TGHGFF

Inductors
Energy Storage Devices

Objective of Lecture
• Describe
• The construction of an inductor
• How energy is stored in an inductor
• The electrical properties of an inductor
• Relationship between voltage, current, and inductance; power; and energy
• Equivalent inductance when a set of inductors are in series and in parallel
Inductors
• Generally - coil of conducting wire
• Usually wrapped around a solid core. If no core is used, then the inductor is
said to have an ‘air core’.
http://bzupages.com/f231/energy-stored-inductor-uzma-noreen-group6-part2-1464/
Symbols
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_15/1.html
Alternative Names for Inductors
 Reactor- inductor in a power grid
 Choke - designed to block a particular frequency while allowing
currents at lower frequencies or d.c. currents through
 Commonly used in RF (radio frequency) circuitry
 Coil - often coated with varnish and/or wrapped with insulating tape
to provide additional insulation and secure them in place
 A winding is a coil with taps (terminals).
 Solenoid – a three dimensional coil.
 Also used to denote an electromagnet where the magnetic field is generated
by current flowing through a toroidal inductor.
Energy Storage
 The flow of current through an inductor creates a magnetic field (right
hand rule).
B field
 If the current flowing through the inductor drops, the magnetic field will
also decrease and energy is released through the generation of a current.
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Circuit_Theory/Mutual_Inductance
Sign Convention
• The sign convention used with an
inductor is the same as for a power
dissipating device.
• When current flows into the positive side of
the voltage across the inductor, it is positive
and the inductor is dissipating power.
• When the inductor releases energy back into
the circuit, the sign of the current will be
negative.
Current and Voltage Relationships
• L , inductance, has the units of Henries (H)
1 H = 1 V-s/A
di
vL  L
dt
t1
1
iL   vL dt
L to
Power and Energy
t1
pL  vL iL  LiL  iL dt
to
t1 t1
diL
w L iL dt  L  iL diL
to
dt to
Inductors
• Stores energy in an magnetic field created by the electric current
flowing through it.
• Inductor opposes change in current flowing through it.
• Current through an inductor is continuous; voltage can be discontinuous.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/Electricity%20-
%20Basic%20Navy%20Training%20Courses/electricity%20-%20basic%20navy%20training%20courses%20-
Calculations of L
For a solenoid (toroidal inductor)
N mA N m r mo A
2 2
L 
 
N is the number of turns of wire
A is the cross-sectional area of the toroid in m2.
mr is the relative permeability of the core material
mo is the vacuum permeability (4π × 10-7 H/m)
l is the length of the wire used to wrap the toroid in meters
Wire
Unfortunately, even bare wire

has inductance.
   
 7
L   ln  4   1 2 x10 H 
  d 
d is the diameter of the wire in

meters.
Properties of an Inductor
• Acts like an short circuit at steady state when connected to a d.c.
voltage or current source.
• Current through an inductor must be continuous
• There are no abrupt changes to the current, but there can be abrupt changes in the
voltage across an inductor.
• An ideal inductor does not dissipate energy, it takes power from the
circuit when storing energy and returns it when discharging.
Properties of a Real Inductor
• Real inductors do dissipate energy due resistive losses in the length of
wire and capacitive coupling between turns of the wire.
Inductors in Series
Leq for Inductors in Series
vin  v1  v2  v3  v4
di di
v1  L1 v2  L2
dt dt
i
di di
v3  L3 v4  L4
dt dt
di di di di
vin  L1  L2  L3  L4
dt dt dt dt
di
vin  Leq
dt
L eq  L1  L2  L3  L4
Inductors in Parallel
Leq for Inductors in Parallel
iin  i1  i2  i3  i4
t1 t1
1 1
i1 
L1  vdt
to
i2 
L2  vdt
to
t1 i t1
1 1
i3 
L3  vdt
to
i4 
L4  vdt
to
t1 t1 t1 t1
1 1 1 1
iin 
L1 t vdt  L2 t vdt  L3 t vdt  L4  vdt
to
o o o
t1
1
iin 
Leq  vdt
to
L eq  1 L1   1 L2   1 L3   1 L4 
1
General Equations for Leq
Series Combination Parallel Combination
• If S inductors are in • If P inductors are in
series, then parallel, then:
1
S  P 1 
Leq   Ls Leq   
s 1  p 1 L p 
Summary
• Inductors are energy storage devices.
• An ideal inductor act like a short circuit at steady state
when a DC voltage or current has been applied.
• The current through an inductor must be a
continuous function; the voltage across an inductor
can be discontinuous.
• The equation for equivalent inductance for
inductors in series inductors in parallel
1
S  P
1 
Leq   Ls Leq   
s 1  p 1 L p 

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Inductors

Energy Storage Devices

For a solenoid (toroidal inductor)

Unfortunately, even bare wire

d is the diameter of the wire in

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