Handout

09/02/2020
2nd year
Handout
Practicing In-Text Citations
Each item below includes a flawed example of an in-text citation. write a correct in text-citation for
each example (in some cases, you will have more than one option). You may have to add information, delete
information, or move information to make the example correct.
1. On page 8, Conrad’s narrator in Heart of Darkness describes the scene: “Flames glided in on the river, small
green flames, red flames, white flames, pursuing, overtaking, joining, crossing each other--then separating
slowly or hastily.”
Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Penguin Classics, 2007.
2. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the character Dill is introduced primarily through narration:
Dill was from Meridian, Mississippi, was spending the summer with his aunt, Miss Rachel, and would be
spending every summer in Maycomb from now on. His family was from Maycomb County originally, his
mother worked for a photographer in Meridian, had entered his picture in a Beautiful Child contest and won
five dollars. She gave the money to Dill, who went to the picture show twenty times on it. (11)
Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Grand Central Publishing, 2015.

3. According to Kidder et al., “[T]o write is to talk to strangers” (3).
Kidder, Tracy, and Richard Todd. Good Prose: The Art of Nonfiction. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2013.
4. Montagu (2000) claims that American men have a diminished capacity to be human because they have been
trained by their culture not to cry.(p.3).
5. Another study found similar data, showing that individuals as young as 18 displayed symptoms of the
disease .( tang and pierce, 2014,p.231 ).
Embedding Quotations
Using quotations is important in the writing process because they add strong evidence when used
appropriately. However, embedding quotations effectively into sentences is just as important as
finding the correct quotations to use. Correctly embedded quotations move the reader from the
quoted text back into the paragraph smoothly.
Some Signal Phrases to Use : according to, claims ,points out ,discusses, proposes, notes, states, writes,
demonstrates argues, explains, says.
Strategies for Embedding Quotations : There are three strategies you can use to embed quotations: set off
quotations, build in quotations, or introduce quotations with a colon.
1. Set-off quotations are set off from the sentence with a comma. Capitalize the first word of the quote. Notice
the signal phrases (in bold print) used in the following examples.
09/02/2020
2nd year
As Jane Smith explains, “A duck’s quack doesn’t echo.”

“Cheese is the most stolen food in the world,” according to Jane Smith
2. Unlike set-off quotations, built-in quotations are built seamlessly in to a sentence. They are not set off with
commas and usually use the word “that” along with a signal phrase. Do not capitalize the first word of these
quotes.
 In the interest of animal sleeping habits, Jane Smith proposes that “dolphins sleep with one eye open.”
 Jane Smith points out, in her article about the sun, that “only 55% of all Americans know that the sun is
a star.”
3. Introduce Quotations with a Colon : For this strategy, the signal is a complete sentence that goes before the
colon. This sentence provides some information about the quotation to introduce it. The quotation follows the
colon, and the first word in the quotation is capitalized.
In her book about pets, Jane Smith discusses the benefits of owning a dog: “Dog owners are less likely to suffer
from depression and have lower levels of stress than people who do not own dogs.”
Jane Smith argues that there are many good reasons for consuming dark chocolate: “Dark chocolate contains
antioxidants, lowers blood pressure, and is high in vitamins and minerals.”
Practice :
1. “A happy person is not a person in a certain set of circumstances, but rather a person with a certain set of
attitudes.” Hugh Downs, award-winning journalist, page 427
2. “Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.” Mark Twain page 291
3. “Be the change that you want to see in the world.” Mahatma Gandhi, Nobel Peace Prize winner
4. “The greatest test of courage is to bear defeat without losing heart.” Robert Ingersoll, Civil War veteran and
orator, page 83.
5. “We are the choices we make.” Meryl Streep, award-winning actress, page 673
6. “ if you are considering a career in law, English is actually one of the best majors to consider as an
undergraduate. The skills you learn in logic and analysis transfer well to disputation.” Collins, Tara and Kelly
Almond, 2006, 19.

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09/02/2020

Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Grand Central Publishing, 2015.

As Jane Smith explains, “A duck’s quack doesn’t echo.”

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