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    Energy can exist in various forms and can be transferred or transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. Mechanical energy exists in two forms: potential and kinetic energy. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in a system's internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. Heat engines convert heat into mechanical work. Thermal efficiency measures the percentage of heat energy converted to work, with typical gasoline engines around 25% efficient and coal power plants up to 36% efficient.

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    Handouts

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    Energy can exist in various forms and can be transferred or transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. Mechanical energy exists in two forms: potential and kinetic energy. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in a system's internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. Heat engines convert heat into mechanical work. Thermal efficiency measures the percentage of heat energy converted to work, with typical gasoline engines around 25% efficient and coal power plants up to 36% efficient.

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    Energy can exist in various forms and can be transferred or transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. Mechanical energy exists in two forms: potential and kinetic energy. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in a system's internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. Heat engines convert heat into mechanical work. Thermal efficiency measures the percentage of heat energy converted to work, with typical gasoline engines around 25% efficient and coal power plants up to 36% efficient.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    90 views5 pages

    Handouts

    Uploaded by

    edzee
    Energy can exist in various forms and can be transferred or transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. Mechanical energy exists in two forms: potential and kinetic energy. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows from warmer to cooler objects. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in a system's internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. Heat engines convert heat into mechanical work. Thermal efficiency measures the percentage of heat energy converted to work, with typical gasoline engines around 25% efficient and coal power plants up to 36% efficient.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    HANDOUTS & WORKSHEETS Grade 9

    ENERGY
    Energy – capacity to do work
    - stored in different forms and can transfer and/or transform. It can be transferred without being transformed
    Mechanical Energy
    - the energy acquired by objects upon which work is done is known
    - Mechanical energy are of two forms; the Potential energy and Kinetic Energy.

    Energy is simply transformed from one


    form to another or transferred from one system to another.

    It flows from a source (serving as input


    system) into an output system during transfers and/or transformations.

    1. A moving motorcycle - chemical


    energy is converted to thermal energy ,then to
    mechanical energy
    2. A runner doing stretches- chemical
    energy is converted heat , and mechanical energy
    (with wasted heat)
    3. In a hydroelectric Power plant –
    potential energy from dam is converted to kinetic
    energy as the water falls then mechanical energy when
    the turbine rotates then electrical energy
    Please answer
    1. Refer to figure I 2. Refer to figure II
    . a. At which position(s) the cyclist has minimum P.E and K.E? a. At which position(s) the ball has minimum P.E and K.E?
    b. At which position(s) the cyclist has maximum P.E and K.E? b. At which position(s) the ball has maximum P.E and K.E

    HEAT

    Internal/ Thermal energy- is the sum of potential and kinetic energy of the bodies.
    Heat- is the thermal energy that flows from a substance of higher temperature
    Heat is related to temperature. Heat transfer may increase or decrease the temperature of a body, this means that there is an energy transfer in the form of heat. The conservation of
    energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics is actually based on this concept. It states that: The change in internal energy of a system equals the
    difference between the heat taken in by the system and the work done by the system.

    The law is expressed as:

    ΔU = Q-W where Q = the amount of heat flowing into a system during a given process W = the net work done by the system ΔU = the change in
    the system’s internal energy

    This is derived from the conservation of energy given as how heat is related to work? Q= W + ΔU

    We will use Joule (J) as our SI unit for energy. The first law tells us that a system’s internal energy can be changed by transferring energy by either work, heat or a combination of the two.

    Sample problem: If 150J of energy is added to a system when no external work was done, by how much will the thermal energy of the system raised?

    Given: Q= 150J W= 0 Find: U Solution: U= Q- W U= 150J- 0 U = 150 J

    Solve the following:

    .1. A 120J of energy is added to a system that does 40J of external work, by how much thermal energy of the system is raised?
    Follow the steps below: Identify the following:
    Given: Q= W=
    Find : U =
    Solution :

    2. A 300 J of energy is added to a system when no external work has been done, by how much will the thermal energy of the system be raised?
    Given: Q= W=
    Find : U =
    Solution :

    Internal energy of a substance is the sum of molecular kinetic energy (due to the random motion of the molecules), the molecular potential energy ( due to the forces that act between the
    atoms of molecules)., and other kinds of molecular energy.

    Heat flows normally from higher temperature to lower temperature which is spontaneous process. It does not require any external energy to occur.

    Non-spontaneous process happens when heat flows from lower temperature to higher temperature. It needs mechanical energy to occur.

    Example:

    SPONTANEOUS NON-SPONTANEOUS Identify the following as spontaneous or non-spontaneous process.


    1. Dissolution of common salt in water
    2. Evaporation of water in an open vessel
    Drying of leaves Breakage of egg 3. Flow of heat from cold body to a hot body
    Spoiling of foods Ice production 4. Flow of water down a hill
    5. Dissolution of sand in water
    waterfalls Rice cooking

    Heat pump is a device that reverses the direction of the heat flow from a cold body to a warmer one. Refrigerators and air conditioning unit are examples of heat pump.

    In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It does this by
    bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature.

    The process of burning fuel involves a chemical reaction called combustion where the fuel burns
    in oxygen in the air to make carbon dioxide and steam. (Generally, engines make air pollution as well
    because the fuel isn't always 100 percent pure and doesn't burn perfectly cleanly.)

    The figure below illustrates the Four cycle- stroke of gasoline engine,

    Cycle stroke Movement of the piston What happen to mixture of gases?


    Intake down air-fuel mixture is pulled into the
    cylinder by producing vacuum
    pressure into the cylinder through
    its downward motion.
    Compression up the air-fuel mixture is compressed
    Power down compressed air-fuel mixture is
    ignited by a spark plug
    Exhaust up the spent air-fuel mixture is Thermal efficiency is a dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as
    expelled through the exhaust valve
    an internal combustion engine ,a boiler, or a furnace . When transforming thermal
    energy into mechanical energy, the thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of energy that is transformed into work. .

    When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss, and other factors, thermal efficiencies are
    typically much less than 100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fuelled
    electrical generating plant peaks at about 36%.

    Sample Problem 1

    What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that receives 192.75J of energy from combustion and lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during
    one cycle?

    Given: QC= 125.25 J QH = 192.75 J Find: Efficiency Solution:

    Sample problem 2

    Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K. The engine uses part of this Thermal energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature of 350K. What is the maximum
    efficiency of this steam engine?

    Given: TC = 350K TH = 600K Find: Efficiency

    Compute for the Thermal Efficiency.

    Temperature/Energy in Cold Reservoir Temperature/Energy in Hot Reservoir Thermal Efficiency

    250K 500K

    230K 700K

    287.5K 575K

    650J 1054J

    259J 677J

    300C 880C
    560C 920C

    470C 560C

    770C 930C

    650C 850C

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