Module 4

1
Kinematics vs Dynamics
Kinematics – describe the motion of an object by answering the
questions:
Time
 When?
Time interval
 Where?
Position
 How fast? Distance
 How far? Speed
 How long? Acceleration

Dynamics – describing the motion of an object by answering the

questions:
 Why is the object moving in a certain way?
 What causes the object to change its velocity?

 It studies the causes of changes in the motion of object.

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Force and Interactions
Force – interaction (push or pull) of one object
to another object or to its environment
 It is a vector quantity (magnitude and
direction).
 SI unit: newton (N).
 If two or more forces are acting on the
object, then the total force is
𝒏

𝑭𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝑭 𝒊 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑭𝒏
𝒊=𝟏
 The net force can also be expressed in
terms of its components
𝑭𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝑭𝒙 + 𝑭𝒚 + 𝑭𝒛
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 Classification of Forces
i. Contact forces – forces resulting from physical contact between
two objects.
ii. Field forces – long range forces applied to an object by another
object that is not in direct contact with each other. Also known as
“action at a distance”.

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Kinds of Forces
Gravitational force
Normal force
Friction force
Tension force
Centripetal force
Buoyant force

the
theopposing
force which
forceis exerted
transmitted
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through
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rope, string
of contact.
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is always
it isresistive
pulled
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supporting force
exerted
force onacting
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any aon
pull
fluid
any
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ismoving
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theobject
inweight
a circle
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immersed
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to motion
from opposite ends.
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 Newton’s Law of Motion

Newton’s Laws of Motion:

Law of Inertia
Galileo Galilei Law of Acceleration
Law of Interaction
Sir Isaac Newton

 It is a fundamental law used to understand the most familiar kinds of

motion.
 It is deduced from multiple experiments performed by other scientist.
 It is only applicable to Classical Mechanics.

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Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Law of Inertia
“An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in
motion will stay in motion with constant velocity unless a
net external force acts on it.”

 An object at rest remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it.

 An object moving with constant velocity continues to move with
the same speed and in the same direction as long as no net force
acts on it.
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Object in Equilibrium
Newton’s 1st Law can be applied for objects in equilibrium.
 The net external force is zero, 𝑭𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝟎, the vector sum of forces is also
zero
𝟎 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑭𝒏
This means that all the acting forces are balanced. If the forces are balanced,
the object is said to be in equilibrium condition and has zero acceleration
 Object at rest: 𝒗 = 𝟎 and 𝒂 = 𝟎
 Object in motion: 𝒗 ≠ 𝟎 (constant) and 𝒂 = 𝟎
As such, the components of the net force is also zero
Equilibrium Condition
𝑭𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝟎

𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎

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Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
Law of Acceleration
“When a net external force 𝑭𝑛𝑒𝑡 acts on an object with
mass m, the object accelerates in the direction of the net
force.”

𝑭
𝒂

 Force is the product of mass and acceleration:

𝒏
𝒂
𝑭 𝑭𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝑭𝒊 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒊=𝟏
 The greater the mass, the greater the force to cause a given acceleration.
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Dynamics of Object
Newton’s 2nd Law can be applied to dynamics problems (bodies
are not in equilibrium and hence there is acceleration).
 Since there is a net external force acting on the object, then the
object is accelerating:
𝒏

𝑭𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝑭𝒊 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒊=𝟏
 where 𝟏 𝐍 = 𝟏 𝐤𝐠 ⋅ 𝐦 𝐬𝟐
Then the components of the net force
Dynamics of Accelerating Bodies

𝑭𝒙 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝑭𝒛 = 𝒎𝒂𝒛

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Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
Law of Interaction
“For every action, there is always an equal and opposite
reaction.”

 The two forces acts on different bodies. Equal in magnitude but in

opposite directions:
𝑭𝐀𝐨𝐧𝐁 = −𝑭𝐁𝐨𝐧𝐀
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 Free Body Diagrams (FBD)
Free-body diagram is a diagram showing all the forces acting on a body.
 With FBD, the forces acting on a body can be resolve into components.
 A FBD must be applied to one object only. A different FBD must be also
be shown for a different body.
 The x- and y- axis of FBD can be rotated for convenience (inclined
plane). y y
𝜼 𝜼 𝒂 𝜼
𝒇
𝑭
m x 𝒇 m 𝑭 x

𝑾 𝑾 𝑾
Object in Equilibrium Accelerating Object Accelerating Object
Condition Down an Incline
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 Normal Force 𝜼
 Normal force on an object on a level  Normal force on an object on an
surface: inclined surface:
y
𝜼 𝜼
m x
𝜽
𝑾 𝑾
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜂 − 𝑊 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜂 − 𝑊𝑦

0=𝜂−𝑊 0 = 𝜂 − 𝑊𝑦
𝜂=𝑊 𝜂 = 𝑊𝑦
𝜼 = 𝒎𝒈 𝜼 = 𝒎𝒈 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

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Frictional Force f
Static Friction – frictional force that Kinetic Friction – frictional force
keeps the object from moving. acting on the object when it is in
motion.

𝒂=𝟎 𝒂
𝑭 𝑭
m m
𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒌
The object does not move even The object is in motion but there is
there is a force applied to it since an opposing force which is less
the frictional force is much greater. than the applied force.

𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝜼 𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 𝜼
 𝜇𝑠 is the coefficient of static  𝜇𝑘 is the coefficient of kinetic
friction friction

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Tension Force T
 A rope (cord, cable, string, etc. .) exerts forces on whatever
holds its ends.

 The tension force is always directed along the length of the

cord and away from the object.

𝑭𝟏𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆

𝑭𝟐𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆

𝑭𝟏𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝑻 = 𝑭𝟐𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆
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Mass vs. Weight
 Mass is the measure of amount of inertia. Mass is measured
in kilograms (kg)
 Weight is the pull of earth’s gravity on any object with
mass. Weight is a gravitational force, so it is measured in
newton (N). This is the force that makes the body accelerate
downward.
 The magnitude of weight is
𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈

𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈
𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈
𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈

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 Problem 1
 A dockworker applies a constant horizontal force of
80.0 N to a block of ice on a smooth horizontal floor.
 The frictional force is negligible. The block starts from
rest and moves a distance 11.0 m in 5.00 s.
(a) What is the mass of the block of ice? 90.9 kg

(b) If the worker stops pushing at the end of 5.00 s, how

far does the block move in the next 5.0 s? 22.0 m

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 Problem 2
 A crate with mass 32.5 kg initially at rest on a
warehouse floor is acted on by a net horizontal force of
140. N.

(a) What acceleration is produced?

(b) How far does the crate travel in 10.0 s?
(c) What is its speed at the end of 10.0 s?

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Problem 3
 A bowling ball weighing 71.2 N (16.0 lb). The bowler
applies a horizontal force of 160 N (36.0 lb) to the ball.

 What is the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration of

the ball?

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 Problem 4
 A force F applied to an object of mass m1 produces an
acceleration of 3.0 m/s2.
 The same force applied to a second object of mass m2
produces and acceleration of 2.00 m/s2.

(a) What is the value of the ratio m1/m2?

(b) If m1 and m2 are combined, find their acceleration

under the action of the force F.

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 Problem 5
 Draw a free-body diagram of a block which slides down
a frictionless plane having an inclination of 𝜃 = 15.0°.
 The block starts from rest at the top and the length of
the incline is 2.0 m. Find
(a) the acceleration of the block and
(b) its speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline
plane?

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 Problem 5
 Two objects are connected by a light string that passes
over a frictionless pulley. Draw the free-body of both
objects.
 If the incline is frictionless and if 𝑚1 = 2.0 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 =
6.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 55.0°, find
(a) the accelerations of the
objects, m2
(b) the tension in the string 6.0 kg
(c) The speed of each object
m1
2.00 s after being released
2.0 kg 𝜃
from rest.
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 Problem 6
 Two blocks of mass 3.50 kg and 8.00 kg are connected
by a massless string that passes over a frictionless
pulley.
 The inclines are frictionless. Find

(a) the magnitude of the

acceleration of each block.
(b) the tension in the string.

35° 35°

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 Problem 7
 A 150-N bird feeder is supported by three cables
as shown.
 Find the tension in each cable.
𝑇1 = 130 𝑁
And 𝑇2 = 130 𝑁

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 Problem 8

 A 3.00 kg block starts from rest at the top of a 30.0°

incline and slides a distance of 2.00 m down the incline
in 1.50 s. Find

(a) the magnitude of the acceleration of the block

(b) the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the plane,
(c) the friction force acting on the block, and
(d) the speed of the block after it has slid 2.00 m.

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 Problem 9
 A 5.0 kg block is held in place on a frictionless plane
inclined by 30°.
 Find the
(a ) tension in the rope connecting the block and the wall;
(b) magnitude of the force that the incline exerts on the block.

30°
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 Problem 10
 A 25 kg block rests on a rough horizontal floor.
 The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and floor is 0.15.
 A horizontal force of 160 N acts on the block for 3 s.
 Compute the acceleration and speed of the block at
the end of 3 s.

𝑭
25 kg
𝒇𝒌
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 Problem 11
 Three objects are connected on the table. The table is rough and
has a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.350.
 The objects have masses of 4.00 kg, 1.00 kg and 2.00 kg and the
pulleys are frictionless. Draw the free body diagram of each
objects.
(a) Determine the acceleration of each object and their directions.
(b) Determine the tensions in (2.31 m/s2)
the two cords.
T12 = 29.96 N
T23 = 24.72 N

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 Problem 12
 A 25.0-kg box of textbooks rests on a loading ramp that
makes an angle 𝛼 with the horizontal.
 The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.25 and the
coefficient of static friction is 0.35.
(a) As the angle 𝛼 is increased, find the minimum angle at
which the box starts to slip.
(b) At this angle, find the acceleration once the box has
begun to move.
(c) At this angle, how fast will the box be moving after it
has slid a distance 5.0 m along the inclined ramp?

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 Problem 13
 A traffic light weighing 1x102 N hangs from a vertical
cable tied to two other cables that are fastened to a
support.
 The upper cables make angles
of 37.0° and 53.0° with the horizontal.

Find the tension in each of the three cables.

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 Problem 14
 Three objects are connected on the ramp elevated at
angle 𝜃 = 30.0° as shown below.
 The ramp is rough and has a coefficient of kinetic friction
of 0.150. The objects have masses m1= 1.00 kg, m2= 3.00
kg and m3= 10.0 kg respectively.
(a) Draw the free-body diagrams of each of the objects. (3
points)

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 Problem 14
(b) Determine the acceleration of each object and their
directions. (5 points) (1.58 m/s2)
(c) Determine the tensions in the two cords. (2 points)
(T12=11.40 N and T23 20.60 N)

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 Problem 15
 Blocks A, B and C are placed and connected by ropes of negligible
mass.
 Both A and B weigh 25.0 N each, and the coefficient of kinetic
friction between Block A and B and the surface is 0.35.
 Block C descends with constant velocity. Assume massless and
frictionless pulleys.
(a) Draw the free-body diagrams of each of the objects. (3 pts)

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 Problem 15
(b) Find the tension in the rope connecting blocks A and
B. (2 pts) (TAB = 8.75 N)
(c) What is the weight of block C? (30.76 N) (3 pts)
(d) If the rope connecting A and B were cut, what would
be the acceleration of C? (4.0 m/s2) (2 pts)

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 Problem 16
 Two blocks with masses 4.00 kg and 8.00 kg are
connected by a string and slide down a 30°inclined plane.
 The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 4.00-kg
block and the plane is 0.25; that between the 8.00-kg
block and the plane is 0.35.
(a) Calculate the acceleration of each block. (1.58 m/s2)
(b) Calculate the tension in the string. (2.27 N)
(c) What happens if the positions of the
blocks are reversed, so the
4.00-kg block is above the
8.00-kg block?
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 Problem 17
 The system in the figure is frictionless except at the inclined
surface where 𝜇𝑘 = 0.2 for the surface and the block.
(a) Draw the free-body diagram (FBD) for each block.
(b) Which way will the system move? (Please, use your common
sense.)
(c) What is the acceleration?
(d) What is the tension in each string?

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 Problem 18
 Two bodies are connected by a light string. The coefficient of
friction between the block and the inclined plane is 0.400.
 The mass 𝑚2 = 20.0 𝑘𝑔 and 𝜃 = 53.1°. The hanging ball
descends 12.0 𝑚 in the first 3.00 𝑠 after the system is released
from rest.

(a) Draw FBD for each object. (2 points)

(b) Find the acceleration 𝒂. (2 points)
(c) Find friction force 𝒇. (1 point)
(d) Compute for the tension in the string.
(2 points)
(e) Solve for the mass 𝒎𝟏 . (3 points)
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 Problem 18
 Two blocks of masses 𝑚1 = 2.3 𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚2 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔
are placed on a frictionless table in contact with each
other. A horizontal force of magnitude 𝐹 = 3.2 𝑁 is
applied to the block of mass m1 in the figure.
(a) Draw the free-body diagrams for each block.
(b) Find the magnitude of the contact force between the
blocks.

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 Problem 18
(c) Show that if a force of the same magnitude 𝐹 is applied to
the smaller block but in the opposite direction, the
magnitude of the force between the blocks is 2.1 𝑁, which
is not the same in part b.
(d) Explain the difference.

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 Problem 19
 Two objects are connected by a light string that passes
over a frictionless pulley. A force of 50.0 𝑁 is applied to
𝑚1 with an angle 10° from the horizontal. The inclined
plane has kinetic frictional force of 39 𝑁 and 𝑚1 =
20.0 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 10.0 𝑘𝑔 and 𝛼 = 30.0°.
(a) Draw the free-body diagram of each mass. (3 points)
(b) Calculate the acceleration of each of the block. (5 points)

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 Problem 19
(c) Compute the tension in the string. (2 points)
(d) Compute the displacement (Y) of 𝑚2, 4.00 s after the
force F is being applied from rest. (2.5 points)
(e) Calculate the final speed of 𝑚2, 4.00 s after the force F
is being applied from rest. (2.5 points)

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Problem 20
 A 3.0-kg object hangs at one end of a rope that is
attached to a support on a railroad car.
 When the car accelerates to the right, the rope makes
an angle of 4.0°with the vertical, as shown in the
figure. Find the acceleration of the car.

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 Uniform Circular Motion
o Motion of an object in a circle with constant speed.

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 Uniform Circular Motion
Characteristics of an object in uniform
circular motion: 𝒗
i. It has a constant speed (magnitude).
𝒂
ii. The object has acceleration. 𝑭
 Object moving in a circle constantly
changes its direction. Velocity vector
is tangent to the circle (Motion is
tangent to the circle).
 Acceleration is directed inward or
radial.
iii. A net inward force (Centripetal
Force) acts on the object causing the
object to change its direction.
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9/18/2018 47
Centripetal Force Fc
The radial or centripetal acceleration of
any object moving in a circle is cause by 𝒗
the centripetal force FC which is directed
towards the center of the circular motion, 𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅
then 𝑭𝒄
𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑹
 Since the radial acceleration is given by
𝑣2
𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑅
Then
𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎
𝑹
 The centripetal force is parallel to the
radial acceleration

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