5.

1 FUNDAMENTAL OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

THEOREM A : Trigonometric Ratios

hypotenuse
opposite/
tentang
B 
adjacent/ C
sebelah

The three trigonometric ratios are:

opposite sin  STH=saya tak hafal@ sin= tentang/hipotenus

tan   
adjacent cos  KSH=Kalau saya hafal@ kos=sebelah/hipotenus

opposite TTS= tentu tak susah@ tan=tentang/sebelah

sin  
hypotenuse
*singkatan untuk mengingat 3 nisbah trigo yg utama
adjacent
cos  
hypotenuse

The three reciprocal trigonometric ratios are:

1 cos 
cot   
tan  sin 

1
cos ec 
sin 

1
sec  
cos 
Example 1:

From the triangle below, find:

a) The length AB A
b) The length AC

30 
C
5cm
Solution:

a) AB is the hypotenuse. Using the cosine ratio gives:

adj
cos  
hyp

5
cos 30 
AB

5
AB  
cos 30 ________cm

b) Using the tangent ratios gives:

opp
tan  
adj
AC
tan 30 
5
AC  5 tan 30  ____________cm

Example 2:

From the right-angled triangle below, calculate:

a) sin 
b) cos 
c) tan  12cm
d) sec 
e) cos ec 
6cm C
f) cot 

Solution:

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)
THEOREM B : Finding Trigonometric Ratios Using Calculator

We can find any trigonometric ratio by simply using calculator. Before that, make sure that your
calculator is set to the degree mode.

Example 1:

Find the value of each of the following using your calculator:

a) Sin 10° =
b) Sin 85° =
c) Cos 125° =
d) Cos 230° =
e) Tan 30° =
f) Tan 315° =

Example 2:

Find the value of each of the following using your calculator. Give the answer correct to 4 decimal
places:

a) Tan 45.53° =
b) Sin 60°24’36” =
c) Cos 95°55’74” =

Example 3:

Find the value of each of the following. Your answer must be correct to 4 decimal places:

a) Cosec 12.8° =
b) Sec 9°18’36” =
c) Cot 124° =
d) Tan(-65°) =
e) Cos(-142°) =
f) Sec(-105°) =
THEOREM C : Finding Exact Values for Trigonometric Ratios

We have two cases involving exact trigonometric ratios.

 45° - 45° triangle

 30° - 60° triangle

45° - 45° triangle 30° - 60° triangle

45  60  2
2
1
1 30 
45 
3
1

opp 1 1 3
tan 45   1 tan 30  tan 60 
adj 1 3 , 1

opp 1 3 1
sin 45   cos 30  cos 60 
hyp 2 2 , 2

adj 1 1 3
cos 45   sin 30  sin 60 
hyp 2 2, 2

Example 1:

Find the exact values of the following:

a) Cos 30°
b) Sin 60°
c) Tan 30°
Solution:

Using the 30°-60° triangle,

60  2

1
30 

3
a) Cos 30° = 2
3
b) Sin 60° = 2
1
c) Tan 30° = 3

Example 2:

Find the exact values of the following:

a) Cot 45° b) cosec 45° c) sec 45°

Solution:

This solution needs the 45° - 45° triangle,

45 
2
1
45 

1 1 1
a) Sec 45° = cos 45 b) cosec 45°= sin 45 c) cot 45°= tan 45
 1 1
 2  2
1 1
= 2 = 2 =…………….

THEOREM D : Finding Angles Given the Trigonometric Ratio

Example 1:

Find the angle each of the following and that 0    90 .

a ) tan   0.2217 b) sin   0.9272 c ) cos   0.8066

  tan 1 0.2217
=…………………….

d ) cot   5.6713 e) sec   4.8097 f ) cos ec  1.2208

1
There is no cot button in
calculator, therefore:

1
cot  
tan 
1 1

tan  5.6713
1
tan    0.1763
5.6713
  tan 1 0.1763
=…………………….

THEOREM E : Trigonometric Ratios Involving Radians

Radians are an alternative measure for angle instead of using degrees unit. They can be converted vice
versa.

Converting Degrees to Radians, Converting Radians to Degrees,

 180o
___  ___ radians 
180 

Example 1:
Convert the following to degrees:

a) 30°
b) 115°

Solution:

  
30 rad 115  2.0071rad
a) 180 = 6 b) 180

Example 2:

Convert the following to degrees:


rad
a) 2 b) 2.84rad

Solution:

 180
rad   90
a) 2 
180
2.84rad   162.72
b) 
5.2 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS AND IDENTITIES

A : Trigonometric Basic Identities

sin 
tan  
cos 

cos 2   sin 2   1

1  tan 2   sec 2 

1  cot 2   cos ec 2

B : Formula of Compound Angle & Double Angle

Compound Angle

sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

tan A  tan B
tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B

Double Angle

sin 2 A  2sin A cos A

cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A

 1  2sin 2 A

 2 cos 2 A  1

2 tan A
tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
C : Solving Equations involving Trigonometric using Compound Angle and Double angle
5.3 SINE AND COSINE RULES

THEOREM A : The Sine Rule

In any triangle ABC, whether it is an acute-angles triangle or obtuse-angled triangle, the sine rule states
that:

a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C

This rule can be used when:

 Two angles and one side are given or,

 Two sides and an angle (not an included angle) are given.

B
c b
a
c

B a A b C

Acute –angled triangle obtuse-angled triangle

Example 1:

Solve the triangle ABC with side AB=9 cm, A=50° and B=60°.

Solution:

50° b
9cm

60°
B
a C
Apply the sine rule, we get:
 b 9

sin 60 sin 70 *…………… Note that: C = 180°-(50°+60°) =70°

9sin 60
b 
sin 70 ……………...cm

Applying the sine rule again to get the value of a:

a 9

sin 50 sin 70

9sin 50
a 
sin 70 ……………….cm

Example 2:

ABC is a triangle such that ACB  120 , AC = 6 cm and AB = 17 cm. Solve the triangle.

120
6 cm B

17 cm
A

Solution:

Using the sine rule gives:

6 17

sin B sin120

6sin120
sin B 
17 =0.3057

B  sin 1 0.3057 =………….°

CAB  180  120  17.8  42.2 . Using the sine rule again to find BC gives:

BC 17

sin 42.2 sin120
 17 sin 42.2
BC 
sin120

BC  …………………cm.

 By using formula are of triangle ½ ab sin c, try to find the area of triangle for both example
above.

THEOREM B : The Cosine Rule

In any triangle ABC,

a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A B
a
And similarly we have,
C
b
b  a  c  2ac cos B
2 2 2

c
and c  a  b  2ab cos C
2 2 2
A

Example 1:

In triangle PQR, PR = 10 cm, QR = 6 cm and PRQ  28 . Find

P
a) The length PQ
b) PQR
10 cm

Q 28 
6 cm
R

Solution:

a) Applying the cosine rule to the PQR gives:

PQ 2  62  102  2(6)(10) cos 28

=
=
PQ 
=………………..cm.
b) To find PQR , we need to rearrange the cosine formula for cos Q. This gives:

q 2  p 2  r 2  2 pr cos Q

p2  r 2  q2
cos Q 
2 pr

Applying this formula to the triangle PQR gives:

62   
2
 102
cos Q 
2  6  
=

Q = cos 1 ( )

= ………………….

Therefore, PQR is …………………..

ENHANCEMENT EXERCISE (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

July 2010

a) For each of the following trigonometric functions, determine the reference angle. Hence, find
the value of the trigonometric functions:
i.sin130
ii.cos  35  
iii.tan 300

b) Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0    360 .

2
i. cos ec 
3
ii. 8sin  cos   sin 
iii. cos 2   sin 2   0

c) From the figure below, QRS is a straight line. Given that: PS=16cm, QR=10cm, RS=16cm, 
PRS=43° and  RPS=77°. Calculate:
i.  PSR
ii. The length of PQ right to two decimal places
P

16cm

43° 77°
S
10cm R 14cm

January 2010

12
a) Given that  is an acute angle and cos  = 13 . Find the values of:
 i. cot 
ii.sec 
iii. cos ec

b) Find the values of  in the following equations for 0    360 :


i. cos  0.6428
2
ii. sec   2.521
c) Solve the following equations for 0    360 :
i. tan   5  6 cot 
ii. 2sin   5cos 

July 2009

a) Find the value of the following trigonometry:

i. sin150
ii. cos ec350
iii. cot 300

b) Find all the angles between 0    360 that satisfy each of the following trigonometry
equations:
i.sin   0.9421
ii.cos   0.6428

c) Solve each of the following trigonometry equations for 0    360 :

i. sin x  cos 42  0
ii.2sin x cos x  cos x

January 2009

a) Change the following angles into radian:

i.678
ii.135
iii.531

b) Find the value of  in the range 0    360 and sketch the diagram if:
 i.tan 2  1.723

ii.sin  0.707
2

c) Given RST is a triangle where RS=10.0 cm and  S=40°. Calculate:

i. The angle of T
ii. The angle of side TS
iii. The length of side TR

July 2009 (senibina)

8 4
sin x  tan y 
a) In diagram below, QTS is a straight line. Given that 17 and 3 . Calculate the
length, in cm of ST.

6cm
y
P
x

S 8cm R

b) Determine the values of  between 0    360 for each trigonometric equation below:
i.tan    0.364
ii.sin    0.781
iii.cos ec   4.676

July 2008
 8
sin  
a) Given 17 with 0    90 . Without using calculator, find the following values:
i. cos 
ii. tan 
iii.cos ec
iv.sec 
v.cot 

b) Find  value of 0    360 which satisfy the following trigonometric equations:

i. tan   0.4245
ii. sin   0.7431
c) Solve the following equations for 0    360

2 tan 2   tan   3  0

-END OF CHAPTER-