DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION

TECHONLOGY
2019-2020

Micro Project Report

On
“MODES OF COMMUNICATION AND LATEST
TECHNOLOGIES”
Academic year: 2019-20

Program code: IF3I

Course: Data Communication
Course Code: 22024
Subject Teacher: Mrs. Jagruti Jadhav
Group No: 05

ZAGDU SINGH CHARITABLE TRUST (REGD.)

THAKUR POLYTECHNIC
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute)
Thakur Complex, West to W. E. Highway, Kandivali (E), Mumbai – 400 101
(Accredited by: National Board Of Accreditation)
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that

DEVYANSHU SINGH-01
GAUTAM JUVARAJIYA-04
JANVI SINGHAL -09
VEDANT PEDNEKAR -20
SAKSHI THORBOLE -44
DHRITI MISRA -46

of 3rd Semester of Diploma in Information Technology of Institute, THAKUR

POLYTECHNIC (Code:0522) have completed the Micro Project (Modes of
communication and latest technologies) satisfactorily in Subject - (Data
Communication) for the academic year 2019-2020 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Place: Mumbai

Date:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 Acknowledgement

This acknowledgment transcends the reality of formality when we would like to express deep
gratitude and respect to all those people behind the screen who guided, inspired and helped
me for the completion of our project work.

This project would add as an asset to my academic profile. We express our sincere gratitude
to our respectful Principal Dr. S.M. Ganechari for enabling us to make use of laboratory and
library facilities liberally, that helped us a long way in carrying out our project work
successfully.

We consider ourselves lucky enough to get such a good project. This project would add as an
asset to my academic profile. We express our gratitude to the help of the Head of the
Department of Information technology, Mrs. Suwarna Thakre, for her constant supervision,
guidance and co-operation throughout the project and we would like to express our
thankfulness to our project guide(subject teacher), Mrs.Jagruti Jadhav for her constant
motivation and valuable help through the project work. We extend our sincere gratitude to our
parents who have encouraged us with their blessings to do this project successfully.

Finally we would like to thank to all our friends, all the teaching and non-teaching staff
members of the IF Department, for all the timely help, ideas and encouragement which helped
throughout in the completion of project.
 INTRODUCTION
Data communications (DC) is the process of using computing and communication
technologies to transfer data from one place to another, and vice versa. It enables the
movement of electronic or digital data between two or more nodes, regardless of
geographical location, technological medium or data contents.

Data communications incorporates several techniques and technologies with the primary
objective of enabling any form of electronic communication. These technologies include
telecommunications, computer networking and radio/satellite communication. Data
communication usually requires existence of a transportation or communication medium
between the nodes wanting to communicate with each other, such as copper wire, fiber optic
cables or wireless signals.
For example, a common example of data communications is a computer connected to the
Internet via a Wi-Fi connection, which uses a wireless medium to send and receive data from
one or more remote servers.
Some devices/technologies used in data communications are known as data communication
equipment (DCE) and data terminal equipment (DTE). DCE is used at the sending node, and
DTE is used at the receiving node.
A data communication system may collect data from remote locations through data
transmission circuits, and then outputs processed results to remote locations. Figure provides a
broader view of data communication networks. The different data communication techniques
which are presently in widespread use evolved gradually either to improve the data
communication techniques already existing or to replace the same with better options and
features. Then, there are data communication jargons to contend with such as baud rate,
modems, routers, LAN, WAN, TCP/IP, ISDN, during the selection of communication systems.
Hence, it becomes necessary to review and understand these terms and gradual development
of data communication methods.

Components of data communication system

A Communication system has following components:
1. Message: It is the information or data to be communicated. It can consist of text, numbers,
pictures, sound or video or any combination of these.
2. Sender: It is the device/computer that generates and sends that message.
3. Receiver: It is the device or computer that receives the message. The location of receiver
computer is generally different from the sender computer. The distance between sender and
receiver depends upon the types of network used in between.
4. Medium: It is the channel or physical path through which the message is carried from sender
to the receiver. The medium can be wired like twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable
or wireless like laser, radio waves, and microwaves.
5. Protocol: It is a set of rules that govern the communication between the devices. Both sender
and receiver follow same protocols to communicate with each other
 MODES OF COMMUNICATION

Transmission Modes in Computer Networks (Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex)

Transmission mode means transferring of data between two devices. It is also known as
communication mode. Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur
between individual devices that are interconnected. There are three types of transmission
mode:

 Simplex Mode
 Half-Duplex Mode
 Full-Duplex Mode
 Simplex Mode
In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one
of the two devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive. The simplex mode
can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.
Example: Keyboard and traditional monitors. The keyboard can only introduce input, the
monitor can only give the output.

Figure 1.0

A B
Figure 1.0 shows that the communication is only taking place from one way, that is A
sends data to B and B only receives the data.

Half-Duplex Mode
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa. The half-duplex
mode is used in cases where there is no need for communication in both direction at the same
time. The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each direction.
Example: Walkie- talkie in which message is sent one at a time and messages are sent in both
the directions.

Figure 1.1

In figure 1.1, the data is transmitted from A(sender) to B(receiver). after the data is send
from A to B, data is now sent from B to A, that is now B is the sender and A is the
receiver. Communication takes place simultaneously.
Full-Duplex Mode
In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. In full_duplex
mode, signals going in one direction share the capacity of the link with signals going in
other direction, this sharing can occur in two ways:
 Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for
sending and other for receiving.
 Or the capacity is divided between signals travelling in both directions.
 Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both direction is required all the
time. The capacity of the channel, however must be divided between the two
directions.
Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication between two persons
by a telephone line, through which both can talk and listen at the same time.

Figure 1.2

In figure 1.2, communication takes place simultaneously, that is, pc sends data to
terminal and terminal sends data to pc (sending and receiving of data takes place
simultaneously)
 LATEST TECHNOLOGIES USED

1. Machine Learning. If You Are Not Doing It, People Will Still Shun You at Parties
and Now Your Children Will Laugh at You Too.

Moving up to the number one spot for this year. Well it is actually happening now,
especially in some network planning functions and radio resource management. Everyone is
now trying to use it all the way down to the physical layer. Now that there is some real use,
we expect this year will be when it turns and starts rolling back down the hype curve, such is
human nature (in fact we expect AI to become disappointed in itself sometime this year and
need some counselling). But in the meantime the activity in ML will continue to rise in coms,
and the CTN EB will certainly milk it for a few articles. Implementation in the edge of the
network might be a big topic for this year. Federated Learning, you heard it here first. Unless
of course you already heard it somewhere else…

2. THz Frequencies: Where Communication Meets Positioning and Imaging

A defining feature of 5G has been the breaking of the 6 GHz ceiling. But what can we say,
this is already boring. Beyond, vast horizons of idle bandwidth had long awaited designers
brave enough to face the challenges that these millimeter-wave frequencies present: small
antenna apertures, lack of diffraction around obstacles, atmospheric attenuation of rain and
snow, device power consumption, cost, etc. Now researchers are starting to explore the even
higher frequency frontier that lies between 100 GHz and 1 THz, where the aforementioned
challenges become even more taxing, but the promises also multiply: besides even broader
swaths of free bandwidth, their tiny wavelength makes these frequencies suitable for high-
resolution positioning and even crude imaging. If this blend of possibilities fructifies,
applications await for short-range systems, vehicular networks, or drone-to-drone
connectivity, among others.

3. The Post-Cell phone Era is Near

We made a first mention of this last year, and it is not something bound to happen overnight,
so here we go again. The cell phone, and more recently its smartphone incarnation, has long
been the undisputed darling of wireless communications. Other devices do connect to
wireless networks, but their volume has barely registered to date. The appearance of a myriad
of satellite gadgets such as smart-watches, eyeglasses, or wearable devices has made little
impact on the network so far. And where is that smart city we should all have been living by
now?However IoT is making quiet progress into the network with device growth estimated in
the 20-30% range, though their data volume remains quite low to date. It is expected that new
IoT applications will put more demand on the network for bandwidth. We say this with the
caveat that video will continue to drive mobile data volume and will increase its share in all
probability in 2019. Vehicle to network and industrial control are the darlings of 2019 to
watch out for. Anyway we will call 2019 the year of IoT and see what happens. For that thing
that sits in your pocket and you pay more attention to than your family, this year will be the
year of the unfolding smart phone, which we think is totally cool and may lead to a more
fundamental change than just driving yet more video demand, that could be called “post
smart phone”. However, the transformation of IoT is expected to be more profound, with a
progressive shift from human-borne transceivers to domestic appliances, vehicles, robots,
drones, and industrial equipment. Machines taking over from humans: sound familiar? Oh
and has anyone not watched the self-driving car knocking over a robot at CES? 2019 is the
year of robot-on-robot violence. We called it.

4. LTE Continues to Be More Important Than 5G

Boring but true. Every year Ericsson published a very nice mobility report and this year they
are predicting that LTE subscribers will continue to grow through 2021 and that 5G will be
frankly a bit of a blip until then. LTE has a lot of juice left in it and the new peripheral
technologies such as IoT and ML will give LTE a boost thru 2021. So don’t throw that book
on LTE away quite just yet.
 DISADVANTAGES OF THE LATEST TECHNOLOGIES USED

An Increased Bandwidth will mean Less Coverage.

One of the key advantages of 3G cell towers was that they could cover immense territory
with relatively few cells. This is because the network did not require as much bandwidth,
meaning networks had to deploy fewer cells. When technology progressed to 4G networks,
the cells were producing more bandwidth, meaning the coverage radius of each cell was
smaller. People may have noticed that their coverage may drop more often than on their 3G
network. As the 5G network gets rolled out, this trend will continue. More cell towers will be
required to produce this immense bandwidth because the cells are not able to cover as much
space as a 3G or 4G cell. Because more cells will need to be rolled out, 5G users should
expect that their coverage may not be as widespread at first.

MIMO

the resource requirements and hardware complexity is higher compare to single antenna
antenna based system. Each antenna requires individual RF units for radio signal processing.
Moreover advanced DSP chip is needed to run advanced mathematical signal processing
algorithms.
➨The hardware resources increase power requirements. Battery gets drain faster due to
processing of complex and computationally intensive signal processing algorithms. This
reduces battery lifetime of MIMO based devices.
➨MIMO based systems cost higher compare to single antenna based system due to increased
hardware and advanced software requirements.

LTE
The existing mobile phones can not be used to access LTE network features. The user need to
have mobile phone which supports LTE functionality. This will incur cost to the user to avail
the LTE service.
➨LTE network is completely new network which requires installation of equipments and
antennas to make it operational.
➨As LTE service has been recently started, it takes time to get stabilize and have LTE signal
available everywhere. At the moment, the service is available in some of the regions or cities.
The problem can be avoided by having multimode supported mobile phone, So that user can
make use of other networks such as 2G, 3G in case 4G signal is not available.
➨LTE system is complex and hence requires skilled engineers to maintain and manage the
system. They need to be paid higher salaries in order to retain them.
 CONCLUSION
There are 3 types of transmission modes namely simplex, half duplex and full duplex.
Simplex- it is a unidirectional mode of communication where transmission of data takes
place in one way only. For example: television, radio. Half duplex- it is a bidirectional
mode of communication that is data can be transmitted and received but not
simultaneously. For example: walkie talkie. Full duplex – it is truly bidirectional mode of
communication as transmission of data and receiving of data takes place simultaneously.
For example: telephone. Latest technologies used in transmission mode of communication.
About data communication. Process of data communication.

However, we have learnt about the following things and are looking forward to learn about
various things related to data communicaton.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/transmission-modes-computer-networks/

 https://s3.amazonaws.com/www.owlgen.com/wp-
content/uploads/bio/2017/11/05172759/Simple-data-communicative-system.jpg

 http://ecomputernotes.com/computernetworkingnotes/communication-networks/what-
is-data-communication