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Day 6 - Newtonian Mechanics PDF

This document discusses Newtonian mechanics concepts including: - Forces and Newton's three laws of motion are explained with examples of calculating net forces and accelerations. - Frictional forces, including static and kinetic friction, are defined and factors affecting friction are identified. - Concepts are applied to example problems involving forces, equilibrium, dynamics, and friction.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
169 views31 pages

Day 6 - Newtonian Mechanics PDF

This document discusses Newtonian mechanics concepts including: - Forces and Newton's three laws of motion are explained with examples of calculating net forces and accelerations. - Frictional forces, including static and kinetic friction, are defined and factors affecting friction are identified. - Concepts are applied to example problems involving forces, equilibrium, dynamics, and friction.

Uploaded by

Jazzver
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Physics

Newtonian Mechanics
Objective/s
After completing the lesson, the students are able to:
• explain the concept of force
• give examples of system for the three Newton’s Laws of Motion
• define friction and identify the factors affecting it
• solve problems of force and friction

Main Reference Material:


Young, H.D., Freedman, R.A., & Ford, A.L. (2012) Sears & Zemansky’s
University Physics: With Modern Physics, 13th edition. San Francisco:
Pearson Addison-Wesley
Force and Interactions
• A force is an interaction between two objects or between an object and its
environment.
• A force is a vector quantity, with magnitude and direction.
Force and Interactions
Four Common Types of Forces
Typical Force Magnitudes
Superposition of Forces
• Several forces acting at a point on an object have the same effect as their
vector sum acting at the same point.
Decomposing a Force into its Component Vectors
• Choose perpendicular x and y axes.
• 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 are the components of a force along these axes.
• Use trigonometry to find these force components.
Components:
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Decomposing a Force into its Component Vectors
Three professional wrestlers are fighting over a champion’s belt. The figure below
shows the horizontal force each wrestler applies to the belt, as viewed from above.
The forces have magnitudes 𝐹1 = 250𝑁, 𝐹2 = 50𝑁, 𝐹3 = 120𝑁. Find the x- and y-
components of the net force on the belt, and find its magnitude and direction.
Newton’s First Law
• “An object at rest tends to stay at rest, an object in motion tends to stay in
uniform motion.”
• “A body acted on by zero net force moves with constant velocity and zero
acceleration.”

σ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 𝐹1 + −𝐹1 = 0 (Law of Inertia)


Newton’s First Law
• Newton’s First Law is valid only in non-accelerating inertial reference frames.
Newton’s Second Law
• “If the net force on an object is not zero, it causes an object to
accelerate.”
• The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net
force acting on it, and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.
σ 𝐹Ԧ
in symbols: σ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ or 𝑎Ԧ =
𝑚
Components: σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 ; σ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚𝑎𝑧
SI Unit: 1 Newton (N) = 1 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
Example
A worker applies a constant horizontal force with magnitude 20 N to
a box with mass 40 kg resting on a level floor with negligible friction.
Mass and Weight
• The weight of an object (on the earth) is the gravitational force that the
earth exerts on it.
• The weight of an object with mass m is W = mg
*The value of g depends on altitude.
Examples
1. A one-euro coin was dropped from rest from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. If
the coin falls freely, so that the effects of the air are negligible, how does the
net force on the coin vary as it falls?

2. A 2.49 × 104 N Rolls-Royce Phantom traveling in the +x-direction makes an


emergency stop; the x-component of the net force acting on it is 1.83 × 104
N. What is its acceleration?
Newton’s Third Law
• “If you exert a force on a body, the body always exerts a force (the reaction)
back upon you.”
1. A force and its reaction force have the same magnitude but opposite
directions.
2. These forces act on different bodies.
General Physics
Applying Newton’s Laws
Newton’s First Law: Equilibrium of a Particle
• A body is in equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with constant velocity in
an inertial frame of reference.

Example 1: (One-dimensional equilibrium)


A gymnast with mass 𝑚𝐺 = 50.0 𝑘𝑔 suspends herself from the lower end of
a hanging rope of negligible mass. The upper end of the rope is attached to
the gymnasium ceiling.
a. What is the gymnast’s weight?
b. What force (magnitude and direction) does the rope exert on her?
c. What is the tension at the top of the rope?
Newton’s First Law: Equilibrium of a Particle
Newton’s First Law: Equilibrium of a Particle
Example 2: (Two-dimensional equilibrium)
A car engine with weight w hangs from a chain that is linked at ring O to two other chains,
one fastened to the ceiling and the other to the wall. Find the expressions for the tension
in each of the three chains in terms of w. (The weight of the ring and chains are
negligible compared with the weight of the engine.)
Newton’s First Law: Equilibrium of a Particle
Example 3: (An inclined plane)
A car of weight w rests on a slanted ramp attached to a trailer. Only a cable running from
the trailer to the car prevents the car from rolling off the ramp. Find the tension in the
cable and the force that the ramp exerts on the car’s tires.
Newton’s First Law: Equilibrium of a Particle
Example 4: (Bodies connected by cable and pulley)
How must the weights 𝑤1 and 𝑤2 be related in order for the system to move with
constant speed? (Ignore friction in the pulley and wheels, and ignore the weight of the
cable.)
Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
• Apply Newton’s Second in component form:
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Example 1: (Straight-line motion with a constant force)


An iceboat is at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface. A wind is
blowing along the direction of the runners so that 4.0 s after the
iceboat is released, it is moving at 6.0 m/s. What constant
horizontal force 𝑭𝒘 does the wind exert on the iceboat? The
combined mass of iceboat and rider is 200 kg.
Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
Example 2: (Tension in an elevator cable)
An elevator and its load have a combined mass of 800 kg. The elevator is initially moving
downward at 10.0 m/s; it slows to a stop with constant acceleration in a distance of 25.0 m.
What is the tension T in the supporting cable while the elevator is being brought to rest?
Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
Example 3: (Acceleration down a hill)
A toboggan loaded with students (total weight w) slides down a snow-covered slope. The
hill slopes at a constant angle 𝛼, and the toboggan is well waxed that there is virtually no
friction. What is its acceleration?
Frictional Forces
• When a body rests or slides on a surface, the friction force is parallel to the surface.
• Friction between two surface arises from interactions between molecules on the surfaces.
Kinetic and Static Friction
1. Kinetic friction (𝑓𝑘 ) acts when a body slides over a surface.
𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑛 (𝜇𝑘 is the coefficient of kinetic friction)

2. Static friction (𝑓𝑠 ) acts when there is no relative motion between bodies.
𝑓𝒔 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑛 (𝜇𝑠 is the coefficient of static friction)

Note: For an object that is “about to move”, use (𝑓𝒔 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 .


Kinetic and Static Friction
Approximate Coefficients of Friction
Kinetic and Static Friction
Example 1: Friction in horizontal motion
You want to move a 500-N crate across a level floor. To start the crate moving, you have to
pull with a 230-N horizontal force. Once the crate “breaks loose” and starts to move, you can
keep it moving at constant velocity with only 200 N. What are the coefficients of static and
kinetic friction?
Kinetic and Static Friction
Example 2: Toboggan ride with friction
The wax has worn off, so there is now a nonzero coefficient of kinetic friction 𝜇𝑘 . The slope
has just the right angle to make the toboggan slide with constant velocity. Find this angle in
terms of w and 𝜇𝑘 .

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