Lecture 8 Wsfu

BUILDING WATER
SYSTEM AND
DESIGN
UTILITIES 2
Introduction
 Nowadays, the demand for architecture by the public is not only a
living, but also an increase in comfort and safety requirements, and
more attention is paid to the design of water supply and drainage
works for buildings.
 In recent years, the rapid development of the economy, whether it
is urban or township, the degree of housing community is getting
higher and higher, people's requirements for the water supply and
drainage function of the building are also constantly improving,
which gives the water supply and drainage project a broader
development space.
 According to the four parts of water supply, drainage, fire
protection and rainwater drainage, the water supply and drainage
project of the building is analyzed, and the construction points are
briefly given.
 design level and quality of the water supply and drainage system of
the building.
 facilitate the use of domestic water for residents.
Building Water Supply Design
 NATURE OF THE BUILDING'S USE
 WATER PRESSURE OF THE MUNICIPAL PIPE NETWORK
 TOTAL HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING
 WATER SUPPLY PLAN
 Ea. building has nine floors and is a high-rise building

 low and high areas
 different riser connections are used, and a separation valve is provided.
The domestic water system includes above-ground and below-ground
piping, valves, fittings, ancillary equipment and the various plumbing
fixtures that use the potable water.
This figure shows an

example of a
domestic water
distribution system
(only cold water) for a
commercial kitchen.
This figure will be used
to exemplify how a
domestic water
system is sized.
APPLICABLE SYSTEM
 Plumbing systems include domestic water

 sanitary sewer and vent
 storm drain
 special waste like grease and special systems.
Water Supply Fixture Units
 Prior to sizing a domestic water system and determining pipe sizes it

is important to understand the concept of fixture units. Water Supply
Fixture Units (WSFU) is the standard method for estimating the water
demand for a building. This system assigns an arbitrary value called
a WSFU to each fixture in a building, based on the amount of water
required and the frequency of use.
DOMESTIC WATER PIPE SIZING
 The sizing of domestic water supply system must be based on the
minimum pressure available for the building in question.
 The designer must ensure that the required pressure is maintained at
the most hydraulically remote fixture and that proper and adequate
quantities of flow are maintained at all fixtures.
 The designer must ensure that reasonable velocities are maintained
in all piping.
 The velocity of water flowing in a pipe should not exceed 10
feet/sec and should be designed for 7-8 feet per second or less,
because high velocities will increase the rate of corrosion leading to
pipe failure and cause undesirable noises in the system and
increase the possibility of hydraulic shock.
DOMESTIC WATER PIPE SIZING
 Hydraulically remote fixture

 Available main pressure
 Pressure required at individual fixtures
 Static pressure losses (height of highest fixture relative to main
pressure)
 Water demand (total system, and each branch, fixture)
 Pressure loss due to friction
 Velocity
MAIN AND BRANCH PIPING SIZING
 It is very difficult to quickly obtain the velocity, water demand,

friction loss and static pressure losses within a piping system, just to
size the plumbing lines.
 Often times, estimates are used to size the main and branch piping,
which can lead to inaccuracies and increased pressure losses or
oversized piping.
 These estimates typically consists of a table of copper pipe sizes and
the maximum fixture units that each pipe size can serve.
 The designer will sum the WSFUs that are served by each pipe and
then choose a pipe size that can accommodate the total WSFUs.
STEP 1: DETERMINE WSFU
 The water supply fixtures units (WSFU) fed by a pipe is determined by

the number of each plumbing fixture that is connected to the pipe
and the governing plumbing code.
 The plumbing code establishes the WSFU value for each fixture type.
The piping layout determines the amount of each fixture type that is
fed by each pipe.
STEP 2: CONVERT WSFU TO GPM
 The next step is to convert the WSFU value to gallons per minute
(GPM).
 This volumetric flow rate will help to determine the pressure drop
and fluid velocity within the pipe in the next and final step.
 The conversion from WSFU to GPM will depend on whether or not
the connected fixtures are predominantly flush valve type or tank
type.
This table shows that tank type water closets require less pressure and a lower flow
rate than flush valve type water closets.
QUICK SIZING TABLE
 Once the WSFU and the appropriate GPM conversion are determined,
then the quick sizing table can be used to select the appropriate pipe
size.
 The first step in using this table is to select the pipe material, pipe sub-
type, predominantly tank/valve and the C-value.
 The pipe materials, C-values and sub-types are discussed in a subsequent
section in this guide.
 The tank vs. flush valve type has been discussed earlier in this section.
 The C-factor describes the pipe smoothness. Steel pipes are given a C-
factor of 100 and smoother pipes have a higher C-factor and rougher
pipes have a lower value.
 For example, copper’s C-factor is typically 135 to 150, CPVC & PVC is
150.
Figure 2: The first step in using the custom quick sizing tables is to select the pipe
material, sub-type, valve or tank and the C-value.
 Once the pipe information has been entered, then the next step is
to determine what are the acceptable velocities and pressure
drops within the pipes.
 This will vary between each situation and each company.
 Each company will have its own standards, but below is a brief
discussion on the typical acceptable velocities and pressure drops.
Sizing Based on Velocity
 The typical ideal pipe fluid velocities for a domestic water system
are between 4 and 8 feet per second (fps).
 Less ideal velocities are between 2 and 4 fps and 8 to 10 fps. At
higher velocities, 6 to 10 fps, there will be increased erosion over
time and noise during operation.
 At the lower velocities 2 to 6 fps, erosion and noise will not be a
concern, but there may be a stagnation concern and there will be
an inefficient use of money.
Velocity Pressure
 The pressure drop through fittings is dependent on the velocity

pressure, which is dependent on the fluid velocity. At higher
velocities, the pressure drop through a fitting will be significant and
may lead to insufficient pressure at the fixtures. The equation used to
solve for velocity pressure is shown below.
 The pressure drop through fittings is found by multiplying the velocity
pressure by a K-factor that is used to characterize the fitting
geometry, fitting size and turbulence within the fitting. A typical
fitting is a 90 degree long radius elbow with a K-factor of 0.24. The
table below shows the pressure loss of ten 90-degree elbows at
varying velocities.
A greater
velocity will
cause
increased
pressure drop
through
fittings.
 A lower velocity is more suitable for pipe runs with a lot of fittings. If
there is sufficient pressure, then a higher velocity can be
accommodated.
Sizing Based on Pressure Drop
 The second method used to size pipes is through an acceptable

pressure drop per 100 feet.
 The typical values range from 1.7 to 3.4 psi per 100 feet of piping or 4
to 8 feet of head per 100 feet of piping.
 Less ideal values range from 1 to 1.7 and 3.4 to 4 psi per 100 feet of
piping.
 The lower pressure drop range is less ideal because it means the
piping is oversized.
 The upper range is less ideal, because it may lead to insufficient
pressure at the plumbing fixtures.
 The pressure drop is determined through the Hazen-Williams
equation. This equation is shown below. This equation is not
accurate for laminar flow and for extremely turbulent flow. However,
this equation is very useful for the typical velocities of 2 to 10 fps and
higher velocities.
Figure 4: The second step is to determine the acceptable pipe sizing criteria. Pipes can be
sized based on pressure drop, velocity or both. This part of the calculator allows you to pick
your preferred range in green and your acceptable range on the high side and low side in
yellow.
Figure 5: This figure
shows a snippet of
the quick sizing
table based on
the previous inputs.
The green
indicates a
velocity or pressure
loss value within
the ideal range.
Yellow indicates a
value within the
acceptable but
not ideal range.
FIXTURE PIPING SIZING
SAMPLE PIPE SIZING DISCUSSION

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BUILDING WATER

 Ea. building has nine floors and is a high-rise building

This figure shows an

 Plumbing systems include domestic water

 Prior to sizing a domestic water system and determining pipe sizes it

 Hydraulically remote fixture

 It is very difficult to quickly obtain the velocity, water demand,

 The water supply fixtures units (WSFU) fed by a pipe is determined by

 The pressure drop through fittings is dependent on the velocity

 The second method used to size pipes is through an acceptable

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