 1264
. Å
5243
. (3) can be calculated by
1 1
29. (i) Yes, it is true for instantaneous voltage. v= =
ε 0ε rµ 0µ r ε 0µ 0 × µ r ε r
No, it is not true for rms voltage because voltages
across various elements may not be in same phase. 1
where, = c.
(1) ε 0µ 0
 c 3 × 10 8 33. We know that, R =
mv
So v= =
µ r εr 2 ×1 qB

3 2 mK
v= × 10 8 m/s = [Q mv = 2 mK ]
2 (2) 2qB
32. (i) The electric force on the particle always acts in the 2mqV
=
direction of a line of force. So, if the particle is initially qB
at rest then it will move along the direction of line of
∴ R∝ m [Q K = qV ] (1)
force. But if the particle enters the field at an angle
The radius of heaviest particle, R1 = a + b
with its direction, then it will not move along the line
of force. and the radius of lightest particle, R2 = a, then
(1) R1 m1
(ii) Two essential conditions are as =
R2 m2
(a) The charges (q 1 and q 2) should be of opposite
signs. a+ b m1
=
a m2
(b) The magnitude of the charge nearer the point
2
should be smaller than that of the other. Thus, if r m1  a + b
⇒ = 
be the distance between them, then m2  a  (2)
2
q1  x  34. When total binding energy of products > Reactants,
= 
q2  r + x  then energy is released.
x q1 r q2 Total binding energy = BE/ nucleon × mass of nuclei
A
Y → 2 Z ⇒ 2 × 5 × 30 − 8.5 × 60 = − 210 MeV
where, x is the distance of zero field point from q 1. (2)
W → X + Z ⇒ 8 × 90 + 5 × 30 − 7.5 × 120 = − 30
Or MeV
On introducing the dielectric slab to fill the gap between W → 2 Y ⇒ 2 × 8.5 × 60 − 7.5 × 120 = 120 MeV
plates of capacitor completely, when capacitor is X → Y + Z ⇒ 8.5 × 60 + 5 × 30 − 8 × 90 = − 60 MeV
connected with battery. Then
Hence, in process W → 2 Y, energy would release. (3)
Aε 0
(i) Capacitance of capacitor, C = K 35. (i) During motion, free electrons are shifted at one end
d
due to magnetic force. So, due to polarisation of rod
K = 10, distance is tripled (3d)
electric field is produced which applies electric force
Aε
New capacitance, C′ = 10 × 0 on free electrons in an opposite direction.
3d
+
10
C′ = C Fe
3 (1)
(ii) The potential difference V between capacitors is e
l v
same due to the connectivity with battery and
charge is Fm
q′ = C′ V ′
 10  10
=  C (V ) = (CV ) At equilibrium, Lorentz force,
 3  3 (1)
Fe + Fm = 0
(iii) The electric field E is same due to the connectivity
where, Fe = force due to electric field = qE
with battery. The energy density of the capacitor is
given by and Fm = force due to magnetic field = q(v × B )
1 ∴ qE + q (v × B ) = 0
U = ε 0E 2
2 ⇒ E = −v ×B=B × v
The energy density will become ⇒ |E|= B v sin θ (2)
1 1 Case I If B, E and v are collinear, then charged
U ′ = K ε 0E 2 = × 10 × ε 0E 2
2 2 particle is moving parallel or anti-parallel. (1/2)
1 Case II If v, E and B are mutually perpendicular, i.e.
U ′ = 10 × ε 0E 2
2 θ = 90 °, then Lorentz force is zero which means
U ′ = 10 U (1) particle will pass through the field without any
deviation. (1/2)
(ii) To calculate the induced emf, the rate of change of As R is independent of frequency of AC.
flux needs to be calculated first. Here, magnetic field So, there is no effect on current, of the increase in
is uniform, so change in flux takes place due to frequency. (1)
change in area swept by loop. By calculating the (b) AC circuit containing inductance only With the
rate of change of area, we can calculate the rate of increase of frequency of AC source, inductive
change of flux, i.e. induced emf. reactance increases as,
Let the lengths of horizontal arms of circuit be x1 and ⇒ XL = 2πνL
x2 at instants t 1 and t 2, respectively. V V
∴ I = rms = rms
× × Q × × XL 2πνL
1
So, for given circuit, I ∝
× × × ν
× l l v and current decreases with the increase in frequency.

× × × I
× × P × ×
x1 Ir
x2
(1)
∴ Area of loop inside the magnetic field, νi
ν (1)
A1 = lx1, A2 = lx2
where, ν i = initial frequency of AC source.
∴ ∆A = A2 − A1 = l ( x2 − x1) = l ∆x
(c) AC circuit containing capacitor only
∆φ = B∆A = Bl ∆x
∆φ ∆x With the increase in frequency of AC source, the
∴ = Bl = Blv capacitive reactance decreases as,
∆t ∆t
1 1
By Faraday’s law, induced emf, XC = =
ωC 2 πν C
∆φ
e= = vBl Vrms Vrms
∆t (1) ∴ Current, I = =
XC  1 
Or  
 2πνC 
(i) As, Pav = Vrms Irms cos φ
In ideal inductor, current Irms lags behind applied I = 2πν CVrms
π So, for given circuit, I ∝ ν
voltage Vrms by .
2 and current increases with the increase in frequency.
π
∴ φ=
2 I
π
Thus Pav = Vrms × Irms cos Ir
2
= Vrms × Irms × 0 = 0 (2)
νi
(ii) Let initially Ir be current flowing in all the three ν (1)
circuits. If frequency of applied AC source is 36. (i) Given, the refractive index of glass with respect to air,
increased, then the change in current will occur in a
µ g = 155
.
following manner.
(a) AC circuit containing resistance only,
The current through the resistor is
R1 R2
V
I=
R

As both faces of convex lens have same radius of

I
curvature so, R1 = R, R2 = − R
Ir Focal length of lens, f = + 30 cm
Using lens Maker’s formula,
1 a  1 1
= ( µ g − 1)  − 
ν f  R1 R2 
 1  1 1 (a) I. The distance of nth order bright fringe from
⇒ = (155
. − 1)  + 
30  R R central fringe is given by
1 2 nDλ
⇒ = 0.55 × yn =
30 R d (1/2)
R = 0.55 × 2 × 30 = 33 cm (2½) For second bright fringe,
This is the required radius of curvature. 2 Dλ 2 × 1 × 4.5 × 10 −7
y2 = =
(ii) Given, radius of curvature of objective mirror, d 1.5 × 10 −4
R1 = 220 mm y2 = 6 × 10 −3 m
R
and f1 = 1 = 110 mm The distance of the second bright fringe
2
y2 = 6 mm (1/2)
Radius of curvature of secondary mirror,
II. The distance of nth order dark fringe from central
R2 = 140 cm
fringe is given by
and f2 = R2 / 2 = 70 mm
Dλ
Distance between the two mirrors, y′n = (2 n − 1)
2d (1/2)
d = 20 mm from objective mirror
For second dark fringe, n = 2
For secondary mirror, Dλ 3Dλ
u = f1 − d = 110 − 20 = 90 mm y′n = (2 × 2 − 1) =
2d 2d
1 1 1
+ = (mirror formula) 3 1 × 4.5 × 10 −7
v u f2 ⇒ y′n = ×
2 . × 10 − 4
15
1 1 1 1 1
= − = − = 4.5 × 10 −3m
v f2 u 70 90
⇒ v = 315 mm = 315 . cm ∴The distance of the second dark fringe
∴The final image is at 31.5 cm to the right of y′n = 4.5 mm (1/2)
secondary mirror. (2½) (b) With increase of D, fringe width also increases
Or as,
(i) Given, wavelength of red light, Dλ
β= or β ∝ D
λ = 650 nm = 650 × 10 −9m d (1)
(a) For first minimum of the diffraction pattern, 37. (i) Current flowing through both the bars is equal.
d sin θ = λ ; θ = 60 ° (given) Now, the heat produced is given by
λ 650 × 10 −9 H = I 2Rt
∴ d = =
sin θ sin 60 °
Q H∝R
650 × 2 × 10 −9  3
= Qsin 60 ° =  H AB R AB (1 / 2 r )2  1 1
3  2  ∴ = = QR ∝ ∝ 2
HBC RBC (1 / r )2  A r 
= 750.55 × 10 −9m = 7.5 × 10 −7 m (1) 1
(b) For first maximum of the diffraction pattern =
4 (2)
3λ
d sin θ = (ii)
2
3λ (a)
∴ d = C 50 Ω
2 sin θ
30
Ω

θ = 60 ° (given)
20

A B
3 × 650 × 10 −9 3 × 650 × 10 −9
d = =
2 × sin 60 ° 3
2× A
50 Ω
B 50 Ω
2
= 3 × 650 × 10 −9 = 1125.8 × 10 −9 From the above dotted As per dotted region 50 Ω
−6 region, we have 20 Ω and 50 Ω are in parallel.
= 1125
. × 10 m 50 H 50
(1½) and 30 Ω are in series. ∴ Req =
(ii) Distance between the two sources, ∴ R = 20 + 30 50 + 50
d = 0.15 mm = 15. × 10 −4 m = 50 Ω 2500
= = 25 Ω
Wavelength, λ = 450 nm = 4.5 × 10 −7 m 100
(1½)
Distance of screen from source, D = 1m
 8Ω So, equivalent emf, E4 = E1 + E2 + E3
8Ω 4Ω A
(b) = 3V + 2 V + 1V = 6V (1)
A
3Ω 5Ω As the two cells are in parallel, so equivalent emf
3 Ω 1Ω 6V
B
From the dotted region,
B From the above dotted 3 Ω and 5Ω are in parallel.
6V
region, 4 Ω and 1Ω are 1 1 1 1 1 (1)
in series.
∴ = + = +
R′ R′1 R′2 3 5 Eeq = emf of single cell = 6 V
∴ R=4+1=5Ω 15
⇒ R= (ii) Currents and emfs are shown in the given circuit.
8Ω
Now, applying Kirchhoff’s second law, in closed loop
8Ω ABEFA,
A
4 = (I1 + I2 ) 4 + I1 × 2
⇒ 4 = 4I1 + 4I2 + 2 I1
15/8 Ω
⇒ 4 = 6I1 + 4I2 …(i) (1)
Similarly, in closed loop BCDEB,
Here, 8 Ω and 15/8 Ω are in series. 6 = 4 (I1 + I2 ) + 12 I2
∴ Req = 15/8 + 8 = 79/8 Ω 6 = 4I1 + 16I2
(1½)
Or ⇒ I1 + 4I2 = 3 / 2 …(ii) (1)
(i) Consider the circuit. Let the emf of the battery is Eeq . On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
It is clear from the figure that the cells E1, E2 and E3 5
5I1 = ⇒ I1 = 0 .5 A
are in series. 2
1V 2V 3V Substituting I1 = 0.5 A in Eq. (i), we get
E3 E2 E1 ∴ I2 = 0.25 A (1)
6V