An American National Standard

Designation: E 140 – 02

Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals1

Relationship Among Brinell Hardness
Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,
Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness,
and Scleroscope Hardness

This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope of austenitic stainless steel sheet.

1.1 Conversion Table 1 presents data in the Rockwell C 1.7 Conversion Table 7 presents data on the relationship
hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness, among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,
Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superficial Rockwell superficial hardness, and Knoop hardness of copper.
hardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non- 1.8 Conversion Table 8 presents data on the relationship
austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the among Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, and Vickers
as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered hardness of alloyed white iron.
conditions provided that they are homogeneous. 1.9 Conversion Table 9 presents data on the relationship
1.2 Conversion Table 2 presents data in the Rockwell B among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness,
hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness, and Rockwell superficial hardness of wrought aluminum prod-
Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superficial ucts.
hardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non- 1.10 Many of the conversion values presented herein were
austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the obtained from computer-generated curves of actual test data.
as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered Most Rockwell hardness numbers are presented to the nearest
conditions provided that they are homogeneous. 0.1 or 0.5 hardness number to permit accurate reproduction of
1.3 Conversion Table 3 presents data on the relationship these curves. Since all converted hardness values must be
among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, considered approximate, however, all converted Rockwell
Rockwell superficial hardness, and Knoop hardness of nickel hardness numbers shall be rounded to the nearest whole
and high-nickel alloys (nickel content over 50 %). These number in accordance with Practice E 29.
hardness conversion relationships are intended to apply par- 1.11 Appendix X1-Appendix X9 contain equations devel-
ticularly to the following: nickel-aluminum-silicon specimens oped from the data in Tables 1-9, respectively, to convert from
finished to commercial mill standards for hardness testing, one hardness scale to another. Since all converted hardness
covering the entire range of these alloys from their annealed to values must be considered approximate, however, all converted
their heavily cold-worked or age-hardened conditions, includ- hardness numbers shall be rounded in accordance with Practice
ing their intermediate conditions. E 29.
1.4 Conversion Table 4 presents data on the relationship 1.12 Conversion of hardness values should be used only
among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, when it is impossible to test the material under the conditions
and Rockwell superficial hardness of cartridge brass. specified, and when conversion is made it should be done with
1.5 Conversion Table 5 presents data on the relationship discretion and under controlled conditions. Each type of
between Brinell hardness and Rockwell B hardness of austen- hardness test is subject to certain errors, but if precautions are
itic stainless steel plate in the annealed condition. carefully observed, the reliability of hardness readings made on
1.6 Conversion Table 6 presents data on the relationship instruments of the indentation type will be found comparable.
between Rockwell hardness and Rockwell superficial hardness Differences in sensitivity within the range of a given hardness
scale (for example, Rockwell B) may be greater than between
1
These conversion tables are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on two different scales or types of instruments. The conversion
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on values, whether from the tables or calculated from the equa-
Indentation Hardness Testing. tions, are only approximate and may be inaccurate for specific
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2002. Published February 2002. Originally
published as E 140 – 58. Last previous edition E 140 – 97e3.
application.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E 140
2. Referenced Documents at high hardness levels; and at low hardness levels conversions
2.1 ASTM Standards: between hardness scales measuring depth and those measuring
E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi- diameter are likewise influenced by differences in the modulus
als2 of elasticity. Therefore separate conversion tables are necessary
E 18 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell for different materials.
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials2 NOTE 1—Hardness conversion values for other metals based on com-
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to parative test on similar materials having similar mechanical properties will
Determine Conformance with Specifications3 be added to this standard as the need arises.
E 92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate-
rials2 6. Significance and Use
E 384 Test Method for Microhardness of Materials2 6.1 The conversion values given in the tables, or calculated
E 448 Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic by the equations given in the appendixes, should only be
Materials2 considered valid for the specific materials indicated. This is
because conversions can be affected by several factors, includ-
3. Methods for Hardness Determinations ing the material alloy, grain structure, heat treatment, etc.
3.1 The hardness readings used with these conversion tables 6.2 Since the various types of hardness tests do not all
shall be determined in accordance with one of the following measure the same combination of material properties, conver-
ASTM test methods: sion from one hardness scale to another is only an approximate
3.1.1 Vickers Hardness—Test Method E 92. process. Because of the wide range of variation among
3.1.2 Brinell Hardness—Test Method E 10. different materials, it is not possible to state confidence limits
3.1.3 Rockwell Hardness—Test Method E 18 Scales A, B, for the errors in using a conversion chart. Even in the case of
C, D, E, F, G, H, K, 15-N, 30-N, 45-N, 15-T, 30-T, 45-T, 15-W. a table established for a single material, such as the table for
3.1.4 Knoop Hardness—Test Method E 384. cartridge brass, some error is involved depending on compo-
3.1.5 Scleroscope 4 Hardness—Practice E 448. sition and methods of processing (see Appendix X1).

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4. Apparatus and Reference Standards 6.3 Because of their approximate nature, conversion tables
must be regarded as only an estimate of comparative values. It
4.1 The apparatus and reference standards shall conform to is recommended that hardness conversions be applied prima-
the description in Test Methods E 92, E 10, E 18, E 384, and rily to values such as specification limits, which are established
Practice E 448. by agreement or mandate, and that the conversion of test data
5. Principle of Method of Conversion be avoided whenever possible.
5.1 Tests have proved that even the most reliable data 7. Reporting of Hardness Numbers
cannot be fitted to a single conversion relationship for all
metals. Indentation hardness is not a single fundamental 7.1 When reporting converted hardness numbers the mea-
property but a combination of properties, and the contribution sured hardness and test scale shall be indicated in parentheses
of each to the hardness number varies with the type of test. The as in the following example:
modulus of elasticity has been shown to influence conversions 353 HBW ~38 HRC!
(1)

3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. 8. Keywords
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4
Registered trademark of the Shore Instrument and Manufacturing Co., Inc. 8.1 conversion; hardness scale; metallic

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TABLE 1 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C Hardness Range)A, B

Rock- Brinell Hardness NumberC Knoop Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number Rock-
Sclero-
well C Vickers 10-mm 10-mm Hardness, well C
scope
Hardness Hardness Standard Carbide Number A Scale, D Scale, 15-N Scale, 30-N Scale, 45-N Scale, Hardness
Hard-
Number Number Ball, Ball, 500-gf and 60-kgf 100-kgf 15-kgf 30-kgf 45-kgf Number
ness
150 kgf (HV) 3000-kgf 3000-kgf Over (HRA) (HRD) (HR 15-N) (HR 30-N) (HR 45-N) 150 kgf
NumberD
(HRC) (HBS) (HBW) (HK) (HRC)

68 940 ... ... 920 85.6 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 97.3 68
67 900 ... ... 895 85.0 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95.0 67
66 865 ... ... 870 84.5 75.4 92.5 82.8 73.3 92.7 66
65 832 ... (739) 846 83.9 74.5 92.2 81.9 72.0 90.6 65
64 800 ... (722) 822 83.4 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 88.5 64
63 772 ... (705) 799 82.8 73.0 91.4 80.1 69.9 86.5 63
62 746 ... (688) 776 82.3 72.2 91.1 79.3 68.8 84.5 62
61 720 ... (670) 754 81.8 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 82.6 61
60 697 ... (654) 732 81.2 70.7 90.2 77.5 66.6 80.8 60
59 674 ... 634 710 80.7 69.9 89.8 76.6 65.5 79.0 59
58 653 ... 615 690 80.1 69.2 89.3 75.7 64.3 77.3 58
57 633 ... 595 670 79.6 68.5 88.9 74.8 63.2 75.6 57
56 613 ... 577 650 79.0 67.7 88.3 73.9 62.0 74.0 56
55 595 ... 560 630 78.5 66.9 87.9 73.0 60.9 72.4 55
54 577 ... 543 612 78.0 66.1 87.4 72.0 59.8 70.9 54
53 560 ... 525 594 77.4 65.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 69.4 53
52 544 (500) 512 576 76.8 64.6 86.4 70.2 57.4 67.9 52
51 528 (487) 496 558 76.3 63.8 85.9 69.4 56.1 66.5 51
50 513 (475) 481 542 75.9 63.1 85.5 68.5 55.0 65.1 50
49 498 (464) 469 526 75.2 62.1 85.0 67.6 53.8 63.7 49
48 484 451 455 510 74.7 61.4 84.5 66.7 52.5 62.4 48
47 471 442 443 495 74.1 60.8 83.9 65.8 51.4 61.1 47
46 458 432 432 480 73.6 60.0 83.5 64.8 50.3 59.8 46
45 446 421 421 466 73.1 59.2 83.0 64.0 49.0 58.5 45
44 434 409 409 452 72.5 58.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 57.3 44
43 423 400 400 438 72.0 57.7 82.0 62.2 46.7 56.1 43
42 412 390 390 426 71.5 56.9 81.5 61.3 45.5 54.9 42
41 402 381 381 414 70.9 56.2 80.9 60.4 44.3 53.7 41
40 392 371 371 402 70.4 55.4 80.4 59.5 43.1 52.6 40
39 382 362 362 391 69.9 54.6 79.9 58.6 41.9 51.5 39
38 372 353 353 380 69.4 53.8 79.4 57.7 40.8 50.4 38
37 363 344 344 370 68.9 53.1 78.8 56.8 39.6 49.3 37
36 354 336 336 360 68.4 52.3 78.3 55.9 38.4 48.2 36
35 345 327 327 351 67.9 51.5 77.7 55.0 37.2 47.1 35
34 336 319 319 342 67.4 50.8 77.2 54.2 36.1 46.1 34
33 327 311 311 334 66.8 50.0 76.6 53.3 34.9 45.1 33
32 318 301 301 326 66.3 49.2 76.1 52.1 33.7 44.1 32
31 310 294 294 318 65.8 48.4 75.6 51.3 32.5 43.1 31
30 302 286 286 311 65.3 47.7 75.0 50.4 31.3 42.2 30
29 294 279 279 304 64.8 47.0 74.5 49.5 30.1 41.3 29
28 286 271 271 297 64.3 46.1 73.9 48.6 28.9 40.4 28
27 279 264 264 290 63.8 45.2 73.3 47.7 27.8 39.5 27
26 272 258 258 284 63.3 44.6 72.8 46.8 26.7 38.7 26
25 266 253 253 278 62.8 43.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 37.8 25
24 260 247 247 272 62.4 43.1 71.6 45.0 24.3 37.0 24
23 254 243 243 266 62.0 42.1 71.0 44.0 23.1 36.3 23
22 248 237 237 261 61.5 41.6 70.5 43.2 22.0 35.5 22
21 243 231 231 256 61.0 40.9 69.9 42.3 20.7 34.8 21
20 238 226 226 251 60.5 40.1 69.4 41.5 19.6 34.2 20
A
In the table headings, force refers to total test forces.
B
Appendix X1 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Rockwell C hardness numbers for non-austenitic steels. Refer to 1.11 before using
conversion equations.
C
The Brinell hardness numbers in parentheses are outside the range recommended for Brinell hardness testing in 8.1 of Test Method E 10.
D
These Scleroscope hardness conversions are based on Vickers—Scleroscope hardness relationships developed from Vickers hardness data provided by the National
Bureau of Standards for 13 steel reference blocks, Scleroscope hardness values obtained on these blocks by the Shore Instrument and Mfg. Co., Inc., the Roll
Manufacturers Institute, and members of this institute, and also on hardness conversions previously published by the American Society for Metals and the Roll
Manufacturers Institute.

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TABLE 2 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Non-Austenitic Steels (Rockwell B Hardness Range)A, B

Rockwell B Knoop Hard- Rockwell A Rockwell F Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number Rockwell B
Vickers Brinell Hard-
Hardness ness Number, Hardness Hardness Hardness
Hardness ness Number, 15-T Scale, 30-T Scale, 45-T Scale,
Number, 500-gf, and Number, Number, Number,
Number 3000-kgf, 15-kgf, 30-kgf, 45-kgf,
100-kgf Over 60-kgf, 60-kgf, 100-kgf,
(HV) (HBS) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T) (HR 45-T)
(HRB) (HK) (HRA) (HRF) (HRB)
100 240 240 251 61.5 ... 93.1 83.1 72.9 100
99 234 234 246 60.9 ... 92.8 82.5 71.9 99
98 228 228 241 60.2 ... 92.5 81.8 70.9 98
97 222 222 236 59.5 ... 92.1 81.1 69.9 97
96 216 216 231 58.9 ... 91.8 80.4 68.9 96
95 210 210 226 58.3 ... 91.5 79.8 67.9 95
94 205 205 221 57.6 ... 91.2 79.1 66.9 94
93 200 200 216 57.0 ... 90.8 78.4 65.9 93
92 195 195 211 56.4 ... 90.5 77.8 64.8 92
91 190 190 206 55.8 ... 90.2 77.1 63.8 91
90 185 185 201 55.2 ... 89.9 76.4 62.8 90
89 180 180 196 54.6 ... 89.5 75.8 61.8 89
88 176 176 192 54.0 ... 89.2 75.1 60.8 88
87 172 172 188 53.4 ... 88.9 74.4 59.8 87
86 169 169 184 52.8 ... 88.6 73.8 58.8 86
85 165 165 180 52.3 ... 88.2 73.1 57.8 85
84 162 162 176 51.7 ... 87.9 72.4 56.8 84
83 159 159 173 51.1 ... 87.6 71.8 55.8 83
82 156 156 170 50.6 ... 87.3 71.1 54.8 82
81 153 153 167 50.0 ... 86.9 70.4 53.8 81
80 150 150 164 49.5 ... 86.6 69.7 52.8 80
79 147 147 161 48.9 ... 86.3 69.1 51.8 79
78 144 144 158 48.4 ... 86.0 68.4 50.8 78
77 141 141 155 47.9 ... 85.6 67.7 49.8 77
76 139 139 152 47.3 ... 85.3 67.1 48.8 76
75 137 137 150 46.8 99.6 85.0 66.4 47.8 75
74 135 135 147 46.3 99.1 84.7 65.7 46.8 74
73 132 132 145 45.8 98.5 84.3 65.1 45.8 73
72 130 130 143 45.3 98.0 84.0 64.4 44.8 72
71 127 127 141 44.8 97.4 83.7 63.7 43.8 71
70 125 125 139 44.3 96.8 83.4 63.1 42.8 70
69 123 123 137 43.8 96.2 83.0 62.4 41.8 69
68 121 121 135 43.3 95.6 82.7 61.7 40.8 68
67 119 119 133 42.8 95.1 82.4 61.0 39.8 67
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66 117 117 131 42.3 94.5 82.1 60.4 38.7 66

65 116 116 129 41.8 93.9 81.8 59.7 37.7 65
64 114 114 127 41.4 93.4 81.4 59.0 36.7 64
63 112 112 125 40.9 92.8 81.1 58.4 35.7 63
62 110 110 124 40.4 92.2 80.8 57.7 34.7 62
61 108 108 122 40.0 91.7 80.5 57.0 33.7 61
60 107 107 120 39.5 91.1 80.1 56.4 32.7 60

Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number Rockwell B

Rockwell A Rockwell F
Rockwell B Brinell Knoop Hardness
Vickers Hardness Hardness 15-T Scale, 30-T Scale, 45-T Scale,
Hardness Hardness Hardness Number,
Hardness Number, Number, 15-kgf, 30-kgf, 45-kgf,
Number, Number, Number, 100-kgf,
Number 60-kgf, 60-kgf, 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in.
100-kgf, 3000-kgf, 500-gf 1⁄16-in.
(HV) Diamond (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm)
(HRB) 10-mm Ball and Over (1.588-mm)
Penetrator Ball Ball Ball Ball Ball
59 106 106 118 39.0 90.5 79.8 55.7 31.7 59
58 104 104 117 38.6 90.0 79.5 55.0 30.7 58
57 103 103 115 38.1 89.4 79.2 54.4 29.7 57
56 101 101 114 37.7 88.8 78.8 53.7 28.7 56
55 100 100 112 37.2 88.2 78.5 53.0 27.7 55
54 ... ... 111 36.8 87.7 78.2 52.4 26.7 54
53 ... ... 110 36.3 87.1 77.9 51.7 25.7 53
52 ... ... 109 35.9 86.5 77.5 51.0 24.7 52
51 ... ... 108 35.5 86.0 77.2 50.3 23.7 51
50 ... ... 107 35.0 85.4 76.9 49.7 22.7 50
49 ... ... 106 34.6 84.8 76.6 49.0 21.7 49
48 ... ... 105 34.1 84.3 76.2 48.3 20.7 48
47 ... ... 104 33.7 83.7 75.9 47.7 19.7 47
46 ... ... 103 33.3 83.1 75.6 47.0 18.7 46
45 ... ... 102 32.9 82.6 75.3 46.3 17.7 45
44 ... ... 101 32.4 82.0 74.9 45.7 16.7 44
43 ... ... 100 32.0 81.4 74.6 45.0 15.7 43
42 ... ... 99 31.6 80.8 74.3 44.3 14.7 42
41 ... ... 98 31.2 80.3 74.0 43.7 13.6 41
40 ... ... 97 30.7 79.7 73.6 43.0 12.6 40

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TABLE 2 Continued
Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number Rockwell B
Rockwell A Rockwell F
Rockwell B Brinell Knoop Hardness
Vickers Hardness Hardness 15-T Scale, 30-T Scale, 45-T Scale,
Hardness Hardness Hardness Number,
Hardness Number, Number, 15-kgf, 30-kgf, 45-kgf,
Number, Number, Number, 100-kgf,
Number 60-kgf, 60-kgf, 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in.
100-kgf, 3000-kgf, 500-gf 1⁄16-in.
(HV) Diamond (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm)
(HRB) 10-mm Ball and Over (1.588-mm)
Penetrator Ball Ball Ball Ball Ball
39 ... ... 96 30.3 79.1 73.3 42.3 11.6 39
38 ... ... 95 29.9 78.6 73.0 41.6 10.6 38
37 ... ... 94 29.5 78.0 72.7 41.0 9.6 37
36 ... ... 93 29.1 77.4 72.3 40.3 8.6 36
35 ... ... 92 28.7 76.9 72.0 39.6 7.6 35
34 ... ... 91 28.2 76.3 71.7 39.0 6.6 34
33 ... ... 90 27.8 75.7 71.4 38.3 5.6 33
32 ... ... 89 27.4 75.2 71.0 37.6 4.6 32
31 ... ... 88 27.0 74.6 70.7 37.0 3.6 31
30 ... ... 87 26.6 74.0 70.4 36.3 2.6 30
A
In table headings, kgf refers to total test force.
B
Appendix X2 contains equations converting determined hardness numbers to Rockwell B hardness numbers for non-austenitic steels. Refer to 1.11 before using
conversion equations.

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TABLE 3 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Nickel and High-Nickel AlloysA, B, C

NOTE 1—See Supplement to Table 3.

NOTE 2—The use of hardness scales for hardness values shown in parentheses is not recommended since they are beyond the ranges recommended for accuracy. Such values are shown for
comparative purposes only, where comparisons may be desired and the recommended machine and scale are not available.

Vickers Brinell
Hard- Hard-
ness ness Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number
Num- Num-
ber ber
15-N 30-N 45-N 15-T 30-T 45-T
A Scale B Scale C Scale D Scale E Scale F Scale G Scale K Scale
Vickers 10-mm Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale
In- Stand- 15-kgf 30-kgf
denter ard 60-kgf 100-kgf 150-kgf 100-kgf 150-kgf 45-kgf 15-kgf 30-kgf
100-kgf 60-kgf 150-kgf Superfi- Superfi- 45-kgf
1, 5, Ball, Dia- 1⁄16-in. Dia- Dia- 1⁄8-in. 1⁄16-in.
1⁄16-in.
1⁄8-in.
Superficial 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in.
cial Dia- cial Dia- 1⁄16-in.
10, 30- 3000- mond (1.588- mond mond (1.588- Diamond (1.588- (1.588-
(3.175- (1.588- (3.175- mond mond (1.588-
kgf kgf Pene- mm) Pene- Pene- mm) Penetra- mm) mm)
mm) Ball mm) Ball mm) Ball Penetra- Penetra- mm) Ball
(HV) (HBS) trator Ball trator trator Ball tor Ball Ball
(HRE) (HRF) (HRK) tor tor (HR 45-T)
(HRA) (HRB) (HRC) (HRD) (HRG) (HR 45-N) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T)
(HR 15-N) (HR 30-N)
513 (479) 75.5 ... 50.0 63.0 ... ... ... ... 85.5 68.0 54.5 ... ... ...
481 450 74.5 ... 48.0 61.5 ... ... ... ... 84.5 66.5 52.5 ... ... ...
452 425 73.5 ... 46.0 60.0 ... ... ... ... 83.5 64.5 50.0 ... ... ...
427 403 72.5 ... 44.0 58.5 ... ... ... ... 82.5 63.0 47.5 ... ... ...
404 382 71.5 ... 42.0 57.0 ... ... ... ... 81.5 61.0 45.5 ... ... ...
382 363 70.5 ... 40.0 55.5 ... ... ... ... 80.5 59.5 43.0 ... ... ...
362 346 69.5 ... 38.0 54.0 ... ... ... ... 79.5 58.0 41.0 ... ... ...
344 329 68.5 ... 36.0 52.5 ... ... ... ... 78.5 56.0 38.5 ... ... ...
6

E 140
326 313 67.5 ... 34.0 50.5 ... ... ... ... 77.5 54.5 36.0 ... ... ...
309 298 66.5 (106) 32.0 49.5 ... (116.5) 94.0 ... 76.5 52.5 34.0 94.5 85.5 77.0
Not for Resale

285 275 64.5 (104) 28.5 46.5 ... (115.5) 91.0 ... 75.0 49.5 30.0 94.0 84.5 75.0
266 258 63.0 (102) 25.5 44.5 ... (114.5) 87.5 ... 73.5 47.0 26.5 93.0 83.0 73.0
248 241 61.5 100 22.5 42.0 ... (113.0) 84.5 ... 72.0 44.5 23.0 92.5 81.5 71.0
234 228 60.5 98 20.0 40.0 ... (112.0) 81.5 ... 70.5 42.0 20.0 92.0 80.5 69.0
220 215 59.0 96 (17.0) 38.0 ... (111.0) 78.5 100.0 69.0 39.5 17.0 91.0 79.0 67.0
209 204 57.5 94 (14.5) 36.0 ... (110.0) 75.5 98.0 68.0 37.5 14.0 90.5 77.5 65.0
198 194 56.5 92 (12.0) 34.0 ... (108.5) 72.0 96.5 66.5 35.5 11.0 89.5 76.0 63.0
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188 184 55.0 90 (9.0) 32.0 (108.5) (107.5) 69.0 94.5 65.0 32.5 7.5 89.0 75.0 61.0
179 176 53.5 88 (6.5) 30.0 (107.0) (106.5) 65.5 93.0 64.0 30.5 5.0 88.0 73.5 59.5
171 168 52.5 86 (4.0) 28.0 (106.0) (105.0) 62.5 91.0 62.5 28.5 2.0 87.5 72.0 57.5
164 161 51.5 84 (2.0) 26.5 (104.5) (104.0) 59.5 89.0 61.5 26.5 (−0.5) 87.0 70.5 55.5
157 155 50.0 82 ... 24.5 (103.0) (103.0) 56.5 87.5 ... ... ... 86.0 69.5 53.5
151 149 49.0 80 ... 22.5 (102.0) (101.5) 53.0 85.5 ... ... ... 85.5 68.0 51.5
145 144 47.5 78 ... 21.0 (100.5) (100.5) 50.0 83.5 ... ... ... 84.5 66.5 49.5
140 139 46.5 76 ... (19.0) 99.5 99.5 47.0 82.0 ... ... ... 84.0 65.5 47.5
135 134 45.5 74 ... (17.5) 98.0 98.5 43.5 80.0 ... ... ... 83.0 64.0 45.5
130 129 44.0 72 ... (16.0) 97.0 97.0 40.5 78.0 ... ... ... 82.5 62.5 43.5
126 125 43.0 70 ... (14.5) 95.5 96.0 37.5 76.5 ... ... ... 82.0 61.0 41.5
122 121 42.0 68 ... (13.0) 94.5 95.0 34.5 74.5 ... ... ... 81.0 60.0 39.5
119 118 41.0 66 ... (11.5) 93.0 93.5 31.0 72.5 ... ... 80.5 58.5 37.5
115 114 40.0 64 ... (10.0) 91.5 92.5 ... 71.0 ... ... ... 79.5 57.0 35.5
112 111 39.0 62 ... (8.0) 90.5 91.5 ... 69.0 ... ... ... 79.0 56.0 33.5
108 108 ... 60 ... ... 89.0 90.0 ... 67.5 ... ... ... 78.5 54.5 31.5
106 106 ... 58 ... ... 88.0 89.0 ... 65.5 ... ... ... 77.5 53.0 29.5
103 103 ... 56 ... ... 86.5 88.0 ... 63.5 ... ... ... 77.0 51.5 27.5
100 100 ... 54 ... ... 85.5 87.0 ... 62.0 ... ... ... 76.0 50.5 25.5
98 98 ... 52 ... ... 84.0 85.5 ... 60.0 ... ... ... 75.5 49.0 23.5
95 95 ... 50 ... ... 83.0 84.5 ... 58.0 ... ... ... 74.5 47.5 21.5
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TABLE 3 Continued
Vickers Brinell
Hard- Hard-
ness ness Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number
Num- Num-
ber ber
15-N 30-N 45-N 15-T 30-T 45-T
A Scale B Scale C Scale D Scale E Scale F Scale G Scale K Scale
Vickers 10-mm Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale
In- Stand- 15-kgf 30-kgf
denter ard 60-kgf 100-kgf 150-kgf 100-kgf 150-kgf 45-kgf 15-kgf 30-kgf
100-kgf 60-kgf 150-kgf Superfi- Superfi- 45-kgf
1, 5, Ball, Dia- 1⁄16-in. Dia- Dia- 1⁄8-in. 1⁄16-in.
1⁄16-in.
1⁄8-in.
Superficial 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in.
cial Dia- cial Dia- 1⁄16-in.
10, 30- 3000- mond (1.588- mond mond (1.588- Diamond (1.588- (1.588-
(3.175- (1.588- (3.175- mond mond (1.588-
Pene- mm) Pene- Pene- mm) Penetra- mm) mm)

7
kgf kgf mm) Ball mm) Ball mm) Ball Penetra- Penetra- mm) Ball
(HV) (HBS) trator Ball trator trator Ball tor Ball Ball
(HRE) (HRF) (HRK) tor tor (HR 45-T)
(HRA) (HRB) (HRC) (HRD) (HRG) (HR 45-N) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T)
(HR 15-N) (HR 30-N)
E 140

93 93 ... 48 ... ... 81.5 83.5 ... 56.5 ... ... ... 74.0 46.5 19.5

Not for Resale

91 91 ... 46 ... ... 80.5 82.0 ... 54.5 ... ... ... 73.5 45.0 17.0
89 89 ... 44 ... ... 79.0 81.0 ... 52.5 ... ... ... 72.5 43.5 14.5
87 87 ... 42 ... ... 78.0 80.0 ... 51.0 ... ... ... 72.0 42.0 12.5
85 85 ... 40 ... ... 76.5 79.0 ... 49.0 ... ... ... 71.0 41.0 10.0
83 83 ... 38 ... ... 75.0 77.5 ... 47.0 ... ... ... 70.5 39.5 7.5
81 81 ... 36 ... ... 74.0 76.5 ... 45.5 ... ... ... 70.0 38.0 5.5
79 79 ... 34 ... ... 72.5 75.5 ... 43.5 ... ... ... 69.0 36.5 3.0
78 78 ... 32 ... ... 71.5 74.0 ... 42.0 ... ... ... 68.5 35.5 1.0
77 77 ... 30 ... ... 70.0 73.0 ... 40.0 ... ... ... 67.5 34.0 (−1.5)

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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TABLE 3 Continued
Vickers Hardness Number Knoop Hardness Number

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Vickers Indenter Knoop Indenter 500 and
1,5,10,30-kgf (HV) 1000-gf (HK)
382 436
362 413
344 392
326 372
309 352
285 325
266 304
248 283
234 267
220 251
209 239
198 226
188 215

8
179 204
171 195
164 187
E 140

157 179
151 173

Not for Resale

145 166
140 160
135 154
130 149
126 144
122 140
119 136
A
In table headings, kgf or gf refers to total test force.
B
Appendix X3 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Vickers hardness numbers for nickel and high-nickel alloys. Refer to 1.11 before using conversion equations.
C
Note that in Table 5 of Test Method E 10 (appears in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01), the use of a 3000-kgf force is recommended (but not mandatory) for material in the hardness range from 96
to 600 HV, and a 1500-kgf force is recommended (but not mandatory) for material in the hardness range from 48 to 300 HV. These recommendations are designed to limit impression diameters to the range from 2.50
to 6.0 mm. The Brinell hardness numbers in this conversion table are based on tests using a 3000-kgf force. When the 1500-kgf force is used for the softer nickel and high-nickel alloys, these conversion relationships
do not apply.

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
 E 140
TABLE 4 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Cartridge Brass (70 % Copper 30 % Zinc Alloy)A,B

Brinell Hard-
Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number
ness Number
Vickers
Hardness B Scale, 100- F Scale, 60-kgf 15-T Scale, 30-T Scale, 30- 45-T Scale, 45-
500-kgf,
Number kgf, 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in. 15-kgf,1⁄16-in. (1.588- kgf, 1⁄16-in. kgf, 1⁄16-in.
10-mm
(HV) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm) mm) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm)
Ball
Ball Ball Ball Ball Ball
(HBS)
(HRB) (HRF) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T) (HR 45-T)
196 93.5 110.0 90.0 77.5 66.0 169
194 ... 109.5 ... ... 65.5 167
192 93.0 ... ... 77.0 65.0 166
190 92.5 109.0 ... 76.5 64.5 164
188 92.0 ... 89.5 ... 64.0 162
186 91.5 108.5 ... 76.0 63.5 161
184 91.0 ... ... 75.5 63.0 159
182 90.5 108.0 89.0 ... 62.5 157
180 90.0 107.5 ... 75.0 62.0 156
178 89.0 ... ... 74.5 61.5 154
176 88.5 107.0 ... ... 61.0 152
174 88.0 ... 88.5 74.0 60.5 150
172 87.5 106.5 ... 73.5 60.0 149
170 87.0 ... ... ... 59.5 147
168 86.0 106.0 88.0 73.0 59.0 146
166 85.5 ... ... 72.5 58.5 144
164 85.0 105.5 ... 72.0 58.0 142
162 84.0 105.0 87.5 ... 57.5 141
160 83.5 ... ... 71.5 56.5 139
158 83.0 104.5 ... 71.0 56.0 138
156 82.0 104.0 87.0 70.5 55.5 136
154 81.5 103.5 ... 70.0 54.5 135
152 80.5 103.0 ... ... 54.0 133
150 80.0 ... 86.5 69.5 53.5 131
148 79.0 102.5 ... 69.0 53.0 129
146 78.0 102.0 ... 68.5 52.5 128
144 77.5 101.5 86.0 68.0 51.5 126
142 77.0 101.0 ... 67.5 51.0 124
140 76.0 100.5 85.5 67.0 50.0 122
138 75.0 100.0 ... 66.5 49.0 121

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
136 74.5 99.5 85.0 66.0 48.0 120
134 73.5 99.0 ... 65.5 47.5 118
132 73.0 98.5 84.5 65.0 46.5 116
130 72.0 98.0 84.0 64.5 45.5 114
128 71.0 97.5 ... 63.5 45.0 113
126 70.0 97.0 83.5 63.0 44.0 112
124 69.0 96.5 ... 62.5 43.0 110
122 68.0 96.0 83.0 62.0 42.0 108
120 67.0 95.5 ... 61.0 41.0 106
118 66.0 95.0 82.5 60.5 40.0 105
116 65.0 94.5 82.0 60.0 39.0 103
114 64.0 94.0 81.5 59.5 38.0 101
112 63.0 93.0 81.0 58.5 37.0 99
110 62.0 92.6 80.5 58.0 35.5 97
108 61.0 92.0 ... 57.0 34.5 95
106 59.5 91.2 80.0 56.0 33.0 94
104 58.0 90.5 79.5 55.0 32.0 92
102 57.0 89.8 79.0 54.5 30.5 90
100 56.0 89.0 78.5 53.5 29.5 88
98 54.0 88.0 78.0 52.5 28.0 86
96 53.0 87.2 77.5 51.5 26.5 85
94 51.0 86.3 77.0 50.5 24.5 83
92 49.5 85.4 76.5 49.0 23.0 82
90 47.5 84.4 75.5 48.0 21.0 80
88 46.0 83.5 75.0 47.0 19.0 79
86 44.0 82.3 74.5 45.5 17.0 77
84 42.0 81.2 73.5 44.0 14.5 76
82 40.0 80.0 73.0 43.0 12.5 74
80 37.5 78.6 72.0 41.0 10.0 72
78 35.0 77.4 71.5 39.5 7.5 70
76 32.5 76.0 70.5 38.0 4.5 68
74 30.0 74.8 70.0 36.0 1.0 66
72 27.5 73.2 69.0 34.0 ... 64
70 24.5 71.8 68.0 32.0 ... 63
68 21.5 70.0 67.0 30.0 ... 62
66 18.5 68.5 66.0 28.0 ... 61
64 15.5 66.8 65.0 25.5 ... 59
62 12.5 65.0 63.5 23.0 ... 57

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 E 140

TABLE 4 Continued
Brinell Hard-
Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number
ness Number
Vickers
Hardness B Scale, 100- F Scale, 60-kgf 15-T Scale, 30-T Scale, 30- 45-T Scale, 45-
500-kgf,
Number kgf, 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in. 15-kgf,1⁄16-in. (1.588- kgf, 1⁄16-in. kgf, 1⁄16-in.
10-mm
(HV) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm) mm) (1.588-mm) (1.588-mm)
Ball
Ball Ball Ball Ball Ball
(HBS)
(HRB) (HRF) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T) (HR 45-T)
60 10.0 62.5 62.5 ... ... 55
58 ... 61.0 61.0 18.0 ... 53
56 ... 58.8 60.0 15.0 ... 52
54 ... 56.5 58.5 12.0 ... 50
52 ... 53.5 57.0 ... ... 48
50 ... 50.5 55.5 ... ... 47
49 ... 49.0 54.5 ... ... 46
48 ... 47.0 53.5 ... ... 45
47 ... 45.0 ... ... ... 44
46 ... 43.0 ... ... ... 43
45 ... 40.0 ... ... ... 42
A
In table headings, kgf or gf refers to total test force.
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

B
Appendix X4 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Vickers hardness numbers for cartridge brass. Refer to 1.11 before using
conversion equations.

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 E 140
TABLE 5 Approximate Brinell-Rockwell B Hardness
Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Stainless Steel Plate in
Annealed ConditionA,B
Rockwell Hardness Number,
Brinell Hardness Number
B Scale (100-kgf, 1⁄16-in.
(3000-kgf, 10-mm ball)
(1.588-mm) ball)
(HBS)
(HRB)
100 256
99 248
98 240
97 233
96 226
95 219
94 213
93 207
92 202
91 197
90 192
89 187
88 183
87 178
86 174
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

85 170
84 167
83 163
82 160
81 156
80 153
79 150
78 147
77 144
76 142
75 139
74 137
73 135
72 132
71 130
70 128
69 126
68 124
67 122
66 120
65 118
64 116
63 114
62 113
61 111
60 110
A
In table headings, kgf or gf refers to total test force.
B
Appendix X5 contains an equation converting determined Brinell hardness
numbers to Rockwell B hardness numbers for austenitic steel plate in the annealed
condition. Refer to 1.11 before using this conversion equation.

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 E 140
TABLE 6 Approximate Rockwell Hardness Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Stainless Steel SheetA,B

NOTE 1—These conversions are based on interlaboratory tests conducted on the following grades: Types 201, 202, 301, 302, 304, 304L, 305, 316, 316L,
321, and 347. Tempers ranged from annealed to extra hard for Type 301, with a smaller range of tempers for the other types. Test coupon thicknesses
ranged from approximately 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) to 0.050 in. (1.27 mm).

Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number

C Scale, 150-kgf 15-N Scale, 15-kgf, 30-N Scale, 30-kgf, 45-N Scale, 45-kgf,
A Scale, 60-kgf,
Diamond Superficial Superficial Superficial
Diamond Penetrator
Penetrator Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator
(HRA)
(HRC) (HR 15-N) (HR 30-N) (HR 45-N)
48 74.4 84.1 66.2 52.1
47 73.9 83.6 65.3 50.9
46 73.4 83.1 64.5 49.8
45 72.9 82.6 63.6 48.7
44 72.4 82.1 62.7 47.5
43 71.9 81.6 61.8 46.4
42 71.4 81.0 61.0 45.2
41 70.9 80.5 60.1 44.1
40 70.4 80.0 59.2 43.0
39 69.9 79.5 58.4 41.8
38 69.3 79.0 57.5 40.7
37 68.8 78.5 56.6 39.6
36 68.3 78.0 55.7 38.4
35 67.8 77.5 54.9 37.3
34 67.3 77.0 54.0 36.1
33 66.8 76.5 53.1 35.0
32 66.3 75.9 52.3 33.9
31 65.8 75.4 51.4 32.7
30 65.3 74.9 50.5 31.6
29 64.8 74.4 49.6 30.4
28 64.3 73.9 48.8 29.3
27 63.8 73.4 47.9 28.2

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
26 63.3 72.9 47.0 27.0
25 62.8 72.4 46.2 25.9
24 62.3 71.9 45.3 24.8
23 61.8 71.3 44.4 23.6
22 61.3 70.8 43.5 22.5
21 60.8 70.3 42.7 21.3
20 60.3 69.8 41.8 20.2

B Scale, 100-kgf, A Scale, 60-kgf, F Scale, 60-kgf, 15-T Scale, 15-kgf, 30-T Scale, 30-kgf, 45-T Scale, 45-kgf,
⁄ -in. (1.588-mm)
1 16 Diamond ⁄ -in. (1.588-mm)
1 16 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm)

Ball Penetrator BallC Ball Ball Ball

(HRB) (HRA) (HRF) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T) (HR 45-T)
100 61.5 (113.9) 91.5 80.4 70.2
99 60.9 (113.2) 91.2 79.7 69.2
98 60.3 (112.5) 90.8 79.0 68.2
97 59.7 (111.8) 90.4 78.3 67.2
96 59.1 (111.1) 90.1 77.7 66.1
95 58.5 (110.5) 89.7 77.0 65.1
94 58.0 (109.8) 89.3 76.3 64.1
93 57.4 (109.1) 88.9 75.6 63.1
92 56.8 (108.4) 88.6 74.9 62.1
91 56.2 (107.8) 88.2 74.2 61.1
90 55.6 (107.1) 87.8 73.5 60.1
89 55.0 (106.4) 87.5 72.8 59.0
88 54.5 (105.7) 87.1 72.1 58.0
87 53.9 (105.0) 86.7 71.4 57.0
86 53.3 (104.4) 86.4 70.7 56.0
85 52.7 (103.7) 86.0 70.0 55.0
84 52.1 (103.0) 85.6 69.3 54.0
83 51.5 (102.3) 85.2 68.6 52.9
82 50.9 (101.7) 84.9 67.9 51.9
81 50.4 (101.0) 84.5 67.2 50.9
80 49.8 (100.3) 84.1 66.5 49.9
79 49.2 99.6 83.8 65.8 48.9
78 48.6 99.0 83.4 65.1 47.9
77 48.0 98.3 83.0 64.4 46.8
76 47.4 97.6 82.6 63.7 45.8
75 46.9 96.9 82.3 63.0 44.8
74 46.3 96.2 81.9 62.4 43.8
73 45.7 95.6 81.5 61.7 42.8
72 45.1 94.9 81.2 61.0 41.8
71 44.5 94.2 80.8 60.3 40.7
70 43.9 93.5 80.4 59.6 39.7

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 E 140

TABLE 6 Continued
B Scale, 100-kgf, A Scale, 60-kgf, F Scale, 60-kgf, 15-T Scale, 15-kgf, 30-T Scale, 30-kgf, 45-T Scale, 45-kgf,
1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) Diamond 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm)

Ball Penetrator BallC Ball Ball Ball

(HRB) (HRA) (HRF) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T) (HR 45-T)
69 43.3 92.8 80.1 58.9 38.7
68 42.8 92.2 79.7 58.2 37.7
67 42.2 91.5 79.3 57.5 36.7
66 41.6 90.8 78.9 56.8 35.7
65 41.0 90.1 78.6 56.1 34.7
64 40.4 89.5 78.2 55.4 33.6
63 39.8 88.8 77.8 54.7 32.6
62 39.3 88.1 77.5 54.0 31.6
61 38.7 87.4 77.1 53.3 30.6
60 38.1 86.8 76.7 52.6 29.6
Standard deviationC 1.44 2.75 2.29 1.67 1.57
A
In table headings, kgf or gf refers to total test force.
B
Appendix X6 contains equations converting determined hardness numbers to Rockwell C and Rockwell B hardness numbers for austenitic stainless steel sheet. Refer
to 1.11 before using conversion equations.
C
Observed standard deviation of the interlaboratory test data about the indicated conversion line.

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 E 140

TABLE 7 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Copper, No. 102 to 142 InclusiveA, B

Vickers Knoop Rockwell Brinell

Rockwell Superficial Rockwell Superficial
Hardness Hardness Hardness Hardness
Hardness Number Hardness Number
Number Number Number Number
30-T
15-T 15-T 15-T 30-T 45-T
B Scale, F Scale,
Scale, Scale, Scale, Scale, Scale,
Scale, 100-kgf 60-kgf 500-kgf, 20-kgf
15-kgf 15-kgf 15-kgf 30-kgf 45-kgf
1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in.
30-kgf 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in.
1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in. 1⁄16-in.
10-mm 2-mm
1⁄16-in. (1.588- (1.588- Diameter Diameter
(1.588- (1.588- (1.588- (1.588- (1.588-
1-kgf 100-gf 1-kgf 500-gf (1.588- mm) mm) Ball Ball
mm) mm) mm) mm) mm)
(HV) (HV) (HK) (HK) mm) Ball Ball (HBS) (HBS)
Ball Ball Ball Ball Ball
Ball (HRB) (HRF)
(HR 15-T) (HR 15-T) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T) (HR 45-T)
(HR 30-T)
0.010-in. 0.020-in. 0.080-in. 0.040-in.
0.040-in. (1.02-mm) Strip
(0.25-mm) (0.51-mm) (2.03-mm) (1.02-mm)
and Greater
Strip Strip Strip Strip
130 127.0 138.7 133.8 ... 85.0 ... 67.0 99.0 ... 69.5 49.0 ... 119.0
128 125.2 136.8 132.1 83.0 84.5 ... 66.0 98.0 87.0 68.5 48.0 ... 117.5
126 123.6 134.9 130.4 ... 84.0 ... 65.0 97.0 ... 67.5 46.5 120.0 115.0
124 121.9 133.0 128.7 82.5 83.5 ... 64.0 96.0 86.0 66.5 45.0 117.5 113.0
122 121.1 131.0 127.0 ... 83.0 ... 62.5 95.5 85.5 66.0 44.0 115.0 111.0
120 118.5 129.0 125.2 82.0 82.5 ... 61.0 95.0 ... 65.0 42.5 112.0 109.0
118 116.8 127.1 123.5 81.5 ... ... 59.5 94.0 85.0 64.0 41.0 110.0 107.5
116 115.0 125.1 121.7 ... 82.0 ... 58.5 93.0 ... 63.0 40.0 107.0 105.5
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

114 113.5 123.2 119.9 81.0 81.5 ... 57.0 92.5 84.5 62.0 38.5 105.0 103.5
112 111.8 121.4 118.1 80.5 81.0 ... 55.0 91.5 ... 61.0 37.0 102.0 102.0
110 109.9 119.5 116.3 80.0 ... ... 53.5 91.0 84.0 60.0 36.0 99.5 100.0
108 108.3 117.5 114.5 ... 80.5 ... 52.0 90.5 83.5 59.0 34.5 97.0 98.0
106 106.6 115.6 112.6 79.5 80.0 ... 50.0 89.5 ... 58.0 33.0 94.5 96.0
104 104.9 113.5 110.1 79.0 79.5 ... 48.0 88.5 83.0 57.0 32.0 92.0 94.0
102 103.2 111.5 108.0 78.5 79.0 ... 46.5 87.5 82.5 56.0 30.0 89.5 92.0
100 101.5 109.4 106.0 78.0 78.0 ... 44.5 87.0 82.0 55.0 28.5 87.0 90.0
98 99.8 107.3 104.0 77.5 77.5 ... 42.0 85.5 81.0 53.5 26.5 84.5 88.0
96 98.0 105.3 102.1 77.0 77.0 ... 40.0 84.5 80.5 52.0 25.5 82.0 86.5
94 96.4 103.2 100.0 76.5 76.5 ... 38.0 83.0 80.0 51.0 23.0 79.5 85.0
92 94.7 101.0 98.0 76.0 75.5 ... 35.5 82.0 79.0 49.0 21.0 77.0 83.0
90 93.0 98.9 96.0 75.5 75.0 ... 33.0 81.0 78.0 47.5 19.0 74.5 81.0
88 91.2 96.9 94.0 75.0 74.5 ... 30.5 79.5 77.0 46.0 16.5 ... 79.0
86 89.7 95.5 92.0 74.5 73.5 ... 28.0 78.0 76.0 44.0 14.0 ... 77.0
84 87.9 92.3 90.0 74.0 73.0 ... 25.5 76.5 75.0 43.0 12.0 ... 75.0
82 86.1 90.1 87.9 73.5 72.0 ... 23.0 74.5 74.5 41.0 9.5 ... 73.0
80 84.5 87.9 86.0 72.5 71.0 ... 20.0 73.0 73.5 39.5 7.0 ... 71.5
78 82.8 85.7 84.0 72.0 70.0 ... 17.0 71.0 72.5 37.5 5.0 ... 69.5
76 81.0 83.5 81.9 71.5 69.5 ... 14.5 69.0 71.5 36.0 2.0 ... 67.5
74 79.2 81.1 79.9 71.0 68.5 ... 11.5 67.5 70.0 34.0 ... ... 66.0
72 77.6 78.9 78.7 70.0 67.5 ... 8.5 66.0 69.0 32.0 ... ... 64.0
70 75.8 76.8 76.6 69.5 66.5 ... 5.0 64.0 67.5 30.0 ... ... 62.0
68 74.3 74.1 74.4 69.0 65.5 ... 2.0 62.0 66.0 28.0 ... ... 60.5
66 72.6 71.9 71.9 68.0 64.5 ... ... 60.0 64.5 25.5 ... ... 58.5
64 70.9 69.5 70.0 67.5 63.5 ... ... 58.0 63.5 23.5 ... ... 57.0
62 69.1 67.0 67.9 66.5 62.0 ... ... 56.0 61.0 21.0 ... ... 55.0
60 67.5 64.6 65.9 66.0 61.0 ... ... 54.0 59.0 18.0 ... ... 53.0
58 65.8 62.0 63.8 65.0 60.0 ... ... 51.5 57.0 15.5 ... ... 51.5
56 64.0 59.8 61.8 64.5 58.5 ... ... 49.0 55.0 13.0 ... ... 49.5
54 62.3 57.4 59.5 63.5 57.5 ... ... 47.0 53.0 10.0 ... ... 48.0
52 60.7 55.0 57.2 63.0 56.0 ... ... 44.0 51.5 7.5 ... ... 46.5
50 58.9 52.8 55.0 62.0 55.0 ... ... 41.5 49.5 4.5 ... ... 44.5
48 57.3 50.3 52.7 61.0 53.5 ... ... 39.0 47.5 1.5 ... ... 42.0
46 55.8 48.0 50.2 60.5 52.0 ... ... 36.0 45.0 ... ... ... 41.0
44 53.9 45.9 47.8 59.5 51.0 ... ... 33.5 43.0 ... ... ... ...
42 52.2 43.7 45.2 58.5 49.5 ... ... 30.5 41.0 ... ... ... ...
40 51.3 40.2 42.8 57.5 48.0 ... ... 28.0 38.5 ... ... ... ...
A
In table headings, kgf or gf refers to total test force.
B
Appendix X7 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Vickers hardness numbers for copper, numbers 102 to 142 inclusive. Refer to 1.11
before using conversion equations.

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 E 140
TABLE 8 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Alloyed White Irons A, B, C

Vickers Brinell Rockwell C Vickers BrinellD Rockwell C

Hardness, HV 50 Hardness, HBW Hardness, HRC Hardness, HV 50 Hardness, HBW Hardness, HRC
1000 (903)E 70 680 621 57
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

980 (886) 69 660 604 56

960 (868) 68 640 586 55
940 (850) 68 620 569 54
920 (833) 67 600 551 53
900 (815) 66 580 533 52
880 (798) 66 560 516 51
860 (780) 65 540 498 50
840 (762) 64 520 481 48
820 (745) 63 500 463 47
800 (727) 62 480 445 45
780 (710) 62 460 428 44
760 (692) 61 440 410 42
740 (674) 60 420 393 40
720 (657) 59 400 375 38
700 (639) 58 380 357 35
A
Data were generated in an interlaboratory comparison program conducted by American Foundrymen’s Society Special Irons Subcommittee, 5-D. Supporting data
available on loan from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: E28-1003.
B
In table headings, kgf or gf refers to total test force.
C
Appendix X8 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Vickers hardness numbers for alloyed white irons. Refer to 1.11 before using
conversion equations.
D
Ten-millimetre tungsten carbide ball.
E
Brinell hardness numbers in parentheses are above the maximum hardness recommended by Test Method E 10 and are presented for information only.

TABLE 9 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Wrought Aluminum ProductsA, B, C

Brinell Hard- Vickers Rockwell Hardness Number Rockwell Superficial Hardness Number
ness Number Hardness B Scale E Scale H Scale 15-T Scale 30-T Scale 15-W Scale
500-kgf, Number 100-kgf, 100-kgf, 60-kgf, 15-kgf, 30-kgf, 15-kgf,
(10-mm Ball) 15-kgf, 1⁄16-in. Ball 1⁄8-in. Ball 1⁄8-in. Ball 1⁄16-in. Ball 1⁄16-in. Ball 1⁄8-in. Ball
(HBS) (HV) (HRB) (HRE) (HRH) (HR 15-T) (HR 30-T) (HR 15-W)
160 189 91 ... ... 89 77 95
155 183 90 ... ... 89 76 95
150 177 89 ... ... 89 75 94
145 171 87 ... ... 88 74 94
140 165 86 ... ... 88 73 94
135 159 84 ... ... 87 71 93
130 153 81 ... ... 87
70 93
125 147 79 ... ... 86 68 92
120 141 76 ... ... 86 67 92
115 135 72 101 ... 86 65 91
110 129 69 100 ... 85 63 91
105 123 65 99 ... 84 61 91
100 117 60 98 ... 83 59 90
95 111 56 96 ... 82 57 90
90 105 51 94 108 81 54 89
85 98 46 91 107 80 52 89
80 92 40 88 106 78 50 88
75 86 34 84 104 76 47 87
70 80 28 80 102 74 44 86
65 74 ... 75 100 72 ... 85
60 68 ... 70 97 70 ... 83
55 62 ... 65 94 67 ... 82
50 56 ... 59 91 64 ... 80
45 50 ... 53 87 62 ... 79
40 44 ... 46 83 59 ... 77
A
Data were generated in an interlaboratory test program conducted by ASTM Subcommittee E28.06. Supporting data available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:
E28-1005.
B
In table headings, kgf or gf refers to total test force.
C
Appendix X9 contains equations converting determined hardness scale numbers to Brinell numbers for wrought aluminum products. Refer to 1.11 before using
conversion equations.

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APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR NON-AUSTENITIC STEELS

(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO ROCKWELL C HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X1.1 The following equations were generated from the HRC 5 2 1.25501E102 1 2.76747E 1 00~HRA! 2
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 1 and should not 5.94178E203~HRA!2
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness R2 5 0.9999 (X1.5)
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process,
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole X1.1.6 From Rockwell D hardness to Rockwell C hardness:
number in accordance with Practice E 29. HRC 5 2 3.20806E101 1 1.30193E100~HRD!
X1.1.1 From Vickers hardness to Rockwell C hardness: R2 5 1.0000 (X1.6)

HRC 5 1 3.14900E101 1 7.96683E202~HV! 2 X1.1.7 From Rockwell 15N hardness to Rockwell C hard-
3.55432E205~HV!2 2 6.72816E103~HV! 21 ness:
R2 5 0.9999 (X1.1) HRC 5 2 3.74666E 1 02 1 1.27582E 1 01~HR15N! 2 1.48317E2
X1.1.2 From Brinell hardness (10-mm diameter steel ball, 01~HR15N!2 1 6.68816E204~HR15N! 3
3000-kgf force) to Rockwell C hardness: R2 5 0.9999 (X1.7)
HRC 5 1 8.35260E101 2 8.68203E202~HBS! 1 1.44229E2 X1.1.8 From Rockwell 30N hardness to Rockwell C hard-
04~HBS!2 2 1.15905E104~HBS! 21 ness:
R2 5 0.9998 (X1.2)
HRC 5 2 2.60390E101 1 1.11079E100~HR30N!
X1.1.3 From Brinell hardness (10-mm diameter tungsten R2 5 1.0000 (X1.8)
carbide ball, 3000-kgf force) to Rockwell C hardness:
HRC 5 1 1.81673E101 1 1.20388E201~HBW! 2 6.94388E2 X1.1.9 From Rockwell 45N hardness to Rockwell C hard-
05~HBW!2 2 4.88327E103~HBW! 21 ness:
R2 5 0.9998 (X1.3) HRC 5 1 3.18978E100 1 8.54135E201~HR45N!

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
X1.1.4 From Knoop hardness (500-gf force and greater) to R2 5 0.9999 (X1.9)
Rockwell C hardness: X1.1.10 From Scleroscope hardness to Rockwell C hard-
HRC 5 1 6.43102E101 1 7.59497E203~HK 500–1000! 1 1.13729E2 ness:
05~HK500–1000!2 2 1.17515E 1 04~HK500–1000! 21 HRC 5 1 1.14708E101 1 9.61667E201~HSc! 2 3.15195E2
R2 5 1.0000 (X1.4) 03~HSc!2 2 6.97208E102~HSc! 21
X1.1.5 From Rockwell A hardness to Rockwell C hardness: R2 5 1.0000 (X1.10)

X2. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR NON-AUSTENITIC STEELS

(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO ROCKWELL B HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X2.1 The following equations were generated from the R2 5 0.9998 (X2.2)
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 2 and should not
X2.1.3 From Knoop hardness (500-gf force and greater) to
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness
Rockwell B hardness:
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process,
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole HRB 5 1 1.75357E102 2 2.37706E201~HK 500–1000! 1 4.56743E2
number in accordance with Practice E 29. 04~HK500–1000!2 2 1.12480E104~HK 500–1000!21
R2 5 0.9996 (X2.3)
X2.1.1 From Vickers hardness to Rockwell B hardness:
HRB 5 1 1.14665E102 1 8.82795E202~HV! 2 X2.1.4 From Rockwell A hardness to Rockwell B hardness:
1.41855E204~HV!2 2 6.69528E103~HV! 21 HRB 5 2 4.82350E101 1 3.33354E100~HRA! 2
R2 5 0.9998 (X2.1) 1.50107E202~HRA!2
R2 5 1.0000 (X2.4)
X2.1.2 From Brinell hardness (10-mm diameter steel ball,
3000-kgf force) to Rockwell B hardness: X2.1.5 From Rockwell F hardness to Rockwell B hardness:
HRB 5 1 1.14665E102 1 8.82795E202~HBS! 2 HRB 5 2 9.99816E101 1 1.75617E100~HRF!
1.41855E204~HBS!2 2 6.69528E103~HBS! 21 R2 5 1.0000 (X2.5)

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X2.1.6 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Rockwell B hard- HRB 5 2 2.42568E101 1 1.49484E100~HR30T!
ness: R2 5 1.0000 (X2.7)
HRB 5 2 1.86934E102 1 3.08173E100~HR15T! X2.1.8 From Rockwell 45T hardness to Rockwell B hard-
R2 5 1.0000 (X2.6) ness:
X2.1.7 From Rockwell 30T hardness to Rockwell B hard- HRB 5 1 2.74135E101 1 9.95874E201~HR45T!
ness: R2 5 1.0000 (X2.8)

X3. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR NICKEL AND HIGH-NICKEL ALLOYS

(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO VICKERS HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X3.1 The following equations were generated from the R2 = 0.9991

specific hardness numbers contained in Table 3 and should not X3.1.8 From Rockwell G hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5,
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness 10, and 30-kgf forces):
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process,
~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 1.10239E202 (X3.8)
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole
number in accordance with Practice E 29. 2 8.27628E205~HRG!
R2 5 0.9999
X3.1.1 From Brinell hardness (10-mm diameter steel ball,
3000-kgf force) to Vickers hardness (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf X3.1.9 From Rockwell K hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5,
forces): 10, and 30-kgf forces):
HV 1.5,10,30 5 1 8.52592E202 1 9.82889E201~HBS! 1 ~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 1.87458E202
1.89707E204~HBS!2 2 1.41851E204~HRK!
R2 5 1.0000 (X3.1) R 2 5 0.9998 (X3.9)

X3.1.2 From Rockwell A hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5, X3.1.10 From Rockwell 15N hardness to Vickers hardness
10, and 30-kgf forces): (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf forces):
~HV 1.5,10,30!21 5 1 2.13852E202 2 3.84341E204~HRA! 1 ~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 2.59838E202 2 4.31479E204~HR15N! 1
1.67455E206~HRA!2 1.75469E206~HR15N!2
R2 5 0.9998 (X3.2) R 2 5 0.9998 (X3.10)

X3.1.3 From Rockwell B hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5, X3.1.11 From Rockwell 30N hardness to Vickers hardness
10, and 30-kgf forces): (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf forces):
~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 1.69552E202 ~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 9.85078E203 2 1.58346E204~HR30N! 1
2 1.29200E204~HRB! 6.16727E207~HR30N!2
R2 5 0.9999 (X3.3) R 2 5 0.9997 (X3.11)

X3.1.4 From Rockwell C hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5, X3.1.12 From Rockwell 45N hardness to Vickers hardness
10, and 30-kgf forces): (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf forces):
~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 6.24553E203 2 1.08014E204~HRC! 1 ~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 6.03882E203 2 9.51201E205~HR45N! 1
4.32021E207~HRC!2 3.63345E207~HR45N!2
R2 5 0.9995 (X3.4) R 2 5 0.9998 (X3.12)

X3.1.5 From Rockwell D hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5, X3.1.13 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Vickers hardness
10, and 30-kgf forces): (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf forces):
~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 1.04408E202 2 1.86498E204~HRD! 1 ~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 3.71482E202 2 3.49957E204~HR15T! 2
8.16952E207~HRD!2 8.92693E208~HR15T!2
R2 5 0.9998 (X3.5) R 2 5 0.9996 (X3.13)

X3.1.6 From Rockwell E hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5, X3.1.14 From Rockwell 30T hardness to Vickers hardness
10, and 30-kgf forces): (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf forces):
~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 2.72286E202 ~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 1.94133E202 2 1.85296E204~HR30T! 2
2 2.01993E204~HRE! 4.01798E208~HR30T!2
R2 5 0.9994 (X3.6) R2 5 0.9998 (X3.14)

X3.1.7 From Rockwell F hardness to Vickers hardness (1.5, X3.1.15 From Rockwell 45T hardness to Vickers hardness
10, and 30-kgf forces): (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf forces):
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 2.94130E202 (X3.7) ~HV 1.5, 10, 30!21 5 1 1.29736E202 2 1.14693E204~HR45T! 2
− 2.23861E−04(HRF) 1.61879E207~HR45T!2

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R 2 5 0.9998 (X3.15) HV 1.5, 10, 30 5 2 5.08687E201
1 8.78046E201~HK500,1000!
X3.1.16 From Knoop hardness (500 and 1000-gf forces) to
R2 5 1.0000 (X3.16)
Vickers hardness (1.5, 10, and 30-kgf forces):

X4. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR CARTRIDGE BRASS

(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO VICKERS HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X4.1 The following equations were generated from the R2 5 0.9998 (X4.3)
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 4 and should not
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness X4.1.4 From Rockwell 30T hardness to Vickers hardness:
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process, ~HV!21 5 1 2.08924E202 2 2.03448E204~HR30T! 2 2.80441E2
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole 08~HR30T!2 1 1.33185E210~HR30T! 3
number in accordance with Practice E 29. R2 5 0.9998 (X4.4)
X4.1.1 From Rockwell B hardness to Vickers hardness:
X4.1.5 From Rockwell 45T hardness to Vickers hardness:
~HV!21 5 1 1.77793E202 2 1.31112E204~HRB! 2 3.77903E2
~HV!21 5 1 1.36295E202 2 1.03553E204~HR45T! 2 9.70546E2
07~HRB!2 1 3.55271E209~HRB! 3
07~HR45T!2 1 8.77834E209~HR45T! 3
R2 5 0.9996 (X4.1)
R2 5 0.9999 (X4.5)
X4.1.2 From Rockwell F hardness to Vickers hardness:
X4.1.6 From Brinell hardness (10-mm diameter steel ball,
~HV!21 5 1 2.95966E202 2 1.03725E204~HRF! 2 2.31669E2
500-kgf force) to Vickers hardness:
06~HRF!2 1 1.12203E208~HRF! 3
R2 5 0.9998 (X4.2) HV 5 2 5.60725E100 1 1.19007E1
00~HBS 10/500/15!
X4.1.3 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Vickers hardness: R2 5 0.9998 (X4.6)
~HV!21 5 1 7.65595E202 2 1.79133E203~HR15T! 1 1.84105E2
05~HR15T!2 2 8.14318E208~HR15T! 3

X5. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATION FOR ANNEALED AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL PLATE
(DETERMINED BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBERS TO ROCKWELL B HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X5.1 The following equation was generated from the X5.1.1 From Brinell hardness (10-mm steel diameter ball,
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 5 and should not 3000-kgf force) to Rockwell B hardness:
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness
HRB 5 1 1.29998E102 2 7.66860E103~HBS!21
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process,
R2 5 0.9999 (X5.1)
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole
number in accordance with Practice E 29.

X6. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL SHEET

(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO ROCKWELL C OR ROCKWELL B HARDNESS NUMBERS

X6.1 The following equations were generated from the X6.1.3 From Rockwell 30N hardness to Rockwell C hard-
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 6 and should not ness:
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness HRC 5 2 2.79663E101 1 1.14752E100~HR30N!
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process, R2 5 1.0000 (X6.3)
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole
number in accordance with Practice E 29. X6.1.4 From Rockwell 45N hardness to Rockwell C hard-
ness:
X6.1.1 From Rockwell A hardness to Rockwell C hardness:
HRC 5 1 2.25782E100 1 8.78362E201~HR45N!
HRC 5 2 9.94148E101 1 1.98137E100~HRA!
R2 5 1.0000 (X6.4)
R2 5 1.0000 (X6.1)
X6.1.5 From Rockwell A hardness to Rockwell B hardness:
X6.1.2 From Rockwell 15N hardness to Rockwell C hard-
ness: HRB 5 2 5.16024E100 1 1.71080E100~HRA!
R2 5 1.0000 (X6.5)
HRC 5 2 1.16608E102 1 1.95692E100~HR15N!
R2 5 1.0000 (X6.2) X6.1.6 From Rockwell F hardness to Rockwell B hardness:
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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HRB 5 2 6.79918E101 1 1.47539E100~HRF! HRB 5 2 1.56777E101 1 1.43818E100~HR30T!
R2 5 0.9999 (X6.6) R2 5 1.0000 (X6.8)
X6.1.7 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Rockwell B hard- X6.1.9 From Rockwell 45T hardness to Rockwell B hard-
ness: ness:
HRB 5 2 1.47089E102 1 2.69928E100~HR15T! HRB 5 1 3.08896E101 1 9.84321E201~HR45T!
R2 5 1.0000 (X6.7)
R2 5 1.0000 (X6.9)
X6.1.8 From Rockwell 30T hardness to Rockwell B hard-
ness:

X7. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR COPPER, NOS. 102 TO 142 INCLUSIVE
(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO VICKERS HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X7.1 The following equations were generated from the X7.1.7 From Rockwell F hardness to Vickers hardness (1-
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 7 and should not kgf force) for 0.040-in. (1.02-mm) and greater strip:
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness
~HV 1!21 5 1 4.03378E202 2 7.12218E204~HRF! 1 6.46922E2
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process,
06~HRF!2 2 2.64942E208~HRF! 3
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole
number in accordance with Practice E 29. R2 5 0.9998 (X7.7)

X7.1.1 From Vickers hardness (100-gf force) to Vickers X7.1.8 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Vickers hardness
hardness (1-kgf force): (1-kgf force) for 0.040-in. (1.02-mm) and greater strip:
HV 1 5 2 1.94066E101 1 1.17624E100~HV 100! ~HV 1!21 5 1 6.91162E202 2 1.89938E203~HR15T! 1 2.43142E2
R2 5 0.9999 (X7.1) 05~HR15T!2 2 1.21657E207~HR15T! 3
X7.1.2 From Knoop hardness (1-kgf force) to Vickers R2 5 0.9994 (X7.8)
hardness (1-kgf force):
X7.1.9 From Rockwell 30T hardness to Vickers hardness
HV 1 5 1 1.1858E101 1 6.42195E201~HK 1000! 1 (1-kgf force) for 0.040-in. (1.02-mm) and greater strip:
1.50709E203~HK 1000!2
R2 5 0.9999 (X7.2) ~HV 1!21 5 1 2.12081E202 2 2.79029E204~HR30T! 1 1.85833E2
06~HR30T!2 2 9.41015E209~HR30T! 3
X7.1.3 From Knoop hardness (500 gf force) to Vickers
R2 5 0.9999 (X7.9)
hardness (1-kgf force):
HV 1 5 1 4.04249E100 1 7.73167E201~HK 500! 1 X7.1.10 From Rockwell 45T hardness to Vickers hardness
1.22866E203~HK 500!2 (1-kgf force) for 0.040-in. (1.02-mm) and greater strip:
R2 5 0.9998 (X7.3) ~HV 1!21 5 1 1.33602E202 2 1.16936E204~HR45T! 2 2.02801E2
X7.1.4 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Vickers hardness 07~HR45T!2 1 4.40268E209~HR45T! 3
(1-kgf force) for 0.010-in. (0.25-mm) strip: R2 5 0.9995 (X7.10)
~HV 1!21 5 1 3.37918E201 2 1.15500E202~HR15T! 1 1.40059E2 X7.1.11 From Brinell hardness (10-mm diameter steel ball,
04~HR15T!2 2 5.88157E207~HR15T! 3 500-kgf force) to Vickers hardness (1-kgf force) for 0.080- in.
R2 5 0.9997 (X7.4) (2.03-mm) strip:
X7.1.5 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Vickers hardness HV 1 5 1 2.77693E 1 01 1 8.62358E201~HBS 10/500/15! 2
(1-kgf force) for 0.020-in. (0.51-mm) strip: 3.66858E204~HBS 10/500/15!2
~HV 1!21 5 1 1.25038E201 2 3.80747E203~HR15T! 1 4.54150E2 R2 5 0.9999 (X7.11)
05~HR15T!2 2 1.98661E207~HR15T! 3
X7.1.12 From Brinell hardness (2-mm diameter steel ball,
R2 5 0.9997 (X7.5)
20-kgf force) to Vickers hardness (1-kgf force) for 0.040 in.
X7.1.6 From Rockwell B hardness to Vickers hardness (1- (1.02-mm) strip:
kgf force) for 0.040-in. (1.02-mm) and greater strip:
HV 1 5 2 1.01087E100 1 1.18352E100~HBS 2/20/15! 2
~HV 1!21 5 1 1.49881E202 2 1.39326E204~HRB! 1 8.82686E2 7.02625E204~HBS 2/20/15!2
07~HRB!2 2 6.30498E209~HRB! 3 R 2 5 0.9999 (X7.12)
R2 5 0.9999 (X7.6)

--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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X8. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR ALLOYED WHITE IRON

(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO VICKERS HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X8.1 The following equations were generated from the HV 50 5 2 2.61008E101 1 1.13635E100~HBW!
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 8 and should not R2 5 1.0000 (X8.1)
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness
X8.1.2 From Rockwell C hardness to Vickers hardness
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process,
(50-kgf force):
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole
number in accordance with Practice E 29. HV 50 5 1 5.72753E102 2 1.71996E101~HRC! 1
X8.1.1 From Brinell hardness (10-mm diameter tungsten 3.33893E201~HRC!2
carbide ball, 3000-kgf force) to Vickers hardness (50-kgf R2 5 0.9991 (X8.2)
force):

X9. HARDNESS CONVERSION EQUATIONS FOR WROUGHT ALUMINUM PRODUCTS

(DETERMINED HARDNESS SCALE NUMBERS TO BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBERS)

X9.1 The following equations were generated from the X9.1.4 From Rockwell H hardness to Brinell hardness
specific hardness numbers contained in Table 9 and should not (10-mm diameter steel ball, 500-kgf force):
be used for converting numbers outside of the defined hardness ~HBS 10/500/15!21 5 1 4.00460E201 2 1.06615E202~HRH! 1
range. Due to inherent inaccuracies in the conversion process,
1.02525E204~HRH!2 2 3.44242E207~HRH! 3
the converted number should be rounded to the nearest whole
R2 5 0.9995 (X9.4)
number in accordance with Practice E 29.
X9.1.1 From Vickers hardness (15-kgf force) to Brinell X9.1.5 From Rockwell 15T hardness to Brinell hardness
hardness (10-mm diameter steel ball, 500-kgf force): (10-mm diameter steel ball, 500-kgf force):
HBS 10/500/15 5 1 3.76211E100 1 8.25368E2 ~HBS 10/500/15!21 5 1 3.35165E201 2 1.16197E202~HR15T! 1
01~HV 15! 1.44778E204~HR15T!2 2 6.26187E207~HR15T! 3
R2 5 1.0000 (X9.1) R2 5 0.9988 (X9.5)
X9.1.2 From Rockwell B hardness to Brinell hardness (10- X9.1.6 From Rockwell 30T hardness to Brinell hardness
mm diameter steel ball, 500-kgf force): (10-mm diameter steel ball, 500-kgf force):
~HBS 10/500/15!21 5 1 2.09261E202 2 3.13747E204~HRB! 1 ~HBS 10/500/15!21 5 1 4.68610E202 2 1.24964E203~HR30T! 1
3.24720E206~HRB!2 2 1.71476E208~HRB! 3 1.45528E205~HR30T!2 2 6.71417E208~HR30T! 3
R2 5 0.9995 (X9.2) R2 5 0.9994 (X9.6)
X9.1.3 From Rockwell E hardness to Brinell hardness (10- X9.1.7 From Rockwell 15W hardness to Brinell hardness
mm diameter steel ball, 500-kgf force): (10-mm diameter steel ball, 500-kgf force):
~HBS 10/500/15!21 5 1 7.44356E202 2 1.82782E203~HRE! 1 ~HBS 10/500/15! 5 2 7.10127E103 1 2.71267E102~HR15W! 2
2.04718E205~HRE!2 2 8.75260E208~HRE! 3 3.46213E100~HR15W!2 1 1.48551E202~HR15W! 3
R2 5 0.9989 (X9.3) R2 5 0.9924 (X9.7)
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

X10. EFFECT OF STRAIN HARDENING ON HARDNESS CONVERSION RELATIONSHIPS

X10.1 For ferrous and nonferrous metals softer than 240 metal of high capacity for strain hardening will harden much
HB, a single set of hardness conversion relationships inevitably more in the test than will a cold-worked metal. For example, an
introduces large errors because of the wide difference that may annealed iron and a cold-rolled aluminum alloy may have
exist in the amount of cold working before testing, as well as hardnesses of 71 and 72 HR 15T, respectively. The hardnesses
the amount that occurs during the test itself. This dependence are 31 HRB for the soft annealed iron and 7 HRB for the
on strain-hardening characteristics can be demonstrated by the cold-rolled aluminum alloy.
Rockwell scales 15-T, 30-T, 45-T, F, and B, in which forces
ranging from 15 to 100 kgf are applied on a 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) X10.2 On the other hand, if materials have Brinell or
diameter ball indenter. As higher forces are used, the increased Rockwell hardness values that are approximately equal in the
strain raises the hardness by an amount that depends on the annealed state as well as after heavy cold deformation, these
pretest capacity of the metal for strain hardening. An annealed materials will have similar hardness conversion relationships

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 E 140
for all degrees of strain hardening. This is true of yellow While annealed metals are being progressively cold worked,
brasses and low-carbon steels and irons. The limiting condi- the indentation contours pass through a “flat” stage in which
tions can usually be identified by the appearance of the the lip of the indentation is neither round nor sharply ridged. It
hardness indentations themselves. Soft annealed metals have is necessary to base hardness conversions on comparative tests
characteristic“ sinking” type indentation contours when indent-
--`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

of similar materials that also have very similar mechanical

ers of the ball type are used. On the other hand, heavily properties.
cold-worked metals have sharp “ridging” type indentations.

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