Niyamapadam For School

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sslkvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈
\nba t_m[\ ¢mkp-I-f-n-te°v th≠n
tIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv
AtXm-dnń {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv
tIcf kwkvYm\ eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXmdn‰n

sIm-®n- ˛ 682 031
sSen-/^m-Iv-kv- : 0484 2396717,- 2562919
eo-K¬- sl¬-∏v-sse≥-:
9846700100
3
For circulation in the Legal Literacy
Classes conducted by KELSA
Title : NIYAMAPADAM
(Malayalam)
Copyright : ©Reserved
Ninth Edition : November, 2011
Copies : 4,45,000
Layout &
Printed at : Ayodhya Printers Ltd., Elamakkara, Cochin-26
Ph: 0484-2408797
Published by : Kerala State Legal Services Authority (KELSA),
Niyamasahaya Bhavan, Highcourt Compound,
Kochi - 682 031.
4
BapJw
tIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn‰n 9˛mw ¢m v
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mbv Cu h¿jhpw \nb-at- _m-[h - ¬°-cW - ¢- m- p-Iƒ \S-
Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS cmPysØ ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-
ß-sf-°p-dn®pw \nb-ak - w-hn-[m-\s
- Ø-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ _me-]m-Tß - ƒ Dƒs°m-
≈n-®p-sIm≠v kv°qƒ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb sNdp-]p-
kvX-I-am-WnXv.
Cu sNdp-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ap≥ ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v kl-
I-cn® bi:ico-c-\mb AUz.-F.-sI. temln-Xm-£≥, AUz. Imfo-izcw
cmPv, AUz. Un.-_n. _n\p, {ioaXn ]n.-F-kv. koa F∂n-h-scbpw Ign™
Ime-ß-fn¬ \nb-a-]-T-\-¢m- p-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ A¿∏-W-t_m-[tØmsS
tIc-f-kw-kvYm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n-tbm-sSm∏w tN¿∂p
{]h¿Øn® kpa-\ - p-Is
- fbpw \μn-]q¿Δw kvacn-°p-∂p. \nb-aß - ƒ Ime-
Øn\v ap∂nse hgn hnf-°p-I-fmWv. kaq-l-Øns‚ Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fn¬
\nd™p ItØ≠ sISmhn-f-°p-Iƒ. \oXn-bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ Ccpƒ \nd-
bp- ∂ Xv \nb- a - ß - f psS A`m- h - Ø m- e √ adn®v P\- X - b psS A⁄-
XsIm≠mWv. A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv A\o-Xn-bmWv F∂p-t]mepw Xncn-®-dn-bm-
\m-hm-Ø-hn[w A⁄-cmWv \ΩpsS P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ `qcn]£-hpw. Cu
Ccp-fn-emWv \ap°v Adn-hns‚ {]Imiw sNmcn-tb-≠Xv; \oXnbpsS ]I-
ep-Iƒ Xo¿t°-≠-Xv. eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn‰n Cu e£y-km-£m-
XvIm-c-Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®pw AXn¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ auen-I-amb
Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw ISa-I-sfbpw Ipdn®pw `c-W-LS\m\p-kr-X-ambn \nb-
a- \ n¿Ωm- W - k - ` - I ƒ D≠m- ° nb \nb- a - ß - s f- ° p- d n®pw Cu sNdp
]pkvXIØn¬ Npcp-°n- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ign™ ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Ønb \nb-a-ß-sf-°q-SmsX \nb-a-tk-h\ AtXm-dn‰n \nb-aw, _me-\oXn
\nb-aw, C≥Uy≥ in£m \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ in£m \S-]-Sn-Iƒ,
kvIqfp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ°pw hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ°pw t]mIp-
tºmƒ \S-tØ-≠p∂ aps∂mcp-°ß - s
- f-°p-dn®pw kzoI-cn-t°-≠p∂ ap≥I-
cp-X-ep-I-sf-°p-dn®pw k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ F∂nh
Dƒs∏-SpØn ]cn-jvI-cn-®n-´p≈ \nb-a-]m-T-Øns‚ Cu ]pXnb ]Xn∏v
hnZym¿∞n kaq-l-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
Gh¿°pw \∑-Iƒ t\¿∂p-sIm-≠v,
PÃnkv kn.-F≥. cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿
FIvknIyqóhv sNb¿am≥
tIcfm tÃ‰v eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn‰n
-
5
H∂mw -]-Xn-∏ns‚
B-ap-Jw-
tI-c-f- kw-kv-Ym-\- eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXmdn-‰n- 9˛mw- ¢m-kv-
hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bn- \n-b-a-t_m-[-\-¢m-kp-Iƒ- B-hn-jv-°-cn-®n-cn-°p-
∂p. A-Xn-\p-th-≠n- X-ømdm-°n-b- ]m-Tm-h-en-bm-Wn-Xv.- Ip-ń-I-sf D-t±-
in-®p- X-ømdm-°n-b- Cu- ]m-Tm-h-en- B-hp-∂-{X- e-fn-X-am-°m≥- ]-cn-{i-
an-®n-´p-≠v.- -
Cu- ]m- T m- h - e n- b p- s S- \n¿- Ω m- W - Ø n¬- k- l - I - c n- ® - h - t cm- S v -
A-tXmdn‰n-°v- Ir-X-Pv-R-X-bp-≠v.- ]m-T-ßƒ- X-ømdm-°m-\pw- F-Un-‰v-
sN-øm-\pw- X-ømdm-b- k¿Δ{io- F.-sI.- tem-ln-Xm-£-≥,- Imfoizcw
cmPv, Un._n. _n\p F∂nh¿°pw \n-b-a-k-ao-£-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-I¿-
°pw- a-‰v- A-`n-`m-j-I¿-°pw- R-ßƒ- \-μn- ]d-bp-∂p.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- D-
]-tZ-i- \n¿-t±-iß - ƒ- \¬-In-b P-kv‰ - n-kv- sI.- kp-Ip-am-ct- \mSv Rßƒ°v
IS∏mSp≠v.- A-Xp-t]m-se- Cu]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS- hn-Pb - Ø- n-\m-bn- kvI - qƒ-
A-[n-Ir-Xc - p-tS-bpw- A-[ym-]I - c
- p-tS-bpw- k-lm-b- k-lI - c - W
- ß
- ƒ- A-`y¿-
∞n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂p.-
\-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥d- `-c-W-L-S-\-sb-°pdn-®pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-
kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-°pdn-®pw- Ip-ń-I-sf- t_m-[-h¬-°-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv- Cu-
]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s≥d- D-t±-iyw.- sa-®-s∏-´- ]u-c-∑m-sc- h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°m-
\p-≈- H-cp- F-fn-b]-cn-{i-aw- am-{X-am-Wn-Xv.-
aw-K-fm-iw-k-I-tfm-sS- Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- `m-hn-]u-c-∑m¿-°p-ap-∂n¬-
k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p.-
P-kv-‰n-kv- sI.-F.- A-_v-Zp¬- K-^q¿

FIvknIyqóhv sNb¿am≥
tI-c-f- kw-kv-Ym-\- eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXmdn-‰n.-
-
6
D≈S°w
`mKw H-∂v-
\ΩpsS C¥y
]mTw 1. C¥ybnse P\ßfmb \mw 11
]mTw 2 AhImißfpw ISaIfpw 13
]mTw 3 P\m[n]Xyhpw A[nImc hn`P\hpw 21
]mTw 4 cmPy`cWw 25
]mTw 5 sXcs™Sp∏pw P\ßfpw 29
]mTw 6 tImSXnIƒ 31
]mTw 7 k¿°m¿ k¿hokv 39
]mTw 8 A[nImcw P\ßfnte°v 41
]mTw 9 a\pjymhImißƒ 49
`mKw c-≠v-
F{Xsb{X \nbaßƒ!
]mTw 10 \nbaßfnte°v Hcp FØnt\m´w 54
]mTw 11 Ip‰hpw in£bpw 57
]mTw 12 \nbahpw {]IrXnkwc£Whpw 70
]mTw 13 D]t`mIvXmhpw \nbahpw 76
]mTw 14 tamt´m¿ hml\ \nbaßƒ 79
]mTw 15 dmKnßv \ntcm-[\ \nbaw 83
]mTw 16 hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-\n-baw 85
]mTw 17 s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv XS-bp∂ \nbaw 91
]mTw 18 s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-se
]pI-hen in£m¿l-amWv 93
]mTw 19 amXm]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn-¿∂
]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Pnh-\mw-i-Øn\pw
t£a-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007 96
]mTw 20 \nbahpw kmaqly]cnjv°cWhpw 99
]mTw 21 _me-\o-Xn- \n-baw 103
]mTw 22 X¿°ßƒ ]d™p Xo¿°¬ 105
]mTw 23 hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-bv°v H-cp-ßp-tºmƒ 111
7
{]XnPvR
""P\ßƒ°pth≠n cmjv{Sw
cmjv{SØn\pth≠n P\ßƒ''
Rm≥ Fs≥d cmjv{SsØ kvt\ln°p∂p. cmjv{S

Øns≥d `cWLS\sb°pdn®pw \nbaßsf°pdn®pw
]Tn°m≥ Rm≥ {ian°pw. `cWLS\bpsS alØmb
e£yßsf km£mXv°cn°m≥ Rm≥ bXv\n°pw. cmjv{S
\n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbn¬ Rm≥ Ft≥dXmb ]¶phln°pw.
PmXnbpsStbm aXØns≥dtbm `mjbpsStbm {]tZiØn
s≥dtbm t]cn¬ Rm≥ Hcp C¥y°mct\mSpw AI¬®
ImWn°pIbn√. Hcp alØmb ss]XrIØns≥d
DSaIfmWv \mw F∂v Rm≥ a\ nem°p∂p.- A-Xp-
t]m-se- Hcp alØmb P\m[n]XyØns≥d kq£n∏pImcp-
am-W-v \m-sa-∂-v Rm≥- a-\
- n-em-°p-∂p.-
P\ßƒ°pth≠n cmjv{Sw;
cmjv{SØn\pth≠n P\ßƒ.
8
`m-Kw H-∂v-
\-Ωp-sS- C-¥y-
9
10
]mTw 1
C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \mw-
"-"C- ¥ - y-bn-se- P-\ß - f - m-b- \mw-''- -- Cu- hm-NI - t- Øm-sS-bm-Wv- \-
Ωp-sS- `-cW - L - S- \ - - Xp-Sß - p-∂X - v.-
C- ¥ y- s b- H- c p- ]- c - a m- [ n- I m- c - tkm- j y- e n- k v - ‰ v - a- t X- X - c -
P-\m-[n-]X - y- dn-∏ª - n-°m-bn- sI-ń-∏S- p-°p-Ib - pw- F-√m- ]u-c∑ - m¿-°pw-
k-aX - z-hpw- \o-Xn-bpw- kzm-X{- ¥y-hpw- e-`y-am-°p-Ib - pw- km-tlm-Zc - yw-
h-f¿-Øp-Ib - p-am-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- e-£y-sa-∂v- `-cW - L - S- \- b - p-sS- B-ap-
J-Øn¬- hy-IvX - a - m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-
B-ap-J-Øn¬- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´- e-£y-Øn-te-°v- C-¥y-sb-
\- b n- ° m- \ p- ≈ - I- S - a - B¿- ° m- W v - ? - C- ¥ y- b n- s e- P- \ - ß - f m- b -
\-ap-°p-Xs - ∂. `-cW - L
- S- \ - b - n-se- sI-´pw- a-´pw- D-≈S- ° - h - pw- \-Ωp-sS
I-Sa- I- ƒ- hy-IX v- a - m-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.-
`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- H-∂mw-`m-K-Øn¬- C-¥y-bn¬- G-sX-√mw-
{]-tZ-iß - ƒ- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v- hn-hc - n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- c-≠mw-`m-Kw- \-Ωp-sS-
]u-cX - z-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-kY v- m-\ß - ƒ- F-s¥m-s°-bm-sW-∂v- ]d-bp-∂p.-
aq-∂mw-`m-KØ - n¬- \-Ωp-sS- au-en-Im-hI - m-iß- f - m-Wv- {]-Xn-]m-Zn--®n-´p-
≈-Xv.- \memw `mKØn¬ \n¿t±iIXXzßfpw `mKw 4 Fbn¬
auenI NpaXeIfpw Fs¥ms°sb∂v ]d™n cn°p∂p. A-Xp-
I-gn-™m¬,- \-Ωp-sS- `-cW - k - w-hn-[m-\Ø - n-s≥d- L-S\ - b- m-Wv.- bq-Wn-
b≥,- kvt- ‰-‰p-Iƒ,- ]-©m-bØ - - v- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ- F-∂n-ßs - \- aq-∂v-
X-´p-If - p-≈X - m-Wv- C-¥y≥- `-cW - k - w-hn-[m-\w.-
\n¿-Ωm-W-k-an-Xn- `-c-W-L-S-\- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv- 1949 \-hw-_¿-
26mw X - o-bX - n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- B- N-cn-{X-ap-lq¿-ØØ - n¬- `-cW - L - S- \
- b- p-
sS- {]-[m-\- in¬-∏n-bm-bn-cp-∂ tUm.- Aw-t_-ZvI - ¿- C-ßs - \- ]d-bp-I-
bp˛ ≠m-bn.- "-"C - ∂ - s-eh - s - c- C-¥y-bp-sS- Ip-‰ß - ƒ-°pw- Ipd-hp-Iƒ-
°pw- \-ap-°p- ]-gn- ]d-bm≥- {_n-ó-jp-Im-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-∂p-ap-X¬-
A-Xn-\v- {]-kI - X v- n-bn-√m-sX-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C-\n-bt- ßm-´v- \-Ωp-sS- Ip-
‰-ßƒ-°pw- Ipd-hp-Iƒ-°pw- \mw- \-sΩ-Øs - ∂-bm-Wv- Ip-‰w ]d-tb-
≠-Xv'- '- .- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\ß - f - m-b \-sΩ D-t±-in-®m-bn-cp-∂p- Aw-t_-Zv-
11
I¿- ta¬-{]-Im-cw- ]d-™X - v.- P-\m-[n-]X - y- `-cW - {- I-aØ - n-s≥d- hn-Pb - -
]-cm-Pb - ß - ƒ- P-\ß - f - p-sS- Pm-{K-Xs - b- B-{i-bn-®m-Wv- \n¿-Æb - n-°-
s∏-Sp-I.- Cu- a¿-Ω{- ]-[m-\a - m-b- P-\m-[n-]X - y-XX - z-Øn-te-°v- hn-c¬-Nq-
≠p-∂X - m-Wv- Aw-t_-ZvI - dp-sS- hm-°p-Iƒ.- A-Xm-bX - v- C-hn-sS- F-¥p-
\-S∂- m-epw- A-Xv- a-‰p-≈h - c- p-sS- Ip-‰w-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p-]d-™v- H-cp- ]u-
c-\pw- A-hb - p-sS-sbm-s°- D-Øc - h - m-Zn-Xz-Øn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-™p-amdm≥-
]-‰p-Ib - n-√.- A-Xn-s≥d- ]m-]`- m-cØ - n¬- H-cp- ]-¶v- Hm-tcm- ]u-c\ - p-ap-≠v.-
{_n-´\ - n-se- P-\m-[n-]X - y-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-Ød- {_n´-\n-se- P-\ß - f - p-sS-
]u-ct- _m-[a - m-sW-∂v- {]-kn-≤a - m-Wv.- A-hn-sS- ]m¿- e-sa≥dn-s\- \n-
b-{¥n-°m≥- C-¥y-bn-se-bpw- A-ta-cn-°b - n-se-bpw- a-‰pw- `-cW - L - S- \ - -
I-fn-ep-≈X - p-t]m-se- au-en-Im-hI - m-iß - s - fm-∂pw C-tX-hs - c- hy-hk - v-
Y- sN-bX v- n-ń-√.- {_n-´\ - n¬- F-gp-Xs - ∏-´- H-cp- `-cW - L - S- \ - b - pw- C-√.- F-
∂n-´pw- {_n-ó-jv- P-\m-[n-]X - yw- i-IX v- a - m-bn- \n-e\ - n¬-°p-∂X - v- P-\ß - -
fp-sS- ]u-ct- _m-[w-sIm-≠pw- P-\m-[n-]X - y-kY v- m-]\ - ß - f - p-sS- Im-cy-£-
a-Xs - Im-≠p-am-Wv.-
C-¥y-bn-se- hn-Zym-kº - ∂ - ¿-t]m-epw- \m-ń¬- \-S° - p-∂- F-√m
sIm-≈c - p-Xm-ba v- I - f- p-sS-bpw- t\¿-°v- I-ÆS- b - ° v- p-Ib - m-Wv- sN-øp-∂X - v.-
{]-Xn-Ic - n-°m≥- ap-t∂m-´p-hc - p-∂h - ¿- hn-ce - n-se-Æm≥- am-{X-ta-bp-≈q.
C-Xn-s\m-cp- {]-[m-\- Im-cW - w- \n-ba - ] - c - a - m-b- \n-c£ - c - X - b - m-Wv.- hn-
Zym-kº - ∂ - c - n¬-t]m-epw- A-[n-Iw-t]-cpw- \n-ba - ] - c - a - m-bn- \n-c£ - c - c - m-
Wv.- Cu- h-kX v- p-Xb - n-te-°v- kp-{]ow-tIm-SX - n- \-Ωp-sS- {i-≤- £-Wn-
°p-∂X - v- C-ßs - \-bm-Wv.-
"-"a - \- p-jy-cp-sS s]-cp-am-‰w \n-b{- ¥n°p∂ iIvXnbmWv \n-ba - w-
F-∂m-Wv- \n-ba - P - vR
- ∑ - m-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw.- F-∂m¬,- \n-ba - w- k-aq-l-
Øn-se- B-fp-Iƒ- H-cf - h - n¬- ssI-s°m-≈W - w.- A-√m-Ø] - £ - w- H-cp-
\n-ba - Ø - n-\pw- ^-e{- ]-Za - m-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥- ]-‰p-Ib - n-√.- P-\ß - f - pw-
\n-ba - ß - f - pw- X-Ωn¬- s]m-cp-Øs - ∏-SW - w.-- A-Xv- kzm-`m-hn-Ia - m-bn-kw-`-
hn-°W - w.- F-¶n-te- \n-ba - ß - ƒ-°v- kp-Ka - a - m-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥- km-
[n-°p-Ib - p-≈q.- P-\ß - ƒ- \n-ba - a - \- p-kc - n-°W - w.-- AXp-sIm-≠v- P-\-
ßƒ-°v- \n-ba - ß - s - f- kw-_\ - [ v- n-®- A-ht- _m-[w B-hi - y-am-Wv.- \n-
b-aß - ƒ- B-cv- D-≠m-°p-∂p-?- F-¥n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- \n-ba - ß - ƒ? C-
°m-cy-ßƒ- P-\-ß-fdn-b-Ww.- A-X-\p-k-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- ]d-bp-∂-Xn-
s≥d- ]n-∂n-ep-≈- X-Xzw- A-h¿-°v- a-\ - n-em-IW - w.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- P-
\-ßƒ-°v- \n-ba - t- _m-[w- \¬-Im-\p-≈- \-S] - S- n-If - p-sS- {]-kI - X v- n.- X-
ß-fp-sS- s]-cp-am-‰w- \n-ba - ß - f - \ - p-kc - n-®v- Nn-´s - ∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - v- A-\n-
hm-cy-am-sW∂- t_m-[w- P-\ß - f - n¬- kr-jSv- n-°W - w''.
Np-cp-°Ø - n¬,- cm-Pyw- ]p-tcm-Ka - n-°W - s - a-¶n¬- \n-ba - h - m-gN v- b - pw-
\n-ba - m-ht- _m-[h - pw- D-≠m-IW - w.- C-h- c-≠p-an-s√-¶n¬- \mw- {]m-Ir-X-
tem-It- Ø-°v- Iq-∏p-Ip-Øn- ho-Wp-t]m-Ipw.- kw-kvI - m-cØ - n-s≥d-bpw-
]ptcm-KX - n-bp-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvY - m-\w-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- \n-ba - w- F-∂¿-∞w.-
12
]mTw 2
A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- I-S-a-I-fpw -
km-[m-cW
- - A-hI
- m-iß
- f- pw- au-en-Im-hI
- m-iß
- f- pw-
H-cmƒ- H-cp- h-gn- 20 h¿-j-am-bn- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p
h-cp-∂p.- B- h-gn- \n¬-°p-∂- kv-Y-e-Øn-s≥d- D-S-a-kv-Ym-h-Im-iw-
a-s‰m-cmƒ-°m-Wv.- F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw- h-gn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥- A-bmƒ-
°-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-∂v- \n-b-aw- ]d-bp-∂p.- Cu-kv-sa≥dv- A-h-Im-iw-
A-Y-hm- ku-I-cym-h-Im-iw- F-∂m-Wn-Xn-s≥d- t]-cv.- kv-Y-e-ap-S-a-
h-gn-bp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ku-I-cym-h-Im-i-°m-c-s\- X-S- -
s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.- C-Xv- kv-Y-e-ap-S-a-bp-sS- I-S-a-bm-Wv.- Cu- A-h-Im-i-
hpw- I-S-a-bpw- ku-I-cym-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv.- \n-
b-aw- ap-tJ-\- A-h- F-Sp-Øp-I-f-bp-I-tbm- A-h-bn¬- am-‰w- h-cp-Øp-
I-tbm- sN-ømw. A-Xn-\v- ]m-I-Øn¬- \n-b-aw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-tbm- t`-
Z-K-Xn- h-cp-Øp-I-tbm- sN-bv-Xm¬- a-Xn.-
18 h-b- v- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b- G-sXm-cp- ]u-c-\pw- a-‰v- A-tbm-Ky-X-
I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Ø-]-£w- thm-´dm-bn- c-Pn-kv-‰¿- sN-bv-Xp- In-´m≥-
A-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- (A-\ptOZw
326)- t\-c-sØ- \n¿-t±-in-®- h-b- v- 21 B-bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xv- `-c-W-L-S-
\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-bm-b- H-cp- km-[m-c-W- A-h-Im-i-am-Wv.- C-ß-s\-
km-[m-c-W- \n-b-am-h-Im-i-ß-fpw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- A-h-Im-i-
ß-fp-ap-≠v.- A-h- _-\v-[-s∏-´- \n-b-a-tam- `-c-W-L-S-\-tbm- \¬-Ip-
∂-Xm-Wv.-
\-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\- B-cpw- \-ap-°v- Zm-\-am-bn-\¬-In-b-X-√.-
\mw- X-s∂-kr-jv-Sn-®v- \-ap-°p- X-s∂- k-a¿-∏n-®-Xm-Wv.-
a-l-Øm-sbm-cp- N-cn-{X-am-Wv- C-¥y-bp-tS-Xv.- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw-
B- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- D-÷z-e-am-b- A-[ym-b-am-Wv.- tZ-io-b-t\-Xm-°ƒ-
\-ap-°v- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-Ø-∂p.- H-cp- kz-X-{¥- cm-jv-{S-sa-∂- \n-e-
bn¬- \-ap-°v- ap-t∂m-´p- t]m-I-Ww.- C-¥y-sb- H-cp- t£-a-cm-jv-{S-am-
°-Ww.- C-¥y°m¿-°v- im-¥n-bpw- k-ar-≤n-bpw D-≠m-I-Ww.- \-ap-°v-
A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- D-≠v-, I-S-a-Iƒ- D-≠v, kz-]v-\-ß-fpw- D-≠v.- C-h-sb-
13
°pdn-s®-√mw- ]d-bp-∂, C-h-sb-√mw- A-S-ßn-b,- cm-Py-Øn-s≥d-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\ \nb-a-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\.-
F-s¥-√m-am-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- e-£y-ßƒ-?- F-
ß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww- \-Ωp-sS- cm-Pyw-?- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-
B-ap-J-Øn¬-X-s∂ C-Xn-\p-≈- D-Ø-cw- D-≠v.-
˛ C¥y- Hcp- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-cm-Py-am-I-Ww.-
˛ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- cm-Py-am-I-Ww-
-˛ a-tX-X-c-cm-Py-am-I-Ww-
˛ P\m-[n-]Xy- cm-Py-am-IWw-
˛ -kz-X-{¥-cm-Py-am-bn- \n-e-\n¬-°-Ww.-
]-e-t∏m-gpw- ]-{X-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw-
{]-kw-K-ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-ßƒ-°v- Cu- ]-Z-ß-fpw- {]-tbm-K-ß-
fpw- ]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.- h-en-b- A¿-∞-ßƒ- D-≈-h-bm-Wv- C-h-
tbm-tcm-∂pw.- A-Xn-\m¬- C-h-tbm-tcm-∂pw- {]-[m-\-am-Wv.-
au-en-Im-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ- - C-¥y≥- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- b
- n¬-
au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ- ew-Ln-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- F-s¥-¶n-epw- \-
S-]-Sn- F-Sp-°m≥- tI-{μ- k¿-°mdn-t\m- kw-kv-Ym--\- k¿-°mdn-t\m-
k¿-°m¿- kv-Ym-]-\-ßƒ-t°m,- k¿-°m¿- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≈- kv-
Ym-]-\ßƒ-t°m,- X-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W- kv-Ym]-\-ßƒ-t°m- A-[n-
Im-c-an-√.- au-en-Im-h-Im-iw- ew-Ln-°-s∏-´m¬- G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw- t\-
cn-´v- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-sb-tbm,- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb-tbm- k-ao-]n-°m≥-
A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.- bp-Iv-X-am-b- \n¿-t±-i-ß-tfm- dn-´p-I-tfm- ]pd-s∏-Sp-
hn-®v- {]-Xn-hn-[n \¬-Im≥- Cu- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-
cm-jv-{S-Øn-\v- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww,- Im-cy-\n¿-Δ-l-Ww,- \o-Xn-
\n¿-Δ-l-Ww F-∂o- aq-∂v- A-h-b-h-ß-fp-s≠-∂v- ]d-bmw.- Cu- A-
h-b-h-ßƒ- {]h¿Øn∏nt°≠Xv au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf- kv-]¿-
in-°m-sX-th-Ww.-
C-\n- \-ap-°v- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°pdn-®v- Nn-¥n-°mw.- A-h
]u-c-∑m-cp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- A-h-Im-i-ß-fm-Wv.- au-en-Iw-
F- ∂ p- h - ® m¬- "- A - S n- k v - Y m- \ - ] - c w- ' - - " - A - S n- Ø d- b m- b n- ´ p- ≈ - X v - '-
F-s∂-√m-am-Wv A¿-∞w. ]u-c-Xz-Øn-s≥d-bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥d-
bpw- A-ß-s\- cm-jv-{S-Øn-s≥d-bpw- A-Sn-Ød-X-s∂-bm-Wv- au-en-
Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ- F-∂p- ]d-bmw.-
F-¥m-Wv- au-en-Im-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ-?-
\n-ßƒ- A-Sp-Ø- h¿-jw- F-kv.-F-kv.-F¬.-k-n.- ]-co-£- F-gp-
Xp-∂p. - H-cp- {]-tXy-I-X-cw- kn-e-_-km-Wv- \n-ßƒ- ]-Tn-°p-∂-Xv.-
\n-ßƒ ]-Tn-°p-∂- ]m-Ty-`m-K-ßƒ- tI-c-f-Øn-se- e-£-°-W-°n-
\v- Ip-ń-Iƒ- ]-Tn-°p-∂p.- A-h-sc-√mw- H-tc- ]-co-£- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- H-
tc- tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°v- D-Ø-cw- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- D-Ø-c-I-S-em-kp-Iƒ- H-tc-
co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- aq-ey- \n¿-Æ-b-Øn-\v- hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p.- `-c-W-L-S-\-
14
]d-bp-∂- k-a-Xz-Øn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- B-Wv- C-Xpd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-
Xv.- t\-sc-adn-®v- H-tc-X-cwhn-Zym-`ym-kw- t\-Sn-b- Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v- hn-
hn-[-X-cw- tNm-Zy-ß-f-S-ßn-b hn-hn-[-X-cw- ]-co-£-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-bm-tem?-
Nn-e¿-°v- F-fp-∏-ap-≈- tNm-Zy-ßƒ- In-´pw-.- th-td- Nn-e¿-°v- _p-≤n-ap-´p-f-
f- tNm-Zy-ßƒ.- A-hn-sS- A-k-a-Xzw- D-≠m-Ipw.- F-∂p-sh-®m¬- k-a-Xz-
Øn-\m-bp-≈ au-en-Im-h-Im-iw- \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Spw.-
tPm-en-°m-bp-≈- H-cp- a-Xv-k-c-]-co-£-bp-sS- Im-cyw- F-Sp-°p-I.- A-
Xn¬- t\-Sp-∂- am¿-°n-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- H-cp- en-kv-‰v- X-ømdm-°mw.-
D-b¿-∂- am¿-°p-≈-h¿- en-kv-‰n-\p- ap-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ipw. Ipd-™- am¿-°p-
≈-h¿- Xm-sg. D-b¿-∂- am¿-°p-≈-bmƒ-°v-, tPm-en-sIm-Sp-°m-sX- Ipd-
™- am¿-°p-≈-h¿-°v- tPm-en- sIm-Sp-°m-tam?- km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬- ]m-
Sn-√.- A-ß-s\- sN-øp-∂-Xv- \n-b-a-Øn-\p-ap-∂n-se- Xp-ey-X-bv-°v,- A-Xm-
b-Xv- \n-b-a-k-a-Xz-Øn-\v,- F-Xn-cm-bn-cn-°pw.- F-∂m¬, km-aq-ln-I-am-bpw-
a-‰pw- ]n-t∂m-°-°m-cm-b- hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°v- {]-tXy-I-am-b- B-\p-Iq-ey-ap-
≠v.- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn- Nq-j-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´p-t]m-cp-∂- ]n-t∂m-°-hn-`m-
K-ß-sf- a-‰p-≈-h¿-s°m-∏w- F-Øn-°m≥- th-≠n-bm-Wn-ß-s\- sN-øp-
∂-Xv.- kw-h-c-Ww- F-∂m-WnXn-\p- ]d-bp-I.- kw-h-c-Ww,- k-a-Xz-Øn-\m-
bp-≈- ]-cn-{i-a-Øn-s≥d- `m-K-am-Wv- F-∂¿-∞w.- kw-h-c-W-Øn-s≥d- A-
Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- ]nd-In-ep-≈- H-cmƒ-°v- ap-I-fn-ep-≈-bm-sf- A-t]-£n-
®v- sXm-gn¬-km-≤y-X- Iq-SpX-em-bn- D-≠m-Ipw.- C-tX-°pdn-®v- h-gn-tb- Iq-
Sp-X¬- hn-i-Z-am-°mw.-
F- ¥ m- W v - \n- b - a - k - a - X zw- ? - \- ∂ m- b n- ]- T n- ° p- ∂ - Ip- ´ n- ° pw-
]-Tn-°m-Ø- Ip-ń-°pw- H-cp-t]m-se- am¿-°v- \¬-I-W-sa-∂m-tWm-?- A-√,-
]-Tn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-k-cw- F-√m-h¿-°pw- Xp-ey-am-bn- \¬-I-W-sa-∂m-Wv.-
A-Xm-b-Xv- k-a-∑m¿-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- k-a-Xzw.-
\n- ß - f p- s S- \m- ´ n- e pw- \- K - c - Ø n- e pw- B- f p- I ƒ- kw- L - S n- ® v -
Pm-Y-bm-bn- t]m-Ip-∂-Xv- Im-Wmw.- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-°mdp-≠v,-
k¿- ° m¿- Po- h - \ - ° m- c pw- A- [ ym- ] - I - c pw- kw- L - S n- ° mdp- ≠ v.-
bp-h-P-\-ß-fpw- kv-{Xo-I-fpw- a-‰pw- kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- cq-]o-I-cn-°mdp-≠v.- AXv
Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw {]Xn-tj[w `c-Wm-[n-Im-
cn-Isf Adn-bn-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv. Bbp-[-ß-fn-√msX kam-
[m-\-]-c-ambn tbmKw tNcpI F∂Xv ]ucs‚ auenI Ah-Im-i-am-
Wv. (19-˛mw A\p-t—-Zw) F∂m¬ Hcm-fns‚ auenI Ah-Im-i-Øns‚
D]-tbmKw as‰m-cm-fns‚ auenI Ah-Im-isØ \ntj-[n-°p∂ hn[-
Øn-em-h-cp-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv PmYbpw {]I-S-\-ßfpw \S-Øm≥ Ah-
Im-i-ap-≈-t∏mƒ Xs∂ AXv A]-cs‚ k©mc kzmX-{¥ysØ l\n-
°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂ hn[n sslt°m-SXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv.
t\-sc- hn-]-co-X-am-sbm-cp- A-h-kv-Y-sb-°pdn-®v- Nn-¥n-®p-t\m-°q.-
sNdn-b- Iq-en-am-{Xw- sIm-Sp-Øv- H-cpap-X-em-fn- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- Nq-j-
Ww sN-bv-Xp- F-∂p-sh-bv-°p-I.- \ym-b-am-b- Iq-en- In-´m≥-th-≠n- kw-
L-Sn-°m≥ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-
15
kw-L-Sn-°m≥-t]m-epw- ]m-Sn-√- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- H-cp- \n-b-aw- h-∂m-tem-?-
F-¥p- I-jv-S-am-bn-cn-°pw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- kv-Yn-Xn-?-
F-∂m¬-, A-ß-s\-sbm-cp- \n-b-aw- h-cn-√.- \-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\- \n-
e-\n¬-°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw.- kw-L-Sn-°p-hm-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- au-en-Im-h-
Im-ia - m-Wt- √m.- A-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-b- \n-ba - w- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- m-hn-cp-≤a
- m-bn-cn-°pw.-
`- c - W - L - S - \ - b v- s °- X n- c m- b - \n- b - a w- \n¿- Ω n- ° m≥- B¿- ° pw-
A-h-Im-i-an-√.- A-Ø-cw- \n-b-a-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬- A-h- d-±m-°m≥- kp-
{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°pw- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-
\n-ßƒ- C-t∏mƒ- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xv-?- 10 h¿-
jw- I-gn-™v- \n-ßƒ- ]-Tn-°m-t\m- sXm-gn¬- sN-øm-t\m- I-®-h-S-
Øn-t\m- a-s‰m-cp- \m-ń-se-Øp-∂p.- A-hn-sS- \n-ßƒ- ho-Sp-sh-t®m-
ho-Sv- hm-S-I-bv-°v- hm-ßn-tbm- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p.- ""A-Xp- ]-‰n-√.-
\n-ßƒ- Cu- \m-´p-Im-c-\-√.- C-hn-sS-\n-∂pw- \n-ßƒ- hn-´p-t]m-I-
Ww-'-'- F-∂v- B- \m-ń-ep-≈-h¿- ]d-™m-tem-?-
A-ß-s\- ]d-bm≥- B¿-°pw- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- C-¥y-bn-se-hn-
sS-bpw- Xm-a-kn-°m-\pw- Po-hn-Xw- sI-ń-∏-Sp-°m-\pw- \n-ßƒ-°-h-
Im-i-ap-≠v.- A-Xv- `-c-W-L-S-\- \¬-Ip-∂- a-s‰m-cp- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-
am-Wv.-
19mw- A-\p-tO-Zw- Bdp-X-cw- kzm-X-{¥y-ß-sf-°pdn-®m-Wv-
]d-bp-∂-Xv.- A-h- C-ß-s\-:-
1.-A-`n-{]m-b{]Im-i\- kzm-X-{¥yw-
2.-k-am-[m-\] - c- a- m-bn- H-cp-an-®p-tN-cm-\p-≈- kzm-X{- ¥yw.-
3. kw-LS- \ - I
- f - pw- bq-Wn-b\ - p-If- pw- cq-]o-Ic- n-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X{- ¥yw-
4.-C-¥y-bn-se-hn-sS-bpw- kz-X{- ¥-am-bn- k-©c - n-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X{- ¥yw-
5. C- ¥ y- b n- s e- h n- s S- b pw- Xm- a - k n- ° m- \ pw- Po- h n- ° m- \ p- a p- ≈ -
kzm-X-{¥yw-
6. H-cmƒ- sX-cs - ™-Sp-°p-∂- sXm-gn-tem- I-®h - S- t- am- sN-øm-\p-≈-
kzm-X-{¥yw.-
Pm-Xn,- a-Xw,- hn-th-N\
- w...
\n-b-a-k-a-Xzw- F-∂p-am-{Xw- ]d-bp-tºmƒ- A-Xv- km-am-\y-am-
b- H-cm-i-bw- am-{X-ta- B-Ip-∂p-≈q.- A-tXm-sSm-∏w- hn-th-N-\-Øn-
\v- hn-e-°v- I¬-∏n-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- ]-¥n-bn¬- ]-£-`-Zw- ]m-Sn-√-
F-∂ ]-g-sam-gn- tI-ń-ń-t√-?- "-"-F-√m-h-cpw- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- ap-ºn¬-
Xp-ey-cm-Wv,- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- Xp-ey-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\¿-l-cp-am-Wv-'-'-
C-ß-s\-bm-Wv- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- {]-Jym-]-\-Øn-se- hm-°p-Iƒ.-
\-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hn-th-N-\-a-cp-sX-∂v- ]d-bp-∂-tXm-sSm-
∏w- -a-Xw,- Pm-Xn,- h¿-§w,- enw-Kw,- P\\-kv-Y-ew-'-'- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- t]-
cn¬- hn-th-N-\w- A-cp-sX-∂v- F-Sp-Øp-]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- ( A-\p-:-
15 (1) ).-
atXXcXzw
\ΩpsS cmjv { SØns≥d B[mcinebmWv atXXcXzw.
\m\m aXßfp≈ cmPyamWv C¥y. \m\mXcw PohnXcoXnIƒ;
\m\mXcw kwkvImcßƒ. ""\m\mXzØn¬ GIXzw'' ˛ CXmWv
16
\ΩpsS am¿§hpw e£yhpw.
Hcmƒ C∂nSØv C∂bmfpsS aI\mbn / aIfmbn
P\n°Ww F∂Xv AbmfpsS Xocpam\w A√. \mw hyXykvX
aXßfn¬ P\n®hcmWv . \msa√mw a\pjycmWv . F√m
aXßfpw kvt\lsØ°pdn®pw kXysØ°pdn®pw
ssZhImcpWysØ°pdn®pw BWv ]dbp∂Xv. aXXXzßfpsS
A¥- Ø a\knem°nbh¿ A\yaXßsf kvt\ln°p∂p;
_lpam\n°p∂p. Aßs\ sNøptºmƒ \mw ssZhsØ
Xs∂bmWv Bcm[n°p∂Xv. Km\v[nPnbpsS k\mX
\[¿ΩsØ°pdn®v tIńńt√? k¿ΔaX {]m¿∞\t]mep≈
I¿ΩßfneqsS almXvaPn Hcp Zcn{Zcmjv{SØn\v
BXvaobssNX\yw \¬In. ""temIm kakvXm kpJnt\m `h¥px-
'' F∂XmWv B¿j`mcXa{¥w. tbiptZh s≥d alØmb
XymKsØ°pdn®v ss__nƒ ]dbp∂p. {io_p≤≥
Alnwksb°pdn®v ]d™p. GI ssZhØns≥d Afh‰
ImcpWysØ°pdn®pw A]mcamb Adnhns\°pdn®pw C…mw
]dbp∂p. ChbpsSsb√mw kmcmwiw kv t \lamWv . Ihn
]mSnbXpt]mse, "kvt\lamWJnekmcaqgnbn¬''.
C\n, `cWLS\bnte°v hcnI. atXXcXzw `cW
LS\bpsS B[mcinebmsW∂Xn\v BapJw Xs∂ sXfnhv.
1976˛se t`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv BapJØn¬ atXXcXzw IqSn
tN¿ØXv . aX]camb kzmX{¥yßƒ F√mh¿°pw D≠v .
aXØn¬/ aXßfn¬ hnizkn°m\pw hnizkn°mXncn°m\pw
kzmX{¥yw D≠v. F∂m¬ aXØns≥d t]cn¬ Bcpw Bscbpw
]oUn∏n°cpXv; hnthN\w ImćpXv; hntZzjw krjvSn°cpXv.
atXXcXzw tIhew Hcp Nn¥mKXn am{Xa√, C¥ybpsS
\bhpw \nbahpw BWv . \ap°v HutZymKnIaXw C√.
hnizmkØns≥dbpw Bcm[\bpsSbpw kzmX{¥yamWv \mw
BtLmjn°p∂Xv . `cWLS\bpsS 25 apX¬ 28 hsc
A\ptOZßƒ C°mcyw hyIv X am°p∂p. cmjv { SØns≥d
"HutZymKnI aXßƒ' C∂n∂hbmsW∂p ]dbp∂
`cWLS\bmWv ]e cmPyßfnepw D≈Xv. \mw Ahsc°mƒ
apt∂m´pt]mbhcmWv. atXXcXzw \ΩpsS P\m[n]XyØns≥d
Xs∂ Dƒ°cpØmWv.
AXn\m¬, aXØns≥d t]cn¬ tNmcNo¥m≥ ]mSn√;
s\‰n Npfnbm≥t]mepw ]mSn√.
atXXcXzw XIcp∂p F∂psh®m¬ C¥y XIcp∂p
F∂mW¿∞w. Aßs\ kw`hn®pIqSm.
sXm´pIqSmbva
\n¿-`m-Ky-I-c-sa-∂p-]d-b-s´,- C-∂pw ]-e- kv-Y-e-ß-fn-epw- a-\p-
jy-sc- c-≠mw-In-S-°m-cm-bn Im-Wp-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- Xp-S-cp-∂p-≠v.- {]-
iv-\w- "-"-sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a-'-'- F-∂ A-\m-Nm-c-am-Wv.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- C-∂v-
17
C-Xn-\v- Adp-Xn-h-∂n-´p-≠v.- F-∂m¬ Nn-e h-S-t°- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-
Ym-\-ß-fn¬- C-∂pw- Pm-Xn-bp-sS- t]-cn-ep-≈- hn-th-N-\w- Xp-S-cp-
∂p-≠v.- Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ InW-‰n¬ \n∂pw sh≈w IpSn-®-Xns‚
t]cn¬, InW¿ "Aip≤-'-am-°n-sb-∂m-tcm-]n®v Xmgv∂ PmXn-
°msc Iq´-tØmsS sIme sNbvX kw`-h-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
A-Ø-cw- hm¿-Ø-Iƒ- \n-ßƒ- ]-{X-Øn¬- hm-bn-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw.- Nm-
b-∏o-Sn-I-I-fn¬- a-‰p-≈-h-tcm-sSm-∏w- C-cp-∂v- `-£-W-]m-\o-b-ßƒ-
I-gn-°m≥- Io-gv-Pm-Xn-°m-sc- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. A-h¿-°v- ]pd-Øv-
a¨-]m-{X-ß-fn¬- `-£-Ww- sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-Xn-hv.- A-
Xpw \n-e-Øp-sh-®v- sIm-Sp-°p-I-tb- D-≈q.- tI-c-f-Øn-epw- ]-≠v- Nn-
e- {]-[m-\ ln-μp-t£-{X-ß-fn¬- Xm-W Pm-Xn-°m¿-°v- I-S-°m≥- ]m-
Sn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- t£-{X-]-cn-k-c-Øp-≈- s]m-Xp-h-gn-Iƒ-t]m-epw A-
h¿-°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
h-t√m- ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-l-hpw- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l-hpw- a-
‰pw \-S-∂-Xv.- C-sXm-∂pw- Cu- \m-ń¬- C-\n- B-h¿-Øn-°-cp-Xv- F-
∂- D-t±-iy-tØm-sS- cq-]w sIm-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv- hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-
bp-≈ ta-ep-≤-cn-®- hy-h-kv-Y-Iƒ.- C-{X-bpw- sIm-≠v- a-Xn-h-cm-sX -
\-Ωp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\m-inev]nIƒ- sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-
®v- H-cp- {]-tXy-I A-\p-Nv-tO-Z-w X-s∂- `m-Kw 3-˛¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
cn-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv
"-"-sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a- C-√m-bv-a- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- G-sX-¶n-epw-
cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- A-Xn-s≥d- B-N-c-Ww- \n-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-\n-
ta¬- A- X n- s ≥d- B- N - c - W w- in- £ m¿- l - a m- b - H- c p- Ip- ‰ -
Ir-Xy-am-Wv'- '- . (A-\p-:- 17).-
Cu- \n-e-bn-ep-≈- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- \n-b-aw- A-[n-Iw- Xm-a-kn-bm-
sX- ]m¿-e-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°n, 1955-˛se- kn-hn¬- A-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw.-
]t£, A-Xpw- hn-Nm-cn-®- ^-ew- sN-bv-Xn-√.- 1989˛¬- Ip-td-°q-Sn- I¿-
i-\-am-b- in-£-Iƒ hy-h-kv-Y sN-øp-∂ H-cp- \n-b-aw ]m-km-°n.- A-
X-\p-k-cn-®v- ta¬-hn-h-c-®- hn-th-N-\-ßƒ- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b Ip-‰-am-Wv.-
Ip-‰w- B-tcm-]n-°-s∏-´-h¿-°v- Pm-ayw-t]m-epw- e-`n-°p-I- F-fp-
∏-a-√.-
kv{- Xo-Iƒ-, Ip-ń-Iƒ...-
a-Xw,- h¿-§w,- Pm-Xn,- enw-Kw,- P-\-\-kv-Y-ew- C-h-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-
Ym-\-Øn¬ ]u-c-∑msc- X-Ωn¬- XcwXncn®pImWcpsX-∂m-W-t√m-
]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- enw-K-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- hn-th-Nn-°-cp-
Xv- F-∂p-]d-™m¬ kv-{Xo-]p-cp-j- ]-£-]m-Xw- Im-Wn-°-cp-Xv-
F∂¿∞w. F∂m¬ kv{XoIƒ°pw Zp¿_ehn`mKßƒ°pw
{]tXyI ]cnKW\ \¬Ip∂Xn\v `cWLS\ FXnc√. hn-th-
N-\w- A-cp-sX-∂p- ]d-bp-∂- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- 15 ¬- X-s∂- H-cp- {]-
tXy-I- hyhkvYbp≠v. A-Xn-ß-s\-:--
18
"-"-Cu- A-\p-Nv-tO-Z-Øn-ep-≈ bm-sXm-∂pw kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°pw Ip-
ń-Iƒ-°pw- {]-tXy-I hy-h-kv-Y D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\v- X-S- -a-√-'-'.- A-Xm-
b-Xv,- {]-tXy-I- {i-≤-bpw- ]-cn-N-c-W-hpw- th-≠-h¿-°v- A-h- \¬-I-
W-sa-∂-Xm-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- Xm¬-]-cyw.-
kw-h-c-Ww-
hnZym`ymk]cambpw kmaqly]cambpw ]nt∂m°mhkvY
bnep≈h¿°pw ]ńIPmXn˛]ńIh¿§ßƒ°pw {]-tXy-I hy-h-
kv-Y-I-fm-Imw.- kw-h-c-W-sØ-°pdn-®v- ap-ºv- kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.- A-
tX-°pdn-®v- Ipd-®p-Iq-Sn ]d-bmw. C-¥y-bn¬- h-en-sbm-cp- hn-`m-Kw- P-
\-ßƒ- k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy-[m-c-bv-°v- ]pd-Øm-W C-∂p-ap-≈-Xv. Km-
\v-[n-Pn- A-h-sc- l-cn-P-\-ßƒ- F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®p.--A-h¿-°v- {]-
tXy-I-]-cn-K-W-\ \¬-In. \q-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn- A-\p-`-hn-®p-h-cp-∂- ]n-
t∂m-°m-h-kv-Y- Im-c-Ww- hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-c-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hpw- km-
aq-ln-I-hp-am-b- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS- ^-ew- A-\p-`-hn-°m≥- A-h¿-°v-
km-[y-a-√m-Ø H-c-h-kv-Y-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. a-‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sv- a-Xv-k-cn-®v- D-b¿-
∂p-h-cm≥- A-h¿-°v I-gn-hn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v- A-h¿- {]-tXy-I- ]-cn-
K-W-\- A¿-ln-°p-∂p.- hn-Zym-`ym-k-kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn¬ {]-tXy-Im-\p-
Iq-ey-ßƒ- A-h¿-°v- \¬-I-Ww.- k¿-°m-cp-tZym-K-ß-fn¬- A-h¿-
°v- G-Xm-\pw- X-kv-Xn-I-Iƒ \o-°n-sh-bv-°-Ww. F-¶n-te A-h-sc D-
b¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q. Cu- e-£yw- ap-∂n¬- I-≠p-
sIm-≠v- h¿-§-Øn-s‚bpw- Pm-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- t]-cn¬- hn-th-N-\w- A-
cp-sX-∂p- ]d-bp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w ]n-t∂m-°-hn-`m-K-°m¿-°v- {]-tXy-
I ]-cn-K-W-\- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- X-S- -an-√- F-∂pw- `cWLS\ ]d-
bp-∂p-≠v.-
\n¿t±iIXØzßƒ
cmjv{Sw ]n¥pStc≠p∂ alØmb BZ¿ißfpw
am¿§ßfpw e£yßfpamWv \n¿t±iIXØzßfn¬
hnhcn°s∏ń´p≈Xv. as‰mcp hnt[\]d™m¬ cmjv{SØns‚
""am\ns^kvvt‰m'' BWh. 38 apX¬ 51 hscbp≈
A\ptOZßfn¬ Ch hnhcn°s∏ńcn°p∂p. t£acmjv { S
\n¿ΩnXnbmWv \ΩpsS e£yw. AXn\v kmºØnIhpw
kmaqlnIhpamb \S]SnIƒ thWw. hn`hßsf icnbmbpw
\oXnbpIvXambpw D]tbmKn°Ww. XpeytPmen°v
XpeythX\w XpSßnb XØzßƒ \S∏nemhWw.
sXmgnemfnIfpsS BtcmKyw kwc£n°s∏SWw. IpńIsf \√
coXnbn¬ hf¿Øm≥ IgnbWw. AhcpsS IgnhpIsf
hnIkn∏n°Ww. Xpey\oXn \S∏n¬ hcWw. Bhiyap≈
h¿°v kuP\yambn \nba klmbw e`n°Ww. sXmgn¬
A¥co£w sa®s∏SWw. sXmgnemfnIƒ°v am\yamb thX\w
In´Ww. kuP\yhpw \n¿_\v[nXhpamb {]mYanI
19
hnZym`ymkw thWw. s]mXpP\mtcmKyw sa®s∏SWw.
]nt∂m°hn`mKßsf ap∂nseØn°Ww. {]IrXn
kwc£WØn\v \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°Ww ˛ Chbvs°√sam∏w
a‰p ]eXpw, \n¿t±i IXØzßfn¬s∏Sp∂p. Ah Hcp
cmjv{SØns‚ alØmb A`nemjßfmWv. \sΩ apt∂m´p
\bn°p∂ {]Xo£Ifpw.
auenI ISaIƒ
1976˛se t`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv auenI ISaIsf
kw_\v[n® 4˛F `mKw `cWLS\bn¬ Iqńt®¿ØXv. Ah
1977 apX¬ {]m_eyØn¬ h∂p. tZiob ]XmItbbpw
tZiobKm\tØbpw _lpam\n°Wsa∂pw kzmX{¥y
kacØns≥d alØmb BZ¿ißsf ]n≥XpScWsa∂pw
cmjv{SØns≥d sFIyw ImØpkq£n°Wsa∂pw a‰pw CXn¬
]dbp∂p. ]uc∑m¿°nSbn¬ kmtlmZcyw hf¿ØWsa∂pw
kmwkv I m cnI ss]XrIhpw {]IrXnkºØpw imkv { Xm
ht_m[hpw am\hnIXbpw a‰pw ImØpkq£n°m≥ Hmtcm
]uc\pw NpaXebps≠∂pw Cu `mKw ]dbp∂p.
k¿ΔtXm∑pJamb ]ptcmKXn°mbn Iq´mbn {ian°m\p≈
`cWLS\m]camb Blzm\amWnXv . ChbpsS kmêy
Øn\mbn bXv\n°m≥ \mw _m[ykvYcmWv.
20
]mTw 3
P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw- A-[n-Im-c-hn-`-P-\-hpw-
\n-b-a-ßƒ- [m-cm-f-ap-≠v.- \n-b-a-ßƒ- A-\p-k-cn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-
Wv.- ew-Ln-°m-\p-≈X - √- .- \n-ba - ß
- ƒ- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂X - v- \mw- X-s∂-
bm-Wv.- \mw- F-∂m¬-?-
C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ßƒ-
C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ß-fm-b- \mw- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- \-ap-°p-th-≠n-
bp-≈- \n-b-a-ßƒ- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Whn`mKw- cm-jv-{S-
Øn-s‚ aq-∂v- A-Sn-kvY - m-\h - n-`m-Kß- f
- n¬- H-∂m-Wv.- a-‰p- c-≠v- hn-`m-
K-ßƒ- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-h-Ip-∏pw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-h-Ip-∏pw.- Cu- aq-∂v-
hn-`m-K-ß-sf-°pdn-®v- \-ap-s°m-cp- [m-c-W-th-Ww.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw-
\n-ba- \
- n¿-Ωm-Ws
- Ø-°pdn-®v- {]-tXy-Ia - m-bn- ]-Tn-°mw.- C-°m-cyßƒ
Xm-sg- Im-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂- hn-[-Øn¬- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°mw.-
C-¥y≥- bq-Wn-b≥-
\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-`m-Kw- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Kw-
cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn
]m¿-e- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a- -
sa≥dv- \n¿-Ωm-W-k-`- K-h¿-Æ¿- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ
tI{μ a-{¥n-k-`-
kwkvYm\
cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- tem-I-k-` cm-Py-k-`- a-{¥m-eb- ß- ƒ-
a-{¥n-k-`-
tI-{μ- Pn-√m-t°m-SX - n-Iƒ-
sk-{I-´dn-tb-‰v-
k¿-°m¿-
ap-X¬- hn-t√-Pv-
Hm-ô-kp-Iƒ-
Hm-ô-kv- h-sc-bp-≈- k-_t-v Im-SX- n-Iƒ-
D-tZym-Kk- Y-v ¿-
\n-b-a- ]-e-X-cw- k¿-°m¿- ap≥-kn-^-v a-Pn-kt-v {S-‰-v
\n-b-a- Hm-ô-kp-I-fpw- tIm-SX
- n-Iƒ-
\n¿-Ωm-W- \n¿-Ωm-W-
Iu¨-kn¬- Po-h-\-°m-cpw.-
A-kw-ªn-
21
ap-I-fn¬- hn-h-cn-®- ]-ń-I-bn¬-\n-∂v- \n-ßƒ-°v- H-cp- Im-cyw- a-
\- n-em-°mw.- aq-∂v- hn-`m-K-ßƒ- C-¥y≥- bq-Wn-b-\p- am-{X-a-√- Hm-
tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-\pw- sh-tΔ-sd-bm-bn-Ø-s∂- D-s≠-∂- Im-cyw.-
C-\n- \nba\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-`m-K-sØ-°pdn-®v- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- ]-Tn-°mw.-
\n-ba- \
- n¿Ωm-W-k-`-I-fm-Wv- \n-b-a-ßƒ- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-sX-∂v- a-\-
n-em-b-t√m. \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-k-`-bn-se- Aw-K-ß-sf- B-cm-Wv- sX-
c-s™-Sp°p-∂-Xv?
\mw- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ßƒ-. A-Xn-\m¬- \-Ωp-sS- \n-b-a-ßƒ-
\n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xpw- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-ßfmb \mwX-s∂.- A-√m-sX-
G-sX-¶n-epw- cm-Pm-thm ]-´m-f-ta-[m-hn-tbm- hn-tZ-i-i-Iv-Xn-tbm- A-
√.- \-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-t\-bpw- k¿-°m-cn-t\-bpw- C-Xp-t]m-se-
\mw X-s∂- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.-
\n-ba- \
- n¿-Ωm-Ww-
ap-I-fn-se- ]-ń-I- H-cn-°¬-Iq-Sn- {i-≤n-°p-I.-
cmjv{S]Xnbpw- tem-I-k-`-bpw- cmPyk`bpw tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv-
tI-{μ-Øn-se- \n-ba - \- n¿-Ωm-Wh - n-`m-Kw- F-∂p- a-\ - n-em-bt- √m.- C-Xm-
Wv- ]m¿-es - a‚ .v - kw-kY -v m-\ß - f - n-epw \n-ba - \
- n¿-Ωm-Wh - n-`m-Ka - p-≠.v - _o-
lm¿,- a-lm-cm-j{-v S, I¿-Æm-SI - ,- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-i-v F-∂o- kw-kY -v m-\ß - f - n¬-
\n-b-ak - `- b- °-v -v c-≠-v a-WU -v e - ß- f - p-≠.v a-‰-v kw-kY -v m-\ß- f - n¬- H-cp- a-W-v
U-et- a-bp-≈q. K-h¿-Wdpw c-≠p a-WU v- e
- ß - f - p-≈ kwkvYm\ßfn¬-
\n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS- c-≠p- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fpw- a-‰p- kwkvYm\ßfn¬
Kh¿Wdpw \n-ba - k- ` - b - pw- tN¿-∂X - m-Wv- kw-kvY - m-\- \n-ba - \
- n¿-Ωm-
W- hn`mKw.- C-ßs - \-bm-Wv- `-cW - L- S- \- b - n¬- ]d-bp-∂X - v.-
tem-I-k-`-bn-te-bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-te-bpw- Aw-K-
ß-fp-sS- Im-em-h-[n- A-©p-h¿-j-am-Wv.- A-©p-h¿-jw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-
bm¬- k-`- ]n-cn-®p-hn-S-Ww.- cm-Py-k-`-bpw kw-kv-Ym-\ \n-b-a- Iu¨-
kn-epw- ]n-cn-®p-hn-S-en-\v- hn-t[-b-a-√.- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS 3 ¬- 1 `m-Kw-
Cu- c-≠v- h¿-jw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Ip-tºm-gpw- ]n-cn-™p-t]m-I-Ww.- H-gn-
hp-h-∂-- kv-Ym-\-ßƒ- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- \n-I-Øpw.-
H- c p- _n¬- \n- b - a - \ n¿- Ω m- W - k - ` - b n- s e- G- s Xm- c w- K - Ø n- \ pw-
A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- ]-t£-, k-`-bn¬- `q-cn-]-£-ap-≈- I-
£n-bp-sS- ]n≥-_-e-ap-s≠-¶n-te- A-Xv- ]m-km-hp-I-bp≈q.- A-Xp-
Im-c-Ww-A[ - n-Iw- \n-ba - ß
- f - pw A-[n-Im-cØ - n-ep-≈- k¿°mcns\- {]-
Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®v- a-{¥n-am-cm-Wv- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°mdv.- Cu L-´-Øn¬- A-
Xn-\v- "-_n-√v'- F-∂m-Wv- ]d-bp-I. _n-√v- k-`- ]m-km-°n-bm¬- A-Xv-
B-Iv-Sv- (\n-b-aw)- B-bn.-
]m¿-e-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°p-∂- \n-b-a-ßƒ-°v- tI-{μ-\n-b-a-ßƒ-
F-∂pw- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`- ]m-km-°p-∂-h-bv-°v- kw-kv-Ym-\-
\n-b-a-ßƒ- F-∂p-am-Wv- t]-cv.- tI-{μ-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bpw-
kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- K-h¿-W-d-pw- H-∏n-S-Ww.-
22
H-cp- tI-{μ-_n¬- cm-Py-k-`-bn-tem- tem-I-k-`-bn-tem- A-h-X-cn-
∏n-°mw. C-cp-k-`-I-fpw A-Xv- ]m-km-°-Ww.- ]-t£,- [-\-Im-cy-_n-
√p-Iƒ- tem-Ik - `- b
- n¬- am-{X-ta- A-hX
- c
- n-∏n-®p-Iq-Sq.- kw-kvY
- m-\ \n-
b-a-k-`-I-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fpw- k-Zr-i-ß-fm-Wv.-
cmjv{S]Xn°pw K-h¿-W¿-am¿-°pw- k-`- ]m-km-°n-b- _n¬-
ap-gp-h-\m-tbm- A-Xn-se- G-sX-¶n-epw- hy-h-kv-Y-tbm- H-∂p-Iq-Sn-
]-cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´v- H-cn-°¬- Xn-cn-®-b-bv-°mw. k-`- A-
Xv- kzo-I-cn-t®m- kzo-I-cn-°m-sX-tbm- ho-≠pw- ]m-km-°n- Xn-cn-®-b-
®m¬- H-∏n-S-W-sa-∂v- \n¿-_-\v-[-am-Wv.-
\n-ßƒ-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-h-:-
C-\n- Xm-sg- ]d-bp-∂- Im-cy-ßƒ- sN-bv-Xp-t\m-°p-I
tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-:
z -\n-ß-fp-sS- ho-ń¬- F-{X- thm-´¿-am-cp-≠v-?-
z A-h¿- A-h-km-\-am-bn- thm-´p-sN-bv-X-Xv- F-t∏m-gm-Wv-?-
z \n-ßf - p-sS {]-tZ-iw- G-Xv- tem-Ik- `- m-aW
- U
v- e
- Ø
- n¬- h-cp-∂p-?-
G-Xv- \n-b-a-k-`m-a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬- h-cp-∂p-?-
z \n-ß-fp-sS- Fw.-]n- B-cm-Wv-?-
z \n-ß-fp-sS- Fw.-F¬.-F- B-cm-Wv-?-
z kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`- A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv- \n¿-Ωn-®- c-≠p-
\n-b-a-ßƒ- G-h-?-
z ]m¿-es - a≥dv- A-Sp-ØI - m-eØ- v- ]m-km-°n-b- G-sX-¶n-epw- H-
cp- \n-ba - Ø
- n-s≥d- t]-cp-]d-bp-I.-
C≥d¿-hyq- \-S-Øp-I-
z kv-Y-e-sØ- H-cp- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-h¿-Ø-I≥-
z kv-Y-e-sØ- H-cp- A-`n-`m-j-I≥-
Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv- 10 tNm-Zy-ß-sf-¶n-epw- A-h-tcm-Sv- tNm-Zn-°p-I.-
A-h¿- ]d-bp-∂- D-Ø-c-ßƒ- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.-
tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- D-Ø-c-ßƒ- A-[ym-]-I-s\- Im-Wn-®v- N¿-®-
sN-øp-I.-
D-Ø-cw- F-gp-Xp-I-
Xm- s g- ]d- b p- ∂ - h ¿- cm- j v - { S- Ø n- s ≥d- GXp cw- K - Ø m- W v -
h-cp-∂-Xv-?- A-h¿- _-\v-[-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xp- ta-J-e-tbm-Sm-Wv-?
1.- \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-`m-Kw-
2.- `cW\n¿-Δ-l-W-hn-`m-Kw-
3.- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Kw-
Hm-tcm-∂n-\pw-t\-sc- D-Ø-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- (1)- (2)- (3)- F-∂n-h-
23
bn¬- \n-∂pw- sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv- A-°w- tN¿-°p-I.-
z t]m-eo-kv- k-_v- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S¿-
z kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-
z hn-Zym-`ym-k- Hm-ô-k¿-
z Fw.-]n.- (]m¿-e-sa≥dv- sa-º¿)-
z Pn-√m- P-Uv-Pn-
z X-l-kn¬-Zm¿-
z Fw.-F¬.-F-
z Pn-√m-I-f-Iv-S¿-
z \n-b-a-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿-
z -\n-ß-fp-sS- ¢m-kn¬- H-cp- A-kw-ªn- cq-]o-I-cn-°p-I-
z \n-ßf - p-sS- ¢m-kn-\p-th-≠n- aq-∂p- \n-ba
- ß
- ƒ- B- A-kw-
ªnbn-eq-sS \n¿-Ωn-°p-I.-
24
]m-Tw- 4
cm-Py-`-c-Ww-
\-Ωp-sS- X-e-kv-Ym-\- \-K-c-am-b- U¬-ln-bn¬- 304 apdn-I-fp-≈-
A-Xn-{]u-V-am-b- H-cp- a-μn-c-ap-≠v.- A-Xn-s≥d- ap-I-fn¬- \-Ωp-sS-
{Xn-h¿-W- ]-Xm-I- ]mdn-°-fn-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw.- A-Xm-Wv- \-Ωp-sS- cm-
jv-{S-]-Xn-`-h≥.- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xpw- cm-Py-Im-cy-ßƒ-
t\m-°p-∂-Xpw- A-hn-sS-sh-®m-Wv.- A-Xv- I-gn-™m¬- a-{¥n-a-μn-c-
ß-fn-epw sk-{I-´dn-tb-‰n-se- X-ß-fp-sS- hnim-e-am-b- apdn-I-fn-epw-
C-cp-∂v- tPm-en-sN-øp-∂- a-{¥n-am-cp-sS- H-cp- h-en-b- kw-Lw.- ]n-
s∂-bp-≈-Xv- D-b¿-∂ DZy-K-kv-Y-∑m-cp-sS- _w-•m-hp-I-fpw- B-ô-kp-
apdn-I-fp-am-Wv.- A-h¿-°p-Io-gn¬- \n-c-\n-c-bm-bn- ta-i-bv-°p-ap-ºn-en-
cp-∂v- tPm-en- sN-øp-∂- A-\-h-[n- t]¿.- C-ß-s\- F-{X-sb-{X- B-
ô-kp-Iƒ.- C-h-sb-√mw- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- tI-{μ-k¿-°m¿.- tI-{μ-`-c-
Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- C-h-cm-Wv.
C-Xp-t]m-se- Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øpw- D-≠v K-h¿-W¿-am-cpw-
a-{¥n-am-cpw- D-b¿-∂- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cpw- A-h-cp-sS- Io-gn-ep-≈- D-
tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cpw.- Pn-√-I-fn¬- `-c-W-tI-{μw- I-e-Iv-Sdm-ô-kp-I-fm-
Wv.- A-\-h-[n- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- A-hn-sS-bp-ap-≠v.- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fn-epw-
ap-\nkn- ∏m-en-‰n-I-fn-epw- `-c-W-Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw-\¬-Ip-∂-Xv P-\-
ßƒ sX-c-s™ -Sp-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.- Im-cy-ßƒ- sN-øp-∂-Xv- sk-{I-´dn-
bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp-]-‰w D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cm-Wv.- G-‰-hpw-
Xm-sg- hn-t√-Pv- Hm-ô-kp-Iƒ.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-
se-Øp-∂- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- a-{¥n-am¿,- ]-©m-b-Ø-av- p-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-
fn-se- {]-kn-U≥dp-am¿,- AwKßƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cm-Wv- `-c-W-Øn-
s≥d- X-e-∏-Øp-≈-Xv.- ]-t£,- A-h-sc-√m-h-cpw- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂m-epw-
k¿- ° m¿- B- h n- √ .- cmjv { S]Xnbpw K- h ¿- W ¿- a m- c pw H- ∏ n- ´ p-
tPmenbn¬ \n-b-an-®-h¿- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂-Xm-Wv- k¿-°m¿.- a-s‰m-cp-hn-
t[-\- ]d-™m¬- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-hn-`m-Kw- (_yq-tdm-{I-kn)- \-Ωp-sS-
`-c-W-Øn-s‚- \-s´-√m-Wv.- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- \n-∂v- P-bn-°p-∂-Xp-
t]m- s e- b - √ - k¿- ° m¿- k¿- h o- k n¬- DtZymKw e`n°p
25
∂Xv. Hmtcm D-tZym-K-Øn-\pw- C-∂n-∂- tbm-Ky-X- th-W-sa-∂v- \n-
b-a-ß-fn¬- ]d-bpw.- \n-b-a-\Øn-\v- sX-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠- co-Xn-bpw-
\n-b-a-ß-fn-ep-≠v.- sF.-F.-F-kv,- sF.-]n.-F-kv- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]-co-£-
IfneqsSbmWv Db¿∂ DtZymKßfnte°v BfpIsf
sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. A-Xv- \-S-tØ-≠- co-Xn- ]m¿-en-sa≥dv- ]m-
km-°n-b- \n-b-a-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v.- ]-co-£-Iƒ- F-gp-Xn- ]m-km-I-Ww.-
\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°-Ww.- \n¿-±n-jv-S-
hn-Zym`ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈-h¿-°v- \n-iv-Nn-X {]m-b-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬-
a-Xv-k-c-∏-co-£-I-fn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°mw.-
`-c-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-h-sc-∏-‰n-bm-Wv- C-Xp-h-sc- ]d-™-Xv.- F-ß-
s\-bm-W-Xv- \-S-tØ-≠-sX-∂-s√-?- cmjv{S]Xn,- a-{¥n-am¿,- K-h¿-
W¿-am¿- F-∂n-h-cp-sS Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.-
A-h-tcm-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-epw- \n-b-a-ß-fn-epw- ]d-bp-
∂-X-\p-k-cn-®p- th-Ww- `-c-Ww-\-S-Øp-hm≥.- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-cp-sS-
Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- A-Xm-Xv- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- ]d-™n-cn-°pw.- a-{¥n-k-`-bp-
sS- Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ- \-S-∏m-°p-∂- Np-a-X-e-bpw- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m¿-
°m-Wv.- a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°v- F-¥p- Xo-cp-am-\-hpw- C-jv-Sw-t]m-se- F-Sp-
°m≥- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- `-cW- L-S-\-bn-epw- \n-b-a-Øn-epw- ]d-bp-∂-
Xn-s\- A-£-cw-{]-Xn- A-\p-kcn-®p-≈- Xo-cp-am-\-ß-tf- F-Sp-°m-
hq.-
[-\I
- m-cyw-
F-¥n-\pw- ]-Ww- ap-∂n¬-\-S-°-W-sa-∂v- ]d-bmdp-≠v.- \-Ωp-sS-
Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc- kw-_-\v-[n-®p-am-{X-a-√- cm-Py-Im-cy-ß-sf- kw-_-\v-
[n-®pw- C-Xv i-cn-bm-Wv.- cm-Py-Im-cy-ßƒ-°v h≥-Xp-I- th-W-sa-∂v-
]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m.- i-º-f-hpw- s]≥-j-\pw- sIm-Sp-°m≥-X-s∂- H-
cp-]m-Sv- ]-Ww- th-Ww.- ]n-s∂- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw- kv-Iq-fp-I-fpw-a-‰pw-
\-S-Ø-Ww.- sh-≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ- B-izm-k-\-S-]-Sn-I-sf-
Sp-°-Ww.- \n-c-Øp-Iƒ- \n¿-an-°p-I-bpw- kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw- th-
Ww.- A-ß-s\- ]d-™m-e-h-km-\-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv- cm-Py-Im-cy-ßƒ.-
\n-Ip-Xn :- - P-\ß
- f- p-sS- ]-Ww-
sN- e - h p- s N- ø m≥- h- c p- a m- \ w- I- s ≠- Ø - W w.- \n- I p- X n- I - f pw-
Np-¶-ß-fpw sse-k≥-kv- ô-kp-I-fp-am-Wv- K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚- {]-[m-
\- h-cp-am-\-am¿-K-ßƒ. "-"-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbm-sS-b-
√m-sX H-cp \n-Ip-Xn-bpw- Np-a-Øcp-Xv-'-'- F-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-\- hn-e-°p-
∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- \n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ B-Zyw sN-tø-≠-Xv- H-
cp \n-b-aw- \n¿-an-°p-I-bm-Wv.- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn-°v- ]m¿-en-sa≥dv- ]m-
km-°n-b- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn \n-b-a-ap-≠v. hn¬-∏-\-\n-Ip-Xn-°v- kw-kv-
Ym-\- \n-b-a-ß-fp-≠v.- H-cp- ]m-kv-t]m¿-´v- e-`n-°m≥- ô-kv- sIm-Sp-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v.- H-cp hy-h-km-bw- Xp-S-ßm≥- sse-k≥-kv- th-W-sa-
26
∂v- \n¿-_-\v-[n-°p-∂- \n-b-a-ß-fp-≠v.- hm-l-\-ßƒ- s]m-Xp-\n-c-
Øp-I-fn¬- Hm-Sn-°p-hm≥- hm-l-\-\n-Ip-Xn- sIm-Sp-°-Ww. tI-{μ-
hpw kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw F-
√mw- \n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-®m-Wv- \n-Xy-sN-e-hn-\v- h-I-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.-
ta¬-]d-™-{]-Im-cw- ]n-cn-™p-In-´p-∂- ]-Ww- kq-£n-°p-∂-
kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fm-Wv- {S-jdn-Iƒ.- k¿-°m-cn-s‚ ]-W-s∏-ń-I-fm-W-h.-
Cu- ]-W-s∏-ń-bn¬- F-Øp-∂- ]-Ww- c-≠p- h-I-bn¬- I-W-°p-sh-
bv-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.- knw-l-`m-K-hpw-"-
k-©n-X-\n-[n'- F-∂-t]-cn¬- sh-bv-°-Ww.- Ipd-®v- ]-Ww- A-∏-t∏mƒ-
th-≠n-h-cp-∂- sN-e-hp-Iƒ-°v- \o-°n-sh-bv-°mw.- ssI-s®-e-hn-\v-
Ipd-®v- Im-iv- Io-i-bn¬- sh-°mdn-t√-?- A-Xp-t]m-se.-
F-¥m-Wv- _-P-‰v- ?-
k-©n-X-\n-[n-bn¬- I-W-s°-gp-Xn-b- ]-Ww- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d-
B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbm-sS- am-{X-ta- Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q-sh-∂v- `-
c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- {]-tXy-Iw- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- F-s¥-√mw- B-h-iy-ßƒ-
°v- F-{X- ]-Ww F-Sp-°m-sa-∂v- ap≥-Iq-ń- I-W-°m-°-Ww.- A-Xn-\v-
`-c-W-L-S-\- \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- Hm-tcm- h¿-jm-cw-`-Øn-epw- k¿°m¿-
B-Zyw- sN-tø-≠-Xv- h-c-hp--sN-e-hp-I-fp-sS- H-cp- a-Xn-∏v- I-W-°p-≠m-
°p-I-bm-Wv.- C-Xv- tI-{μ-k¿-°m-cpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿-°m-cpw- ap-S-
ßm-sX- sN-ø-Ww. F-∂n-´-Xv- ]m¿-en-sa≥dn-epw- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-epw-
N¿-®-bv-°v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. N¿-®-sN-bv-Xv ]m-km-°-Ww.- hm¿-jn-
I [-\-Im-cy- \n¿-t±-iw- F-∂m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se {]-tbm-Kw. _-
P-‰v- F-∂m-Wv- s]m-Xp-hn¬- ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- sN-e-hp-sN-øp-∂-Xv-
Cu- I-W-°n-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬-am-{X-ta- ]m-Sp-≈q. sN-e-hp-sN-
øm-\pw- k-`-bp-sS- A-\p-a-Xn- hm-ß-Ww. A-Xm-b-Xv- I-W-°v- k-`-
bn-e-h-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.- k-`- ]m-km-°-Ww.- s]-s´-∂v- A-{]-Xo-£n-X-
am-b H-cp- sN-e-hv-h-∂m¬- A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- Xp-I-bpw- k-`-sb-s°m-
≠v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-∏n-®v- hm-ß-Ww.- k¿°mcns≥d- a¿-a-{]-[m-\-am-b-
H-cp- h-Ip-∏m-Wv- [-\-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏v.- ]-W-s∏-ń-bp-sS- Xm-t°m¬- kq-
£n-°p-∂-Xv- Cu- h-Ip-∏m-Wv.- ]-Ww- Xn-I-bm-sX- h-cp-tºmƒ- I-Sw-
hm-ßp-∂-Xv- k¿°mcns≥d H-cp- ]-Xn-hm-Wv.- I-S-∏-{Xw- ap-tJ-\- P-
\-ß-tfm-Sv- I-Sw-hm-ßmdp-≠v.- B- h-I-bn¬- h≥-Xp-I- In-´m≥- km-
[y-X- Ipd-hm-Wv.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- tem-I-_m-¶pw- G-jy≥- hn-I-k-\-
_m-¶pw- k-lm-b-[-\w- \¬-Im≥- X-ømdp-≈- hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fpw-
cw-K-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xv.- C-ß-s\- In-´p-∂- Xp-I-I-fpw- I-W-°n¬- tN¿-
°-Ww.-
h-ch
- psN-eh
- p-If- p-sS- I-W°
- ∏
- n-≈-
h- c - h pw- sN- e - h pw- k¿°mcns≥d- hn- h n- [ - h- I p- ∏ p- I ƒ-
I-Wn-i-am-bn- I-W-°p-sh-bv-°p-∂p-t≠m- F-∂v- ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥-
H-cp-tZym-K-kv-Y-\p-≠v.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- C-u DtZymKkvYs\∏‰n
27
{]-tXy-Iw- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- At±lsØ- {]-kn-U≥dv- \n-b-an-°-W-
sa-∂m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-t±-iw.- H-cn-°¬- \n-b-an-®p-I-gn-™m¬-
]pd-Øm-°m≥- ]m¿-en-sa‚n¬- H-cp- {]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°-Ww.- kp-
{]ow-tIm-S-Xn, ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- ]pd-Øm-°m-\p-≈- A-
tX- \-S-]-Sn.- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿- B≥dv- Hm-Un-‰¿- P-
\d¬- F-∂m-Wvt]-cv- ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- k¿°mcns≥d- F-√m- h-
Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS-bpw- I-W-°p-Iƒ- Hm-Un-‰v- sN-øp-∂- Np-a-X-e- Cu- D-tZym-
K-kv-Y-s≥d- Io-gn-ep-≈- h-Ip-∏n-\m-Wv.- h-√- Xp-I-bpw- h-I-amdn- sN-
e-hp-sN-bv-Xm¬- A-Xv- Cu- I-W-°-∏n-≈-bp-sS- Bƒ-°m¿- I-≠p-
]n-Sn-®v- dn-t∏m¿-´p- sN-øpw.- h-I-amdn- sN-e-hp-sN-bv-X-h¿- k-am-[m-
\w- t_m-[n-∏n-°m≥- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-cm-Ipw. A-ß-s\- sN-bv-X-h-cn¬-
\n- ∂ v - A- [ n- I w- sN- e - h m- ° n- b - Xp- I Cu- S m- ° m≥- \- S - ] - S n- b pw-
D≠mIpw.- Cu-h-I- Im-cy-ß-sfm-∂pw- P-\-ßƒ-°dn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm-
≠m-Wv- ]-e- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m¿-°pw- k¿°mcns≥d- ]-Ww- Zp¿-hy-
bw-sN-øm≥- ss[-cy-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. P-\-ßƒ- Pm-{K-X-]m-en-®m¬- a-
Xn.- Im-cy-ß-sf-√mw I-gn-bp-∂-{X- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-epw- \n-b-a-ß-fn-epw-
F-gp-Xn-sh-®-Xp-t]m-se- apd-bv-°v- \-S-°pw.-
1.- \n-ß-fp-sS- \m-ń-se- H-cp- ]-©m-b-Øv- Aw-K-sØ / -ap-\n-kn-
∏m-en-‰n- Iu¨-kn-e-sd- t\-cn¬-Im-Wp-I.- ]-©m-b-Øn-se-- / ap-\n-
kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn-se- `-c-Ww- G-Xp-\n-e-bn-em-Wv- \-S-°p-∂-sX-∂v- tNm-
Zn-®p- a-\- n-em-°p-I. I-gn-™- c-≠p-h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \-S-Øn-b-
hn-I-k-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- F-s¥-√m-amsW-∂v- B-cm-bp-I.- A-h-
bp-sS- ]-Ww- I-s≠-Øn-b-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- ]-©m-
b-Ø- v- / ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- _-P-‰n-s≥d- H-cp- tIm-∏n- ti-J-cn-°p-I-;- ]-
cn-tim-[n-°p-I.-
2.- H-cp- k¿-°m¿- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-\p-am-bn- A-`n-ap-Jw- \-S-Øp-I.-
A-bm-fp-sS- h-Ip-∏n-s≥d- L-S-\-sb-°pdn-®pw- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°pdn-
®pw- A-t\z-jn-®v- H-cp- Ipdn-∏v- X-ømdm-°p-I.-
28
]mTw 5
sXcs™Sp∏pw P\ßfpw
sX cs™Sp∏pIƒ F¥msW∂v \nßƒ°dnbmat√m.
temI k`bnte°pw \nbak`bnte°pw Xt±ikzbw`cW
ÿm]\ßfnte°pw sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S°p∂p. \nßfpsS
hońse apXn¿∂h¿ B sXc s™Sp∏pIfn¬ thm´p
sNømdp≠v . \nßƒ°v ]s£ thm´psNøm≥ Ign™nń√.
F¥psIm≠v?
Fs¥∂m¬ thm´psNøWsa¶n¬ 18 hb v XnIbWw.
{]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw BWv \ΩpsS \mń¬.
`cWLS\bpsS 326˛mw A\ptOZw AtX°pdn®v ]dbp∂p.
AXn\m¬ `cWLS\ {]Imcw \nßƒ°v thm´psNøm≥
Ignbn√. \nbaw a‰p XcØn¬ AtbmKycm°nbnńs√¶n¬ 18
hb v ]q¿Ønbmb HcmfpsS thm´hImiw \ntj[n°phm\pw
Hcmƒ°pw Ignbn√. AXmWv `cWLS\bpsS A\pimk\w.
BcmWv sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \SØp∂Xv?
apJysXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWsd IqSmsX a‰p c≠v
IΩojWsd IqSn \nban°msa∂v 324˛mw A\ptOZw
]dbp∂p≠v. Aßs\sb¶n¬ IΩojs≥d A≤y£≥ No^v
Ce£≥ IΩojW¿ Xs∂bmbncn°pw. 1989˛¬ BWv
BZyambn H∂n¬IqSpX¬ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojW¿
D≠mbXv.
sXcs™Sp∏p \SØn∏v , AXn\mhiyamb \n¿t±ißƒ
\¬I¬ DØchpIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°¬, X¿°ßfn¬
Xocpam\saSp°¬ F∂nßs\ t]mIp∂p sXcs™Sp∏p
IΩojs≥d NpaXeIfpw A[nImcßfpw. IΩoj\nse
AwKßsf \nban°p∂Xv cmjv{S]XnbmWv.
sXcs™Sp∏v \SØn∏ns\ kw_\v[n®v Ht´sd Imcyßƒ
D≠v. Ahbn¬ tImSXnIƒ km[mcWKXnbn¬ CSs]SpIbn√.
(329˛mw A\ptOZw).
29
F∂m¬, \nba{]Imcw sImSp°p∂ sXcs™Sp∏p
l¿PnIƒhgn sXcs™Sp∏p coXnIsfbpw êsØbpw
tImSXnbn¬ tNmZyw sNømw.
\nba{]Imcw F∂psh®mtem?
sXcs™Sp∏p kw_\v[n® \nbaßƒ {]Imcw F∂¿∞w.
F¥mWv B \nbaßƒ?
1950˛sebpw 1951˛sebpw P\{]mXn\n[y \nbaßƒ.
1962˛sebpw 1972˛sebpw AXn¿Øn \n¿Wb\nbaßƒ.
\ntbmPI afießfpsS cq]hpw ]cn[nbpw \nivNbn°p∂Xp
kw_\v[n® \nbaßfmWv Ch.
sXcs™Sp∏v l¿PnIƒ FhnsSbmWv ^b¬ sNtø≠Xv?
sslt°mSXnIƒ°mWv Ah ]cntim[n°m\[nImcw.
sslt°mSXn hn[ns°Xnsc kp{]owtImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬
t]mImw.
"kzX{¥amb sXcs™Sp∏p IΩoj≥' AXmWv
`cWLS\bpsS e£yw. AXns≥d {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬
CSs]Sm≥ `cWI£nt°m cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒt°m
AhImian√. kzX{¥amb sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S∂m¬ am{Xta
P\m[n]Xyw A¿∞hØmIq. _qØp]nSpØw, Bfv amdn
thm´psNø¬, t]mfnwKv _qØpIƒ°SpØv B{IaWw \SØ¬,
a‰p≈h¿ thm´psNøp∂Xv XSb¬˛Chsb√mw Ip‰IrXy
ßfmWv: in£m¿lhpamWv.
kXyk\v[ambn \n¿hlnt°≠ Hcp AhImihpw ISabpw
BWv thm´psNø¬.
icnbmb sXcs™Sp∏pIfn¬\n∂pam{Xta icnbmb
P\m[n]Xyw D≠mIq.
\nßƒ°v sNømhp∂h
Cu \nba ]T\¢mkn¬ kw_\v[n°p∂ IpńIƒ tN¿∂v
Hcp sXcs™Sp∏p IΩoj≥ cq]oIcn®v Hcp sXcs™Sp∏p
\SØn t\m°pI. \nßfpsS ¢mkns\ Hcp \ntbmP
IaWvUeambn k¶¬∏n°pI. Hcp AwKsØ kvIqƒ
]m¿esa≥dnte°v sXcs™Sp°p∂Xmbn hn`mh\w sNøpI.
AXn\mbn cq]oIcn°p∂ IΩoj≥ Fs¥√mw sNøWw?
\nßfmWv apJysXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWsd¶n¬ F¥psNøpw?
Hcp Ipdn∏v FgpXpI.
30
]mTw 6
tImSXnIƒ
\oXn\ymbhIp∏v
kp{]owtImSXnbpw sslt°mSXnbpw Iogvt°mSXnIfpw
Dƒs°m≈p∂XmWv \oXn\ymb kwhn[m\w. Hcp ]ncanUns≥d
amXrIbnemWv tImSXnIfpsS kwhn[m\w. G‰hpw apIfn¬
kp{]owtImSXn. kwkv Y m\ßfnse D∂X \oXn]oTßƒ
sslt°m SXnIfmWv. Hmtcm sslt°mSXnbpsSbpw Xmsg
Pn√m ˛ skj≥kv tImSXnIƒ. Ahbv°v Xmsg
kt_m¿Unt\‰v ˛ Aknkv‰≥dv skj≥kv PUvPnam¿. G‰hpw
ASnØń¬ ap≥kn^v tImSXnIfpw aPnkvt{S‰p tImSXnIfpw.
{]tXyI ss{S_yqWepIƒ thsdbp≠v. Chsb√mw
tN¿∂XmWv C¥ybnse \oXn\ymb kwhn[m\w.
kp{]owtImSXn
Hcp No^v Pkv‰nkpw ap∏Xv PUvPnamcpaSßp∂XmWv
kp{]owtImSXn. auenImhImißƒ \S∏m°nIn´m≥ GsXmcp
]uc\pw kp{]owtImSXnsb t\cn´v kao]n°msa∂v \nßƒ
a\ nem°nbn´p≠t√m. auenImhImi kwc£WamWv
kp{]owtImSXnbpsS G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ I¿Øhyw.
GsXmcmƒ°pw G‰hpw hnes∏´Xv kz¥w Poh\pw
kzmX{¥yhpamWs√m. `cWLS\ Dd∏p\¬Ip∂ G‰hpw
{][m\w auenIhImihpw Pohs≥dbpw kzmX{¥yØns≥dbpw
kwc£WamWv . Cu ImcyØn¬ kp{]owtImSXn kzbw
\S]SnIsfSpØXn\v DZmlcWßfp≠v. _olmdn¬
t]meokpIm¿ IfhptIkpIƒ Btcm]n®v GXm\pwt]sc
Adkv‰v sNbvXv tem°∏nem°n. Ah¿ ÿncw
Ip‰hmfnIfmsW∂v kwibn®v AhcpsS IÆpIƒ
IpØns∏mń®p. CXns\ kw_\v[n® ]{Xhm¿Ø
{i≤bn¬s∏SpØnbXns≥d ASnkvYm\Øn¬ kp{]owtImSXn
k¿°mcns\Xnsc tIs SpØp \jv S ]cnlmcw \¬Im≥
31
I¬∏n°pIbp≠mbn. a\pjy Pohs≥dbpw kzmX{¥y
Øns≥dbpw ImcyØn¬ Hu]NmcnIamb Hcp l¿Pn
t_m[n∏n°s∏SWsa∂pt]mepw C√. hnhcw kp{]ow
tImSXnbpsS {i≤bn¬s∏´m¬aXn. tImSXn bp‡amb
\S]SnIsfSptØ°mw.
k¿°mcpIƒ XΩnep≈ AhImiØ¿°ßƒ hnNmcW
sNøphm≥ kp{]owtImSXn°v am{Xta A[nImcap≈p. a‰p
tImSXnIfpsS hn[nIƒ°pw DØchpIƒ°pw FXnsc
km[mcW \nebn¬ kp{]owtImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬
t_m[n∏n°mhp∂X√. sslt°mSXn hn[n® tI pIfn¬
kp{]owtImSXn ]cnKWnt°≠ Hcp \nba{]iv\w
AXneps≠∂v t_m[ys∏´m¬ am{Xta km[mcWKXnbn¬
A∏o¬ kzoIcn°s∏Sq. {Inan\¬ tI pIfn¬ Iogvt°mSXn
shdpsXhn´ Hcmsf A∏oen¬ sslt°mSXn acWin£°v
hn[n®m¬ Abmƒ°v kp{]owtImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ \¬Im≥
AhImiap≠v . kp{]owtImSXnbpsS as‰mcp {][m\s∏´
A[nImcw C¥ybnse GsXmcp tImSXnbpsSbpw GXv
hn[nbpw DØchpw Xocpam\hpw ]p\x]cntim[n°p∂Xn\v
{]tXyIm\paXn sImSp°mhp∂XmWv. AXv BhiyamsW∂v
kp{]owtImSXn°v t_m≤ys∏SWw. \oXn B¿°pw
\ntj[n°s∏SmXncn°m\p≈ Hcp ap≥IcpXemWnXv.
cmjv { S]Xn°v {][m\ {]iv \ ßfn¬ kp{]owtImSXnbpsS
D]tZiw tXSmhp∂XmWv. {]iv\Øns≥d F√mhißfpw tI v
hnNmcWbpsS AtX coXnbn¬ A`n{]mbw cq]oIcn®v
{]knU≠ns\ Adnbn°pw.
C¥ybn¬ \nbaImcyßfn¬ Ahkm\hm°v kp{]ow
tImSXnbptSXmWv . kp{]owtImSXn hn[nIfpw Ahbnse
XØzßfpw C¥ybnse F√m tImSXnIfpw A\pkcn°Ww.
Hcp kp{]owtImSXnhn[n ]p\x]cntim[n°m\p≈ A[nImcw
kp{]owtImSXn°v am{Xtabp≈q. temIsØ G‰hpw
A[nImcap≈ kp{]owtImSXn C¥ybnteXmsW∂v
]dbmdp≠v.
sslt°mSXn
Hmtcm kwÿm\Øn\pw Hmtcm sslt°mSXnbp≠v. Hcp
sslt°mSXnhn[nbnse \nbaßƒ B sslt°mSXnbpsS
A[nImcmXn¿Ønbnep≈ {]tZißfnse tImSXnIƒ
\n¿_‘ambpw A\pkcn°Ww. auenImhImißƒ
\S∏nem°m≥ dn´pIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°m≥ sslt°mSXnIƒ°pw
A[nImcap≠v. auenImhImißƒ°p am{Xa√ a‰m
hiyßƒ°pw dn´pIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°mhp∂XmWv . sIme
32
°p‰ßƒ hnNmcW sNbv X v in£n°m\p≈ A[nImcw
skj≥kv tImSXnIƒ°mWv. F∂m¬, skj≥kv tImSXn
acWin£ \¬Inbm¬ AXv sslt°mSXn ÿncoIcn°Ww.
sslt°mSXnbpsS A∏oe[nImcw hfsc hn]peamWv. ]eXcw
knhn¬ tIkpIfnepw {Inan\¬ tIkpIfnepw Iogvt°mSXn
hn[nIƒs°Xnsc sslt°mSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n°m≥
hyhÿbp≠v. sslt°mSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n°mw F∂v
Hcp \nbaØn¬ ]d™ncn°Ww. IpSpw_tImSXnIfpsS
hn[nIƒs°Xnsc sslt°mSXn°mWv A∏o¬ A[nImcsa∂v
IpSpw_tImSXn \nbaØn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v . AXpt]mse
Nnebn\w knhn¬tIkpIfn¬ IogvtImSXnbpsS hn[ns°Xnsc
A∏o¬ A[nImcw sslt°mSXn°msW∂v tIcfknhn¬
tImSXn\nbaØn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v . {Inan\¬ tI pIfnepw,
AXns≥d kz`mha\pkcn®v sslt°mSXn°v A∏o¬
A[nImcw D≠v.
Hcp sslt°mSXnbpsS Iognep≈ F√m tImSXnIfptSbpw
ta¬t\m´m[nImcw sslt°mSXn°mWv. Hmtcm Pn√bntebpw
tImSXnIfpsS ta¬t\m´w Hmtcm PUvPnsb NpaXe
s∏SpØpIbmWv sslt°mSXn sNøp∂Xv.
dn´[nImcw
"dn´v' F∂ hm°ns≥d A¿∞w "I¬∏\' F∂mWv. C∂Xv
sNøWw Ft∂m sNøcpXv Ft∂m tImSXn I¬∏n
°p∂Xn\mWv dn´p ]pds∏Sphn°pI F∂v ]dbpI. C¥ybn¬
dn´v A[nImcw kp{]owtImSXn°pw sslt°mSXnIƒ°pw
am{Xtabp≈p. Cw•≠nse tImSXnIfnembncp∂p
dn´[nImcØns≥d D¤hw. tl_nbkv tIm¿∏kv, am≥Uakv,
tIzmhmdt≥dm, s{]mln_nj≥, sk¿tjymdmdn F∂o
A©pXcw dn´pIfp≠v.
tl_nbkv tIm¿]kv
"tl_nbkv tIm¿]kv ' F∂Xns≥d A¿∞w "icocw
lmPcm°pI' F∂mWv. A\ymbambn XShnem°s∏´ Hcmsf
hnSphn°phm≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp dn´mWnXv. XShnem°s∏´
BfpsS _‘pIƒt°m kplrØp°ƒt°m BbmfpsS
kzmX{¥yØn¬ Xm¬]cyw D≈ GsX¶nepw Hcmƒt°m Cu
dn´pl¿Pn t_m[n∏n°mhp∂XmWv. XS™psh°s∏´ Bsf
tImSXnbn¬ lmPcm°m\mhiyamb DØchpIƒ tImSXn
]pds∏Sphn°pw. lmPcm°s∏´Xn\ptijw A\ymbambn´mWv
XShnem°nbsX∂v I≠m¬ tImSXn Abmsf kzX{¥\m°pw.
t]meokv A\ymbambn Ikv‰UnbnseSpØ Bsf hnSphn°m≥
ê{]Zamb Hcp am¿§amWv Cu dn´v.
33
am≥Uakv dn´v
"am≥Uakv ' F∂m¬ I¬∏\ F∂mWv A¿∞w. Hcp
hy‡ntbm ÿm]\tam \nba]cambn \n¿Δlnt°≠ Hcp
ISa \n¿Δln°p∂Xn¬ hogvN hcpØnbm¬ am≥Uakv dn´mWv
AXns≥d {]Xnhn[n. Cu dn´v k¿°mcns\Xnscbpw
D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv . F√m kwkv Y m\ k¿°mcpIfpw
D]t`m‡rX¿°]cnlmcØn\v \n¿t±in® D]t`m‡r
X¿°]cnlmc kwkvYm\ IΩoj\pIfpw Pn√m t^mdßfpw
ÿm]n°Wsa∂v \njv I ¿jn°p∂ Hcp hIp∏v 1986˛se
D]t`m‡r kwc£W \nbaØnep≠v. A{]Imcw sNøp∂Xv
C¥ybnse F√m kwkv Y m\ k¿°mcpIfpw \ońs°m
≠pt]mbn. {]iv \ w Hcp am≥Uakv dn´v aptJ\ kp{]ow
tImSXnbn¬ D∂bn°s∏´p. kab]cn[n \nivNbn®psIm≠v
kwkvYm\ IΩoj\pIfpw Pn√m t^mdßfpw ÿm]n°m≥
kp{]owtImSXn am≥Uakv dn´v ]pds∏Sphn®p.
tIzmhmdmt≥dm dn´v
X\n°v AhImian√mØ Hcp kvYm\tØm ]Zhnbntem
Hcmƒ Ibdn]‰pItbm C√mØ A[nImcw {]tbmKn°pItbm
at‰m sNbv X m¬ AXns\Xnsc AXn¬ ]cmXnbp≈h¿°v
D]tbmKn°mhp∂ Hcp {]Xnhn[nbmWv tIzmhmdmt≥dm dn´v.
\nbak`bn¬ AwKa√mØ Hcmsf a{¥nbm°mw. ]t£, Bdp
amkØn\p≈n¬ Abmƒ \nbak`mwKXzw t\SWw. F¶nte
a{¥nkvYm\Øv XpScm≥ AhImiap≈q. AwKXzw t\SmsX
Hcmƒ Bdp amkØn∂∏pdhpw a{¥nbmbn XpS¿∂m¬
GsXmcp ]uc\pw tIzmhmdmt≥dm dnń\pth≠n At]£n
°mhp∂XmWv . AbmfpsS a{¥nkv Y m\w \jv S s∏´Xmbn
tImSXn hn[n°pw.
s{]mln_nj≥ dn´pIƒ
Ch kp{]owtImSXnbpw sslt°mSXnIfpw Iogv t °m
SXnIƒ°v \¬Ip∂ \ntcm[\ DØchpIƒ BWv. Hcp {]iv\w
sslt°mSXnbpsS ]cnKW\bn¬ Ccn°th AtX {]iv\w
Hcp Iogv t °mSXn ]cnKWn°p∂psh∂v sh°pI. At∏mƒ
Iogvt°mSXntbmSv tIkv hnNmcW AYhm tIkv ]cnKW\
\n¿Ønsh°Wsa∂v sslt°mSXn°v Bhiys∏Smw.
AXn\mbn s{]mln_nj≥ dn´p ]pds∏Sphn°pIbpw sNømw.
Iogvt°mSXnIƒ°v ]pdsa a‰v A[nImcnIƒ AhcpsS
]cn[n ewLn°p∂]£w, Bhiysa¶n¬, DNnXamb
kμ¿`ßfn¬ s{]mln_nj≥ dn´pIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°msa∂v
34
\ΩpsS kp{]owtImSXn hy‡am°nbn´p≠v.
sk¿tjymdmdn dn´pIƒ
Hcp k¿°m¿ DtZymKÿ≥ \nbahncp≤tam
`cWLS\mhncp≤tam Bb Hcp DØchv ]pds∏Sphn®p F∂p
sh°pI. sslt°mSXn°v AXn¬ CSs∏´v B DØchv
d±m°mw. Hcp DZmlcWw ]dbmw. ÿesØ Hcp s]mXphgn
Hcp {]tXyI kapZmbØn¬s∏´h¿ D]tbmKn°cpsX∂v Pn√m
IeIvS¿ DØchnd°nsb∂psh°pI. sslt°mSXn°v
sk¿tjymdmdn dn´p]tbmKn®v AXv d±m°mw.
Iogvt°mSXnIƒ
sslt°mSXnbpsS sXm´p Xmsgbp≈Xv Pn√m tImSXnIfpw
skj≥kv tImSXnIfpamWv . Pn√m tImSXn Hcp knhn¬
tImSXnbpw skj≥kv tImSXn Hcp {Inan\¬ tImSXnbpamWv.
Hmtcm Pn√bnepw Hmtcm Pn√mtImSXnbpw skj≥kv
tImSXnbpw kwkv Y m\ k¿°m¿ ÿm]n°Ww. Cu c≠p
tImSXnIƒ°pw IqSn Hcp PUvPnbmWv. Pn√m B≥dv skj≥kv
PUvPn. GsX¶nepw Pn√bn¬ Bhiyambn h∂m¬ H∂ne[nIw
Pn√m tImSXnIfpw skj≥kv tImSXnIfpw ÿm]n°mhp
∂XmWv. AUojW¬ Pn√mtImSXn AUojW¬ skj≥kv
tImSXn F∂mWv Ahbv°v ]dbpI.
Pn√m ˛ skj≥kv PUv P nbpsS sXm´p Xmsgbmbn
kt_m¿Unt\‰v PUvPnamtcbpw No^v PpUojy¬
aPnkvt{S‰pamtcbpw \nban®ncn°p∂p. {Inan\¬tI pIfmWv
skj≥kv tImSXnbpsS A[nImc]cn[nbn¬ hcp∂Xv. C¥y≥
in£m\nbaØnse GsX√mw hIp∏pIf\pkcn®p≈
Ip‰ßfmWv skj≥kv tImSXnbn¬ hnkv X cnt°≠sX∂v
ImWn°p∂ Hcp ]ńI {Inan\¬ \S]Sn \nbaØnep≠v .
sIme]mXIw, cmPyt{Zmlw, Iem]ap≠m°¬ XpSßnb
KpcpXcamb Ip‰ßfpsS hnNmcWm[nImcw skj≥kv
tImSXnIƒ°mWv. Poh]cy¥w XShpw acWin£bpamWv
C¥ybn¬ \nehnep≈ in£Ifn¬ G‰hpw IqSnbXv. CXp
c≠pw \¬Im≥ skj≥kv tImSXnIƒ°v A[nImcap≠v. Pn√m
tImSXnIƒ°pw skj≥kv tImSXnIƒ°pw Ahbv°v
Xmsgbp≈ tImSXnIfn¬\n∂p≈ A∏oepIƒ hnNmcW
sNøm≥ A[nImcap≠v.
kt_m¿Unt\‰v PUvPnam¿
Pn√m PUvPnbpsS sXm´pXmsgbp≈ tImSXn kt_m¿Un
t\‰v PUv P nbpsS tImSXnIfmWv . k_v t ImSXnIƒ F∂
35
Npcp°t∏cnepw Ah Adnbs∏Sp∂p. knhn¬ tIkpIfn¬
X¿°hnjbØns≥d aqeyw Hcpe£w cq- ] - b n¬- A- [ n- I w-
h∂m¬ k_vtImSXn°mWv hnNmcWm[nImcw. Pn√m
tImSXn°pw CtX A[nImcap≠v. tIcfØn¬ Pn√m
tImSXnIƒ Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏´ tI pIƒ ssIImcyw
sNømdn√. AXpsIm≠v X¿°hnjbØns≥d aqeyw Hcp e£w
cq- ] - b n¬- Iq- S p- X ¬- F{Xbmbmepw k_v t ImSXnbnemWv
tI psImSpt°≠Xv.
k_v t ImSXnbnepw Aknkv ‰ ≥Uv skj≥kv tImSXn
bnepw Htc Bsf Xs∂bmWv PUv P nbmbn \nban°mdv .
Aknkv‰≥Uv skj≥kv tImSXn°v acWin£bpw
Poh]cy¥w XShpw 10 h¿-jw- I-hn-bp-∂- X-S-hpw- HgnsIbp≈
F√m in£Ifpw \¬Im≥ A[nImcap≠v.
ap≥kn^v tImSXnIƒ
knhn¬tImSXnIfn¬ G‰hpw Xmsg Xńep≈XmWv
ap≥kn^v tImSXnIƒ. X¿°hnjbw Hcpe£w cq]bn¬
IhnbmØ F√m tIkpIfpw ap≥kn^v tImSXnIfnemWv
t_m[n∏nt°≠Xv. ap≥kn^v tImSXnhn[nIƒs°Xnsc Pn√m
tImSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ t_m[n∏n°mhp∂XmWv . GsX√mw
hnt√PpIfmWv Hmtcm k_v t ImSXnbptSbpw ap≥kn^v
tImSXnbptSbpw A[nImc]cn[nbn¬ F∂v k¿°m¿
hnPvRm]\w aptJ\ Xocpam\n°Ww. ap≥kn^vamcn¬ \n∂v
ko\ntbmdnńbSnkvYm\Øn¬ {]tamj≥ \¬InbmWv
kt_m¿Unt\‰v PUvPnamsc \nban°pI.
aPnkvt{S‰ptImSXnIƒ
{Inan\¬ tIkpIƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ tImSXnIfmWv
aPnkvt{S‰p tImSXnIƒ. tZtlm]{Zhw, Ifhv, A{i≤ambn
hml\tamSnt®m at‰m ]cnt°¬∏n°¬ apXemb C¥y≥
]o\¬tImUnse Ht´sd Ip‰ßƒ°v hnNmcWm[nImcw
aPnkvt{S‰ptImSXnIƒ°msW∂v {Inan\¬ \S]Snbn\Ønse
Hcp ]ńIbn¬ sImSpØn´p≠v . Hmtcm Pn√bnepw Hcp
aPnkvt{S‰ns\ No^v PpUojy¬ aPnkvt{S‰mbn \nban°pw.
GsX√mw t]meokv kv t ‰j\pIfpsS A[nImc]cn[nbn¬
hcp∂ {]tZißfnemWv Hmtcm aPnkvt{S‰v tImSXnbpsSbpw
A[nImc]cn[nsb∂v k¿°m¿ hn⁄m]\w aptJ\
{]Jym]n°Ww. Hcp aPnkvt{S‰n\v ]camh[n aq∂p h¿jw
XShpw 10,000 cq]bn¬ IhnbmØ ]ngbpw in£bmbn
hn[n°m≥ A[nImcap≠v . No^v PpUoj¬ aPnkv t {S‰n\v
36
acWin£bpw Poh]cy¥w XShpw Ggph¿jw Ihnbp∂
XShpw HgnsI GXp in£bpw \¬Imw. aPnkvt{S‰v tImSXn
I¬∏n® in£s°Xnsc skj≥kv tImSXnbn¬ A∏oep≠v.
C¥ybn¬ sIm¬s°mØ, apwss_, sNss∂, \yqU¬ln
F∂o \Kcßƒ sat{Smt∏mfn‰≥ \Kcßsf∂ t]cn¬ Adnb
s∏Sp∂p. sat{Smt]mfn‰≥ \Kcßfn¬ H∂mw ¢m v
aPnkvt{S‰pam¿°p]Icw sat{Smt]mfn‰≥ aPnkvt{S‰p amcmWv.
AXpt]mse Hcp No^v sat{Sm t]mfn‰≥ aPnkvt{S‰pw. t]cnte
hyXymkap≈q. A[nImcßƒ H∂pXs∂bmWv.
ss{S_yqWepIƒ
ImeXmakw Hgnhm°ns°m≠v s]s´∂v Xocpam\nt°≠
hn`mKØn¬s∏´ tI pIfp≠v. hml\ A]ISØn¬
]cn°v]‰n Ahi\mbnØo¿∂ Bƒ°p≈ \jvS]cnlmcw. Cu
hI Imcyßƒ°v ss{S_yqWepIfmWv C∂p≈Xv.
s{S_yqWepIƒ tImSXnIf√. ]t£, AhnsS l¿Pn
FgpXns°mSp°Ww. hmZnbpw FXn¿ hmZnbpap≠v. sXfnshSp∏v
\S°pw. {]iv\Øn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬∏n®psIm≠v hn[nsbgpXpw.
AXns\Xnsc I£nIƒ°v A∏o¬ \¬Im≥ hyhkvYbpap≠v.
AXmbXv tImSXnbpsS sI´pw a´pw D≠v . ]t£, knhn¬
\S]Sn \nbaØnse k¶o¿Æamb \S]Sn{Iaßƒ _m[Ia√.
AXn\p]Icw N´ßƒ aptJ\ \n¿t±in ®ncn°p∂ efnXamb
\S]SnIfmWp≈Xv. sXmgn¬ X¿°ßƒ apgph\pw ssIImcyw
sNøp∂Xv ss{S_yqWepIfmWv. te_¿tImSXn F∂
t]cnep≈Xpw Hcp ss{S_yqW¬ Xs∂.
\S]Sn{Iaßfpw ImeXmakhpw
knhn¬ tImSXnbn¬ tIkp \¬In°gn™m¬ BZyw AXv
tImSXnbn¬ kzoIcn°s∏SWw. FXn¿I£nIƒ°v ka≥kv
Ab°Ww. ]n∂oSv FXn¿I£n Xs≥d hmZw FgpXn
t_m[n∏n°Ww. km£nIfpsS ]ńI sImSp°Ww. tcJIƒ
lmPcm°Ww. Nnet∏mƒ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ th≠nhcpw.
Cßs\ Ht´sd \S]SnIƒ FSpt°≠Xmbp≠v.
\S]Sn{Iaßƒ tImSXntcJbn¬ D≠mIpw. hmZn°pw {]Xn°pw
]dbm\p≈Xv apgph≥ tImSXn tIƒ°Ww. CXn\mbmWv
\S]Sn{Iaßƒ. tIkpIƒ°v ImeXmakw hcm\p≈ Hcp
ImcWhpw \S]Sn{Iaßƒ Xs∂.
\nßƒ°v sNømhp∂h:
z Ign™ Hcp amksØ ]{Xßƒ ]cntim[n°pI. AXn¬
dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXn´p≈ kp{]owtImSXnbpsSbpw
sslt°mSXnIfpsSbpw CS°me DØchpIfpw
37
A¥nahn[nIfpw GsX√mamsW∂v tcJs∏SpØpI.
Ahbn¬\n∂pw GsX√mw ImcyßfnemWv dn´pIƒ
]pds∏Sphn®sX∂p ]cntim[n°pI. Ah apIfn¬
]d™hbn¬ GXphn`mKw dn´mbncn°psa∂v tcJs∏
SpØpI.
z hm¿ØbpsS Npcp°Øn\p t\sc \nßƒ FgpXn
DØcßƒ \nßfpsS A≤ym]Is\/ASpØp≈
A`n`mjIs\ ImWn°pI. icntbm sXt‰m F∂p t\m°pI.
sX‰ph∂sXßs\sb∂v BtemNn°pI. XncpØpI.
z \nßfpsS kao]Øp≈ Hcp knhn¬ tImSXn kμ¿in°pI.
c≠p aWn°q¿ t\csa¶nepw AhnsSbncp∂v Imcyßƒ
{i≤n°pI. \S]Sn {Iaßƒ a\knem°pI. \nßƒ
tImSXnbn¬ \n∂pw a\ n em°nb Imcyßƒ
Ipdn®psh°pI. Ignbpsa¶n¬ Ipd®pIqSn Znhk ßfn¬
tImSXnbn¬ t]mhpI. IqSpX¬ Imcyßƒ a\knem°m≥
{ian°pI.
z \nßƒ Ipd®pt]¿ tN¿∂v Hcp tImSXn cq]oIcn°pI. Hcp
X¿°hnjbw FSpØv hnNmcW sNbvXv, hmZßƒ D∂bn®v,
]cntim[n®v hn[n]dbpI. PUv P nbpw A`n`mjIcpw
I£nIfpw km£nIfpw F√mw \nßfn¬ \n∂pamIs´.
38
]m-Tw- 7
k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-kv-
Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-Ww- A-Y-hm- `-c-W-\n¿-h-l-W-sØ-°pdn-®v- 4˛mw
]mTØn¬ ]d- ™ p.- C- X n- s \- √ mw- a- { ¥n- a m¿- a m- { Xw- a- X n- t bm- ? -
\n-ßf - p-sS- \m-ń¬- H-cp- Ip-‰IrXyw- \-S° - p-∂p.- A-sX-°pdn-®v- t\-cn-
´v- A-t\z-jn-®v- tI-sk-Sp-t°-≠X - v- B-cm-Wv?- - B-`y-¥c - a- {- ¥n-tbm- A-
tXm- kv-Y-e-sØ- t]m-eo-kv- k-_v- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S-tdm-?-
D-Ø-cw- hy-Iv-Xw.- kv-Y-e-sØ- k-_v- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S¿.-
A-Xp-t]m-se- \n-ß-fp-sS- \m-ń¬- H-cmƒ-°v- tcm-Kw-h-∂m¬-
k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se- tUm-Iv-Sdp-sS- A-Sp-tØ-°m-Wv- A-bmƒ-
t]m-hp-I.- A-√m-sX- B-tcm-Ky-a-{¥n-bp-sS- A-Sp-tØ-°-√.-
t]m-eo-kv- C≥-kv-s]-Iv-S¿,- k¿°m¿- tUm-Iv-S¿-am¿,- k¿°m¿
Hm-ô-kp-I-fn-se- ¢¿-°p-am¿,- C-X-c- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m¿,- I-e-Iv-S¿-
C-h-sc-√mw- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿Xs∂.-
C-h-sc- B-cm-Wv- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-?-
Fw.-F¬.-F-am-sc-bpw- Fw.-]n-am-sc-bpw- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-
t]m-se- \n-ßf - p-sS- Pn-√b - n-se- I-eI - vS- s
- d- \n-ßƒ-°v- sX-cs - ™-Sp-
°m≥- I-gn-bp-tam-?-
C-√.- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m-sc,- k¿-°m¿- Po-h-\-°m-sc- sX-c-s™-
Sp-°p-∂-Xv- P-\-ß-f-√.- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv.- A-h-sc-
"C-eI - vS- v' s
- N-øp-Ib - √- ,- "sk-eI - vS- v'- sN-øp-Ib - m-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- hy-IvX - -
am-b- am-\-Z-Wv-Uw- th-Ww.- k¿-°m¿- D-tZym-K-kv-Y¿- Im-cy-\n¿-h-
l-W-ta-J-e-bn-se- "-kv-Yn-c-hn-`m-Kw-'- B-Wv.- cm-jv-{So-b-hn-`m-Kw- (a-
{¥n-am¿)- `-c-Ww- amdp-∂-X-\p-k-cn-®v- amdn-h-cpw.- F-∂m¬,- `-c-Ww-
amdp-∂-X-\pk-cn-®v- k¿-°m¿- Po-h-\-°m¿- amdp-∂p-t≠m-?- A-ß-
s\-sb-¶n¬- F-¥m-bn-cn-°pw- A-h-kv-Y?
H-cp- k¿-°m-cn-s≥d- Im-e-Øv- k¿-°m¿- tPm-en- t\-Sn-b-h-sc-
sbm-s°- th-sdm-cp- k¿-°m¿- h-∂m¬- ]n-cn-®p-hn-´m-e-sØ- kv-Yn-
Xn- F-¥m-bn-cn-°pw-?-
A-Xp- \-S∏ - n-√.- k¿-°m¿- Po-h\ - °- m-cp-sS- tk-h\ - I- m-ew- \n-iN v- -
39
bn-°m-\pw- A-hs - c- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂X - n-\p-sa-√mw- hy-IX v- a- m-b- \n-ba - ß
- -
fpw- hy-hk - vY
- I
- f
- pw th-Ww.- A-sX-°pdn-s®-√m-am-Wv- `-cW - L - S- \- b - p-
sS- 309,- 310,- 311 A-\p-tO-Zß - ƒ- ]d-bp-∂X - .v - F-∂m¬-, k¿-°m¿- Po-
h-\-°m-sc- sX-c-s™-Sp-°p∂-Xn-t\m-?-
A-Xdn-bm≥- 320˛mw- A-\p-tO-Zw- t\m-°-Ww.- A-Xm-Wv- ]-ªn-
Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j≥- kw_\v[n® A-\p-tO-Zw.-
tI-{μ bq-Wn-b\ - v- H-cp- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j≥-- ˛ bq-Wn-b≥-
]- ª n- I v - k¿- h o- k v - I- Ω o- j ≥- . kw- k v - Y m- \ - ß ƒ- ° v - sh- t Δ- s d-
kw-kv-Ym-\- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ.-
tI-cf - - kw-kvY - m-\Ø - n-se- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-js - ≥d- t]-cv
˛ t-- I-cf- - ]-ªn-I-v k¿-ho-k-v I-Ωo-j≥-- (sI.-]n.-Fk - .v k- n-). Nn-e- kw-kY -v m-
\-ßƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-hm-bpw- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j-\m-Imw.-
I-Ωo-j-\n¬- sN-b¿-am≥- D-≠m-Ipw.- Aw-K-ß-fpw- D-≠m-Ipw.-
A-h-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv- bq-Wn-b≥- I-Ωo-j-s≥d- Im-cy-Øn¬-
cmjv{S]Xn.- kw-kv-Ym-\- I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- K-h¿-Wdpw.-
]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j\ - p-Iƒ- kz-X{- ¥-am-b- `-cW - L - S- \ - m- kvY - m-]-
\-ßf - m-Wv.- A-Xn-s≥d- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- ƒ- kp-Ka - a
- m-bn- \-S∂ - m¬-am-{X-
ta- cm-Py-sØ- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- cw-Kw- i-IvX - h - pw- hn-iz-k\ - o-bh - p-
am-Iq.-
i-cn-bm-b- hn-[-Øn¬- a-Xv-k-c- ]-co-£-Iƒ- \-S-°-Ww.- i-cn-bm-
b- hn-[-Øn¬- aq-ey-\n¿-W-b-hpw- C≥d¿-hyq-hpw- D-≠m-h-Ww.- sX-
c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fp-sS- en-kv-‰v- X-ømdm-°-Ww.-
k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-kn-te-°v- am-{X-a-√- \n-b-am-\p-kr-Xw- D-≠m-
°n-bn-´p-≈- a-‰p- kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-epw- D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw-
tbm-Ky-cm-b- B-fp-Is - f- sX-cs - ™-Sp-t°-≠X - v- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-
Ωo-j-\m-Wv.- (321mw- A-\p-tO-Zw)-
D-Zm-l-c-Ww.-
z tI-c-fm- kv-t‰-‰v- C-e-Iv-{Sn-kn-‰n- t_m¿-Uv-
z tI-c-fm- kv-t‰-‰v- tdm-Uv- {Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v- tIm¿-∏-td-j≥-
z Pn-√m- k-l-I-c-W- _m-¶v-
\n-ßƒ-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-h-:
z A-Sp-ØI
- m-eØ
- -v ]-{X-ßf
- n¬- h-∂- ]-ªn-I-v k¿-ho-k-v I-Ωo-j\
- p-
I-fp-sS- c-≠v- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\-ßƒ- G-sX-¶n-epw- ti-J-cn-°p-I.-
z A- h - b n¬- ]d- ™ - {]- [ m- \ - Im- c y- ß ƒ- F- s ¥m- s °- F- ∂ v -
tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.-
z ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- I-Ωo-j\ - n-te-°v- tPm-en-°m-bn- k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂-
A-t]-£b - p-sS- H-cp- am-Xr-I- kw-LS- n-∏n-°p-I.- A-X-v ]-cn-tim-[n-®p-
t\m-°p-I.- A-hb - n¬- B-hi - y-s∏-´- {]-[m-\- hn-hc
- ß
- ƒ- F-s¥-
√msa-∂v- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.-
40
]mTw 8
A[nImcw P\ßfnte°v
]-©m-bØ- n-cm-Pv-
"-"-kzm-X-{¥yw- A-Sn-Ø-ń¬-\n-∂m-cw-`n-°-Ww.-
Hm-tcm- {Km-a-hpw- ]q¿-W- A-[n-Im-c-ßfp≈- Hm-tcm- dn-∏-ªn-
t°m- ]-©m-b-tØm- B-I-Ww.-'-'- C-Xv- ]d-™-Xv- \-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-{S-
]n-Xm-hv- Km-\v-[n-Pn.- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-te-°v- cm-Py-sØ- \-bn-°p-∂-
Xn¬- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√- A-t±-lw- \-ap-°v- am¿-K-Z¿-i-\w- \¬-In-b-
Xv.- kz-X-{¥`m-c-Xw- F-ß-s\- sI-ń-∏-Sp-°-W-sa-∂- Im-cy-Øn-epw-
A-t±-l-Øn-\v- kp-\n-iv-Nn-X-am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-
h-bp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- A-Xn-{]-[m-\-am-b- H-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- ]-©m-b-Øn-
cm-Pv- F-∂- k-¶¬-∏w.- C-¥y- {Km-a-ß-fn-em-Wv- Po-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂-
Km-\v-[n-b≥- Z¿-i-\w- {]-kn-≤-am-W-t√m.- "-{Km-a-kz-cm-Pv-'- B-Wv- Km-
\v-[n-bp-sS- kz-]v-\w.- Cu- h-gn-°pw- D-≠m-bn- \n-b-a-ßƒ.-
]-©m-bØ
- n-cm-P- `cWLS\m
v- t`ZKXnIƒ
C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\- 1950˛¬- \-S-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- "-]-©m-b-
Øn-cm-Pv-'- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\v- A-Xn¬- kv-Ym-\w-sIm-Sp-°m≥- \-ap-°v-
I-gn-bm-sX-t]m-bn.- ]-I-cw- "-kw-kv-Ym-\ß-fp-sS- bq-Wn-b≥-'- B-b-
H-cn-¥y-°v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv- \mw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- C-sXm-cp- t]m-
cm-bv-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-ta-cn-°≥- co-Xn-bn¬- kw-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS- H-
cp- bq-Wn-b≥- F-∂-\n-e-bn¬- am-{Xw- \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ- Im-Wm-
hp-∂X-√. Km-\v-[n-Pn- ]d-™Xpt]mse- {Km-a-ßƒ- F-∂- sIm-®p-
dn-∏-ªn-°p-I-fn-te-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- hn-tI-{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww.-
Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- "{KmakzcmPv' F∂ BibsØ°pdn®v \n-
ßƒ- tI-ń-´p-≠m-hp-a-t√m.- 1992˛¬- \mw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®v- \-S-∏m-°n-b-
]-©m-b-Øo-cm-Pv- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-
I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp-≈- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- ]-cn-{i-a-am-Wv.- `-c-W-L-
S-\-bn¬- c-≠p- `m-K-ßƒ- F-gp-Xn-t®¿-°p-I-bm-Wv- C-Xn-\m-bn- \mw-
sN-bv-X-Xv.-
]- © m- b - Ø p- I ƒ- 9mw- ` m- K - a m- b pw- ap- \ n- k n- ∏ m- e n- ‰ n- I ƒ- 9F-
41
`m-K-am-bpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- F-gp-Xn-t®¿-Øp.- A-tXm-sS- C-¥y-
bp-sS- cq-]-L-S-\-X-s∂- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- am-‰-Øn-\v- hn-t[-b-
am-bn.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- cmjv{SØn-s≥-d- A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw- I¿-Ø-hy-
ß-fpw- "-bq-Wn-b≥',- "kw-kv-Ym-\ßƒ--'- F-∂o- c-≠p- L-S-I-ßƒ-
°n-S-bn¬- ho-Xn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-
X-e-Øn¬-X-s∂- A-[n-Im-c hn-tI{μo-I-c-Ww- hn-`m-h-\w-sN-ø-s∏-
ń-cn-°p-∂p.- P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-sØ°pdn-®v- \n-ßƒ- tI-ń-´p-≠m-
hp-a-t√m.-
{Km-aß
- f- pw- \-Kc- ß
- f- pw
{Km-a-ßƒ-, \-K-c-ß-fm-bn- cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- {Km-
a-ßƒ, sNdn-b- \-K-c-ßƒ,- h-en-b- \-K-c-ßƒ- F-∂n-h-bv-°p-Iq-Sn-
`-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- kv-Ym-\w-\¬-In-s°m-≠m-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-
K-Xn- D-≠m-b-Xv.- C-¥y-bn-se- kw-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS- t]-cp-hn-h-cw- Im-
Wn-°p-∂- H-cp- ]-ń-I- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠v.- H-∂mw- ]-ń-I-- C-¥y-
bn-se- {Km-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \-K-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw- t]-cv- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬- A-Xn-\v- A-\-h-[n- t]-Pp-Iƒ- th-≠n-h-cpw.-
A-h-bp-sS- t]-cp-Iƒ- Dƒ-s]-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- A-h-sb- t]-sc-
Sp-Øp- ]d-™p-sIm-≠v- K-h¿-W¿-am¿- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\w- ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-
°-W-sa-∂v- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- {Km-a-ßƒ-°v- ]-©m-
b-Øp-I-fpw- \-K-c-ßƒ-°v- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-am-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\-
\n¿-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.-
]-©m-bØ
- p-Iƒ aq-∂v- X-eß
- f- n¬-
H-t∂m- A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam- {Km-a-ßƒ-°v- H-cp- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv,- H-
cp- Pn-√-bn-se- ap-gp-h≥- {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- H-cp- Pn-√m-
]-©m-b-Øv.- C-h- c-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬- G-Xm-\pw- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-
Iƒ- Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂- C-S-\n-e- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ.- C-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ]-
©m- b - Ø p- I - f p- s S- kw- h n- [ m- \ w.- tI- c - f - ]- © m- b - Ø n- c m- P v - \n-
baØn¬- C-S-\n-e- ]-©m-b-Øn-\v- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b-Øv- F-∂m-Wv-
t]-cv- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-20 e-£-Øn¬- I-hn-bm-Ø- P-\-kw-Jy-
bp-≈- kw-kv-Ym-\ß-fn¬- C-S-\n-e- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- cq-]o-I-cn-t°-
≠-Xn-√.-
Hm-tcm- Pn-√-bn-se-bpw- {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ- ap-gp-h-\pw- Pn-√m-]-
©m-b-Øn-s≥d- A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬- h-cpw.- A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xv-
\-K-c-ß-fmbn- amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- {Km-a-ß-tfm,- sNdn-b- \-K-c-
ß-tfm,- h-en-b- \-Kc-ß-tfm- B-bn-cn-°pw.- {Km-a-ß-sf- A-t]-£n-
®v- \-K-c-ßƒ- Hm-tcm- Pn-√-bn-epw- ssI-hn-c-en¬- F-Æm≥-am-{X-ta-
D-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q.- C-¥y- ap-gp-h-\m-bn- F-Sp-Øm¬- 80 i-X-am-\-Øn-
e-[n-Iw- {]-tZ-i-ß-fpw- {Km-a-ß-fmWv.- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-sf-°mƒ-
F-{X-tbm- a-S-ßp-h-cpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS- F-Æw.- C-¥y≥- P-\m-
42
[n-]-Xy-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-I-fm-Wv- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ.-1992 h-
sc -]-©m-b-Øp-I-sf A-h-K-Wn-®p -sIm-≠v- ap-t∂m-´p-t]m-Im-\p-
≈- {i-a-am-bn-cp-∂p- \mw- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-
K-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS- \mw- Cu- sX-‰v- Xn-cp-Øm≥- {i-an-®n-cn°p-∂p.- B-
{i-aw- hn-P-bn-∏n-t°-≠-Xpw- \mw-X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-em-h-[n-
kp\niv-Nn-X-am-°p-∂p.- ta¬-]d-™- `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-°v- ap-
ºpw- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ- Ipd-™- B-
]-©m-b-Øp-I-sf-°pdn-®v- \n-ßƒ-°v- t\-cn-´dn-hp-≠m-In-√.- ho-ń¬-
sN-∂v- A-Nv-O-t\m-Spw- A-Ω-tbm-Spw- A-tX-°pdn-®v- tNm-Zn-®p-t\m-
°q.- 1992-˛\v- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- F-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-∂v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- C-t∏m-g-sØ- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°v- A-h-
sb- A-t]-£n-®p-≈- {]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ- F-s¥-√m-am-Wv-?- H-cp- A-t\z-
j-Ww- \-S-Øn-t\m-°q.- H-cp- Ipdn-∏v- X-ømdm-°n- sIm-≠p-h-cq.- ap-
º-sØ- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬- Ir-Xy-am-bn- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-S-
°mdn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- Nn-e- h-S-t°- C-¥y≥- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- c-≠v-
]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fw- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-°m-Xn-cp-∂- ]-©m-b-Øp-
Iƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- B- kv-Yn-Xn- amdn.- ]m¿-e-sa≥dn-
s≥d-bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-em-h-[n- A-©p-sIm-
√-am-bn- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.- (A-\p-tO-
Zw- 83,- 172).- A-Xn-e-∏pdw- B-h-cp-Xv- F-∂pw- A-tXm-sSm-∏w- ]d-bp-
∂p-≠v.- A-tX- hm-°p-I-fn¬-X-s∂- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-
kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- Im-em-h-[n-bpw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-
sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-
bpw- Im-cy-Øn¬- Cu- Im-em-h-[n- I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- sX-c-s™-
Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-S-Ø-W-sa-∂v- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
[\ImcyIΩoj≥
]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-K-Xn- ap-tJ-\- H-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\ [-\-Im-cy-
I-Ωo-j≥-Iq-Sn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂n-cn-°-bm-Wv.- 9,- 9 F- `m-K-ß-fn¬- [-
\-Imcy-IΩ - o-js - \- kw-_\
- [
v- n-®v- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- kw-kY
v- m-\Øn-s≥-d
\n-Ip-Xn-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬- ]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ-°pw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ-
°pw- \¬-tI-≠ hn-ln-X-hpw- k-lm-b-[-\-hpw- F-{X-bm-bn-cn-°-W-
sa-∂v- K-h¿-W¿-°v- ip-]m¿-i-\¬-Ip-I-bm-Wv- I-Ωo-j-s≥d- {]-[m-
\- Np-a-X-e.- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fp-sS-bpw- [-
\-kv-Yn-Xn- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- ip-]m¿-i-sN-øp-∂-Xpw-
I-Ωo-j-s≥d- Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv.- `-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- F-√m- ]u-c-∑m¿-
°pw- A-h-k-cw- \¬-Ip-∂p.-
43
1992-˛se- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-K-Xn- Hm-tcm- ]u-c-\pw- cm-jv-{S
-Øn-s≥d- Im-cy-ßƒ- t\-cn-´v- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- H-c-h-k-c-sam-cp-
°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Xm-Wv- {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ.- H-cp- {Km-a-k-`-bp-sS- {]-tZ-i-
Øn¬- thm-´¿-]-ń-I-bn¬- t]-cp-≈- F-√m-h-cpw- {Km-a-k-`-bn-se- Aw-
K-ß-fm-Wv.- ]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-Øv- tdm-a≥- dn-∏-ªn-°n¬- A-ß-s\-bm-
bn-cp-∂p- F-∂m-Wv- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿- ]d-bp-∂-Xv.- H-cp- {]-tZ-i-
sØ- B-fp-Iƒ- H-∂n-®n-cp-∂v- Im-cy-ßƒ- N¿-®-sN-bv-Xv- Xo-cp-am-\-
sa-Sp-Øv- {]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-°p-∂- H-cp- co-Xn- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-c-X-Øn-
epw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-
∂p-≠v.-
{Kmak`bpsS NpaXeIƒ
{Km-a-k-`-I-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e-I-sf-s¥-√m-am-Wv-?- tI-c-f- ]-©m-b-Øn-
cm-Pv- \n-b-a-Øn¬- A-°m-cyw- A-°-an-´v- ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.-
1. {Km- a - Ø n- s ≥d- hn- I - k - \ - ] - ≤ - X n- I ƒ- X- ø mdm- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ pw-
t{]m-Xv-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- k-lm-bw-\¬-Ip-I.- A-h-bp-sS-
\-S-Øn-∏n-\v- ta¬-t\m-´w-h-ln-°p-I.-
2.- ]-©m-b-Øn-se- hn-hn-[- P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ- X-Ωn¬- ku-lr-Z-
hpw- sF-Iy-hpw- h-f¿-Øp-I.-
3.- km-aq-ln-I-t£-a- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n- {i-a-Zm-\w- kzo-I-cn-
°p-I.- km-[-\-ß-tfm- ]-W-tam- B-bn-´p-≈- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ-
k-am-l-cn-°p-I.-
4.- {Km-a-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- \n¿-h-l-W-
Øn¬- k-lm-bn-°p-I.-
5.- X-ß-fp-sS- {]-tZ-i-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS-
bpw- t£-a-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\m-bn- Kp-W-t`m-
Iv-Xm-°-sf- I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬- k-lm-bn-°p-I.-
6.- km-£-c-Xm-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- \-S-Øn-∏n-\p-th-≠- \n¿-t±-i-
ßƒ- N¿-®- sN-øp-I-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- \n¿-Δ-l-W-Øn-\v- k-lm-
bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-I.-
{Km-a-Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥d- F-√m- ta-J-e-I-sf-bpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-
h-bm-Wv- ta¬-∏d-™- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- F-∂v- Im-Wm≥- hn-j-a-an-√.-
{Km-a-k-`-I-fn¬- \n-£n-]v-X-am-b- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- Iq-Sn- P-\-ßƒ- kz-
¥w- I-øn¬ -X-s∂- sh-®n-cn-°p-∂- Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv.- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-
L-S-\- cq-]-I¬-∏-\ sN-øp-∂- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-se- D-Pv-
Pz-e-am-b- h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv- C-Xp-h-gn- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ-
°v- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- `-c-W-L-S-\m- ]-Z-hn- \¬-Ip-∂p-
44
≠v- F-∂-Xpw- {i-t≤-bam-Wv.-
hm¿-Up- I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ-
aq-∂p-e-£-tam- A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- G-sXm-cpap-
\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn-epw- Hm-tcm- hm¿-Un-epw- Hm-tcm- hm¿-Uv- I-Ωn-‰n-
cq-]o-I-cn-°-Ww.- hm¿-Uv- I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬- Xm-sg-∏d-bp-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-
\n-∂v- Hm-tcm- B-sf-\m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-Ww.-
(1)- hm¿-Un-se- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn-se- X-e-h-∑m¿.-
(2)- hm¿-Un-se- lu-knw-Kv- tIm-f-\n-I-fn-se- Xm-a-k-°m-cp-sS- kw-
L-S-\-I-fp-sS- {]-kn-U≥dp-am¿.-
(3)- ]n- t ∂m- ° - h n- ` m- K - ° m- c p- s S- hn- I - k - \ skm- s sk- ‰ n- I - f p- s S-
{]-kn-U≥dp-am¿.-
(4)- {]-[m-\- hy-h-km-b- hm-Wn-Py- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-
Iƒ.-
(5)- hym-]m-cnkw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-
(6)- Aw-Ko-Ir-X- sXm-gn-em-fn- bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-
(7)- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-ß-fn-se- bq-Wn-b≥- sN-b¿-am≥-am¿.-
(8)- I-em- Im-bn-I- kmw-kv-°m-cn-I- kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-
Iƒ.-
(9)- k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn-se- tUm-Iv-S¿-am¿.-
(10) k-∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-
(11)- ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS- aq-∂p- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ.-
sNb¿t]gv k ¨, hm¿Unse Iu¨knedpambn Btem
Nn®pthWw Cßs\ \ma\n¿tZiw sNøm≥.
]- © m- b - Ø p- I - f n- s e- {Km- a - k - ` - I - f p- s S- A- t X- Np- a - X - e - I ƒ-
ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn-se- hm¿-Up- I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ-°pw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°-
bm-Wv.-
B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-‰n-°v- `-cW
- L
- S- \
- m- hy-hk
- vY
- -
H-cp- [-\-Im-cy- I-Ωo-j-\v- hy-h-kv-Y- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- t\-c-sØ-
bp- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p.- H- c p- kw- k v - Y m- \ - [- \ - I m- c y- I- Ω o- j ≥- Iq- S n-
]-©m-b-Øv- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ-°v- hy-h-kv-Y- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xm-bn- \mw-
a-\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.- B-kq-{X-W-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®- H-cp- hy-h-kv-
Y- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-
Wv-:-- "-"-Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\Øn-epw- Hm-tcm- Pn-√-bn-te-bpw- ]-©m-b-
Øp-I-fpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw- X-ømdm-°p-∂- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-
45
H-∂n-®p tN¿-Øv- Pn-√-bv-°v- ap-gp-h-\m-bn- H-cp- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn- X-
ømdm-°m≥- Pn-√m-X-e-Øn¬- H-cp- Pn-√m- B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-‰n- cq-]-
h¬-°-cn-°-Ww-'-'.- t\-c-sØ- B-kq-{X-W-]-≤-Xn-I-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-
®v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- H-∂pw- ]d-™n-cp-∂n-√.- F-∂m¬- B-kq-{X-
W- I-Ωo-j≥- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- cq-]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- ]-©-
h¬-k-c- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- H-∂n-\p- ]pd-sI- H-∂m-bn- cq-]-I¬-∏-\- sN-bv-
Xv- \-S-∏n-em-°n.- C-h-sb-√mw- tI-{μ-X-e-Øn¬- \n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂p- am-{Xw.- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw- A-Xn-\v- ]-Ww-
I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xpw- kw-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS- hn-ln-Xw- \n-iv-N-bn-°p-∂-
Xpw- F-√mw- bq-Wn-b≥- X-e-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- A-[n-Im-c- tI-{μo-I-c-
W-Øn-s≥d- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-W-Xv.- B- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-Øn¬- t\m-°p-
tºm-gm-Wv- cm-jv-{S- ]p-\¿-\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-se- a¿-Ω-{]-[m-\-am-b- hn-
I-k-\-ta-J-e-bn-epw- hn-tI-{μo-I-c-W-cw-K-Øpw- \mw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-
]-c-am-b- H-cp- hn-π-hw- \-S-Øn-b-Im-cyw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- a-\- n-em-hp-
I.-
hn-Ik - w- A-Sn-Ø´- n¬-\n-
- \ \n-∂v-
]-©m-b-Øv- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-Ø-ń-ep-≈-Xm-W-t√m-
{Km-a-k-`-Iƒ.- tI-c-f- ]-©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv- \n-baØn¬-- {Km-a-k-`-I-fp-
sS- Np-a-X-e-I-fn¬- A-X-Xv- {]-tZ-i-Øn-s≥d- hn-I-k-\m-h-iy-ß-fpw-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn- \mw- I-≠p-h-t√m.- {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ- \¬-
Ip-∂- \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ- k-am-l-cn-®v- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ- Hm-tcm-
h¿-j-hpw- A-Sp-Ø- h¿-j-tØ-°p-≈- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq-
]w- \¬-I-Ww.- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- k-
am-l-cn-®v- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-tS-
Xv- k-am-l-cn-®v- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°v- cq-
]w-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- X-e-Øn¬- H-cp- ]-≤-Xn- X-ømdm-
°-Ww.- Pn-√m-]-©m-b-Øn-s≥d-bpw- Pn-√-bn-se- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-
fp-sS-bpw- hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- k-am-l-cn-®v- Pn-√-bv-°v- ap-gp-h-\m-bn-
H-cp- ]-≤-Xn-°v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv- Pn-√m- B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-‰n-
bp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- Np-a-X-e.-
hnh-cm-hI
- mi \nbaw
k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Iƒ, k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ, Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-
c- W - ÿ m- ] - \ - ß ƒ, CX- c - s ]m- X p- ÿ m- ] - \ - ß ƒ F∂n- h - b n¬
\n∂pw Imcy-ßƒ tcJm-aqew Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw s]mXp-
P-\-ßƒ°p-s≠∂v {]Jym-]n-°p∂ hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw (Right
to Information Act) 2005 ¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. tI{μ \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv.
F¥phn[-Øn-ep≈ hnh-c-ßfpw tcJ-I-fpamWv- th≠-sX∂p
46
ImWn®v _‘- s ∏´ ÿm]- \ - Ø nse C≥^¿ta- j ≥ Hmô-
k¿°mWv l¿Pn sImSp-t°-≠-Xv. hnh-c-ßƒ \n›nX ka-b-
Øn-\p-≈n¬ \¬Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ ]ng-b-S-bvt°≠n
hcpw.
tcJ-Ifpw hnh-cßfpw cl-ky-am-°n-sh-®p-sIm≠v Agn-a-
Xnbpw {Ia-t°-Sp-Ifpw \S-Øp∂ Zpxÿn-Xn°v hncm-a-an-SpI F∂-
Xp-IqSn hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-Øns‚ e£y-am-Wv. k¿°m-cn\pw
P\-ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ cl-ky-ßƒ th≠ F∂-XmWv Cu \nb-a-
Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb \ne-]m-Sv. F∂m¬ cmPy kpc£, tIk-
t\z-jWw, hy]mc cl-ky-ßƒ, tImSXn hne-°nb Imcy-ßƒ,
hy‡n-bpsS kzIm-cyX XpS-ßnb Hcp-Iq´w Imcy-ßƒ°v hnh-
cm-h-Imiw _m[-I-a-√. AØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-
°m≥ ]uc-∑m¿°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-hp-I-bn√ F∂¿∞w. \nb-a-
Øns‚ 8˛mw hIp-∏n¬ BWv Ch ]d-™n-´p-f-f-Xv.
Gsd hnπ-h-I-c-amb Hcp \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv. \ΩpsS P\m-[n-]-
Xy-Øns‚ kqcy tXP- v !
z \n-ß-fp-sS- \m-ń¬- {Km-a-k-`- Iq-Sp-tºmƒ- ap≥-Iq-ń- A-\p-hm-Zw-
hm-ßn- A-Xn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-I.- A-hn-sS- \-S-°p-∂- Im-cy-ßƒ-
{i-≤n-°p-I.- A-h- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn- H-cp- Ipdn-∏p- X-ømdm-°p-I.-
A-Ø-cw- H-cp- k-`-bn¬,- A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- \n-
ßƒ- F-s¥-√mw- Im-cy-ßƒ- D-∂-bn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-?-
-z \n-ß-fp-sS A-b¬-]-°-Øp-≈- A-t©m- ]-tØm- Iq-´p-Im-cp-am-

bn- tN¿-∂v- {Km-a-k-`-bp-sS- cq-]-Øn¬- H-cp- "-_m-e-k-`-'- cq-]o-I-
cn-®p- t\m-°p-I.- kz-¥w- {]-tZ-i-Øn-s≥d- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw- ]p-
tcm K-Xn-°pw- t£-a-Øn-\pw- k-am-[m-\-Øn-\pw- th-≠n- F-s¥-
√mw sN-øm≥- I-gn-bp-sa-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- H-cp- Ipdn-∏p- X-ømdm-°p-
I.- Ip-ń-I-fm-b- \n-ßƒ-°v- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- F-s¥-√mw- sN-øm-
\m-Ip-sa-∂v- B-tem-Nn-®v- H-cp- "-{]-h¿-Ø-\-tc-J-'- X-ømdm-°p-I.-
A-[ym-]-I-s≥d-bpw- -c-£n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw-- A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS- A-
Xv- {]m-h¿-Øn-Iam-°p-I.
47
]m-Tw- 9
a-\p-jym-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ-
tem-I-{]-kn-≤- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw- t\m-_¬-k-Ωm-\- tP-Xm-
hp-am-b- am¿-Iz-kn-s\-°pdn-®v- tI-ń-´p-t≠m.- am¿-Iz-kv- t\m-_¬-
k-Ωm-\w- kzo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- \-S-Øn-b- {]-kw-K-Øn¬- ]d-™p-:--
"-"-H-cmƒ- F-ß-s\- a-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m≥-
I-gn-bm-Ø- tem-Iw- D-≠m-I-Ww.- A-Xm-Wv- F-s≥d- kz-]v-\w.-'-'-
F-∂p-h-®m¬- bp-≤-Øn-em-I-s´,- A-{I-a-Øn-em-I-s´,- e-l-f-I-
fn-em-I-s´- a-\p-jy≥- a-\p-jy-s\- sIm-√p-∂- A-h-kv-Y- C-√m-Xm-I-
Ww.-
"-"-sIm-e-sN-ø-cp-Xv-'-'- F-∂v- _p-≤-\pw- {In-kv-Xp-hpw- ap-X¬- Km-\v-
[n-Pn- h-sc-bp-≈- a-l-Øp-°ƒ- ]d-™p.-
Po-hn-°m-\p-≈- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-sØ-°pdn-®v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw-
]d-bp-∂p.- (A-\p-tO-Zw- 21)-
A-sXm-cp- a-\p-jym-h-Im-iw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ-
]-e-Xpw- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬- au-en-Im-h-Im-
i-ß-sf-°mƒ- hn-]p-e-hpw- hn-im-e-hp-am-Wv- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-
sS- ta-J-e.-
"-"-a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ- F-∂m¬- Po-h≥,- kzm-X-{¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,-
A-¥- v- F-∂n-h-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-®pw- Hm-tcm- a-\p-jy-\pw- `-c-W-L-
S-\- Dd-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- A-Y-hm- C-¥y-bn-se- tIm-S-
Xn-Iƒ-°v- \-S-∏m-°m-hp-∂- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- I-cmdp-I-fn¬- Dƒ-s°m-
≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- F-∂m-Wv- A¿-∞w.-'-'- 1986˛se- a-
\p-jym-h-Im-i- \n-b-a-Øn-se- \n¿-h-N-\-am-Wv- ta-ep-≤-cn-®-Xv.- A-
ta-cn-°≥- sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- C-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- G-
Xm-\pw- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-Xp-sh-®n-´p-≠v, "-_n¬- Hm-
48
^v- ssd-‰v-kv-'- F-∂- t]-cn¬.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- \n¿-an-°-s∏-´- a-‰p-cm-
Py-ß-fn-se- `-c-W-L-S-\-I-fn-epw- Cu- A-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°v- {]m-[m-
\yw-\¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- {_n-´-\n¬- H-cp- en-Jn-X- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-√.- {_n-
ó-jv- P-\-X- cm-Pm-hn-s\s°m-≠v- H-∏n-Sp-hn-®- am-Kv-\-°m¿-´-bn-ep-
≈-Xv- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fm-Wv.- {_n-´\n-se-\n-b-a-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS-
A-Sn-Ød-bm-b- km-am-\y- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ- Dƒ-
s∏-Spw.- C-h-sb- adn-I-S-°m≥- cm-Pm-hn-t\m- (cm-Pv-Rn-t°m)- ]m¿-e-
sa≥dn-t\m- A-[n-Im-c-an-√.- Io-gv-h-g-°w- ew-Ln-°-s∏-´- N-cn-{X-an-√.-
a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ- F-∂- t]-cv- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬-h-∂-Xv- sF-Iy-
cm-jv-{S-k-`- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-
bp-sS- 1948˛se- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- {]-Jym-]-\w- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-
fp-sS- H-cp- B-[n-Im-cn-I- tc-J-bm-Wv.-
1993˛-se- a-\p-jym-hI
- m-i- kw-c£
- W
- - \n-ba- w-
an-°- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf-bpw- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\- au-en-Im-
h-Im-i-ßƒ F-∂-\n-e-bn¬- kw-c-£n-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v- \mw- I-≠p.- A-
°m-cyw- Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p-≈ _m-[y-X- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°pw- ssl-
t°m-S-XnIƒ-°pw- D-s≠-∂pw- \mw- I-≠p.- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- tIm-S-
Xn-Iƒ- Pm-K-cq-I-cm-Wv.- C-ß-s\-sbm-s°-bp-s≠-¶n-epw- a-\p-jym-
h-Im-i- ew-L-\-ßƒ- Gdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-¥y-bn¬- am-{X-a-
√-, tem-I-sa-ºm-Spw- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- \-S-
∂- ]-e- k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn-epw- Cu- Im-cy-Øn¬- Aw-K-cm-jv-{S-ßƒ-
°p-≈- D-Xv-I-Wv-T-{]-I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ-am-
{Xw- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈- H-cp- kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-s≥d-
B-h-iy-I-X- F-√m-h¿-°pw- t_m-[y-s∏-´p.- A-°m-cy-Øn¬- C-¥y-
bp-sS- H-cp- {]-[m-\- Im¬-sh-∏m-Wv- 1993˛se- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- \n-b-
aw.-
a-\p-jym-hI
- m-i- I-Ωo-j\
- p-Iƒ-
tI-{μk¿°m¿- H-cp- tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j≥- cq-]o-
I-cn-°-Ww.- Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿°mcpw- kw-kvYm-\- a-\p-jym-
h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j≥- cq-]o-I-cn-°-Ww.- \n-b-a-Øn-se- Cu- A-\p-im-
k-\-a-\p-k-cn-®v- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´- tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-
Ωo-j-\pw- kw-kv-Ym-\- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fpw- C-∂v- k-
Po-h-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.-
A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw-
A-t\z-j-W-Øn¬- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ew-L-\w- \-S-∂-Xm-bn-
I-Ωo-j-\v- t_m-[y-s∏-´m¬- Xp-S¿-s∂-Sp-t°-≠- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- Xm-sg-
]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.-
49
1.- Ip- ‰ w- s N- b v - X - Bƒ- s °- X n- s c- I- Ω o- j ≥- bp- I v - X - a m- s W- ∂ v -
I-cp-Xp-∂- \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥- _-\v-[-s∏-´- k¿°mcnt\mtSm-
A-[n-Ir-X-tcm-sSm- ip-]m¿-i-sN-øp-I.-
2.- \n¿-t±-i-tam- D-Ø-c-thm- tX-Sn- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-sb-tbm- ssl-
t°m-S-Xn-sb-tbm- k-ao-]n-°p-I.-
3.- ew-L-\-Øn-\n-c-bm-b- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- A-Y-hm- A-bm-fp-sS- Ip-Spw-
_-Øn-\v- B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v- I-Ωo-j≥- I-cp-Xp-∂- C-S-°m-em-
izm-kw- sIm-Sp-°m≥- _-\v-[-s∏-´- k¿°mcnt\mtSm A-[n-Ir-
X-tcm-tSm-ip-]m¿-i-sN-øp-I.-
4.- dn- t ∏m¿- ´ n- s ≥d- H- c p- tIm- ∏ n- _- \ v - [ - s ∏- ´ - k¿°mcnt\m-
A-[n-Ir-X¿-t°m- A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I.- H-cp-am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬-
A-Xn-t∑¬- F-Sp-Ø- \-S-]-Sn-sb- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- adp-]-Sn- B-cm-
bp-I.- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- ew-L-\w- \-S-∂m¬- tNm-Zn-°m-\m-fp-≠v-
F-∂ H-c-h-kv-Y- C-t∏m-gp-≠v.- C-Xp-X-s∂- h-en-b- H-cp- t\-´-am-
Wv.-
a-\p-jym-hI
- m-i- tIm-SX
- n-Iƒ-
a- \ p- j ym- h - I m- i - ß - f p- a m- b n- _- \ v- [ - s ∏- ´ - Ip- ‰ w- a m- { Xw-
ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- {]-tXy-I- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- ]-e- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-
epw- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂n-´p-≠v.- H-cp- sk-j≥-kv- P-Uv-Pn-sb- A-Ø-cw-
tI-kp-Iƒ- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm≥- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- \n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-
Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-
alm≥ ]d™p:˛ "-"-H-cmƒ- a-s‰m-cm-fp-sS- hm-°p-Iƒ- kw-Ko-Xw-
t]m-se- B-kz-Zn-°p-∂- Im-ew- h-c-Ww.-'-'-
A-Xp-X-s∂,- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ- ]q-Øp-\n¬-°p-∂- Im-e-hpw.-
IpńIfpsS AhImißƒ
IpńIsf kv t \ln°p∂ `cWLS\bmWv \ΩptSXv .
Ah¿°pth≠n {]tXyI hyhkvYIƒ BImw F∂p ]dbp∂
15˛mw A\ptOZsØ°pdn®v \mw ]Tn®p. 24˛mw A\ptOZw
_methe \ntcm[n°p∂p. \n¿t±iIXØ- z ßfn¬ NneXv
IpńIfpsS BXv a m`nam\hpw kzmX{¥yhpw ]cnc£nt°
≠Xns\°pdn®v ]dbp∂p. sIm®pIpńIsf apXn¿∂h¿ Xßfps
k¶pNnXe£yßƒ°mbn Zpcp]tbmKs∏SpØcpsX∂v 39 (C)
A\ptOZØn¬ kqN\bp≠v.
50
1989˛¬ _memhImißsf kw_\v [ n® sFIycmjv { S
k`bpsS A¥mcmjv{S {]Jym]\w D≠mbn. AXphscbp≠mb
{]Jym]\ßƒ ]eXpw AXn¬ t{ImUoIcn°s∏´p. 1993˛se
a\pjymhImißsf kw_\v [ n® hnb∂m I¨sh≥j\pw
_memhImißsf AwKoIcn®p.
s]mXpsh ]d™m¬, kwc£WØn\p≈ AhImiamWv
IpńIfpsS {]mYanIamb AhImiw. _memhImißsf
kw_\v[n® A¥mcmjv{S {]Jym]\w C¥y 1992 Unkw_dn¬
AwKoIcn®p. ]n∂oSv _me\oXn°p th≠n \msamcp {]tXyI
\nbawXs∂ \n¿Ωn®p ˛ 2000˛se _me \oXn\nbaw.
km[mcW {Inan\¬ \nbahpw {Inan\¬ \S]Sn{Iahpw A√,
IpńIfpsS ImcyØn¬ th≠Xv F∂v Cu \nbaw ]dbp∂p.
Ipń°p‰hmfnIfpsS ImcyØn¬ {]tXyI t_m¿- U pw
\nco£WKrlßfpw kv Y m]n°Wsa∂v \nbaw ]dbp∂p.
AXnep]cn, {i≤bpw ]cnNcWhpw Bhiyamb IpńIƒ°p
th≠n {]tXyI IΩn‰nIfpw _me`h\ßfpw G¿-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-
sa-∂v- \nbaw ]dbp∂p. A\mYcmb IpńIsf Aßs\ \nbaw
k\mYcm°p∂p. H∏w c£mI¿Øm°fp≠mbn´pw NqjWw
sNøs∏Sp∂ IpńIsfbpw Iem]ßfnepw Zpc¥ßfnepw
s]´pt]mIp∂ IpńIsfbpw c£n°m≥ \nbalkvXw \ofp∂p.
IpńIfpsS icnbmb ]p\c-[nhmksØ°pdn®pw kaqlhpambn
Ahsc tIm¿ØnWt°≠Xns\ °pdn®pw \nbaw ]dbp∂p.
Cu \nbaw th≠coXnbn¬ {]mh¿ØnIam°phm≥ \ap°v
Ign™nń√ F∂Xv \n¿`mKyIcamWv. sXcphn¬ ImWp∂
\ΩpsS sIm®p ktlmZcßƒ Aßs\bt√ ]dbp∂Xv?
2002 Un-kw-_¿- 12˛mw Xn-b-Xn- ]m¿-e-sa≥-dv- `-c-W-L-S-\- t`-Z-
K-Xn-sN-bv-Xv- A-Xn¬- "21 F-'- F-∂- H-cp- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- aq-∂mw- `m-
K-Øn¬- Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp.- "21 F'- hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-
sØ-°p-dn-®p- ]-d-bp-∂p.-
6 h-b- n-\pw- 14 h-b- n-\pw- C-S-bv-°p-≈- F-√m- Ip-ń-Iƒ-°pw-
ku-P-\y-hpw\n¿-∫-\v-[-hp-am-b-hn-Zym-`ym-kw- cm-jv-{Sw- G¿-∏m-Sp-
sNbv-XpsIm-Sp-°-Ww.- A-sX-ßn-s\- th-W-sa-∂v- cm-jv-{S-Øn-\v- \n-
b-aw- ap-tJ-\- \n¿-Æ-bn-°mw.- Cu- I-m-cy-Øn-ep-≈- ho-gv-N- C-\n-
bpw- Xp-S-cm-hp-∂-X-√.-
51
\n-ßƒ-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂-Xv-
z a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°pdn-®v- Cu- ]m-T-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- H-cp- G-I-
tZ-i- [m-c-W- e-`n-®p-h-t√m.-
cm-jv-{S-ßƒ- X-Ωn-ep-≈- bp-≤w- G-sX-√mw-hn-[-Øn-em-Wv- a-\p-
jym-h-Im-i-ß-sf- ew-Ln-°p-∂-Xv-?-
Nn-e- D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- H-cp- sNdn-b- Ipdn-
s∏-gp-Xm-tam-?-
z \n-ß-fp-sS- \m-ń-tem- A-Sp-Ø- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-tem- \-S-∂- a-\p-
jym-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- H-cp- Ipdn-∏p- X-ømdm-
°m-tam? t\-cn-´p- e-`n-®-tXm- ]-{X-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- ti-J-cn-®-tXm-
B-b- hn-h-c-ß-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- {i-an-®p-t\m-°p-I.-
52
`mKw c-≠v-
F{Xsb{X \nbaßƒ
53
]mTw 10
\nbaßfnte°v Hcp FØn-t\m´w
`cWLS\m-\n-baw
C¥y- kw-kv-Ym-\ßfp-sS Hcp- bq-Wn-b\m-sW∂v- ]d™p-
ht√m.-]u-c∑m¿-°p- `cWLS\ hfsc hn-es∏´ Ht´sd au-en-Im-
hIm-ißƒ- Dd∏p-\¬-Ip-∂p-s≠∂p- \mw- I≠p.- Cu- AhIm-
ißƒ- shń-°p-dbv-°p-Itbm- FSp-Øp-Ifbp-Itbm- sNøp-∂ Hcp-
\n-baØn-\pw- C¥y-bn¬- \n-e\n¬-∏n-s√∂pw- \mw- a\ n-em-°n.-
\n- b a\n¿- Ω m- W Øn- \ p- ≈ kw- h n- [ m- \ hpw- AXn- s ≥- d \S]Sn-
{Iaßfpw- \mw- N¿-® sNbv-Xp. CsXm-s°bm-Wv- `cWLS\m-
\n-baw.- C\n-bpw- Ht´sd hy-hkv-YIƒ- `cWLS\bn-ep-≠v.-
`cWLS\bn¬- Fs¥√mw- hy-hkv-YsNbv-Xn-´p-t≠m,- Ahbv-
°v- s]m-Xp-hn-ep-≈ t]cm-Wv- `cWLS\m-\n-baßƒ F∂Xv.-
\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Ww- Fßs\ \SØWsa∂v- \n-¿-t±in-°p-∂ \n-
baw- `cWLS\bn-em-Wp-≈Xv.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Ww- Bsc Fß-
s\ G¬-∏n-°Wsa∂pw- ]dbp-∂Xv- `cWLS\bn-em-Wv.- Np-cp-
°n- ∏ d™m¬- \n- b aßfp- s S Ddhn- S w- `cWLS\bm- W v . - \n-
baßfp- s S km- [ p- X \n¿- Æ bn- ° m- \ p- ≈ am- \ ZWv - U ßfpw-
`cWLS\m-\n-baßfm-Wv.- F√m- \n-baßfp-sSbpw- B[n-Im-cn-
IX `cWLS\sb B{ibn- ® m- W n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . AXp- s Im- ≠ v -
`cWLS\sb \n-baßfp-sS \n-basat∂m cm-jv-{SØn-se ASn-
kv-Ym-\ \n-basat∂m- hn-tijn-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-
kn-hn¬-, {In-an-\¬- \n-baßƒ-
`cWLS\m- \n-baßƒ- Ign-™m¬-]n-s∂bp-≈ \n-baßsf
km-am-\y-am-bn- kn-hn¬- \n-baßƒ- F∂pw- {In-an-\¬- \n-baßƒ-
F∂pw- c≠m-bn- Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.-
ISaIfpw AhImißfpw
Ahkm-\ hn-iIe\Øn¬- AhIm-iw,- ISa F∂n-hbm-Wv-
F√m- \n-baßfp-tSbpw- ASn-kv-Ym-\LSIßƒ.- Ch ]ckv-]c
54
]q-cIam-Wv.- `¿-Øm-hn-s\ Iq-Sm-sX `m-cy- F∂ hm-°n-\v- A¿-
∞an√t√m.- AXp-t]m-seXs∂bmWv- ANv-O\pw- aI\pw Kp-cp-
hpw- in-jy-\pw- a‰pw. CXp-t]m-sebm-Wv- AhIm-ihpw- ISabpw.-
Hcm-fn¬- HchIm-ian-cn-°p-tºmƒ- A\p]qcIamb ISa as‰m-cm-
fn-ep-≠m-Ipw.- AXp-t]m-se,- Hcm-fn¬- \n-£n-]v-Xam-b ISa°v
A\pkrXamb AhIm-iw- as‰m-cm-fn-epw- D≠m-Ipw.- Hcp-Zm-
lcWsaSp-°mw-: Hcmƒ- as‰m-cm-tfm-Sv- Hcp- Xp-I ISw-hm-ßp-∂p.-
Bhiy-s∏Sp-tºmƒ- Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-sat∂‰m-Wv- ISw-hm-ßp-
∂Xv.- Chn-sS ]Ww- ISw-sIm-Sp-Ø Bƒ-°v- Xp-I Abmƒ- tNm-
Zn-°p-tºmƒ- Xn-cn-®p-In-´m-\p-≈ AhIm-iap-≠v.- ISw-hm-ßn-b Bƒ-
°v- Xp-Ibp-sS DSakv-Y≥- Bhiy-s∏Sp-tºmƒ- Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-
\p-≈ISabpw.- as‰m-cp-Zm-lcWw-: s]m-Xp-\n-cØp-]tbm-Kn-°m≥-
F√m-h¿-°pw- AhIm-iap-≠v.- Im¬-\S°m¿-°pw- hm-l\w- Hm-Sn-
°p-∂h¿-°pw- F√mw.- hm-l\tam-Sn-°p-∂ Bƒ-°v- XS ap-≠m-
°m-sX \n-cØn-s≥-d heXp-hiw- tN¿-∂v- \S°m-\p-≈ ISa Im¬-
\S°m-c \p-≠v.- \S∏phgnbp-s≠¶n¬- AXn-eq-sS \S°p-Ibm-
Wv- th≠Xv.- AXn¬- s]m-ń-s∏m-fn-™ …m-_p-Iƒ-A[n-Iap-
s≠¶n¬- AXv- A]ISIcam-Wv.- Chn-sS \S∏phgn- AXp-]tbm-
Kn-°p-∂h¿-°v- A]ISIca√m-Ø \n-ebn¬- kq-£n-°m-\p-≈
ISa _\v-[s∏´ A[n-Ir-X¿-°p-≠v.- Aßs\ kq-£n-°Wsa∂v-
\n-jv-°¿-jn-°m-\p-≈ AhImiw- ]u-c∑m¿-°p-ap-≠v.- hm-l\tam-
Sn-°p-∂h¿-°pw- Im¬-\S°m¿-°pw- a‰p- hm-l\ßƒ-°pw- _p-≤n-
ap-´p-≠m-°m-Ø{X {i≤m-]q¿-Δw- Hm-Sn-°p-hm-\p-≈ ISabp-≠v.-
ISaIfp-sS ]£Øp-\n-∂v- ]d™m¬- ISaIƒ- ]m-en-°m≥- Np-
aXebp- ≈ hsc \n¿- _ \v - [ n- ° m- \ p- ≈ Xm- W v - \n- b aw.- AhIm-
ißfp-sS ]£Øv- \n-∂p-sIm-≠v- ]d™m¬- AhIm-ißƒ-°v-
kw-c£Ww- e`n-°m-\pw- AhIm-ißƒ- ew-Ln-°s∏Sptºmgp≈-
\jv-Sw- hIsh®p-In-´m≥- klm-bn-°p-∂Xm-Wv- \n-baw.- \n-baw-
Dd∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ AhIm-ißƒ-°v- \n-ba]cam-b AhIm-ißƒ-
F∂p-]dbpw.- ]m-en-°Wsa∂v- \n-baw- \n-jv-°¿-jn-°p-∂ ISaIƒ-
\n-ba]cam-b ISaIƒ.- Hcm-ƒ- Hcp-]Im-cw- sNbv-Xm¬- \μn-]dbm-
\p-≈ ISabp-≠v.- ]t£,- AXv- \n-ba]cam-b ISab√.- [m¿-Ωn-
Iam-b ISabm-Wv.-
\n-ba]cam-b HchIm-iw- ew-Ln-°p-Itbm- \n-ba]cam-b Hcp-
ISa \n¿-Δln-°p-∂Xn¬- Dt]£ Im-Wn-°p-Itbm- sNøp-∂Xv-
\n-ba]cam-b Hcp- sX‰m-Wv.- ISw- hm-ßn-b ]Ww- ]d™ Ah[n-
°v- Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬- AXv- \n-ba]cam-b Hcp- sX‰m-
Wv. Bfp-Iƒ-°v- A]m-bw- hcØ°hn-[Øn¬- A{i≤am-bn- s]m-
Xp- \n-cØp-Ifn-eq-sS hm-l\tam-Sn-°p-∂Xv- \n-ba]cam-b Hcp-
sX‰m-Wv.- Im-cWw- AXv- \n-baw- hn-e°p-∂ Hcp- Ir-Xy-am-Wv.-
Hcm-sf IØn- sIm-≠v- Ip-Øn- ap-dn-th¬-∏n-®m-tem?- AsXm-cp- \n-
ba]cam-b sX‰m-sW∂v- ]dtb≠Xn-√t√m.- Ifhp- \SØp-∂Xpw-
Hcm-fp-sS kv-YeØv- Itødp-∂Xpw- ]m-en¬- sh≈w- tN¿-Øv- hn¬-
55
°p-∂Xpw- ssI°q-en- hm-ßp--∂Xpsa√mw \n-ba]cam-b sX‰p-
Iƒ-Xs∂.- Chsb√mw- Ip-‰ßƒ-Xs∂.- Cßs\ sNdp-Xpw- hep-
Xp-am-b sX‰p-Ifpw- Ip-‰ßfpw- Ahbp-sS {]Xn-hn-[n-Ifp-am-Wv- \n-
baßfp-sS {][m-\ hn-jbsa∂v- Im-Wm≥- hn-jaan-√.-
ta¬-∏d™ DZm-lcWßƒ- {i≤m-]q¿-Δw- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬-
Ahbn¬- c≠p- hn-`m-KØn¬-s∏´ sX‰p-Ifp-≈Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.-
ISw-hm-ßn-b ]Ww- Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv- sX‰m-Wv.-
]t£,- ISw- sIm-Sp-Ø Bƒ-°v- AXn¬- Bt£]an-s√¶n¬- {]Xn-
hn-[n-bp-sS {]iv-\an-√. t\tcadn-®v- ISw-sIm-Sp-Ø Bƒ-°v- ]cm-
Xn-bp-s≠¶n¬- Abmƒ-°v- kn-hn¬-tIm-SXn-sb kao-]n-°mw.- sXfn-
hv- lm-Pcm-°n-bm¬- ]en-ibS°w]WwXn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥- ISw-
hm-ßn-bBƒ-s°Xn-sc tIm-SXn- hn-[n-°pw.- hn-[n-b\p-kcn-°m-
Xn-cp-∂m¬- Abm-fp-sS kz-Øv- teeØn¬- hn¬-∏n-®v- ISw-sIm-Sp-
Ø Bfp-sS Xp-I tIm-SXn- Cu-Sm-°n-®p-sIm-Sp-°pw.- Ifhn-t≥-
dbpw- sIm-e]m-XIØn-t≥-dbpw- Im-cyw- Aßs\b√.- sX‰n-\n-
cbm-b Bƒ-°v,- sIm-e]m-XIØn-s≥-d Im-cy-Øn¬- Abm-fp-sS
A\¥cm-hIm-in-Iƒ-°v,- ]cm-Xn-bp-≠m-bm-epw- Cs√¶n-epw sX‰p-
sNbv-X Bƒ-s°Xn-sc \S]Sn- kzo-Icn-°pw. t]m-eo-kv- tIskSp-
°pw.- At\z-jWw- \SØpw.- sXfn-hp-Iƒ- tiJcn-°pw.- Im-cyw-
{In-an-\¬- tIm-SXn-bn-seØn-°pw.- tIm-SXn-bn¬- hn-Nm-cW \S°pw.-
sX‰p- s Nbv - X Xm- b n- sXfn- ™ m¬- sX‰v - sNbv - X bmƒ- in- £ n-
°s∏Spw.- CXn-sem-∂pw- sX‰n-\n-cbm-b Bƒ-°v- sN-ehpw- A≤zm-
\hp-sam-∂p-an-√.- tIm-SXn-bn¬-\n-∂v- ka≥-kv- In-´p-tºmƒ- lm-
Pcm-bn- sXfn-hv- \¬-In-bm¬-aXn.- AXn-\v _Øbpw In-´pw.- Im-cWw-
CXv- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d ˛ k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d ˛ IqSnIm-cy-am-Wv.- kaq-
lØn-\v- s]m-Xp-hn¬- D]{ZhIcam-b sX‰p-Iƒ- \n-cp-Xv-km-ls∏Sp-
ØWw.- AXm-Wv- sX‰p-sNbv-Xh¿-°v- in-£ \¬-Ip-∂Xn-s≥-d
Dt±iyw.- F∂m¬- t]m-eo-kv- tIskSp-°p-∂n-s√¶n¬- kz-Im-cy-
am-bn- {In-an-\¬- tIm-SXn-bn¬- ]cm-Xn- \¬-Im≥- ]‰pw.-
\n-baßfn¬- F√m- sX‰p-Iƒ-°pw- in-£ hn-[n-°p-∂n-√.- Hcp-
Ip-‰am-bn,- Hcp- \n-baØn¬- \n¿-ΔNn-°s∏Sp-Ibpw,- in-£ \n¿-
t±in-°s∏Sp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xn-´p-≈ sX‰p-Iƒ-°v- "Ip-‰ßƒ'- F∂m-
Wv- ]dbp-I.- Ip-‰ßsf kw-_\v-[n-® \n-baam-Wv- {In-an-\¬- \n-
baßƒ.- A™q- ‰ n- ∏ Xn- s \m- t ∂m- f w- hIp- ∏ p- I fp- ≈ C¥y≥-
in£m-\nbaØn¬ sNdp-Xpw- hep-Xp-am-b ap-∂q-‰n-bºXn-tesd
Ip-‰ßfp-sS \n¿-ΔN\ßfpw- Ahbv-°p-≈ in-£Ifp-ap-≠v.- 1860˛¬-
{_n-ó-jv- `cWIm-eØv- \S∏m-°s∏´ {]kv-Xp-X \n-baw- C∂pw-
C¥y-bn-se G‰hpw- {][m-\s∏´ in£m\nba kwlnXbmbn
Xp-Scp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- Ht´sd {In-an-\¬- \n-baßƒ- ]m- m-°n- \S∏m-
°n-bn-´p-≠v.- {In-an-\¬- \n-baßsf am-‰n-sh®m¬- Ahtijn-°p-
∂ ap-gp-h≥- \n-baßsfbpw- s]m-Xp-hn¬- kn-hn¬-\n-baßsf∂v-
hn-tijn-∏n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- kn-hn¬- \n-baßfp-sS `m-KßfmWv-
sXm-gn¬-\n-baßfpw- a‰pw- F∂p- ]dbmw.
56
]mTw 11
Ip-‰hpw- in-£bpw
C¥y≥- in£m\nbaw
""C¥y≥- in-£m-\n-baw- 304˛mw- hIp-∏p-{]Im-cw- t]m-eo-kv-
tIkv- cPn-kv-‰¿- sNbv-Xp''-.- As√¶n¬- ""C¥y≥- in-£m-\n-baw-
302˛mw- hIp-∏p-{]Im-cw- Po-h]cy-¥w- XShn-\-v in-£n-®p''- Xp-Sßn-b
hm¿-ØIƒ- ]{Xßfn¬- an-°hm-dpw- F√m- Zn-hkßfn-epw- Im-
Wpw.- C¥y≥- ]o-\¬-tIm-Uv- F∂v- Cw-•o-jn¬- ]dbpw.- Hcmƒ-°v-
ssIsIm- s ≠m- c Sn- sIm- S p- Ø m¬- a Xn.- Abm- s f thZ\n- ∏ n-
°Wsa∂ Dt±itØm-sSbm-sW¶n¬- AXv- in-£m¿-lam-b Hcp-
Ip-‰am-Wv.- Hcp-h¿-jw- XSthm- Bbn-cw- cq-] ]n-gtbm- BWv- AXn-
\v- ]cam-h[n- in-£.- C¥y≥- in-£m-\n-baw- 323˛mw- hIp-∏n¬-
CXm-Wv- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂Xv.- ssIsIm-≠Sn-°p-∂Xn-\p-]Icw- aq¿-
®bp-≈ Hcp- IØn-sIm-≠v- Ip-Øp-∂p.- Hcp- sNdn-b t]m-dte‰m¬-
aXn- AXv- Ip-sd°q-Sn- Ku-chap-≈ Hcp Ip-‰am-Wv.- Bbp-[ap-]tbm-
Kn-®v- \n- m-cam-b ]cn-t°¬-∏n-°¬.- CXn-\v- in-£ ]cam-h[n- aq-
∂p-h¿-jw- XShpw- ]n-gbp-am-Wv.- ]cn-°v- Kp-cp-Xcam-bm-tem? AXv-
Bbp-[ap-]tbm-Kn-®v- Kp-cp-Xcam-b ]cn-t°¬-∏n-°¬- F∂ Ip-‰am-
Ipw.- ]cam-h[n- Ggp-h¿-jw-hsc XShp- \¬-Im-hp-∂ Hcp- Ip-‰am-
Wn-Xv.- ]cn-t°¬-∏n-®Xv- hkv-Xp- Xń-∏dn-°m-\m-sW¶n¬- Ip-‰Øn-
\v- Ku-chw- Iq-Spw.- in-£bpw.- At∏mƒ- in-£ ]cam-h[n- 10 h¿-
jw-hsc XShm-Wv.-
A{i≤am-bn- hm-l\tam-Sn-°p-∂Xv- in-£m¿-lam-°p-∂Xv- C\n-
]dbpw-{]Im-cam-Wv.- a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØn-\v- A]ISIcam-b ań¬-
AYhm- as‰m-cmƒ-°v- ]cn-°p-]‰p-∂ ań¬- A{i≤am-bn- hm-l\w-
s]m-Xp-\n-cØn-eq-sS Hm-Sn-®m¬-aXn.- AXv- Bdp-am-ksØ XSthm-
Bbn-cw- cq-] ]n-gtbm- ]cam-h[n- in-£b¿-ln-°p-∂ Hcp- Ip-‰am-
Wv.- Aß-s\ Hm-Sn-®-v AsXm-cm-fp-sS acWØn¬- Iem-in-®m¬- in-
£ ]cam-h[n- c≠p-h¿-jw- XSthm- ]n-gtbm- BWv.- I¬-∏n-®p-Iq-ń-
sIm-e \SØn-bm¬- Po-h]cy-¥w- XSthm,- acWin-£tbm- \¬-
57
Im-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-
Hcm-fp-sS Hcp- Ir-Xyw- as‰m-cm-fp-sS acWØn¬- Iem-in-°p-
∂p-F∂Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{Xw- Abmƒ- Ip-‰°m-c\m-hp-Ibn-√.- Hcp- ho-
´Ωsb,- ho-ń¬- AXn-{Ian-®p- Ibdn-b I≈≥- sIm-√m≥- {ian°p-
∂p-sh∂p-Icp-Xp-I.- AXp XSbm≥- Abmƒ-s°Xn-sc Ahƒ-°v-
_ew- {]tbm-Kn-°m≥- \n-baw- A\p-hZn-°p-∂p-≠v.- _e{]tbm-
Kw Abm-fp-sS acWØn¬- Iem-in-®m¬-t]m-epw- Ahƒ- Ip-‰°m-cn-
bm-hp-Ibn-√.- kz-¥w- Po-h≥- A{IaIm-cn-bn¬-\n-∂v- c£n-°p-hm-
\p-≈ \ym-bam-b {iaØn-\n-Sbn¬- A{Ian-°v- acWw- kw-`hn-®m-
epw- B Ir-Xyw- Ip-‰Icam-hp-Ibn-√.- Cu-hI Im-cy-ßfpw- C¥y≥-
]o-\¬-tIm-Un¬- Fgp-Xn-sh®n-´p-≠v.- AXm-bXv BXvac£bpsS
t]cn¬- Hcmƒ sNøp-∂ Hcp- Ir-Xyw- Ip-‰Icam-hp-Ibn-√.-
C¥y≥- ]o-\¬-tIm-Un-s≥-d kmam-\y- kz-`m-hØn-s≥-d Hcp-
kq-N\ \¬-Ip-∂hbm-Wv- taep-≤cn-® GXm-\pw- DZm-lcWßƒ.-
Hcp- a\p-jy-\v- as‰m-cp- a\p-jy-t\m-tSm- kaq-ltØm-tSm,- cm-Py-
tØm-tSm,- cm-Py-`cWw- \SØp-∂ k¿°mcnt\mtSm at‰m sNøm-
hp-∂ an-°hm-dpw- F√m- Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßsfbpw- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂ ka{Khpw- k¿-hm-t«jn-bp-am-b Hcp- {In-an-\¬- \n-bakw-
ln-Xbm-Wv- C¥y≥- in-£m-\n-baw.- sNdp-Xpw- hep-Xp-am-b ap-∂q-
dn-tesd Ip-‰ßfp-sS \n¿-ΔN\ßfpw- Ahbv-°p-≈ in-£Ifp-am-
Wv- AXn-s≥-d D≈S°w.-
1973˛se {In-an-\¬ \S]Sn- \n-bakw-ln-X
skj≥- k v - tIm- S Xn- I ƒ- , - aPn- k v - t {S‰v - tIm- S Xn- I ƒ- F∂o-
{In-an-\¬- tIm-SXn-Isf∏‰n- CXn-\v- ap-ºv- kq-Nn-∏n-®p-ht√m.- {In-an-
\¬- tIm-SXn-Isf∏‰n- hy-hkv-Y sNbv-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv- {In-an-\¬-
\S]Sn- \n-bakw-ln-Xbn-em-Wv.-
{In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifp-sS At\z-jWw-,- hn-Nm-cW,- in-£,- A∏o¬-
F∂n-hsb kw-_\v-[n-® \n-bahpw- {In-an-\¬- \S]Sn- \n-bakw-
ln-Xbn-em-Wp-≈Xv.- C∂v- {]m-_ey-Øn-ep-≈Xv- 1973˛¬- ]m¿-esa≥-
dv- ]m- m-°n-bXm-Wv.- AXn-\v- ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv- 1898˛¬- {_n-ó-
jv- `cWIm-eØv- \S∏m-°n-b {In-an-\¬- \S]Sn- \n-bakw-ln-Xbm-
bn-cp-∂p.- AXn-se {][m-\ hIp-∏p-Ifn¬- ]eXpw- ]p-Xn-b \n-
baØn-epw- D≈Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.-
t]m-eo-kpw- tIkt\z-jWhpw-
Hcp- t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kkv-Y\v- Hcp- tIkv- At\z-jWtØm-S\p-
_\v-[n-®v- B tIkn-s\∏‰n- Adn-bm-sa∂v- kw-ibn-°p-∂ GsXm-
cmtfm-Spw- kvt- ‰j\n¬- hcm≥- Bhiy-s∏Smw.- ]t£,- AtXm-sSm-
∏w- Hcp- {][m-\Im-cyw- Iq-Sn ]dbp-∂p-≠v. Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xv- tcJm-
aq-eam-bn-cn-°Ww.- 15 hb n¬- Xm-sgbp-≈ B¨-Ip-ń-Itfm-Spw- kv-
58
{Xo-Itfm-Spw- kv-t‰j\n¬- lm-Pcm-Im≥- Bhiy-s∏Scp-Xv.- At∏mƒ-
A{]Im-cap-≈hcn¬-\n-∂v sXfn-shSp-°Wsa¶n-tem?- Ahcp-sS Xm-
akkvY - eØv- t]m-bn- Ahsc tNm-Zyw- sNøWsa∂m-Wv- {In-an-
\¬- \S]Sn- \n-baØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂Xv.- C{]Im-cw- s]m-Xp-
P\ßƒ- Adn-™n-cn-t°≠Xm-b ]eXpw- \Ωp-sS ]e \n-baßfn-
ep-ap-≠v.-
s]m-Xp-iey-Øn-s\Xn-sc
C¥y≥- ]o-\¬-tIm-Un¬- s]m-Xp-P\iey-sØ \n¿-ΔNn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv- ""s]m-Xp-P\ßƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-hn¬- A]IStam- iey-tam-
D≠m-°p-∂ Hcp- Ir-Xyw- AYhm- Ir-Xy-hn-tem-]w''- F∂m-Wv.-
s]m-Xp-P\ßƒ- Ip-Sn-sh≈w- tiJcn-°m-\pw- Ip-fn-°m-\pw- D]tbm-
Kn-°p-∂ PeØn¬- hn-jw- Ie¿-Øp-∂Xv- Hcp- s]m-Xp-iey-am-Wv.-
A¥co-£hm-bp-hn¬- hn-jw- Ie¿-Øp-∂Xpw- s]m-Xp-iey-am-Wv.-
AXp-t]m-se Bfp-Iƒ- hgn-\S°p-∂ CShgn-bntet°m- tdm-Un-
tet°m- Agp-°p-sh≈w- Hgp-°p-∂Xpw- s]m-Xp-iey-am-Wv.- \n-
ba]cam-bn- Hcp- Ir-Xyw- sNøm≥- ISabp-≈ hy-Iv-Xn-tbm- kv-Ym-
]\tam- AXv- sNøp-∂Xn¬- ho-gv-Nhcp-Øn-bm¬- AXv- Ir-Xy-hn-
tem-]am-Wv.- \Kcip-No-IcWw ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bp-sS \n-ba]cam-
b Hcp- {][m-\ ISabm-Wv.-
Hcp- kw-`hw- ]dbmw-: a[y-{]tZin-se cXv-ew- \KcØn-se ap-
\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn¬- ta¬-]d™ {]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- {]iv-\ap-≠m-
bn.- tdm-Ucn-In¬- Hm-SIfp-sS ]Wn-]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-sX hn-´Xp-Im-
cWw- Agp-°p-sh≈w- Hm-SIfn¬-\n-∂v- Ihn-s™m-gp-In- tdm-Up-
Ifn¬- ]ekv-Yeßfn-epw- Xfw-sIń-\n-∂p.- Ip-Sn-ep-Ifn¬- Xm-
akn-°p-∂ ]m-hs∏´h¿- s]m-Xp-I°q-kp-Ifn-√m-ØXn-\m¬- tdm-Up-
h°v- aeaq-{Xhn-k¿-PvP - \Øn-\p-]tbm-Kn-®p.- ho-Sp-Ifn¬-\n-∂pw- tlm-
ép-Ifn¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈ ]m-gv-hkv-Xp-°fpw- tdm-Up-Ifn¬- hen-s®dn-
bs∏´p.- Ah hen-s®dn-bp-∂Xn-s\Xn-sc \S]Sn-sbSp-°m-t\m- Ah
kabmkabßfn¬- \o-°w- sNøm-t\m- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- Hcp- \S]Sn-
bp-saSp-Øn-√.-
s]m- X p- i ey- Ø n- s \Xn- s c \S]Sn- s bSp- ° m≥- k_v - U n- h n-
jW¬- aPn-kvt- {S‰n-\v- A[n-Im-cw- \¬-Ip-∂ Hcp- hIp-∏v- (133)- {In-
an-\¬- \S]Sn- \n-bakw-ln-Xbn-ep-≠v.- s]m-Xp-iey-sØ∏‰n- Hcp-
]cm-Xn- In-ń-bm¬- FXn¿-I£n-sb ka¨kb®v- hcp-Øn- sXfn-
shSp-Øv- ]cm-Xn- kXy-am-sW∂v- t_m-[y-s∏´m¬ AXv- \o-°w-
sNøm≥- aPn-kvt{S‰n-\v- FXn¿-I£n-tbm-Sv- I¬-∏n-°m≥- A[n-Im-
cap-≠v.- I¬-∏\ A\p-kcn-°p-∂Xn¬- ho-gv®h - cp-Øn-bm¬- \S]Sn-
sbSp-°m≥- ]m-IØn-ep-≈ Hcp- hIp-∏v- C¥y≥- ]o-\¬-tIm-Un-ep-
≠v.- AX\p-kcn-®v- in-£m-\S]Sn-sbSp-°mw.- CXm-Wv- s]m-Xp-iey-
sØ kw-_\v[ - n-® {In-an-\¬- \S]Sn- \n-bakw-ln-Xbn-se hyhkvY-
59
Ifp-sS cXv-\®p-cp-°w.-
cXv-ew- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-s°Xn-scbp-≈ ]cm-Xn- kXy-am-sW∂v-
aPn-kv-t{S‰n-\v- t_m-[y-s∏´p.- Hm-SIƒ- hr-Øn-bm-°m-\pw,- Hm-SIfp-
sS ]Wn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-hm-\pw- ]m-hßfp-sS D]tbm-KØn-\v- s]m-
Xp-I°q-kp-Iƒ- \n¿-Ωn-°m-\pw- aPn-kv-t{S‰v- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-tbm-Sv-
I¬-∏n-®p.- ]Wan-s√∂m-bn-cp-∂p- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bp-sS Hcp- {][m-
\ hm-Zw. in-£m-\S]Sn-bn¬- \n-s∂m-gn-hm-Im≥- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-
aPn-kv-t{S‰n-s≥-d DØchn-s\Xn-sc skj≥-kv- tIm-SXn-sb kao-
]n-®p.-AhnS∂v- {]iv-\w- sslt°m-SXnbn-seØn.- HSp-hn¬- kp-
{]ow-tIm-SXn-bn-epw.- At∏m-tg°pw h¿-jßƒ- Ggv- Ign-™n-cp-
∂p.- Hcp ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- bp-sS {]m-Yan-I ISa \Kcip-No-IcWam-
sW∂pw- AXn¬-\n-∂v- Hgn-™p-am-dp-∂ Hcp- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-°-v B
t]cn-\¿-lXbn-s√∂pw- hn-[n-bn¬- Pkv-‰n-k- v- hn.B¿. Ir-jv-Wø¿-
tcJs∏Sp-Øn.- kw-kv-Ym-\ k¿-°m-cn-s\ tIkn¬- I£n-tN¿-
Øv- - ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-°v- Bhiy-ap-≈ km-ºØn-Iklm-bw- \¬-Im≥-
\n¿-t±in-®p.- \n-iN -v n-X kabØn-\p-≈n¬- ieyw- \o-°w- sNbv-Xn-
ń-s√¶n¬- in-£W\S]Sn-IsfSp-°p-sa∂ Xm-°o-Xpw- \¬-In.-
AdÃv, Pmayw
ssZ\w-Zn\w tI´pw I≠pw ]cn-Nb - n® Hcp ]Z-amWv Ad-Ãv.
t]meo-kn-\p-t]m-epw ]e-t∏mgpw \nb-a-hn-t[-b-amb Ad-Ãn-\p-ti-
j-ap≈ \S-]S- n-Iƒ icn-bmb hn[-Øn¬ Adn-bn√ F∂p kwi-
bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Adkv-‰v- F∂m¬- ssIhn-eßWn-bn-°¬-
F∂√ A¿-∞w.- Adkv-‰p- sNøs∏tS≠bm-fn-s‚ tZlØv- kv-
]¿-in-®v- ""Xm-¶ƒ- Adkv-‰p- sNøs∏ń-cn-°p-∂p''- F∂v- Adkv-‰p-
sNøp-∂ t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kÿ≥- ]d™m¬- AXv \n-bam-\p-kr-
Xam-b Adkv-‰m-Wv.- Adkv-‰p- sNøs∏´bmƒ- Hm-Sn- c£s∏Sp-
hm≥- km-[y-Xbp-s≠¶n-tem- a‰p- kp-c£m- Im-cWßfm-tem- am-
{Xta ssIhn-eßv- AWn-bn-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q.- AdÃpw IÃ-Unbpw
sX‰n-≤c - n-∏n-°m-hp∂ kam-\X - I
- f
- p≈ ]Z-ßf - mWv. CXv ]e-t∏mgpw
amdnbpw adn®pw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ Hcmsf IÃ-Un-
bn-se-Sp-Øm¬ am{Xw Abmƒ Ad-Ãn-em-hp-Ib - n-√. IÃ-Un-bn-se-
SpØ Bfns\ ]e-t∏mgpw Znh-kß - t- fmfw Aßs\ Xs∂ kq£n-
®-Xn-\p-ti-ja - mhpw t]meokv Ad-Ãn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. CXv \nb-a-
hn-t[-b-a√ CØ-c-Øn¬ \nb-a-hn-t[-b-a-√mØ IÃUn kq£n-
∏p-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ hym]-Ia - m-Ip-∂X - mbn t_m[y-s∏-´X - p-sIm-≠mWv
\ΩpsS ]c-tam-∂X \oXn-]oTw 1997-˛¬ Ad-Ãns\ kw_-‘n®
Nne I¿i\ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Hcp hn[n-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-
´p-≈X- v. B am¿§-\n¿t±-iß - ƒ Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ tN¿Øn-´p-
≠v.
Ad-Ãn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {Inan-\¬ \S-
60
]Sn \nb-a-Øn-emW.v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw A©mw A≤ym-
b-Øn¬ 41 apX¬ Adp-]-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ Ad-Ãn-s\-
∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. t]meo-kn\v tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNøm-hp∂
hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰w sNbvX (Cognizable offence) Hcm-sftbm
A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰w sNbvXn-cn-°m-\n-S-bp-s≠∂v \ymb-ambn
kwi-bn-°m-hp∂ Hcm-sftbm t]meokptZymK-ÿ\v AdÃp
sNøm-hp-∂Xm-sW∂pw AXn\v tImS-Xn-bpsS hmd‚ns‚ Bh-
iy-an-s√∂pw {In.-\.\n 41-˛mw hIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-
Xs∂ `h-\-t`-Z-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Bbp-[-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ
ssIh-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Hcm-sfbpw ÿncw Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb
Hcm-sfbpw tImS-Xn-bpsS hmd-≠p -Iq-SmsXXs∂ t]meo-kn\v
Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmbp-[-tk-\-bn¬\n∂v Hfn®v t]m∂
Hcm-sfbpw, Ih¿®-ap-X¬ ssIhiw kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ Bsf-
bpw, Ad-Ãp- sN-øp-∂-Xn\v hmd-≠ns≥d Bh-iy-an-√. Hcp t]meo-
kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥ Uyqń-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ Abmƒ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-
ambn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂- F√m DØ-c-hn-s\bpw A\p-k-cn-°msX
Ccn-°p∂h-sc-tbm, [n°-cn-bv°p-∂-h-sctbm Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-
∂- X mWv F∂v {Inan- \ ¬ \S- ] Sn \nb- a - Ø nepw t]meokv
BIv‰nepw hyh-ÿ-sN-bvXn-´p-≠v.
ÿncw Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Hcmsf t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ\v hmd-
≠n-√msX Ad-Ãp- sN-øp-I-tbm, Abmsf AdÃp sNøp-∂-Xn\v
km[m-c-W-°m-c-\mb ]uc-t\mSv \n¿t±-in-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. Uyqń-bn-ep≈ Hcp t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥ kwi-bm-
kv]-Z-am-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp∂ Hcm-tfmSv t]cpw ta¬hnem-khpw Bh-
iy-s∏-´m¬, AXv sX‰mbn ]d-bp-I-tbm, ]dbm≥ hnap-JX Im´p-
Itbm sNbvXm¬ Abmsf t]meokptZym-K-ÿ\v AdÃp sNøm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. icn-bmb hnh-c-ßƒ 24 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw In´p-∂n-√m-
sb-¶n¬IqSn Abmsf 24 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw aPn-kvt{S‰p apºmsI
lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
km[m-cW ]uc\v Ad-Ãp-sN-ømw!
Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Hcmsf t]meo-kp-tZym-Kÿ
- \v Ad-Ãp-sNømw F∂-
Xp-t]mse Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcmsf Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-∂X - n-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
Hcp km[m-cW ]uc\pw \nbaw A\p-hZ- n-®p-Xc - p-∂p-≠v. Hcp {]Jym-]n-
X- Ip-‰-hm-fn-sbbpw (Proclaimed offender) Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcm-sfbpw GsXmcp km[m-cW ]uc\pw \nb-ah - n-t[-
b-ambn Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp- sN-bvXm¬
DS≥Xs∂ B Ip‰-hm-fnsb G‰hpw ASp-Øp≈ t]meokv tÃj-\n¬
lmP-cm-t°-≠X - m-Wv. F∂m¬ Abmƒ Hcp Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Ønepw Dƒs∏-
ń-ń-√m-sb∂v hy‡-am-hp∂]£w DS≥Xs∂ Abmsf hn´-bvt°-≠-
Xm-Wv. ta¬]-d™ c≠p kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Hcp km[m-c-W-]u-c≥
t]meokv DtZym-Kÿ - \v Xpey-\m-hp∂p F∂p-≈X - mWv {Inan-\¬ \S-]-
61
Sn-\n-baw 43-˛mw hIp∏psIm-≠p≈ t\´w. C{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-sN-øs - ∏-´-
bmsf t]meokv ho≠pw AdÃv (Re-arrest) sNtø-≠X - p-≠v.
Hcp aPn-kv{S-ńs‚ apºn¬h®v Hcp Ip‰-IXyw sNøp-∂-bmsf
At±-l-Øn\p Xs∂ Ad-Ãp -sN-øp-Itbm as‰m-cm-tfmSv B Ip‰-hm-
fnsb Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v DØ-chp sImSp-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv.
AdÃp sNø-s∏-tS-≠-bmƒ Ad-Ãn\p Iogvs∏-Sp-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬
F¥p-sN-øW - s- a∂pw \nbaw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abm-
fpsS tZlØpsXmt´m _‘-\Øn-em-°ntbm Ad-Ãp-sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.
Bhiyw th≠p-∂-Xmb _e-{]-tbm-K-sØ-∏‰n Chn-sS-bmWv kqN-\-
bp-≈-Xv. Ad-Ãn\p Iogvhg-ßm-Ø-bm-fns\ c£-s∏-Sp-hm-\-\p-h-Zn-
°msX AdÃp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bhiyw th≠-Xmb _e-{]-
tbmKw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-
Ad-ÃvsN-øp-tºmƒ ]men-t°≠ \n_‘\-Iƒ
t]meokv IÃ-Unbn¬sh®p≈ ]oU\w XS-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn A\p-
h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xmb Nne \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Un.-sI.-_mkp F∂ Bƒ
]›n-a-_w-Kmƒk¿°m-cn-s\-XnscsImSpØ tIkn¬ kp{]owtImSXn
\¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah Xmsg∏dbpw{]Im-c-amWv
1. AdtÃm tNmZyw-sN-øtem \S-Øp∂ t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿
Ahsc Xncn-®d - n-bØ
- °
- h
- n-[Ø- n-ep≈ Xncn-®dn-b¬ Nn”-ßfpw t]cpw
DtZym-K-t∏cpap-≈ SmKpw [cn-®n-cn-°-Ww. Ad-Ãp-sNøs∏ń-´p≈
Bfns\ tNmZywsNøp-∂-Xn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p≈ F√m t]meokv DtZym-K-
ÿ≥am-cptSbpw hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp cPn-Ã-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww.
2. AdÃp-\S-Øp∂ t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Ad-Ãp-\-S-Øp∂ ka-
bØv Hcp satΩm Xøm-dm-t°≠Xpw B satΩm A-dÃpsNø-s∏´
Bfns‚ IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp AwKtam AdÃp\S∂ ÿesØ
_lp-am-\y-\mb Hcp hy‡ntbm km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-
Wv.
3. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-Itbm XS-™p-hbv°s∏Sp-Itbm sNøp-Ibpw
t]meokvtÃj-\ntem tNmZywsNø¬tI{μ-Øntem tem°-∏ntem
IÃ-Un-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-IbpwsNøp∂ Bfn\v Xm≥ A{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-
sN-øs- ∏-Sp-Ibpw XS-™p-hb - v°s
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X
- mbn Xs‚
Hcp kplr-Øn-t\tbm _‘p-hn-s\tbm Xm≥ Adn-bp-∂tXm X∂n¬
Xm¬∏-cy-ap-≈tXm Bb as‰m-cm-fns\tbm Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ah-Imi-
ap-≠v. (F-∂m¬ ta¬∏-d™ satΩm km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv AØcw
Hcp kplrtØm _‘pthm BsW-¶n¬ Cu hyhÿ _m[-I-a-√.)
4. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bfn-s‚ kplrtØm ASpØ_‘pthm B
Pn√bvt°m ]´-W-Ønt\m shfn-bnem-sW-¶n¬ Ad-Ãp-sNbvX kabw,
62
Xob-Xn, IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-cn-°p∂ CSw F∂nh AdÃv \S∂v 8 aWn-
°q-dn-\pw 12 aWn-°q-dn\pw CS-bn¬ Pn√-bnse \nb-a-k-lmbkwL-S-
\-bn-eq-sSbpw _‘-s∏´ {]tZ-isØ t]meokvtÃj≥ aptJ-\bpw
hnRvPm-]\wsNøn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
5. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf Xs‚ Ad-Ãn-s\tbm XS-™p-h-bv°-en-
t\tbm]‰n ta¬]d™{]Imcw Adn-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sØ-
∏‰n t_m[-hm-\m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
6. XS-¶-en¬h®n-´p≈ ÿeØv Hcp Ub-dn-bn¬ Ad-Ãns\∏‰n-
bp≈ Hcp Ipdn∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw AXn¬ ta¬∏-d™{]Imcw
hnhcw Adn-bn-°-s∏´ ASpØ kplr-Øn-s‚tbm _‘p-hn-s‚tbm-
t]cpw Ad-ÃvsN-ø-s∏´ Bsf IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-´p≈ t]meokv DtZym-
K-ÿ≥am-cpsS t]cpw a‰p-hnh-c-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
7. Ad-ÃvsN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ Bƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂]£w B ka-bØv
Abm-fp-sStbm Ah-fp-sStbm ico-c-Ønep≈ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb
£X-ßfpw apdn-hp-Ifpwa‰pw ]cn-tim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
Cu ]-cn-tim-[\msatΩm-bn¬ AdÃp-sNø-s∏´ Bfpw ]cn-tim-[\
\S-Ønb t]meokv-DtZym-K-ÿ\pw H∏p-sh-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXns‚
]I¿∏v AdÃvsNø-s∏´ Bƒ°pw AdÃp-\S-Ønb t]meokv DtZym-
K-ÿ\pw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
8. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf, Abmsf IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-cn-°p∂ Ime-
b-f-hn¬ Hmtcm 48 aWn-°q-dnepw kwÿm\k¿°mcns‚ Btcm-Ky-
h-Ip∏v Ub-d-IvS¿ AwKo-I-cn® tUmIvS¿am-cpsS ]m\-en¬s∏´ Hcp
tUmIvS¿ ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
9. ta¬∏-d™ AdÃp kw_-‘n® satΩm Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m
tcJ-I-fp-sSbpw ]I¿∏v X¬{]-tZ-iØv B[n-Im-cnI-X-bp≈ aPn-kvt{S-
‰n\v At±-l-Øns‚ tcJ-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m≈n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ab-®p-
sIm-Sp-t°≠Xm-Wv.
10. tNmZyw-sN-ø¬ka-bØv Xs‚ A`n-`m-j-Is\ ImWp-hm≥ Ad-
Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ tNmZyw-sN-øp∂
kabw apgp-h≥ C-{]-Imcw A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.
11. F√m Pn√m Bÿm-\-ß-fnepw kwÿm-\-Xeÿm\Øpw Hmtcm
t]meokv I¨t{Smƒdqap-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw Hcp AdÃp\-S∂p
12 aWn-°p-dn-\p-≈n¬ AXns\ kw_-‘n® hnhcw AdÃp\S-Øp∂
DtZym-K-ÿ≥ I¨t{Smƒdqan¬ Adn-bn-t°-≠Xpw AhnsS AXv {]Xy-
£-ambn ImW-Ø-°-hn[w Hcp t\mókvt_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-t°-
≠-Xp-am-Wv. kv-{Xo-Isf Adkv-‰p-sNøp-tºmƒ- km-[m-cWKXn-bn¬-
h\n-Xm-t]m-eo-kv- D≠m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂v- t]m-eo-kn-\v- \n¿-t±iap-s≠¶n-
epw- Ip-‰hm-fn- c£s∏Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Xp-Sßn-b {]tXy-I km-
63
lNcy-ßfn¬- ]p-cp-j\m-b t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kkv-Y\pw- kv-{Xo-sb Adkv-
‰p-sNømw.- AØcw- kμ¿-`ßfn¬- {]tXy-I km-lNcy-ßƒ- F¥m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- B t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kkv-Y≥- tcJs∏Sp-ØWw.- kv-{Xo-
bp-sS am-\y-X ]m-en-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw- B kμ¿-`ßfn¬-t∏m-epw- t]m-
eo-kv- Adkv-‰p-sNtø≠Xv.-
Pmayw
AdÃp sNbvXp Ign™ Hcmsf 24 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw tImSXn
apºmsI lmP-cmt°-≠-XmWv F∂v t\csØ ]d-™p-h-t√m. tIkp-
Iƒ km[m-cW Pmayw In´m-hp-∂Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb c≠p-hn-[-Øn-
emWv FSp-°m-dp-≈-Xv. (Bailable and non bailable) Pmayw e`n-°m-
hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-I-fn¬ {]Xnsb AYhm AdÃp sNø-s∏-
´-bm-fns\ t]meo-kn\p Xs∂ Pmay-Øn¬ hnSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Pmayw
e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Øn\v Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-´-bmƒ Pmayw FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v
Xøm-sd-¶n¬ Abmƒ°v Pmayw Hcp Ah-Im-i-am-Wv.
Pmayw e`n-°m-\-h-Im-i-an-√mØ tIkp-I-fn¬ Nne \n_-‘-\-
Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn Nne {]tXy-I -tI-kp-I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-ń\pXs∂
Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. GXp-Xcw tIkp-Iƒ°pw Pmayw A\p-
h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v skj≥kv tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-hmØ tIkp-
I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-´v Pmay-a\
- p-hZ- n-°m-dn-√. Aß-s\-hc
- p-tºmƒ skj≥kv
tImS-Xn-t°m, skj≥kvtIm-SXn A\p-h-Zn-®n-√m-sb-¶n¬ sslt°m-
SXn apºmsItbm Pmay-mt]-£ -sIm-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu tImS-Xn-
Iƒ°v kml-N-cy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm \ntj-[n-
°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ap≥Iq¿Pmayw F∂m¬
ap≥Iq¿Pmayw Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p≈ ap‡n-b-√. ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw
tImSXn A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ {]Xnsb AdÃp tcJ-s∏-SpØn Pmay-Øn¬
hnS-Ws - a-∂mWv \nb-aw. AXm-bXv tIkn¬ \n∂pw Xe-bq-cp-∂X - n-\p≈
Hcp D]m-[n-b√ ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw. F√m kml-Nc - y-Ønepw ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw
A\p-hZ- \- o-bh
- p-a√
- . ab-°p-ac - p∂v \nb-aØ
- n-t\m, t]m´ \nb-a-Øn-t\m,
]ń-I-PmXn/h¿§ -]o-U-\\nbaØn-t\m ap≥-Iq¿-Pm-ay-an-√. Ct∏mƒ
A_vImcn tIkp-If - nepw ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw A\p-hZ- n-°m-dn-√.
ap≥-Iq¿- Pmayw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v sslt°m-S-Xn-sbtbm skj≥-
kv tIm-S-Xn-sbtbm kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ap≥Iq¿ Pmay-Øn-\p≈ At]£ tIkns‚ hnNm-cW - bv°v A[n-
Im-ca
- p≈ tImS-Xn-bn¬Øs∂ ^b¬ sNø-Ws - a-∂n-√ F∂v kp{]ow-
tIm-SXn hn[n-®n-´p≠v. GXp ÿe-Øp-h®v AdÃp sNøm-\n-Sb - p-t≠m,
Ahn-SpsØ tImS-Xn-bn¬ At]£ ka¿∏n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
64
Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-®Xv sX‰m-bn-´m-sW-¶n¬ ta¬t°m-S-Xn°v B
DØ-chp ]cn-tim-[n®v d±p-sN-øm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
Pmayw FSp-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?
{Inan-\¬ tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw sImSp-°m-hp∂ tIkp-Ifpw Pmayw
sImSp-°p-h-\m-hmØ tIkp-Ifpw Ds≠∂v t\csØ ]d-™-t√m.
Ah-bn¬ Pmayw \¬Im-hp∂ tIkp-I-fn¬ t]meokv tÃj-\n¬
\n∂p-Xs∂ Pmayw \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv F∂pw Adn-™p-I-gn-™p.
a‰p≈ tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw tImS-
Xn-Iƒ°mWv. aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw Pmayw e`n-®n-√m-sb-
¶n¬ Pn√m-tIm-S-Xn-bntem AXp-a-√-¶n¬ sslt°m-S-Xn-bntem Pmaym-
t]£ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A_vIm-cn -\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰-Øn\v
]pXp-°nb \nb-a-{]-Imcw Pmayw \nb-{¥n-X-am-Wv. ab-°p-a-cp∂p kw_-
‘n® Ip‰-ßƒ°pw CtX t]mse-X-s∂-bmWv Pmay-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ.
SmU \nbaw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Pmayw e`n-°p-∂Xv Ffp-∏-
am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn¬h∂ t]m´ (ò-Ic hncp≤ \nb-aw)
\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®pw Pmayw e`n-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. s]m-Xp-ap-X¬- \in-∏n-
°p-∂Xp- kw-_‘n-® Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßfn¬- ]ªn-Iv- s{]m-kn-Iyq-´dp-sS
hm-Zw-Iq-Sn- tI´tijta tIm-SXn- Pm-ayw- A\p-hZn-°p-Ibp-≈q.-
1977˛se kp{]ow tImS-Xn- hn-[n-{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-sN-øs - ∏´ hy‡n
\nb-aØ - ns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂pw IpXdn c£-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿb - n-√m-sb-
¶n¬ Pmayw A\p-hZn-°W - s - a∂v \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Pmayw \¬Im-
hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-If - n¬ Pmay-Øn-\p≈ hyh-ÿI - ƒ Xøm-
dm-sW-¶n¬ Pmayw B hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-ia - mWv F∂v tImS-Xn-Iƒ
]e-Xh - W A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-ń-´p-≠v.
Pmayw \¬Im-hp∂ Ip‰-ß-fn¬ {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw 436-˛mw
hIp-∏p-{]-Im-chpw Pmaym-¿lX-bn-√mØ tIkp-I-fn¬ 437-˛mw hIp-∏p-
\p-k-cn-®p-amWv Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Poh-]-cy¥w XS-hp-
in-£tbm h[-in-£tbm hn[n-°m-hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-ßƒ°v
Cu hIp-∏p-{]-Imcw Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-®p-Iq-Sm. AXn\v {Inan-\¬ \S-
]Sn \nbaw 439-˛mw hIp-∏mWv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. Pmayw \¬Ip-∂-
Xn\v Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tImS-Xn°v \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bƒ°v Pmayw \¬Ip-∂Xv kz¥-Pm-ay-Ønepw
a‰p c≠p-t]-cpsS Pmay-Ønepw Bbn-cn-°pw. Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv
Pmayan√mØ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬s∏´ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn-\m-sW-¶n¬, {]Xn
tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ hogvN-h-cp-ØmsX Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-
≠n-bmWv \n_-‘\ - I
- ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v. Pmay-hy-hÿ ewLn-®m¬
Pmayw Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw Pmay-ØpI apgp-h-\m-tbm, `mKn-I-
amtbm I≠p-sI-´p-∂-Xm-Wv.
65
tImSXn {Iaw
aPn-kvt{S-´p -tIm-S-Xn-I-fmWv {Inan-\¬ \nb-a-Ønse ASn-ÿm\
tImS-Xn-Iƒ. k_vUn-hn-j-W¬ aPn-kvt{S´v (RDO), Pn√m aPn-kvt{S´v
(I-fvIvS¿) XpS-ßn-b-h-scms° Ds≠-¶nepw PpUo-jy¬ ^Ãv¢mkv
aPn-kvt{S-´mWv ASn-ÿm-\Xe-Øn-ep≈ {Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-bmbn Icp-
X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F√m t]meokv tIkp-Ifpw dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw BZyw
^b¬ sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn-em-Wv. aPn-kvt{S-ń\p
hnNm-cW sNøp-hm-\m-hmØ {Inan-\¬ tIkp-Iƒ aPn-kvt{S´p tImS-
Xn-bn¬ \n∂v skj≥kv tImS-Xn-bn-te°v Abbv°p-I-bmWv sNtø-
≠- X v . C{]- I mcw skj≥kv hnNm- c - W - b v ° p- t h≠n tIkp- I ƒ
Abv°p-∂-Xn\v IΩn-‰¬ s{]mko-UnwKvkv (Committal Proceedings)
F∂mWp ]d-bp-I. Cßs\ IΩn‰v sNøs∏´v e`n-°p∂ tIkn¬
XpS¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ skj≥-kv- tIm-SXn-Ifm-Wv- \SØp-∂Xv.
H∂mw-¢mkv aPn-kvt{S-´p- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°p sXm´p-ap-I-fn-emWv No^v
PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-ńs‚ ÿm\w. a‰p- Pp-Uo-jy¬- aPn-kvt{S-´p -
tIm-S-Xn-Ifp-sS ta¬-t\m-´w- No^v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-ńs‚ A[n-
Im-c-Øn¬ hcp-∂p.
Ch-Iq-SmsX skj≥kv tImS-Xn-I-fmWv D≈-Xv. Pn√m Xe-Øn¬
Hcp skj≥kv tImS-Xn-bp-≠m-hpw. knhn¬ tIkp-I-fnse Pn√m tImS-
Xn-bpsS ÿm\w Xs∂-bmWv {In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifn¬- skj≥kv tImS-
Xn-°p-≈-Xv. skj≥kv tImS-Xn°v AUo-j-W¬ skj≥kv tImS-
Xn-Ifpw AUo-j-W¬ Akn-Ã‚ v skj≥kv tImS-Xn-Ifpw D≠m-
hpw. Cu tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-ń\v hnNm-cW sNøm-\m-Im--ØXpw
in£ hn[n-°p-hm-\m-hm-Ø-Xp-amb tIkp-Iƒ hnNm-c-Wbv°p hcp-
∂p.
skj≥kv tImS- X n- I ƒ°p apI- f n- e p≈ A∏o¬ tImSXn
sslt°m-S-Xn-bm-Wv. sslt°m-S-Xnbv°p apI-fn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-
bpap≠v.
k_vUn-hn-jW - ¬ aP-kvt{S´v (RDO), Pn√m aPn-kvt{S´v (I-fI - vS¿)
XpS-ßnb FIv-kn-Iyq-ó-hv- aPn-kv-t{S´p-am-cp-sS tImS-Xn-Iƒ {]tXyIw
\njvI¿jn-®n-´p≈ {Inan-\¬ \nb-am-[n-Im-cß - f
- mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈-
Xv. apJy[mcm {Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-If - p-ambn Aev]w thdn´p \n¬°p∂
ań-emWv Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\s - a-¶nepw F√m Imcy-ßf - nepw Hcp Pp-
Uo-jy¬- aPn-kvt{S-ń-s‚tbm AXnepw Aev]w Xmsgtbm Bb A[n-
Im-cß- ƒ Cu tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p≠v.
Ip‰-hn-Nm-cW GXp-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ BWp \S-t°-≠Xv F∂v {Inan-
\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hmtcm tImS-Xn-Iƒ°pw
hn[n-°m-hp∂ in£-Ifpw a‰pw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Ip‰-IrXyw
GXp-tIm-SXnbn¬ hnNm-cW \SØpw F∂p \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Nm¿÷p
sNbv X n- ´ p≈ Ip‰- ß ƒ°v hn[n- ° m- h p∂ ]c- a m- h [n in£- b mWv
66
CXns‚ am\-Z-WvUw. aPn-kvt{S´p tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ aq∂p-h¿jw-hsc
XShpw a‰p tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ AXn\p apI-fn-ep≈ in£-I-fp-amWv hn[n-
°m-hp-∂-Xmbn \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp tIkv GXp tImS-Xn-bnemWv
hnkvX-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-Øns‚ H∂mw sjUyq-
fn¬ {]tXyIw \njvI¿jn-®n-´p-≠v.
{Inan-\¬ tIkp-IfpsS hnNm-cW
{Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ tIkp -^-b¬ sNøp-∂Xpw ^b¬
sNbvX tI p-Iƒ hnNm-c-W-s°-Sp-°p-∂Xpw a‰pw Fß-s\-bm-
sW-∂p-≈Xv kmam\y P\-ßƒ°v C∂pw A⁄m-X-amW.v aPn-
kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bnepw skj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn-ep-sams° lmP-
cm-Ip∂ I£n-Ifpw km£n-I-fpw, tImSXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xßƒ°v
A{]m-]y-am-sW-∂p≈ [mc-W-bm-tem Ft¥m, Zqsc-\n∂v t\m°n-
Im-WpI am{Xsa sNøm-dp-≈q.
aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-bn¬ tI p- ^-b¬ sNøp-∂Xv c≠p-hn-
[-Øn-em-Wv. Hcp Ip‰-IrXyw \S-∂-Xm-bp≈ ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Ønepw Hcp-t]m-eokv dnt∏m¿´v (Nm¿Pv) e`n-°p-tºmgpw
aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn°v tI v^-b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v
{Ian-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw 190-˛mw hIp∏v hnh£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
kzIm-cy-hy-‡n-Iƒ ^b¬sN-øp∂ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ (A-\ym-bw),
Bh-em-Xn-°m-cs‚ samgn -tIm-S-Xn- tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw, ^b-
en¬ kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv hyh-ÿ. F∂m¬ samgn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ aPn-kvt{S-ń\v Bh-emXn kwK-Xn-sb-
∏‰n ]q¿Æ-t_m≤yw h∂n-ń-s√-¶n¬ km£n-Isf lmP-cm°n
samgn-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn\p tijsam l¿Pn -t]m-eo- n-te-°-
b®v AXn-e-S-ßnb hnh-c-ß-sf-∏‰n t]meokv dnt∏m¿´v hcp-
Øn-b-Xn-\p- ti-jsam ^b-en¬ kzoI-cn-®m¬ aXn. Cu ]cn-K-
W-\-Iƒ°ptijw tI p- ^-b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v aXn-bmb
Imc-W-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ X≈n-°-f-bp-∂-Xn\v aPn-kvt{S-ń-\[n-Im-c-
ap-≠v.
Hcp- kw-ÿm-\- K-h¨sa‚ v DtZym-K-ÿs‚ t]cn¬, As√-
¶n¬ tI{μ- K-h¨sa‚-ptZym-K-ÿs‚ t]cn¬ Abm-fpsS HutZym-
KnI IrXy- \ n¿Δ- l - W sØ kw_- ‘ nt®m AXn- \ n- S - b v ° p≈
sNbv X n- I - s f- kw- _ - ‘ nt®m BWv kzImcy hy‡n- b psS
A\ymbw F- ¶ n¬, Abmsf \nb- a n- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw Abm- f psS
t]cn¬ in£-W-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A[n-Im-c-ap≈ taep-
tZym-K-ÿ-s‚tbm, Kh¨sa‚n-s‚tbm ap≥Iq-ń-bp≈ A\p-hmZw
(Sanction) Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta ^b-en¬ kzoI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v
tImS-Xn-°-[n-Im-c-ap≈q.-
tI v ^-be - n¬ kzoI-cn-®X
- n-\p-tijw {]Xn l
- m-Pc
- m-Ip-∂X - n\v
tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw ka≥kv Ab-°W - w. ka≥kp- In-ń-bt- ijw
{]Xn -tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv tI ns‚ hnNm-c-
67
W -Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. tI-kp- hn-Nm-c-W-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v {]tXy-I- \n-_-
‘-\I - f
- p-≠v.
F√m {Inan\¬ tIkp-Ifpw hmd‚ v tI p-Iƒ, ka≥kp-tI-
p-Iƒ F∂v th¿Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. c≠p-sI-m√-Øn-\p- ap-I-fn¬
in£- h-cp-∂X - mb, Poh-]c - y-¥X - S- thm h[-in-£tbm hsc hn[n-
°m-hp∂ tI p-Is - f√mw hmd‚ v tI p-Iƒ F∂ hn`m-KØ - nepw,
a‰p-≈-hsb ka≥kp-tI-kp-Iƒ F∂ -hn-`m-K-Ønepw s]Sp-Øn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. hmd‚p- tI- p-I-fn¬Xs∂ t]meokv Nm¿÷p-sN-
bvX t- I- p-Iƒ°pw kzImcy A\ym-b{- ]-Im-ca - p≈ tI p-Iƒ°pw
hn`n-∂- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fmWv kzoI-cn-bvt°-≠-Xv.
kzIm-cy- A-\ymbw ^b-en¬ kzo-I-cn-®-tijw {]Xn- lm-P-
cm-Ip-tºmƒ ka≥kp-tI- p-I-fpsS hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂-Xm-sW-
¶n¬ {]Xn- Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bmtWm \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmtWm
sNøp-∂-sX∂v aPn-kvt{S´v tNmZn-°Ww. {]Xn- Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬ At∏mƒXs∂ in£n-°mw. \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ sXfn-hp- lm-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v A\ym-b-°m-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-
s∏´v, hnNm-cW \S-]Sn kzoI-cn®,v hmZn-`m-Kw -lm-P-cm-°p∂
km£n-Isf hnkvX-cn®,v Ccp-`m-K-sØbpw hmZw- tI-´-Xn-\p-tijw
{]Xn -Ip-‰-°m-c-\m-sW∂p I≠m¬ in£n-°p-Ibpw Ip‰w-sX-fn-
™n-ń-s√-¶n¬ {]Xn-sb -sh-dp-sX-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNø-Ww. CØcw
ka≥kp-tI-kp-I-fn¬ t\cn-´p- lm-P-cm-Im-sX-Xs∂ A`n-`m-j-I≥
apJm-¥ncw lmP-cm-bn -hnNmcWsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
{]Xn-°-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.
Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-∂X - n\v aXn-bmb sXfn-hn-s√-¶n¬ {]Xnsb
hn´-b-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ Ip‰wsNbvX- co-
Xn, ÿew, XobXn Ch hni-Za - mbn {]Xn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-
h-∂n-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWp \nb-aw.
Ip‰]{Xw -\¬Ip-tºmƒ {]Xn -Ip‰w \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ {]Xn-s°-Xnsc sXfn-hp -lm-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]mkn-Iyq-
j≥ `mK-Øn-\v A-h-kcw sImSp-°-Ww. AY-hm- {]-Xn- Ip‰w
kΩ- X n- ° p- I - b m- s W- ¶ n¬ Bb- X p - k z- t a- [ bm sNøp- ∂ -
XmtWmsb∂v t_m≤yw hcp-Øn-b-tijw {]Xnsb in£n-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ `mK-Øp-\n∂v lmP-cm-°p-∂ -sX-fn-
hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw X\n-bvs°-Xn-cmbn lmP-cm-°n-
bn-cn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Isf∏‰n hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v km£n-
sam-gn-bpsS {]k‡-`m-K-ßƒ {]XnbpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-ØWw.
{]Xn-sb-tNmZyw sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw {]Xn-`m-K-tØ°v sXfn-hp
-lm-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-cn°Ww.
skj≥kv- tI p-I-fpsS hnNm-cW
aPnkvt{S´p- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ ^b¬ sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ tI p-I-fn¬
skj≥ p-tIm-S-Xn-am{Xw hnNm-c-W-sN-tø≠ tI p-Iƒ aPn-kvt{S-
68
´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw skj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn-te°v IΩn-‰p-sN-bv-Xv
Ahn-sS-thWw hnNm-cW XpS-tc-≠Xv F∂v \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-
∂p. sIme-°p-‰w, sIme-°p-‰-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb `h-\-t`-Z-\w, Ih¿®, cmPy-
t{Zm-l-Ip-‰w, _em¬kw-Kw, A_vImcn\nbaw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ tI p-
Iƒ, ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h-¿§ ]oU\w kw_-‘n-®- tI- p-Iƒ, kv{Xo[-
\- a-cWw (Dowry Death), h[-{iaw XpSßn hf-sc-tbsd tI p-Iƒ
skj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw hnNm-cW sNø-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-Wv.-
skj≥kp-tI- p-I-fn¬ hnNm-c-W- h-cp-tºmƒ F¥n-s\-∏-‰n-bmWv
tIkv F∂v tImS-Xn°v cq]w In´p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n tI p-tc-J-I-sf-
∏‰n t{]mkn-Iyq-´¿ tImS-Xnsb t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. F√m- sk-
j≥kp tI p-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚n-\p-th≠n lmP-cmbn \S-Øp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Npa-Xe ]ªnIv t{]mkn-Iyq-´¿°mWv.- AXn-\p-tijw tcJ-Iƒ
]cn-tim-[n®v {]Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ Ip‰-]{Xw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬
AXn-\p-ap≥]v tcJ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v hnNm-c-W -sN-ø-Ø° Hcp- Ip-‰hpw
Cs√∂p I≠m¬ tImS-Xn°v Ip‰m-tcm-]n-Xs\ shdp-sX -hn-´-bv°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-∂ -tI- p-I-fn¬ {]Xn- Ip‰w \ntj-
[n-®-Xn-\p-tijw hnNm-c-W-Xo-bXn {]Jym-]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬
Ip‰-]{Xw hmbn-®p-tIƒ∏n-°p-tºmƒ {]Xn- Ip-‰w -k-Ω-Xn-bv°p-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ B Ip-‰-k-Ω-Xw kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm \ncm-I-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.
69
]m-Tw- 12
\n-b-a-hpw- {]-Ir-Xn-kw-c-£-W-hpw-
]-cn-kvY
- n-Xn- \n-ba- ß
- ƒ-
Cu- ]m-Tw- \-ap-°v- H-cp- Im¿-´q-Wn-s\-°pdn-®v- ]d-™p-sIm-
≠m-cw-`n-°mw.- h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-ap-ºv- d-jy-bn-se- Ip-ń-Iƒ-tN¿-∂v- h-
f-sc- e-fn-X-am-b- H-cp- Nn-{Xw- h-c-®p, kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv- F-∂- am-kn-I-bn¬-
A-Xv- ]n-∂o-Sv- h-f-sc- {]-kn-≤-am-b- Nn-{X-am-bn- amdn.-
C-{X-tb-bp-≈q- Nn-{Xw.- tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- H-cp- cq-]w.-
tKm-f-Øn-\p-Xm-sg- Ip-ń-Iƒ- F-gp-Xn-sh-®p.- "-"-C-X-√m-sX- a-s‰m-
cp- `-h-\-an-√.-'-'-
tKm-f-sa-∂m¬- `q-tKm-fw.- `q-an-b-√m-sX- \-ap-°v- a-s‰m-cp- `-h-\-an-
√.- a-\p-jy¿-s°-∂-√,- k-I-e N-cm-N-c-ßƒ-°pw- H-scm-‰- `-h-\w- am-
{X-ta- bp-≈q.- A-Xm-Wv- `q-an.-
h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww,- a-en-\o-I-c-Ww,- hn-`-h-tim-j-Ww- F-∂n-h-sXm´v-
B-kn-Up-a-g-bpw- Hm-tkm¨-]m-fn-bn-se- hn-≈-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xpw-h-
scbp-≈ hn-j-b-ß-sf-°pdn-®v- \n-ßƒ- C-Xn-\-Iw- Xm-gv-∂- ¢m-kp-
I-fn¬- ]-Tn-®p-Im-Wpw.-
`q-an-bn-s√-¶n¬- \-Ω-fn-√.- ssP-h-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-se- Po-h-\p-≈-Xpw-
C-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b- k-I-e L-S-I-ß-fpw ]-cn-c-£n-°-s∏-S-Ww.- h-\-\-
io-I-c-Ww- X-S-b-Ww.- a-c-ßƒ- sh-®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.- hm-bp-hn-epw-
sh-≈-Øn-epw- a-Æn-epw am-en-\yw- I-e-cm-sX- t\m-°-Ww.- i-_v-Z-i-
eyw- Ipd-bv-°-Ww.- hn-`-h-ßƒ- ]-c-am-h-[n- kq-£n-®p-]-tbm-Kn-°-
Ww.- A-h- A-Sp-Ø- X-e-apd-bv-°v- ssI-amd-Ww.- {]-Ir-Xn- s]m-∑p-´-
bn-Sp-∂- Xmdm-hn-s\-t∏m-se-bm-Wv.- A-Xn-s\- sIm-√-cp-Xv.- "-"-\-Ωp-
sS- B-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-≈-sX-√mw- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠v.- F-∂m¬-, \-Ωp-
sS- A-Xym-{K-l-sØ- Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- {]-Ir-Xn-°pw- I-gn-bn-√.-
'-'- Cu- A¿-∞w-h-cp-∂- hm-°p-Iƒ- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- {]-Ir-Xn-
\¬-In-b- h-c-Zm-\-ßƒ- \-ap-°v- kz-¥-a-√.- \mw- A-h-bp-sS- Im-h¬-
70
°m¿-am-{Xw.- A-Sp-Ø- X-e-apd-bn-te-°v- A-h-sb- kp-c-£n-X-am-bn-
G¬-∏n-°m≥- \-ap-°v- _m-[y-X-bp-≠v.- Cu- e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv-
]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- \n-b-a-ßƒ- D-≠m-b-Xv.-
tem-I- ]-cn-kvY
- n-Xn- k-tΩ-f\
- w-
1972 Pq-em-bv- 5˛mw-Xo-b-Xn- kzo-UWnse kv-t‰m-°v-tlm-an¬- H-
cp- tem-I- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- k-tΩ-f-\w- tN¿-∂p.- sF-Iy-cmjv-{S-ßƒ- hn-
fn-®p-Iq-ń-b- B- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- `q-cn-]-£w- Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-
bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- ]-s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®n-
cp-∂-Xv- A-∂-sØ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂ {io-a-Xn- C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n-
bm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn kw-c-£-W-Øn-s≥d- {]m-[m-\yw- Du-∂n-
]d-™p-sIm-≠v- A-h¿- B- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- {]-kw-Kn-°p-I-bpw-
sN-bv-Xp.-
tem-I-Øn-se-hn-sS-bpw- A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- {]-iv-\-
ß-sf- B-g-Øn¬- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈ H-cp- {]-Jym-]-\w- {]-kv-
Xp-X- k-tΩ-f-\w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.- {]-iv-\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn¬- Hm-tcm- cm-
jv-{S-hpw- A-Xn-se- ]u-c-∑m-cpw- F-Sp-t°-≠- ap≥-I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ- A-
Xn¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn°p-∂p-≠v.-
]-cn-kvY
- n-Xn- A-ht- _m-[w- hym-]I
- a- m-Ip-∂p-
ta¬-]d-™- k-tΩ-f-\w- F-√m- cm-Py-ß-fn-epw- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- {]-
h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v- B-°w-Iq-ń.- cm-jv-{S-ßƒ- a-‰p- \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-
F-Sp-Øp. k-∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- cw-K-Øp-h-∂v- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-
£-W-Øn-s≥d- {]m-[m-\y-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®- A-h-t_m-[w- P-\-
ß-fn¬- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ssk-e≥dv-hm-en- h-\-ßƒ-°v \m-
iw -kw-`-hn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂- sshZypX]-≤-Xn- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- {]-h¿-Ø-
I- c p- s S- iIv X amb F- X n¿- ∏ p- a q- e w- k¿°mcn\v Dt]£n
t°≠nh∂p.
C-¥y- \-S∏
- m-°n-b- {]-[m-\- ]-cn-kvY
- n-Xn- \n-ba- ß
- ƒ-
1974˛¬- ]m-¿-e-sa≥dv- P-e- (a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-{¥-
W)- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°n.- 1981˛¬- hm-bp- (a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-tcm-[-\-
\n-b-{¥-W)- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°n.- `-c-W-L-S-\- \-S-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-∂- k-
a-b-Øv- h-\w,- h-\y-Po-hn-Iƒ- C-h- c-≠p- hn-j-b-ß-fpw- kw-kv-Ym-\- en-
kv-‰n-em-bn-cp-∂p.- 1976˛¬ H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn- ap-tJ-\- kw-
bp-Iv-X en-kv-‰n-te-°v- am-‰n.- A-tXm-sS- {]-kv-Xp-X- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬-
tI-{μ-Øn-\pw- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Wm-[n-Im-cw \¬-I-s∏-´p.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv-
1972˛¬- h- \ y- P o- h n- kw- c - £ - W - \n- b - a w- ]m- k m- ° n- b n- c p- ∂ p.-
1991˛¬ {]-kv-Xp-X \n-b-a-Øn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw h-\y-
ar-K-th-´-bv-°v- sse-k≥-kv- sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bpw-
sN-bv-Xp.- 1980˛¬- ]m¿-e-sa≥dv- h-\-kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°n.-
71
1986˛¬- ]- c n- k v - Y n- X n- kw- c - £ - W - \ n- b - a - h pw- ]mkm°n. A- ß -
s\ ssP-h-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s≥d- F-√m L-S-I-ßƒ-°pw- kw-c-£-Ww-
\¬-Im≥- ]-cym-]v-X-am-b- \n-b-a-ßƒ- C-¥y-bpw- \n¿-an-®v- \-S-∏n-
em-°n.-
]-cn-kvY
- n-Xn- F-∂m¬-?-
1986-˛se- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- \n-b-a-Øn¬- "-]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn-'sb- \n¿-h-Nn-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv-:- "-"-]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- F-∂-Xn¬- P-ew,- hm-
bp,- `q-an- F-∂n-h-bpw- P-ew,- hm-bp,- `q-an,- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- F-∂n-h-°n-
S-bn¬- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- A-t\ym-\y- _-\v-[-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Spw.-'-'-
P-ew,- hm-bp,- `q-an- F-∂n-h-bpw- `q-an-bn¬-\n-∂pw- P-e-Øn¬-\n-
∂pw e-`n-°p-∂- h-kv-Xp-°-sf-bpw- B-{i-bn-®m-W-t√m- a-\p-jy-\pw-
k-ky-ß-fpw- P-¥p-°-fpw- F-√mw- Po-h≥- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.- "-]-cn-
kv-Yn-Xn- {]-iv-\w-'- D-∂-bn-°-s∏-´-t∏m-sgm-s°- Po-hn-X-Øn-\p-≈-
A-h-Im-i-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- A°mcyw kp-{]ow-tIm-
S-Xn- ]-cn-K-Wn-®-Xv. ip-≤-hm-bp-hpw- ip-≤-P-e-hpw- B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-b-
Po-hn-X-Øn-\v- A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.- A-Xp-Im-c-Ww- hm-bp- a-en-
\o-I-c-W-hpw -P-e-a-en-\o-I-c-W-hpw- Po-hn-°m-\p-≈-A-h-Im-i-Øn-
s≥d- \n-tj-[-am-bn-´m-Wv- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- I-≠-Xv.- B-fp-Iƒ- Xm-a-
kn-°p-I-tbm tPm-en-sN-øp-I-tbm- t]m-°p-h-c-hn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-
tbm- sN-øp-∂-kv-Y-ew- a-en-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-´m-epw- a-Xn- A-Xv- Po-hn-
°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-Øn-s≥d- \n-tj-[-am-bn-´p-th-Ww- Im-Wm≥. ]-
cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-W-Im-cy-Øn¬- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- `m-K-Øp-
\n-∂p-≠m-b- G-‰-hpw- hn-e-s∏-´- kw-`m-h-\- ta¬-]d-™- {]-Im-c-ap-
≈- k-ao-]-\w-X-s∂-bm-Wv- F-∂v- s]m-Xp-sh- ]d-bmw.-
P-ea- e
- n-\o-Ic- W
- Ø
- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈- \n-ba- w-
P-e-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- ]m¿-e-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°n-b- \n-b-
a-sØ- Np-cp-°-Øn¬- 1974˛-se- P-e-\n-b-aw- (hm-´¿- B-Iv-Sv)- F-∂v-
]d-bmw.- {_m-°-‰n¬- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- D-t±-iyw-Iq-Sn- t]-cn-t\m-Sp- tN¿-
Øn-´p-s≠-∂p-am-{Xw.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- A-Xn-s≥d- t]-cv- 1974˛-se- P-
e- (a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-{¥-W)- \n-b-a-am-b-Xv.- C-tX-a-ń¬-
X-s∂-bm-Wv- 1981˛-se- hm-bp- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- Im-cyw. 1981-˛se- hm-
bp (a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-tcm-[-\ \n-b-{¥-W)- \n-b-aw- F-∂m-W-Xn-s≥d-
]q¿-W-am-b- t]-cv.- P-e-\n-b-aw- F-∂pw- hm-bp-\n-b-aw- F-∂pw- ]d-bp-
∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw- ku-I-cyw.- P-e-\n-b-a-Øn-\pw- hm-bp-\n-b-a-Øn-\pw-
s]m-Xp-hn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv- a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-b-{¥-W- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ.- P-
e-\n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®- a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-b-{¥-W-t_m¿-Up-
Iƒ-°p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- hm-bp-\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- A-[n-Im-c-hpw.- C-tX-
t_m¿-Up-Iƒ-X-s∂- ]n-∂o-Sp-h-∂- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-W- \n-b-
a-Øn-s≥d-bpw- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- h-cp-∂p.- H-cp- tI-{μ- a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-
72
b-{¥-W-t_m¿-Upw- kw-kv-Ym-\ a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-tcm-[-\- t_m¿-Up-
I-fpw- kv-Ym-]n-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv- \n-b-a-ß-fn-se- \n¿-t±-iw.- A-X-\p-k-
cn-®v- kv-Ym-]n-®- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- tI-{μ-Øn-epw- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-epw-
D-≠v.-
t_m¿-Un-s≥d- A-\p-hm-Z-an-√m-sX -H-cm-fpw- H-cp-P-e-{]-hm-l-Øn-
epw- a-en-\-P-ew- H-gp-°-cp-Xv- F-∂m-Wv- \n-b-aw- A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv.-
t\-cn-´v- H-gp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-{X-a-√ \n-tcm-[-\w. `q-an-bn-te-°v- H-gp-°n-
A-Xv- P-e-Øn-se-Øm≥- C-S-bm-bm¬- a-Xn.- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-
se-Øn-b- H-cp- tI-kn¬- H-cp- cm-k-hy-h-km-b-im-e- a-en-\-P-ew- H-
cp- Ip-∂n≥- ap-I-fn¬- ]-ºv-sN-bv-Xv- F-Øn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- sN-bv-
X-Xv.- a-g-s]-bv-X-t∏mƒ- A-Xv- a-g-sh-≈-Øn¬- I-e¿-∂v- \-Zn-I-fn-se-
Øn.- \-Zo-P-ew- a-en-\o-Icn-®p.- C-Xv- P-e-\n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- \n-tcm-[-\-
Øn-s≥d ]-cn-[n-bn¬-s∏-Spw.- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-
Xn-sc- hn-[n-]d-™p.-
P-e-\n-b-a-Øn-se- a-s‰m-cp- hn-e-°v- hy-h-km-b-ß-sf- kw-_-\v-
[n-®m-Wv. -a-en-\o-I-c-W-t_m¿-Un-s≥d-ap≥-Iq-ń-bp-≈- A-\p-hm-Zw-
hmßm-sX- P-ew- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- P-ew- ]pd-¥-
≈p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂- H-cp- hy-h-km-bw- Xp-S-ßm≥- ]m-Sn-√.- H-cp- \-Zn-
bn¬-\n-∂v- hy-h-km-b-im-e- F-Sp-°p-∂- P-e-Øn-s≥d- tXm-X-\p-k-
cn-®v- \n-Ip-Xn- sIm-Sp-°-Ww.- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-I-gn-™- a-en-\o-I-cn-°-
s∏-´- P-ew- ip-≤o-I-cn-®v- t_m¿-Uv- \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂- \n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-
Xm-°n-b-ti-j-ta- ]pdw-X-≈m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q.- ]pdw-X-≈p-∂-Xv- t_m¿-
Uv- \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂- kv-Y-e-Øp-am-{X-ta- ]m-Sp-≈q.-
ta¬-∏d-™- \n-_-\v-[-\-Iƒ- ew-Ln-°p-∂- hy-h-km-b-im-e-
Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥- t_m¿-Un-\v- hn-]p-e-am-b- A-[n-
Im-c-ß-fp-≠v.- a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰v- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- ]-cm-Xn-sIm-Sp-Øv- \n-tcm-
[-\- D-Ø-c-hv- t\-Sm-\pw- \n-b-a-Øn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-≠v.- Np-cp-°n- ]d-
™m¬- \-Zn-I-fpw- X-Sm-I-ß-fpw- a-‰p- P-e-{]-hm-l-ß-fpw- a-en-\o-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc- \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥- hn-]p-e-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ-
t_m¿-Up-Iƒ-°p-≠v.- H-cp- hy-h-km-b-Øn-s≥d- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- \n¿-
Øn-sh-bv-°m≥-h-sc- t_m¿-Un-\v- I¬-∏n-°mw.-
hm-bp-ae
- n-\o-Ic- W
- Ø
- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈- \n-ba- w-
G- X m- ≠ v- P- e - \ n- b - a - Ø n- s ≥d- A- t X- N- ´ - ° q- ´ n- e m- W v-
hm-bp-\n-b-a-hpw- cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- hm-bp-a-en-\o-I-c-W-
Øn¬- i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-W-hpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- {]-
[m-\-am-bpw- hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-bm-Wv- hm-bp-
\n-b-aw- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. ]p-I-°p-g¬ B-h-iy-ap-≈- hy-h-km-b-
ßƒ- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\v- t_m¿-Un-s≥d- ap≥-Iq-ń-bp-≈- A-\p-hm-Zw-
hm-ß-Ww.- hm-X-Iw- ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- t_m¿-Uv- \n¿-t±-
73
in-°p-∂- cq-]-Øn¬- ip-≤o-I-cn-®v- t_m¿-Uv- \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂- \n-e-
hm-c-ap-≈-Xm-°-Ww.-
hm-bp-a-en-\o-I-c-W-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- C-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≈-
G-‰-hpw-h-en-b-tI-kv t`m-∏m¬- hm-X-I- Zp-c-¥w- kw-_-\v-[n-®-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p.- Zp-c-¥-Øn-\n-c-bm-b- A-hn-Sp-sØ- bq-Wn-b≥- Im¿-ss_-
Uv- ^m-Iv-Sdn-bn¬- \n-∂p-≈ hn-j-hm-X-I- tNm¿-®- Im-c-Ww- B-bn-
c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-I-fm-Wv- a-c-W-s∏-´-Xv.- A-h-cp-sS- B-{in-X¿-°v- \-
jv-S-]-cn-lm-cw- \¬-Im≥- A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep-≈- I-º-\n- ta-[m-hn-Iƒ k-
Ω-Xn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.-
tam- t ´m¿- h m- l - \ - ß - f m- W v - hm- b p- a - e n- \ o- I - c - W - Im- c y- Ø n¬-
hy-h-km-b-ß-sf-°mƒ- ap-∂n¬.- tam-t´m¿-hm-l-\- N-´-ß-fn¬-X-s∂-
A-Xv- \n-b-{¥n-°m≥- F-Sp-t°-≠- ap≥-I-cp-X¬- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-Xn-´p-
≠v.- ]p-I- ]-cn-tim-[n-°m-\p-≈- kw-hn-[m-\-hp-ap-≠v.- A-Xn-\p-]pd-
sa a-en-\o-I-c-W t_m¿-Un-\pw- hm-l-\-ßƒ- ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂- ]p-
I-bp-sS- \n-e-hm-cw- \n¿-t±-in-°m≥- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.- C-t∏mƒ- ]p-
I-h-en-s°-Xn-sc-bpw- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-°v- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-≠v.-
k-a-{K- \n-b-aw- '-86¬-
P-ew,- hm-bp- \n-b-a-ßƒ-°p-ti-jw- F-√m-hn-[- a-en-\o-I-c-W-
ß-sf-bpw- I-W-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂- H-cp- \n-b-aw- D-≠m-b-Xv- 1986-˛em-
Wv.- A-Xm-Wv- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw.- a-Æn-s≥d- a-en-\o-
I-c-W-Im-cyw- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp-°p-I.- cm-k-]-Zm¿-∞-ß-fp-sS- (h-
fw,- Io-S-\m-in-\n)- A-an-X-am-b- D-]-tbm-Kw- a-Æn-s\- a-en-\o-I-cn-
°pw. B-W-h- a-en-\o-I-c-W-am-Wv- am-c-I-am-b- a-s‰m-cp- hn-]-Øv.- C-
sX-√mw- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£-W-\n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- h-
cpw.- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- e-t_md-´dn-Iƒ- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- '-86-˛se- \n-b-a-
Øn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-≠v.- D-Ø-c-hp-I-fpw- \n¿-t±-i-ß-fpw- ew-Ln-®v- a-
en-\o-I-c-Ww- Xp-S-cp-∂- hy-h-km-b-ßƒ- ]q-ń-bn-Sm≥- \n-b-a-Øn-
se- 15mw- h-Ip-∏-\p-k-cn-®v- a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-b-{¥-W-t_m¿-Un-\v-
A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-
h-\k
- w-c£
- W
- - \n-ba- w-
1980˛se- h- \ - k w- c - £ - W - \n- b - a w- \- S - ∏ m- ° p- ∂ - X p- h - s c-
kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p h-\-kw-c-£-W-Øn-s≥d- Np-a-X-
e \n¿- h - l n- ® n- c p- ∂ - X v - . tI- c - f - Ø n¬- dn- k ¿- h v - h- \ - ß ƒ-
ap-tJ-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-\-ßƒ- kw-c-£n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv.- dn-k¿-hv-
h-\-Øn¬- {]-th-in-°p-∂-Xpw- a-cw- apdn-®p-I-S-Øp-∂-Xpw- h-\-hn-`-
h-ßƒ- ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xpw-a-‰pw- tI-c-f- h-\-\n-b-aw-\n-tcm-[n-°p-∂p-
≠v.- dn-k¿-hv- h-\-ßƒ- C-√m-Xm-°m≥- kw-kv-Ym-\- k¿°m¿- H-cp-
Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øm¬- a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂n-´v- H-cp- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\-
hpw- ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°-Ww.- 1980-˛se- h-\-kw-c-£-W \n-b-a-Øn-se-
{]-[m-\- hy-h-kv-Y,- dn-k¿-hv- h-\w- dn-k¿-hv- h-\-a√ -- m-Xm-°m≥- tI-{μ-
74
Øn-s≥d- ap≥-Iq-ń-bp-≈- A-\p-hm-Zw-hm-ß-W-sa-∂Xm-Wv.- h-\w- G-
sXm- c p- B- h - i y- ß ƒ- ° p- ] - t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ pw- tI- { μ
k¿°mcns≥d k-Ω-Xw- hm-ß-Ww.- C-ß-s\- C-¥y-bn¬- A-h-ti-
jn-®- h-\-ßƒ-°pw- tI-{μ-k¿°mcn-s≥d- kw-c-£-Ww- \¬-Ip-∂-
H-cp- \n-b-a-am-Wv- 1980-˛se- h-\-kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw.-
h-\y-Po-hn- kw-c£
- W
- - \n-ba- w-
1972˛-se- h-\y-Po-hn- kw-c-£-W- \n-b-aw- h-\y-P-¥p-°ƒ-°pw-
h-\-k-ky-ßƒ-°pw- kw-c-£-Ww-\¬-Ip-∂p.- kw-c-£-Ww- \¬-Ip-
∂- h-\y-P-¥p-°-fp-sS- ]-ń-I-I-fpw- h-\-k-ky-ß-fp-sS- H-cp- ]-ń-I-
bpw- {]-kv-Xp-X \n-b-a-Øn-ep-≠v.- Hm-tcm- ]-ń-I-bn-epw- [m-cm-fw- P-
¥p-°-fp-sS- t]-cp-I-fp-≠v.- B-\,- knw-lw,- am≥,- ]-e-bn-\w- Ip-c-ßp-
Iƒ,- I-≠m-ar-Kw,- a-bn¬,- X-Ø,- th-gm-º¬- ap-X-em-b- ]-£n-ar-Km-
Zn-I-fpw- aq¿-J≥- ap-X-em-b- D-c-K-ß-fpw- ]-ń-I-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Spw.- ]-
ń-I-bn-se- ar-K-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-`m-K-ßƒ.- D-Zm-: B-\-s°m-ºv,- B-\-
hm¬,- ]p-en-\-Jw- ap-X-em-b-h- {I-b-hn-{Ibw-sN-øp-∂-Xv ]-cn-]q¿-W-
am-bpw- \n-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.- hm-cn-°p-gn-sh-®v- B-\-]n-Sp-Øw-
C-\n- ]m-Sn-√.-
h-\y-ar-Kk
- t- ¶-Xß
- ƒ-
Ko¿-h-\w- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv.- 150 Hm-fw- knw-l-ßƒ-°v- kw-c-£-
Ww-\¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- A-hn-sS-bm-Wv.- Im-kn-cw-K-bn-se- I-≠m-
ar-K-ß-fp-sS- k-t¶-X-hpw- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv.- ]-e- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-epw-
h-\y-ar-K k-t¶-X-ß-fp-≠v.- A-h- kw-c-£n-°m-\p-≈- I¿-i-\-am-b-
hy-h-kv-Y-I-fp-ap-≠v.- h-\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ß-fn¬- h-\-ßƒ-°pw- ]q¿-
W- kw-c- £-W-\n-b-aw- Dd-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- ar-K-ßƒ-°v- hw-i-\m-
iw-h-cm-sX t\m-°m-\p-≈- _m-[y-X- hn-th-I-_p-≤n-bp-≈- a-\p-jy-
\p-≠v. ]-cn-c-£-Ww- In-´m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v- F-{X-tbm- Po-hn-Iƒ-
hw-i-\m-i-ò-j-Wn- t\-cn-Sp-∂p.- "-ò-a≥-]m-≠-'-sb-°pdn-®v- tI-ń-´p-
t≠m?- I-c-Sn-bp-sS- ap-J-Om-b-bp-≈- Cu- ar-Kw- hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬-
sNdn-b-Xm-Wv.- C-h hw-i-\m-i-ò-j-Wn-bn-em-Wv. C-Ø-cw- Po-hn-Iƒ-
°m-bn- {]-tXy-I- kw-c-£-W-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- k¿-°m¿- \-S-∏m-°p-∂p-
≠v.- "-s{]m-P-Iv-Sv- ssS-K¿-'- F-∂-Xv- I-Sp-h-I-sf- kw-c-£n-°m-\p-≈- ]-
≤-Xn-bm-Wv.- I-S-em-a-I-sf- kw-c-£n-°m-\pw- k-am-\-]-≤-Xn- \n-e-
hn-ep-≠v.-
`q-an-bn¬- Hm-tcm- Po-hn-bpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- H-cp- Po-hn-
C-√m-Xm-bm¬- A-Xn-s≥d- `-hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ- \-ap-°v- ap≥-Iq-ń- Im-
Wm-\m-Im-Ø-Xn-epw- A-∏pd-am-Ipw.- I-Sp-h- C-√m-Xm-bm¬- am-\p-Iƒ-
s]-cp-Ipw.- A-h- k-ky-ß-sf- \-in-∏n-°pw- A-t∏mƒ- h-\- hy-h-kv-
Y-bp-sS- k-¥p-e-\w- X-I-cpw.- C-ß-s\- ]-e-Xpw.-
ssN-\-°m¿-°n-S-bn¬ H-cp- ]-g-sam-gn-bp-≠v.- "-"-D-≠m-°m≥- I-gn-
bm-Ø-Xn-s\- \n-ßƒ- C-√m-Xm-°-cp-Xv.-'-'- F-{X- i-cn-!- \mw- hn-Nm-cn-
®m¬- H-cp- Ip-™pdp-ºn-s\-t∏m-epw- D-≠m-°m≥- I-gn-bn-√-t√m-!
75
]mTw 13
D]t`m-Iv-Xmhpw \nbahpw
tjm-∏nw-Kv- A\n-hm-cy-am-b Hcp- Po-hn-XNcy-bm-Wn-∂v- F√m-
h¿-°pw. A{Xb[n-Iw- km-[\ßƒ- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- Bhiy-
ap≠v.- Ah D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥- D¬-∏m-ZI¿-,- Ah hn-XcWw- sNøm≥-
I®hS°m¿.- Bhiy-ap-≈ km-[\ßƒ- ho-ń-seØn-®p-Xcp-∂
hn-XcW°m-cp-sS FÆhpw- Iq-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.- Aßm-Sn-
Ifn¬- Fhn- t Sbpw- BZm- b hn¬- ∏ \bp- s S ]cky- ß fm- W v . - hn-
XcW°m¿- sh®p- \ o- ´ p- ∂ hn- e °n- g n- h p- I fpw- kΩm- \ ßfpw-
XhW]≤Xn-Ifpw- Bhiy-an-√m-Ø km-[\ßƒ- Bhiy-an-√m-Ø
Afhn¬- hm-ßn-°q-´p-hm≥- Bfp-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- Np-cp-°n-
∏d™m¬- km-[\ßƒ- hm-ßp-∂hcm-bn- am-dn-bn-cn-°bm-Wv- F√m-
hcpw.- AXp-Im-cWw- km-[\ D¬-∏m-ZIscbpw- hn-XcW°m-scbpw-
F√m- Im-cy-ßfn-epw- Ft∏m-gpw- B{ibn-°m≥- F√m-hcpw- \n¿-_\v-
[n-Xcm-Ip-∂p.- D¬-∏m-ZIcp-sSbpw- hn-XcW°m-cp-sSbpw km-{am-Pyw-
hf¿-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- Cu- kvY - n-Xn-hn-tijam-Wv- D]t`m-IX
v- r-kw-
kv° - m-cw.-
ho-ń-epw- tPm-en-kv-YeØpw- bm-{Xbv-°n-Sbn-epw- sSen-t^m¨-
ku-Icyw- ]e¿-°pw- Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø Hcm-hiy-am-bn-Øo¿-∂n-cn-°p-
∂p.- hm-l\ßƒ- s]cp-In-s∏cp-In- s]m-Xp-\n-cØp-Iƒ- a\p-jy-
Po-h\v- G‰hpw- hen-b ò-jWn-bm-bn- am-dn-bn-cn-°bm-Wv.- \n-cØv-
ku-Icyap-≈ {]tZißfn-se√mw \n-c¥cam-b sIń-S\n¿-Ωm-Ww-
\S∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv- Im-Wmw. ]gb sIń-Sßƒ- s]m-fn-®p-am-
‰n- ]p-Xn-b sIń-Sßƒ- sIń-bp-b¿-Øp-∂Xn¬- aXv-kcn-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°bm-Wv- F√m-hcpw.- sIń-Sßfp-sS Np-‰p-aXn-ep-Iƒ-°pw- Np-
acp-Iƒ-°pw- a‰pw h¿-Æi_fn-a sIm-Sp-°m≥- ]eXcw- Nm-bßfpw-
t]m-fn-jp-Ifpw- e`y-am-Wv.- sIń-S DSaIfp-sS Io-i Im-en-bm-°p-
∂tXm-sSm-∏w- Ah sIń-SØn-\IsØ hm-bp- aen-\am-°p-Ibpw-
sNøp-∂p-≠v- F∂Xv- as‰m-cp- Im-cyw.- ]Whpw- ]≠hpw- ho-Sp-Ifn¬-
kq-£n-°p-∂Xv- B]¬-°cam-Wv.- _m-¶p-Isf B{ibn-°m-sX
76
Po-hn-°p-I km-[y-a√.- Cßs\ F{Xtbm- Im-cy-ßƒ-°v- a‰p-≈hcp-
sS tkh\w- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- Bhiy-am-Wv.- km-[\ßƒ- hm-
ßp-tºm-gpw- tkh\ßƒ- D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øp-tºm-gpw- D]t`m-Iv-
Xm-°ƒ- h©n-°s∏Sp-∂Xn-s\Xn-scbp-≈ \n-baßfm-Wv- D]t`m-
Iv-Xr- kw-c£W\n-baßƒ.-
{]h¿Øn°mØ hm-®v- hn-‰ Hcp- hym-]m-cn-s°Xn-sc tIm-SXn-
bn¬- tIkv- sIm-Sp-Ø Hcmƒ-°v- sslt°m-SXn-hsc t]m-tI≠n-
h∂ Hcp-Zm-lcWw- \n-ba dn-t∏m¿-´p-Ifn-ep-≠v.- hm-®n-s≥-d hn-e
Xn-cn-®p -In-´m≥- hn-[n- In-ń.- ]t£,- AXn-\v- Ggp-sIm-√w- ]n-Sn-®p.-
hm-®n-s≥d hn- e bp- s S F{Xtbm- Ccń- ]Ww- Abmƒ- ° v - ap-
St°≠Xm-bpw- h∂p.- D]t`m-IX -v m-°fp-sS {]iv\
- ßƒ- ]cn-lcn-®p-
In-´m≥- ]m-IØn-ep-≈ \S]Sn-Ifm-Wv- 1986˛se D]t`m-Iv-Xr- kw-
c£W\n-baØn¬.-
D]t`m-IvX
- r- X¿-°]cn-lm-c thZn-Iƒ-
tZio-bXeØn¬- Hcp- D]t`m-Iv-Xr- X¿-°]cn-lm-c \m-jW¬-
IΩo-j≥.- kw-kv-Ym-\XeØn¬- Hm-tcm- D]t`m-Iv-Xr- X¿-°]cn
-lm-c kw-kv-Ym-\- IΩo-j≥.- Pn-√Iƒ-tXm-dpw- D]t`m-Iv-Xr- X¿-
°]cn-lm-c Pn-√m- t^m-dßƒ.- Cßs\ aq-∂p-Xcw- kv-Ym-]\ßfm-
Wv- Cu- \n-ba{]Im-cap-≈Xv.-
C-cp-]-Xv- -e£w- cq-]bn¬- Ihn-bm-Ø X¿-°ßƒ-°v- ]cm-Xn-
sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv- Pn-√m t-^m-dØn¬. C-cp-]-Xv- -e£Øn-e[n-Ihpw H-
cp- tIm-Sn-bn¬- Ihn-bm-ØXp-am-sW¶n¬- kw-kv-Ym-\ IΩo-j\n¬.-
H-cp- tIm-Sn-bn¬-- A[n-Iam-sW¶n¬- tZio-b- IΩo-j\n¬- B-Wv-
]cm-Xn- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv.-
]cm-Xn- Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-°Wsa∂v- am-{Xta \n-baw- \n-j° v- ¿-jn-
°p- ∂ p- ≈ q. \niv N nXamXrIsbm∂pw C√.- A `n`mjIs\
G¿s∏SpØ Wsa∂v \n¿_‘an√. FXn¿-I£n-bp-sS ta¬-hn-em-
kw- Fgp-XWw.- X¿-°hn-jbw- 100 {Km-w Nm-bs∏m-Sn-bm-sW∂v- hn-
Nm-cn-°p-I.- Btcm-Sv- hm-ßn-sb∂pw- hn-e F{X sIm-Sp-sØ∂pw-
F∂v- hm-ßn-sb∂pw- ]cm X - n-bnsegp-XWsa∂v- ]dtb≠Xn-√t√m.-
am-bw- tN¿-ØXm-bn- I≠Xm-sW¶n¬- AsXgp-XWw.- Xq-°°p-
dhm-Wv- ]cm-Xn-sb¶n¬- B hn-hcam-Wv- Fgp-tX≠Xv.- Pn-√m-t^m-dw-
]cm-Xn- I®hS°m-c\v- Ab®p-sIm-Sp-°pw.- Hcp-am-kØn-\p-≈n¬- adp-
]Sn- t_m-[n-∏n-°m≥- \n¿-t±in-®p-sIm-≠v- adp-]Sn-bp-sS Hcp- ]I¿-
∏v- ]cm-Xn-°m-c\v- t\cn-´b°m-\pw- \n-¿-t±in-°pw.- I®hS°m-c≥-
adp-]Sn-bb®m-epw- Cs√¶n-epw- 30 Zn-hksØ Ah[n- Ign-™m¬-
X¿-°hn-Nm-cW°v- Hcp- Xo-bXn- \n-iv-Nbn-®v- Ccp-I£n-Iƒ-°pw-
t\m-ó-kb°pw.- \n-iv-Nn-XZn-hkw- hn-Nm-cW \S°pw.- ]cm-Xn-
sIm- S p- Ø Bƒ- ° v - ]dbm- \ p- ≈ Xv - t\cn- ´ v - t^m- d w- ap- º m- s I
]d™m¬-aXn. FXn¿-I£n- lm-Pcp-s≠¶n¬- Abmƒ- ]dbp-
77
∂Xpw- tIƒ-°pw.- a‰p- sXfn-hp-Ifp-s≠¶n¬- AXpw- lm-Pcm-°mw.- lm-
Pcm-°m-sa∂v- ]d™m¬- Aßv- sIm-Sp-Øm¬-aXn.- tIkv- hn-[n- ]dbm≥-
Hcp-Zn-hkw- \n-iN
-v bn-°pw.- \n-iN
-v n-XZn-hkw- hn-[n-]dbpw.- hn-[n- FXn¿-I£n-
s°Xn-cm-sW¶n¬- AX\p-kcn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬- Adkv‰- -v sNbvX - -v Pbn-
en-em-°m≥- \n-baØn¬- hyhkvYbp-≠.v - AXp-sIm-≠-v hn-[n- A\p-
kcn-°m≥- FXn¿-I£n-Iƒ \n¿-_\v[ - n-Xcm-Ipw.-
C-cp-]-Xv- e£Øn-e[n-Iw- hn-ebp-≈ Hcp- tamt´m¿-Im-dm-Wv-
X¿-°hn-jbsa∂v- hn-Nm-cn-°p-I.- AXn-\v- ]cm-Xn- kw-kv-Ym-\ IΩo-
j\n¬- sIm-Sp-°Ww.- ]co-£Wim-ebp-sS ]co-£W dn-t∏m¿-´v-
Bhiy-am-sW¶n¬- AXv- hcp-Øpw.- AXn-\p-≈ kabw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
th≠n-hcpw.- AXm-hiy-an-√m-Ø ]cm-Xn-Iƒ- aq-∂p-am-kØn-\p-≈n¬-
Xo¿-∏p-I¬-∏n-°Wsa∂m-Wv- N´w.- D]t`m-IX v- r-thZn-Iƒ-°v- a‰p- tIm-
SXn-Ifp-am-bp-≈ Hcp- {][m-\ hy-Xym-kw- sXfnhv- Im-cy-Øn-ep-≈
kao-]\am-Wv.- sXfn-hv- \n-baw- F∂ Hcp- {]tXy-I \n-baap-≠v.- B
\n-baØn¬- ]d™n-cn-°p-∂ {]Im-cap-≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ- thWsa∂v-
\n-jv° - ¿-jn-t°≠ Bhiyw- D]t`m-IvX - r- X¿-°]cn-lm-cthZn-Iƒ-
°n-√.- tIkv- tIƒ-°p-∂ AXn-s≥-d {]kn-U≥-dn-\pw- Aw-Kßƒ-
°pw- t_m-[y-s∏´m¬-aXn.-
Pn-√m- t^m-dØn-s≥-d {]kn-U≥-dv- Pn-√m- PUv-Pn-bm-bn- \n-ban-
°s∏Sm≥- tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈ Bfm-bn-cn-°Ww.- {]kn-U≥-dn-\v- ]p-
dsa c≠w-Kßfp-≈h¿-°v- {]tXy-I tbm-Ky-XIsfm-∂pw- \n-iN v- bn-
®n-ń-√.- D]t`m-IvX- r- {]iv\- ßsf kw-_\v[ - n-®v- Adn-hpw- Ahbn¬-
Xm¬-∏cy-hpw- D≠m-bm¬-aXn.- kw-kv-Ym-\- IΩo-js≥-d {]kn-U
≥-d- v- DtZym-KØn-en-cn-°p-∂tXm- dn-´b¿- sNbv-XtXm- Bb Hcp-
sslt°m- S Xn- PUv - P n- b m- b n- c n- ° Ww.- tZio- b IΩo- j s≥- d
sNb¿am≥- kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn- PUv-Pn-tbm- dn-´b¿- sNbv-X kp-{]ow-
tIm-SXn- PUv-Pn-tbm- Bbn-cn-°Ww.-
78
]m-Tw- 14
tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\- \n-b-a-ßƒ-
{_n-ó-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- 1939˛¬- H-cp- tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\- \nbaw
]m-km-°n- \-S∏ - m-°n-bn-cp-∂p.- 1989˛¬- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- tam-t´m¿- hm-l-
\- \n-b-aw- ]m¿-e-sa≥dv- ]m-km-°n.- A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- 1939˛-se- tam-
t´m¿- hm-l-\- \n-b-aw- ]n≥-h-en-°-s∏-´p.- tI-{μ-k¿°mcn-\pw- kw-
kv-Ym-\- k¿°mcpIƒ-°pw- N-´-ßƒ- \n¿-an-°m≥- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬-
Ip-∂- H-t´-sd- hyhkvYI - ƒ- tam-t´m¿ hm-l\ - \n-ba- Ø
- n-ep-≠v. tI-{μ-
k¿°m¿- 1989˛-se- tI-{μ- tam-t´m¿- hm-l\ - - N-´ß
- ƒ- \n¿-an-®p- \-S-
∏m-°n.- tI-cf - k
- ¿°m¿ 1989˛-se- tI-c-f- tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\- N-´-ß-
fpw.- 1989˛-se- tam-t´m¿- hm-l\ - - \nbaØnse-bpw- 1989˛-se- tI-{μ-
tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\-N´- ß - f - n-se-bpw- hy-hk - Yv- I- ƒ- C-¥y-bn-se- F-√m-
{]-tZ-iß- ƒ-°pw- _m-[I - a- m-Wv.- tI-cf
- - tam-t´m¿- hm-l\ - - N-´ß
- ƒ-°v-
tI-cf- kwkvYm\Øn¬- am-{X-ta- {]m-_e - y-ap-≈q.- a-‰p- kwkvYm\ß-
fn-epw- C-tX-t]m-es - Ø- tam-t´m¿ hm-l-\ N-´-ß-fp-≠v.- A-h-sb-√mw-
G-sd-°p-sd- H-tc-t]m-se-bm-Wv.- tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS- \n¿-am-
Ww -ap-X¬- A-Xv- \n-c-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ- ]m-en-t°-≠- \n-
_-\v-[-\-Iƒ-h-sc-bp-≈- F-√m- Im-cy-ß-fpw- tam-t´m¿-hm-l-\- \n-b-
a-ß-fn¬- hn-kv-X-cn-®p- ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.- \n¿-am-W-sØ- kw-_-\v-[n-®v-
tI-{μ- tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\- N-´-ß-fn-ep-≈- \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ- B-[p-\n-I-
km-t¶-Xn-I- im-kv-{X-Øn-s≥d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-
h-bm-Wv.- km-t¶-Xn-I-im-kv-{Xw- ]p-tcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- N-
´-ß-fn¬- am-‰w-h-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- N-´-ß-fn¬- am-‰w-h-cp-Øm≥-
K-k-‰v- hn-Pv-Rm-]-\w- ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®m¬- a-Xn-b-t√m.-
]-eX
- c- w- tam-t´m¿- hm-l\
- ß
- ƒ-
tam- t ´m¿- hm- l - \ - ß ƒ- ° v - A- h - b p- s S- B- I v - k n¬- `m- c w,-
D-]t- bm-Kw F-∂n-hb- p-sS- A-Sn-kY v- m-\Ø- n¬ ]-e- t]-cp-If - pw- tam-t´m¿-
hm-l-\- \nbaØn-ep-≠v.- B-fp-I-sf- I-b-‰m-\p-≈-h-sb- I-b-‰m-hp-∂-
B-fp-I-fp-sS- F-Æ-a-\p-k-cn-®pw- X-cw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- `m-cw-I-b-‰m-\p-
79
≈-Xv- Kp-Uv-kv-hm-l-\-hpw- B-fp-I-sf- I-b-‰m-\p-≈-Xv- ]m-k-©¿-
hm-l-\-ß-fp-am-Wv.- Hm-tcm- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-\pw \n¿-Øn- bm-{X-°m-
sc- I-b-‰p-I-bpw- Cd-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- H-cp- \n-iv-Nn-X- kv-
Y-ew ap-X¬ a-s‰m-cp- kvY - e - w-hs
- c- Hm-Sp-∂ hm-l\ - ß
- ƒ-°v- kvt- ‰-Pv- Im-
tcy-Pv- F-∂m-Wv- t]-cv.- I-eym-Wm-h-iy-ßƒ-°pw- hn-t\m-Z-bm-{X- t]m-
Im-\pw- hm-S-I-bv-s°-Sp-°p-∂-h- tIm¨-{Sm-Iv-Sv- Iym-tc-Pp-Iƒ- s]m-
Xp-P-\-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n- hm-S-I-bv-t°m-Sp-∂-h- ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- hm-
l-\-ßƒ- \n-iN v- n-X- dq-ń-tem-Sp-∂- _-kp-If - pw- Sm-Ik
v- n-If
- pw- Hm-t´mdn-
£-If - pw ]-ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- hm-l\ - ß
- ƒ. hn-Zym-`ym-k kvY - m-]\- ß
- ƒ-
°v- _m-[-I-am-b- {]-tXy-Iw- hy-h-kv-Y-I-f-\p-k-cn-®v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-
hp-∂h- b - m-Wv. hn-Zym-`ym-k- kvY - m-]\- - _-kp-Iƒ- C-ßs - \- \n-ba
- w-
tam-t´m¿ hm-l-\-ß-sf- ]-e-bn-\-ß-fm-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
c-Pn-kvt- {S-j\
- pw- ss{U-hnw-Kv- sse-k≥-kpw-
c-Pn-kv-t{S-j-\n-√m-sX- H-cp- tam-t´m¿-hm-l-\-hpw- H-cp- s]m-Xp-
\n-c-Øn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Iq-Sm.- s]m-Xp-\n-c-Øp-I-fn¬- Hm-Sn-°p-∂-
h¿-°v- sse-k≥-kpw- \n¿-_-\v-[-am-Wv.- 18 h-b- v- ]q¿-Øn-bm-bm-
te- ss{U-hnw-Kv- sse-k≥-kv- e-`n-°p-I-bp-≈q. tam-t´m¿ hm-l-\w-
Hm-Sn-°p-∂h - ¿ ]m-en-t°-≠ \n-cØ - p-\n-ba
- ß
- ƒ D-≠v.- A-h- ]-Tn-®v- H-
cp- sS-k‰-v -v F-gp-Xn- ]m-km-bn-cn-°-Ww.- F-¶n-te- sse-k≥-kv- In-´p-
I-bp-≈q.- hm-l-\w- Hm-Sn-®v- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.- ss{U-
hnw-Kv- sse-k≥-kn-\p-≈- ]-co-£-bp-sS- am-Xr-Im- tNm-Zy-ßƒ- h-
sc- tI-{μ tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\- N-´-ß-fn-ep-≠v.-
\n-cØ
- v- \n-ba- ß
- ƒ-
tam-t´m¿- hm-l-\- \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS- H-cp- {]-[m-\- `m-K-am-b- \n-c-
Øp- \n-b-a-ßƒ- (Rules of the Road) F-√m-h-cpw- Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv.- tdm-Uv- \n-b-a-ßƒ- A-\p-k-cn-°p-tºmƒ- H-cmƒ- cm-Py-Øn-
s≥d-Xs - ∂- \n-ba - ß - f - m-Wv- A-\p-kc - n-°p-∂s - X-∂v- ]d-bmdp-≠v.- Im¬-
\-S-°m¿- tdm-Un-s≥d- h-iw-tN¿-∂v- \-S° - W - w.- ^p-Sv] - m-Øp-s≠-¶n¬-
A-Xn-eq-sS-am-{Xw- \-S-°-Ww.- Xn-c-°p-≈- tdm-Up-Iƒ- apdn-®p-I-S-
°p-tºmƒ {i-≤n-°W - w.- {]-tXy-Iw- am¿-°s v- N-bXv- - kvY- e
- ß- f- p-s≠-
¶n¬- A-hb - n-eq-sS am-{X-ta- tdm-Uv- apdn-®p-IS- ° - m-hq.- hm-l\ - ß
- ƒ- Hm-
Sn-°p-∂-h-cpw \n-b-a-ßƒ A-\p-k-cn-°-Ww.- A-h-bn¬- Nn-e-h-bp-sS-
Np-cp-°w- Xm-sg- sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.-
1.- I-gn-bp-∂-{X- C-S-Xp-h-iw- tN¿-∂v- Hm-Sn-°-Ww.-
2.- F-Xn¿-h-i-Øp-\n-∂p- h-cp-∂- hm-l-\-ß-sf- h-e-Xp-h-i-Øp-Iq-
sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Im≥- A-\p-h-Zn-°-Ww.-
3.- H- t c- Zn- i - b n- t em- S p- ∂ - hm- l - \ - ß - f n¬- H- ∂ v - a- s ‰m- ∂ n- s \-
adn-I-S-°p-∂-Xv- h-e-Xp-h-i-Øp-Iq-sS- th-Ww.-
4.- a- ‰ p- hm- l - \ - ß ƒ- ° v - A- k u- I - c y- a m- s W- ∂ p- I- ≠ m¬- H- c p
80
hm- l - \ w A- t X- Zn- i - b n- t em- S p- ∂ - a- s ‰m- c p- hm- l - \ - s Ø-
adn-I-S-°-cp-Xv.-
5.- h-f-hv,- aq-e,- I-b-‰-Øn-s≥d- D-®n- F-∂n-h-sb- k-ao-]n-°p-tºmƒ-
adn-I-S-°-cp-Xv.-
6.- ]n-∂n-ep-≈- hm-l-\w- X-s≥d- hm-l-\-sØ- adn-I-S-°m≥- Xp-S-
ßn- b m¬- ap- ∂ n- e p- ≈ - hm- l - \ - Ø n- s ≥d- ss{U- h ¿- a- s ‰m- c p-
hm-l-\-sØ- adn-I-S-°-cp-Xv.-
7.- ap- ∂ n- e p- ≈ - hm- l - \ - Ø n- s ≥d- ss{U- h ¿- k- Ω - X - Bw- K yw-
Im-Wn-s®-¶n-te- adn-I-S-°m-hq.-
8.- H-cp- hm-l-\w- X-s≥d- hm-l-\-sØ- adn-I-S-°p-tºm-tgm- I-S-∂p-
t]m-Ip-tºm-tgm- hml\Øns≥d thKw- h¿-[n-∏n-°-cp-Xv.-
9.- ^-b¿- k¿-ho-kv- hm-l-\-ßƒ,- Bw-_p-e≥-kv- F-∂n-h-bv-°v-
adn-I-S-°m-\pw- I-S-∂p-t]m-Im-\pw- ]m-I-Øn¬- \n-c-Øn-s≥d-
h-i-tØ-°v- amdn-s°m-Sp-°-Ww.-
10.- th-K-w- Ipd-bv-°p-I,- \n¿-Øp-I,- h-i-ß-fn-te-°v- Xn-cn-bp-I-
C-sXm-s°- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºv- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- Bw-Ky-ßƒ-
Im-Wn-°-Ww.- A-s√-¶n¬- kn-Kv-\¬- sIm-Sp-°-Ww.-
11.- hm-l-\w- \n-c-Øn¬- \n¿-Øn-bn-Sp-∂-Xv- \n-c-Øp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂- a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v- A-ku-I-cyw- D-≠m-Im-Ø-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-
Ww.-
12.- \n-c-Øn-ep-≈- {Sm-^n-Iv- A-S-bm-f-ß-fn-se- kq-N-\- A-\p-k-cn-
°-Ww.-
13.- \n-hr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø- L-´-ß-fn¬-am-{X-ta- s]-s´-∂v- t{_-°n-Sm≥-
]m-Sp-≈q.-
14.- I-b-‰w-I-bdp-∂- hm-l-\-ßƒ-°v- ]-cn--K-W-\- sIm-Sp-°-Ww.-
15.- hm-l\ - w- ]n-t∂m-´v- F-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºv- kp-c£
- n-XX - zw- Dd-∏p-hc- p-
Ø-Ww.-
16.- A-\m-h-iy-am-bn- tlm-W-Sn-°-cp-Xv.-
\n-ßƒ- sN-tø-≠-Xv-:-
Cu- \n-b-a-ß-sfm-∂v- {i-≤n-®v- hm-bn-®v- a-\- n-em-°p-I.- F-∂n-´v-
hm-l\ - Ø- n¬- k-©c - n-°p-tºmƒ- ss{U-h¿- C-h- ]m-en-°p-∂p-t≠m-
sb-∂v- {i-≤n-°p-I.- Hm-Sp-∂- hm-l-\-ß-fn¬- shdp-sX-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ-
sN-øm-hp-∂- H-cp- tPm-en-bm-Wn-Xv.- ss{U-h¿- Cu- \n-ba - w- {i-≤n-°m-
sX-bm-Wv- Hm-Sn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-I-≠m¬- D-S-s\- C-S-s]-Sp-I.- \n-ß-fp-
sS- kp-c-£n-X-Xzw- Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥- \n-ßƒ-°v- A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.-
A-Xv- H-cp ss{U-hdp-sS- C-jv-Sm-\n-jv-S-Øn-\v- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠- Im-
cy-a-√.- hm-l-\-ßƒ- Iq-ń-bn-Sn-®m-Wv- A-[n-Iw- A-]-I-S-ß-fpw- D-≠m-
Ip-∂-Xv.- Iq-ń-bn-Sn-°p-∂-Xv- Cu- \n-b-a-ßƒ- ew-Ln-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-
≠pw.- A-Xp- sIm-≠v- A-Xv- H-gn-hm-°m≥- B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v- \n-
ßƒ- tXm-∂p-∂ ap-∂dn-bn-∏v- \¬-Im≥- a-Sn-t°-≠-Xn-√.- \n-b-aw-
81
F-√m-h¿-°pw -th-≠n-bm-Wv.- A-Xv- ]m-en-°m≥- B-h-iy-s∏-Sm≥-
A-Xn-\p- Np-a-X-e-s∏-´- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-∑m¿-°v am-{X-a-√ A-h-Im-iw.-
A-Xn-s≥d- Kp-W-t`m-Iv-Xm-°ƒ-°p-ap-≠v.-
Nn-lv-\-ßƒ- {i-≤n-°p-I
tdm-Un-eq-sS- bm-{X-sN-øp-tºmƒ- h-i-ß-fn-em-bn- Im-Wp-∂-
A-S-bm-f-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- \n-ßƒ- I-≠n-´p-≠m-Ipw.-
kv-Iqƒ- Ip-ń- Hm-Sp-∂- Nn-{Xw,- F-b¿-tlm¨- h-c-®v- A-Xv- H-cn-c-´-h-
c-sIm-≠v- t{Im-kvs - N-bvX- - Nn-{Xw,- t{Im-kvs
- N-øm-Ø- F-b¿-tlm-Wn-
s≥d- Nn-{Xw- F-∂n-ßs - \- ]-eX - pw- \n-ßƒ- I-≠n-´p-≠m-Ipw.- ap-ºn¬-
hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ- D-s≠-∂pw- A-Xn-\m¬- ss{U-h¿- ]-Xp-s°- Hm-Sn-
°-Ww- F-∂p-ap-≈- kq-N-\bmWv kvIqƒ IpńbpsS Nn{Xw- \¬-
Ip-∂Xv. t{Im-kvs - N-bvX
- - F-b¿-tlm-Wn-s≥d- A¿-∞w- F-b¿-tlm¨-
A-Sn-°-cp-Xv- F-∂m-Wv.- h-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-eq-sS- t]m-Ip-∂- tdm-Up-I-
fn¬- C-S-bv-°n-sS- C-Ø-cw- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- Im-Wmw.- t{Im-kv-sN-øm-
Ø tlm-Wn-s≥d- A¿-∞w- \n¿-_-\v-[-am-bpw- tlm¨- A-Sn--°-
Ww F-∂m-Wv.-
ta¬-]d-™-hn-[-Øn-ep-≈- H-t´-sd- Nn-lv-\-ßƒ- 1988-˛se- tam-
t´m¿-hm-l-\- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥d- 1mw-]-ń-I-bn-ep-≠v.- C-\n- bm-{X-sN-øp-
tºmƒ- tdm-U-cp-In¬- C-Ø-cw- t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- D-t≠m- F-∂v- t\m-
°p-I.-
82
]m-Tw- 15
dmKnßv \ntcm-[\ \nbaw
(Zn tIcf s{]mln-_nj≥ Hm^v dmKnßv BIvS v 1998 )
1. dmKnßv XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠n tIc-f-Øn¬ \nehnep≈
ta¬ ]d™ \nbaw Hcp ZznXe kwhn-[m-\-amWv D≠m-°n-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.kwhn-[m-\Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-
\-Øns‚ Xe-h-\n¬ Nne Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.-A-
t±lw X\n°v e`n-®- dmKnß v kw_-‘-amb ]cm-Xn-bn≥ta¬
\S- Ø p∂ At\z- j Ww hfsc {][m- \ - s ∏- ´ - X m- W v . At\z-
jWØn¬ ]cmXn Ig- º p- ≈ - X m- s W∂v t_m≤y- s ∏- ´ m¬
]cmXn t]meo- k n\v ssIam- d p- I bpw _m°n At\z-
jWØn\pw XpS¿∂p≈ tImSXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw t]meo-
kmWv Npa-Xe hln-°p-∂-Xv.
2. Hcp hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n°v
am\-kn-Itam imco-cn-Itam Bb D]-{Zhw D≠m-°p-Itbm
B hnZym¿∞n-bn¬ òXntbm Pmfy-X-tbm,-th-h-em-Xn-tbm,-
\m-W-t°tSm D≠m-°p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dn-bm¬ Abm-
sf dmKv sNbvX-Xmbn ]d-bmw.-Hcp hnZym¿∞nsb Ifn-bm-
°pI,B-t£-]n-°p-I,-A-bmsf ]cn-lm-k-]m-{X-am-°p∂ coXn-
bn-ep≈ Xam-i-Iƒ ImWn-°p-I,-A-bmƒ km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬
sNømØ Imcy-ßƒ sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-SpI apX-em-bh
F√mw dmKn- ß ns‚ \n¿h- N - \ - Ø n¬ hcp∂ {]h¿Ø- n - I -
fmWv.dm-Knßv hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øn\p≈n¬ ht®m,-]p-d-
Ø-vht®m Fhn-sS-h®v \S-∂mepw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb \S-]-Sn-
bmWv.
3. dm-Knßv \S-Øp∂ hy‡n°v c≠v sIm√w hsc XS-hp-in-
£bpw ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-hsc ]ngbpw e`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-
Iq-SmsX B hnZym¿∞nsb Abmƒ ]Tn®psIm≠ncn-°p∂
hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Unkvankv sNøp-∂Xpw
Abmƒ°v at‰-sXmcp ÿm-]-\-Ønepw ASpØ aq∂v sIm√-
83
tØ°v {]th-i\w e`n-°mØXp-am-Wv.
4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnZym¿∞ntbm,-c-£-I¿Øm-thm,-am-Xm-]n-
Xm-°-tfm,A≤ym-]-Itcm, dmKnßv kw_-≤n®v tcJm-aqew
]cmXn D∂-bn-®m¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øns‚ Xe-h≥
B ]cm-Xn-bn≥ta¬ ]cmXn e`n®v Ggv Znh-k-Øn-\Iw At\z-
jWw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.-]-cm-Xn-bn¬ ]d™ Imcy-ßfn¬
Ig-ºp-s≠-¶n¬ Ip‰m-tcm-]n-X-\mb hnZym¿∞nsb kkvs]‚ v
sNøp-Ibpw dmKnßv kw_-≤n-®p≈ ]cmXn t]meo-kn\v
ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.]-cm-Xn-bn¬ Ig-ºns√¶n¬ ]cmXn
D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb tcJm-aqew A°mcyw Adn-bn-t°-
≠- X pamWv . ta¬]- d ™ coXn- b n¬ hnZym- ` ymk ÿm]-
\Øns‚ Xe-h≥ {]h¿Øn-®n-s√-¶n¬ At±lw dmKn-ßn\v
t{]c- I - a m- b - c oXn- b n¬ {]h¿Øn- ® - X mbn KWn- ® p- s Im≠v
dmKnßv \S-Ønb hy‡n°v \¬Im-hp∂ XS-hp-in-£bv°pw
]ngbv°pw A¿l-\m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
5. tIcf dmKnßv \ntcm[\ \nbaw IqSmsX dmKnßv XS-bp-
∂Xv kw_-‘n®v _lp-am-\-s∏´ kp{]ow tImSXn Viswa Jagrati
Mission Vs. Central Government F∂- tI-kns‚ hn[n-\ym-b-Øn¬
Nne am¿§ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-´p-≠v.-dm-Knßv D≠m-
b-Xn\p tijw A®-S° \S-]Sn FSp-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°m-ƒ dmKn-
ßn\v FXn-cm-bp≈ hnImcw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ßƒ \nc-
¥-c-amb I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-W-sa-
∂mWv kp{]ow tImSXn \n¿t±- i n®ncn- ° p- ∂ - X v . - I q- S msX
dmKnßv XS-bp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \njv{In-b-amb ÿm]-\ßfpsS
Aô- e n- t b- j ≥ d±v sNøp- I bpw kmº- Ø nI klmbw
\n¿Ø- e m- ° p- ∂ - X n- s \- ∏ - ‰ nbpw kp{]ow tImSXn \n¿t±-
ißfn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v.
dmKnßv kw_-‘amb \nb-a-k-lm-b-Øn\v eoK¬ k¿ho-
kkv AtXm-dn-‰n°pw bp.-Pn.-kn°pw sl¬]vsse≥ e`y-am-Wv.
hni-Zm-wißƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
tIcfm tÃ‰v eoK¬ k¿ho-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n
\nb-a-k-lmb `h≥, sslt°m¿´v tImºu-≠v,
Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, sIm®n ˛ 682031.
sSen/^mIvkv : 0484 ˛ 2396717
C˛-sa-bn¬ : kelsakerala@gmail.com, website : www.kelsa.gov.in
sI¬k-bpsS 24 aWn-°q¿ sl¬]vsse≥ ˛ 9846 700 100
bp.-Pn.-kn bpsS 24 aWn-°q¿ sl¬]vsse≥ ˛ 1800 180 5522
C˛-sa-bn¬: helpline@antiragging.net
84
]mTw 16
- m-t¶-XnI \nbaw 2000(IT Act 2000)

hnh-ck
hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS D]-tbmKw kpc-£n-Xhpw `{Zhpw
B°p-hm\pw \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw th≠n C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚-n¬
2000-˛¬ \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-amWv hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI \nbaw 2000(IT
Act 2000)
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v I¿i-\-amb
\nb-a\S]SnIfpw in£bpw Dd-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ CXn¬
hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu \nb-a-Ønse IX˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw
XI˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw hyhÿ sNøp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ {]Imcw
Ip‰w sNøp-∂-h¿°v 3 h¿jw hsc ITn-\-X-Shpw 2 e£w cq]
hsc ]ngbpw AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂v in£
hn[n°mw F∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
as‰m- c m- f psS Iºyq- ´ ¿ kwhn- [ m- \ - Ø n- t ebv t °m ^b- e n-
tebvt°m t{]m{Kmw hgn AXn-{I-an®p Ibdn AXv X\nsb a‰p
^b- e p- I - f n- t ebv t °m irwJ- e - b n- e p- ≈ - a‰p Iºyq- ´ - d p- I - f n-
tebvt°m {]th-in-°p-Ibpw AXn-ep≈ hnh-c-ßƒ \in-∏n-°p-
Itbm am‰n adn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂Xv Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ hyhÿ
sNøp-∂Xp {]Imcw 3 h¿jw hsc ITn-\-X-Sthm 2 e£w cq]
]ngtbm As√-¶n¬ Ch c≠pw IqSntbm in£ hn[n-°mhp∂
Ip‰-am-Ip-∂p.
85
A«oew Ie¿∂ D≈-S°w Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS
{]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv 3 h¿jw
hsc XShpw 5 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw in£ hn[n-°m-hp∂
Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv. Ip‰-hmfn CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn-te¿s∏-
Sp-∂Xv BZysØ Xh-W-bm-sW-¶n¬ ta¬∏-d™ in£bpw
XpS¿∂pw {]kvXpX Ip‰-IrXyw Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ 5
h¿jw-hsc XShpw 10 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw F∂ \ne-bn-
te°v in£-bpsS ]cn[n h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
IT \nb-a{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰-IrXyw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂v Hcp t]meokv
DtZym-K-ÿt\m k¿°m¿ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ at‰-sX-
¶nepw DtZym-K-ÿt\m \ymb-amb kwibw tXm∂p∂ ]£w
{]kvXpX DtZym-K-ÿ\v s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-¬ {]th-in®v Ip‰-hm-
fn-Iƒ°mbn Xnc-®n¬ \SØp∂-Xn\pw hmd‚n-√msX Ip‰-hm-fn-
Isf AdÃv sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nbaw hyhÿ sNøp-∂p.
cmPy-Øns‚ kpc£bpw kmº-ØnI `{Z-Xbpw s]mXpkwhn-
[m-\-ßfpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Cu \nb-a-Ønse 70-˛mw hIp-∏n¬∏d-
bp∂ kpc£mkwhn-[m-\-ßƒ°v £Xw kw`-hn-°p∂ coXn-
bn-ep≈ ssk_¿ AXn-{I-a-ßfpw ssk_¿ òI-cm-{I-a-W-ßfpw
\SØn kaq-l-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°v ac-Wtam ac-W-Øn\p Imc-
W-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ amc-I-amb apdn-hp-I-tfm, ASn-b-
¥nc k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ \in-∏n®v P\-Po-hnXw Xs∂ Zpx -l-am-°p∂
Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßtfm sNøp-∂-h¿°v Poh-]-cy¥w in£
Dd-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-ßfpw Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ sNøp∂p
F∂Xv FSpØp]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
hnhc hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS kpc-£n-X-amb
D]-tbmKw
Iºyq- ´ ¿, C‚¿s\- ‰ v , C˛- s a- b n¬, samss_¬ t^m¨,
t^mÏym-a-d, Nm‰nßv Ch-sbms° C∂v \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\-
Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-am-Wv. hnh-c-˛-hn-
\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠mb Cu IpXn-®p-Nm´w temIsØ Xs∂ Hcp
86
{Kma-am°n am‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. `c-Ww, hnZym-`ym-kw,
kmº-ØnI cwKw, BtcmKyw XpS-ßnb Ht´sd taJ-e-I-fn¬
hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-ßƒ \ap°v ImWm-\m-hpw. F∂m¬ F√m
Imcy-ßfp-tSXpwt]mse Cu \h-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Ifpw \ΩpsS
Pohn-X-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ sX‰mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \h-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-
Iƒ am‰w-sIm-≠p-h-∂n-´p-s≠∂v ]d-bp-tºmgpw Ch-bpsS sX‰mb
D]-tbmKw sIm≠v kzIm-cy-X-bn¬ IS-∂p-I-b‰w D≠m-hp-Ibpw
kpc-£n-XXzw \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xmbn \ap°v ImWmw.
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ
hnhc hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Knt®m Ahsb
e£yw-ht®m \S-Øp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-sf-bmWv ssk_¿ Ip‰-
Ir-Xy-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Iºyq-´¿, samss_¬ t^m¨,
UnPn-‰¬ Iyma-d-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-
fnse D]-I-c-W-ßƒ.
C‚¿s\-‰pw, samss_¬ t^mWp-sams° ]e Ip‰-Ir-Xy-
ßƒ°mbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Iºyq-´¿ t]mep≈ \qX-\-km-
t¶-XnI D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X, sNdnb CS-Øn¬
[mcmfw hnhcw tiJ- c n®p hbv ° m≥ Ignbpw F∂- X m- W v .
Aßs\ tiJ- c n- ® p- h - ® n- c n- ° p∂ hnh- c - ß ƒ tNm¿Øn- s b- S p-
°m\pw km[n-°p-∂p.
hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ kv{XoIfpw
Ipń-Ifpw {]mb-am-b-hcpw D≠m-Ipw. Ch-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ
hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°mØ [mcmfw t]¿ Ch-cn¬ D≠m-Ipw.
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ°v s]s´∂v Cc-
I-fm-Ip-∂Xv IqSp-Xepw Cu hn`m-K-Øn-¬ s]Sp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.
ssk_¿ temIØv hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Ffp∏w e`y-am-
Wv. Hm¿°p-´v, s^bvkv_p°v XpS-ßnb kmaq-lnI irwJ-e-Iƒ
hgn CØcw hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßfpw t^mt´m-Ifpw B¿°pw
e`y-am-Ipw. Chbpw ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ°v hf-am-Ip-∂p.
87
{][m-\-s∏´ Nne ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßsf ]e- co-Xn-I-fn¬ XcwXncn-°m-dp-
≠v.
1. hy‡n-Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bp≈ Ip‰-ßƒ(-ssk-_¿ A-Xn-{I-aw).
2. kmº-ØnI Ip‰-ßƒ (s{I-Un‰v Im¿Uv hnhc tamjWw
apX-em-b-h).
3. `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc (ssk-_¿ òI-cm-{I-a-Ww, \nb-a-]-
c-a-√mØ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ).
C‚¿s\‰v/samss_¬ t^m¨ Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ
{i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ
Iºyq-´¿ s\‰vh¿°n¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xpw A]-cn-Nn-X-cp-ambn Nm‰v
sNøp-∂Xpw sabn-ep-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂Xpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.
Cu Bfp-Iƒ Bscm-s°-bm-sW∂v \ap-°-dn-bn-√. kv{XobpsS
t]cn¬ sabn¬ Ab-bv°p-∂Xv ]pcp-j-\m-Imw. ]pcp-js‚ t]cn¬
kv{Xobp-am-Imw. Hm¨sse-\n¬ Hcmƒ°v Fßns\ thW-sa-
¶nepw kzbw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.
Nm‰n-ßn-eq-sS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcmSv \nß-fpsS t]cv, A{U-
v, kvIqfn-s‚ t]cv, t^m¨ \º¿ XpS-ßnb hy‡n-]-c-amb
hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.
bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw \nß-fpsS t^mt´m Ab-°p-Itbm
apXn¿∂-hsc Adn-bn-°msX Bsc-sb-¶nepw t\cn¬ ImWm≥
{ian-°p-Itbm Acp-Xv.
hrØn-sI-´Xpw A«oew \nd-™-Xp-amb ktμ-i-ßƒ, òj-
Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ktμ-i-ßƒ XpSßn \nßƒ°v {]bmkw D≠m-
°p∂ A\m-hiysa∂v tXm∂p∂ Hcp ktμißƒ°pw adp-
]Sn Ab-bv°-cp-Xv. Ch Bh¿Øn-®m¬ apXn¿∂-h-cpsS {i≤-
bn¬s∏-Sp-ØpI.
88
samss_¬ Iymad D]-tbm-Kn®v A\p-hmZw IqSmsX Bcp-
sSbpw t^mt´m FSp-°m≥ ]mSn-√. AXp as‰m-cm-fpsS kzIm-cy-
X-bpsS ewL-\-am-Wv.
A«oe Nn{X-ßƒ, hmN-I-ßƒ XpS-ßnbh sat Pv Bbn
Ab-bv°-cpXv.
A«oe ktμ- i - ß ƒ/ t^mt´m- I ƒ apX- e m- b h Ab-
bv°p∂Xv IT \nb-a-{]-Imcw in£m¿l-am-Wv. 3 h¿jw hsc
XShpw 5 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw in£-bmbn e`n-°mw.
A]-cn-Nn-X-cpsS sat -Pp-Iƒ°v (sms/mms) adp-]Sn Ab-bv°m-
Xn-cn-°pI.
Nm‰v sNøp-tºmƒ e`n-®tXm Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw s{]mss^-
ep-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂tXm Bb A]-cn-Nn-X-cpsS \ºdp-I-fn¬ hnfn-
°-cp-Xv.
tIm∏n-ssd‰v D≈ Iºyq-´¿ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ (tkm^v‰v shb-dp-
Iƒ)tamjvSn-°-cp-Xv. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Ibdn Ah ]I¿Øm≥ {ian-
°p-∂Xv tam„n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpeyam-Wv.
C‚¿s\-‰n¬ D≈ teJ-\-ßfpw a‰pw ]I¿Øn Ah \nß-ƒ
cNn- ® - s X∂ coXn- b n¬ D]- t bm- K n- ° - c p- X v . Hcp ]pkv X - I - Ø n-
setbm amkn-I-bnsetbm teJ-\-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X( author-
ship) \nßƒ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-t]msebmW-Xv. \nßƒ
I≠p]nSn-°-s∏-Smw. \nß-fpsS A≤ym-]-I¿°pw a‰p hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°pw AtX teJ\w C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e`y-am-sW-t∂m¿°p-I.
C≥¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ Uu¨temUv sNøp-∂-
Xn\p apºv Ah-bn¬ sshdkv Dt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
Nne t{]m{Km-ap-I-fn¬ \nß-fpsS Iw]yq-´-dns\ \in-∏n-°m≥ tijn-
bp≈ sshd-kp-Iƒ D≠m-Imw.
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ
CØcw Bi- b - h n- \ n- a tbm]m- [ n- I ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ° p- t ºmƒ
89
\ap°pw Nne DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fp-s≠∂v Hm¿°pI.
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ samss_¬ t^mWns‚ D]-
tbmKw I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p≈ hkvXpX \nßƒ°-
dn-bm-a-t√m. CØcw \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
\nß-fpsS \∑-bv°m-ssW∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv.
Bip-]{Xn-Iƒ, ao‰nwKv lmfp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-
fn¬ samss_¬ t^m¨ Ign-bp-∂Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-
I. AXym-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ sske‚ v tamUn¬ am{X-an-Sp-I. kwkm-
cn-°m-\p-s≠-¶n¬ a‰m-scbpw iey-s∏-Sp-ØmsX ]pd-Øn-dßn
kwkm-cn-°p-I.
\nßƒ°m-cp-sS-sb-¶nepw t^mt´m FSp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A\p-
hmZw hmßn am{Xw A{]-Imcw sNøp-I.
samss_¬t^m- W n\v ªqSqØv Ds≠- ¶ n¬ AXv Hm∏¨
B°n hbv°-cp-Xv. t^mWnse hnhc-ßƒ tNm¿Øs∏-Sm\pw
A«oe/A\m-hiy ktμ-i-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw e`n-t®-°m\pw
km[y-X-bp-≠v.
Iº-\n-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ k¿Δokv sk‚-dp-I-
fn¬ am{Xta t^m¨ k¿Δo-kn-ßn\v \¬Im-hq-. As√-¶n¬
AXnse hnh-c-ßƒ tNm¿Øn Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°mw.
******
90
]m-Tw- 17
s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv
XS-bp∂ \nbaw
( Zn {]nsh≥j≥ Hm^v UmtaPv ‰p ]_vfnIv
t{]m∏¿ń BIv‰v 1984 )
1. ka-c-ß-fp-sSbpw {]t£m-`-ß-fp-sSbpw ad-hn¬ hym]-I-ambn
s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw ]e-t∏mgpw \S-°m-dp-≠v.-C-Øcw
\io-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ aqew \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-Is‚ ]Ww
sIm≠v D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-ØXpw s]mXp-\-∑-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-
°m-hp-∂Xpw Bb BkvXn-I-fmW v \in-°p-∂Xv.\-in∏n-°-
s∏´ BkvXn-Iƒ ]p\:krjvSn-°mt\m \∂m-°mt\m òa-
amb XpI-Iƒ thWw.-hn-I-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-
Kn-°m-hp∂ XpI-Iƒ Aßs\ D≠m-bn-cp∂ BkvXn-Iƒ
]p\:krjvSn-°mt\m \∂m-°mt\m hgn-amdn Nne-hn-tS-≠n-h-
cp-tºmƒ \jvSw s]mXp-P-\-Øn-\p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.
2. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw BWv k¿°m-cn-t\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-
tj[w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ am¿§w F∂ hnizm-k-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv A{]-Im-c-ap≈ {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ Bfp-
Iƒ km[m-c-W-bm-bn- G¿s∏-Sp-∂X.vCØcw {]h¿Øn-I-fpsS
Xn‡-êw ]uc-∑m¿ Xs∂-bmWv A\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcp-
∂Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ AØcw {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-
h¿°v amXr-Im-]-c-amb in£ \¬In Ah XS-tb≠ Bh-
iy-IX DSse-SpØp.
3. 1984 se \nb-a-{]-Imcw s]mXp-ap-Xens‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬
tI{μ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fp-sSbpw Xt±i kzbw-`-cW
91
ÿm]- \ - ß - f p- s Sbpw k¿°m- ¿ tIm¿∏- t d- j - \ p- I - f psSbpw
k¿°m¿ Iº-\n-I-fp-sSbpw ssIh-i-Øntem A[o-\-Xbntem
D≈ ÿmh-c-Pw-K-a-h-kvXp-°ƒ F√mw Dƒs∏-Spw.Pew,-ssh-
Zyp- X n,- D u¿÷w F∂n- h - b psS D¬∏m- Z - \ - Ø n- \ pw,- h n- X - c - W -
Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb sIń-S-ßƒ, -hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iƒ,-J-\n-
Iƒ,-s]m-Xp-K-Xm-KX kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb BkvXn-
Iƒ,F- Æ Dev ] m- Z - \ - i m- e - I ƒ F∂n- h - s b√mw s]mXp- a p-
XembmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
4. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ \SØn F∂-Xns‚
ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ AØcw {]h¿Øn- I sf c≠mbn Xcw
Xncn-®n-´p-≠v.-A-·n-tbm,-kvt^m-S-I-h-kvXp-°tfm D]-tbm-Kn®v
s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ in£ Hcp sIm√-Øn\pw
]Øp sIm√- Ø n\pw CS- b n- e p≈ ITn- \ X- S - h mWv . an\naw
in£ Hcp sIm√w ITn-\X-S-hmsW-¶n¬ t]mepw tImS-Xn°v
X°- X mb Imc- W - ß ƒ Ds≠- ¶ n¬ AXnepw eLp- h mb
in£ \¬Im\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. A·n-bpw, kvt^m-S-I-h-
kvXp-°fpw D]-tbm-Kn-°msX \S-Øp∂ s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-
I-cWØn\v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ A©p sIm√w hsc-bp-ff
X-Shpin£bpw ]ngbpw e`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-F-∂m¬ \io-
I-cW {]h¿Ø\w Pew,-ssh-Zyp-Xn,-Du¿÷w F∂n-h-bpsS
D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\pw,-hn-X-c-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb sIń-S-ßƒ,-
hy- h - k m- b - i m- e - I ƒ,- J - \ n- I ƒ,- s ]m- X p- K - X m- K X kwhn- [ m- \ -
Øns‚ `mK-amb BkvXn-Iƒ,F-Æ Dev]m-Z-\-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-
h-s°Xn-cm-sW-¶n¬ AØcw {]h¿Ø-\ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂
Bfp-Iƒ°p Bdv amkw apX¬ A©p sIm√w hsc-bp-ff
ITn\X-Shp in£ e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.an\naw in£ Bdv amkw
ITn-\X-S-hmsW-¶n¬ t]mepw tImS-Xn°v X°-Xmb Imc-
W-ßƒ Ds≠-¶nepw AXnepw eLp-hmb in£ \¬Im\pw
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.-GXp Xc-Øn-ep-ff \io-I-cW{]h¿Ø\w
Bbmepw X-Shpin£tbmsSm∏w ]ng-Np-a-Øm\pw tImS-Xn°v
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
5. s]mXp- a p- X ¬ \miw kw_- ‘ n- ® p- f f tIkv {]Xn- I ƒ°v
Pmayw e`n-°m-hp∂ tIkp-IfpsS KW-Øn¬s∏-´-Xm-Wv.-F-
∂m¬ \io-I-cWw kw_-‘-amb tIkv Pmayw \¬Ip-∂-
Xn\v apºv t{]mkn-Iyq´¿°v Pmayw \¬Ip∂Xns\ FXn¿°m-
\p-ff Ah-kcw \¬tI-≠-Xm-sW∂v \nb-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-
kn-®n-´p-≠v.
6. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in∏n°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, s]mXp-
ap-X¬ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff DØ-c-hm-ZnØhpw ]uc-[¿Ωw
F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw Hm¿t°≠-Xm-Wv.
92
]mTw 18
s]mXp-ÿe- ß
- f- n-se
]pI-hen in£m¿l-amWv
]pI-h-enbpw ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw AXn-
Kp-cp-X-c-amb BLm-X-amWv a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn\v G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv.-
s]mXp ÿe-ßfn-ep≈ ]pI-h-en Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-
sØ-am-{X-a√ kl-Po-hn-bpsS IqSn Btcm-KysØ l\n-°p-∂-
Xm-sW∂v imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.-A-Xn-\m¬
CXp kw_-‘n®v Hcp Ah-t_m[w Db¿∂v htc-≠Xv Ime-L-
´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-enbpw {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Im-Ø-
h-cpsS ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw \nbaw aqew
\ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂ -cm-Py-amWv \Ω-ptS-Xv. 2003˛se knK-c‰n-s‚bpw
a‰p ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsSbpw ]ckyw sNø¬ \ntcm-[-\hpw
hym]m-chpw a‰pw \nb-{¥n-°¬ \nb-a-Ønse \memw hIp∏v
{]Imcw s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-≠v. \nb-
a-Ønse Bdmw hIp∏v {]Imcw {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Im-Ø-h¿°v
]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ßƒ hn¬°p-∂Xpw ,hn¬∏\ ]ckyw sNøp-
∂Xpw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS 150 ao‰¿ Np‰-fhn¬ AØcw
D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn¬∏-\bpw ]ckyw sNøepw in£m¿l-amb
Ip‰-amWv.
apc- f n- t Zhv d tIknse _lp- a m- \ - s ∏´ kp{]ow- t Im- S Xn
hn[nbpw cmaIrjvW≥ tIknse _lp-am-\-s∏´ tIc-fm-ssl-
t°m-SXn hn[nbpw s]mXpÿe-ßfnse ]pI-h-en Kpcp-X-c-amb
Btcm-Ky{]iv\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ s]mXp-i-ey-am-bn-´mWv
{]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛mw XnbXn Km‘n-P-b¥n Zn\-Øn¬ \S-
∏n¬h∂ s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en \ntcm-[n-°¬ N´ßƒ
2003-˛se ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ tI{μ-\n-b-a-
Øns‚ hIp-∏p-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ Dt±-in-
®n-´p-f-f-Xm-Wv.
s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v {]th-i\w km[y-amb GXp ÿehpw
s]mXp-ÿew F∂-Xns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-Øn¬ hcpw.- HmUnt‰m-dn-
bw,-B-ip-]-{Xn, -sd-bn¬sh- hn-{i-a-tI-{μ-ßƒ, hnt\mZtI-{μ-ßƒ,
93
tlm-´-ep-Ifpw s]mXp-`£ytI-{μßfpw,- s]m-Xp-Hmôkp-Iƒ,- tIm-
S-Xn-sI-ń-S-ßƒ, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, -{K-Ÿ-im-e-Iƒ,- _-
kv, s{S-bn≥ XpS-ßn s]mXpK-Xm-K-X-am¿§-ßƒ,-tPm-en-ÿ-e-ßƒ,-
hym-]m-c-k-ap®bßƒ,kn-\n-am-lm-fp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh s]mXp-P-
\-ßƒ°v {]th-i\w A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb s]mXp-ÿeßfm-Wv.-
F-∂m¬ \nb-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb
]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ÿe-ßfpw s]mXp-P-\-km-∂n-≤y-
an-√mØ Xpd- mb ÿe-ßfpw ]pI-hen \ntcm-[nX ÿe-ß-
fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
s]mXp-ÿeßfpsStbm s]mXp-ÿm]-\-ßfpsStbm \S-
Øn-∏p-Imcpw Npa-X-e-s∏-´-hcpw CØ-c-Øn¬ ]pI-hen \ntcm-
[\w Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø m≥ _m≤y- ÿ - c m- W v . - I q- S msX s]mXp-
ÿeßfn¬ ]pI-hen \ntcm-[nX t_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-
hm\pw Ch¿°v _m≤y-X-bp-≠v.
\nb-a-Øn¬ ]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ÿe-ßƒ (smok-
ing area) Fßs\ k÷o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-bÿe-ßƒ (smoking area) F∂v Cw•o-
jnepw {]mtZ-in-I-`mjbnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t_m¿Up-Iƒ
ÿm]n®v \mep-`m-KØpw `nØn ]WnXv th¿Xn-cn® CØcw
ÿe-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ kzbw \nb-
{¥nX hmXnepw hmbp- k - © mcw {]m]y- a m- ° p∂ kmt¶- X nI
kwhn- [ m- \ - ß fpw G¿s∏- S p- Ø m≥ \nbaw \njv I ¿jn- ° p-
∂p.s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-enbpw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb ]pI-
bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn¬∏-\bpw 200 cq] hsc ]ng-in£ e`n-
°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-amWv.
s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en Is≠Øn ]ng Npa-Øm≥
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥amsc Ah-cpsS A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-
bn¬ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
1. tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ \nIpXn hIp-∏p-I-fn-sebpw BtcmKyw,K-
Xm-KXw F∂o hIp-∏p-I-fn-sebpw C≥kvs]-IvS¿ ]Z-hn-bntem
AXn-\p-ap-I-fntem Dff DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿ Ah-cpsS ]cn-[n-
bn-ep-f-f-s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬.
2. sdbn¬sh- t Ã- j - \ p- I - f nepw ]cn- [ n- b nepw _‘- s ∏´
tÃj≥am-Ã¿,- A-kn-Ã‚ v tÃj≥am-Ã¿,tÃj≥ Npa-X-e-
bp-ff a‰v DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿.
3. tI{μ-˛k - w-ÿm\ k¿°m¿ k¿ho-knse Kk-‰Uv ]Z-hn-tbm,-
A-Xn\p apI-fntem Dff DtZym-Kÿ - ¿,Xp-ey-]Z- h - n-bn¬ kzbw-
`-cW/s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - f- nse DtZym-Kÿ - ∑m¿, _‘-
s∏´ k¿°m¿, kzbw-`c - W / s]mXp-ta-Je - m-ÿm-]\ - ß
- f
- psS
]cn-[n-bn¬.
94
4. k¿°m¿-˛-kz-Im-cy-B-ip-]-{Xn-Ifn¬ AXns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿/
saUn-°¬ kq{]≠v As√-¶n¬ Bip-]{Xn `c-Wm[n-Imcn.
5. t]mÃv Hmôkp-I-fn¬ t]mÃv am-Ãtdm AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-tem
Dff DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿.
6. kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw a‰v tPmen-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw Ahn-
SpsØ ÿm]-\-ta-[mhn/D∂-Xm-[n-Imcn As√-¶n¬ amt\-
P¿ (a-\p-jy-hn-`-hw).
7. hnZym- ` ym- k - ÿ m- ] - \ - ß - f n¬ {]n≥kn- ∏ mƒ/slUv a m- Ã ¿
As√-¶n¬ A≤ym-]-I¿.
8. {KŸ-im-e-I-fnepw hmb\im-e-I-fnepw sset{_-dn-b≥/A-kn-
Ã‚ v sset{_-dn-b≥/`c-W-Np-a-X-e-bp-ff a‰v Poh-\-°m¿.
9. hnam-\Øm-h-f-ß-fnepw hnam-\-ß-fnepw hnam-\-Øm-h-f amt\-
P¿/Fb¿t]m¿´v AtX-mdn‰n Hm^v C¥ym -DtZym-K-ÿ¿, hnam-
\-°-º-\n-I-fp-sSbpw hnam-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fn-tebpw DtZym-K-ÿ¿,
IqSmsX s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw As√-¶n¬ Btcm-Ky-tk-h-\-
h-Ip-∏p-I-fnse Ub-d-IvS¿am¿, tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcn¬
`c-W-Np-a-X-e-bp-ff DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ]p-I-bne hncp-≤-sk-√ns‚
Pn√m kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-ep-ff t\mU¬ Hmôk¿am¿ F∂n-
h¿ {]tXyI A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-Ifn-√msX F√m s]mXp-ÿ-e-
ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bp-f-fXpw ]pI-hen \ntcm-[\ \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ°pw ]ng-Np-a-Øp-∂-Xn\pw NpaX-e-s∏´hcp-am-Wv.
CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff -DtZym-K-ÿ≥amtcmSv \n -l-I-cn-°p-∂-h-
tcbpw kz¥w t]tcm ta¬hn-em-ktam shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ hn -
Ω-Xn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw XS-™p-h®v DS-\Sn ASp-Øp-ff aPn-kvt{S‰v
apºmsI lmP-cm°n \nb-a-\-S-]-SnIƒ°v hnt[-b-am-°m\pw Cu
DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
95
]mTw 19
amXm]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn-¿∂
]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Poh-\mw-i-Øn\pw
t£a-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007
‘hm¿≤Iyw’ C∂v kaq- l - Ø nse {][m\ sh√p- h n- f n- I -
fnsem∂m-Wv.hr≤P\-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\pw _lp-am-\-
Øn\pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ ]c-º-cm-KX aqey-ßfpw \nbaßfpw
B¿j-`m-cX ss]Xr-IamWv.F-∂m¬ AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS
Bhn¿`m-h-tØmsS Iq´pIp-Spw-_-ß-ƒ°p≠mb XI¿®bpw A{]-
Xy-£-am-I-epw Cu apey-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ De-®n-ep-≠m-°n.-\n-c-
h[n htbmP\ßƒ C∂v Bcpw kwc-£n-°m-\n-√msX imco-cn-
Ihpw sshIm-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb t¢i-ßƒ aqew Ah-
cpsS PohnX kmbm-”-Øn¬ ISpØ GIm-¥-X-bnepw Zpcn-X-
Øn-ep-am-Wv.
Cu kmaqly-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw
apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Poh-\mw-ihpw t£ahpw `c-W-L-S-
\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Dd-∏ph-cp-Øm-\p-ambn cq]oI-cn-°-
s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am-cp-
sSbpw Poh-\mw-iØn\pw t£aØn\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007 (The
Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007). 1973 ˛
se {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-{]-Imcw amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw apXn¿∂-
h¿°pw a°-fn¬\n∂v Poh-\mw-iw e`n-°p-sa-¶nepw AXnepw
Ipd™ ka-b-ssZ¿Ly-Ønepw kmº-ØnI Nne-hnepw \S-∏m-
°m-hp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv ]pXnb \nb-aØnep-≈-Xv.-kz-¥-ambn
hcp-am-\tam kºm-Zytam C√m-ØXpw Adp-]Xv hb- n\v apI-fn-
ep≈ A∏q- ∏ \pw AΩq- Ω - b psams°- b mb apXn¿∂
]uc≥am¿°pw amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw Adp-]Xv hb- n\v apXn¿∂-
h-c-s√-¶n¬t∏mepw Bh-iy-amb ]cn-c-£bpw anI® NnIn’m
kuI-cy-ßƒ \¬Im\pw Ah-cpsS Poh\pw kzØn\pw kwc-
£Ww \¬Im\pw AXn-te-°mbn Pn√-IƒtXmdpw hr≤-P-\-k-
96
Z-\-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m-\p-amWv Cu \nb-aw e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv.
apXn¿∂ ]uc≥amscbpw amXm-]n-Xm-°sfbpw kwc-£n-°m-
\p≈ _m≤yX A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-cpsS
a°ƒ°p-≈-XmW.vamXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ F∂ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ c≠m-
\-—\pw c≠m-\-Ωbpw As√-¶n¬ ZsØ-Sp-Øn-´p≈ amXm-]n-Xm-
°fpw Dƒs∏- S p- ∂ p- ≠ v . - k - ¥ m- \ - ß - f n- √ mØ Hcp hy‡nsb
kw_‘n®v B _m≤yX Ah-cpsS kzØns‚ A\-¥-cm-
h-Im-inbmb _‘p-hn-s‚-Xm-Wv. A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fmb a°fpw
_‘p-°fpw H∂n-e-[n-I-am-hp-tºmƒ _m≤yX Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw.-
km-[m-cW Pohn-X-Nn-ehp t]mepw a°tfm _‘p-°tfm \¬Ip-
∂n-s√-¶n¬ apXn¿∂h¿t°m amXm-]n-Xm-°-ƒt°m sabn‚-\≥kv
ss{S_yq-W-en¬ Poh-\mw-i-Øn-\mbn ]cmXn \¬Imw.-t\-cn´v
]cmXn \¬Im≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bn-se-¶n¬ Ah¿ A[n-Im-c-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂ Hcp hy‡nt°m As√-¶n¬ kwL-S-\bvt°m sabn‚-
\≥kv Hmôk¿t°m Ah¿°vth≠n ss{S_yq-W-en¬ ]cmXn
\evImw.ss{S_yq-W-en\v kzta-[-bmbpw \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-hp-∂-
Xpam-Wv.-]-cmXn e`n-®m¬ a°ƒ°v As√-¶n¬ _‘p-°ƒ°v
ss{S_yq-W¬ t\mókv sImSp-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS `mKw hni-Zo-
I-cn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.Cu \S-]Sn{Ia-ßƒ°n-
S-bn¬ Xs∂ Hcp CS-°me Poh-\mw-iw \¬Im≥ ss{S_yq-W-
en\v a°tfmtSm _‘p-°tfmtSm Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.Poh-\mw-iw
Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p≈ ]cmXn a°ƒ As√-¶n¬ _‘p-°ƒ
B¿s°-Xn-sc-bmtWm Ah¿ Xma-kn-°p-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ Ah-
km\w Xma-kn-®n-cp∂tXm Bb Pn√-bn-ep≈ sabn‚-\≥kv
ss{S_yq- W - e nemWv ka¿∏n- t °- ≠ - X v . Cu ]cmXn {]Imcw
_‘s∏´-h-tcmSv lmP-cm-Im≥ \n¿t±-in-®p-sIm≠v t\mó-k-b-
°p∂ ss{S_yq-W-en\v Cu Imcy-Øn¬ 1973˛ se {Inan-\¬ \S-
]Sn \nba {]Imcw H∂mw ¢m v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-‰n-\p≈
F√m A[n- I m- c - ß fpw D≠v . Poh- \ mw- i w \¬tI≠ a°tfm
_‘p- ° tfm C¥ybv ° v ]pd- Ø m- s W- ¶ n¬ tI{μ- k ¿°m¿
HutZym-KnI hn⁄m-]\w hgn \n¿t±-in°p∂ AtXm-dn‰n hgn
ka≥kv Ab-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-k-a≥kv e`n-°p∂ a°tfm _‘p-
°tfm ss{S_yq- W - e n¬ a\:]q¿Δw lmP- c m- I m- X n- c p- ∂ m¬
Ahsc IqSmsX ss{S_yq- W - e n\v hmZw tI´v Xo¿∏p
I¬∏n°mw.kzbw kwc£n- ° m≥ {]m]v X n- b n- √ mØ Hcmsf
kwc£n- ° p∂- X n\v a°tfm _‘p- ° tfm hnk- Ω Xw
{]ISn∏n°pItbm Ah-K-Wn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-
am-bm¬ ss{S_yq-W¬ Xs∂ Abm-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-te-
°mbn ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-bn¬ IqSmØ Hcp XpI \n›-bn-°p-
Ibpw AXv amkw tXmdpw \¬Im≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-∂-XpamWv.-C-ß-
s\-bp≈ DØ-chv hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb sX‰p-aq-etam sX‰n-≤-cn-°-
97
s∏- ´ Xp aqetam BsW∂v sXfn- ™ m¬ CXn¬ am‰w hcp-
Øm\pw ss{S_yqWen\v Ign-bpw.
a°tfm _‘p-°tfm aXn-bmb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX ss{S_yq-
W¬ DØ- c - h n\v FXn- c mbn Poh- \ mw- i w sImSp- Ø n- s √- ¶ - n ¬
ss{S_yq-W¬ hmd≠v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn°pIbpw DØ-chv ewL-\-
Øn\pw XpIbpw IpSn-in-I-bp≈ amk-ß-fnse Poh-\mw-ihpw
\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpsS Nnehpw CuSm-°pw.-apgp-h≥ ]Whpw CuSm-
°m\ns√-¶n¬ B ]Ww AS-°p-∂Xv hsctbm As√-¶n¬ Hcp
amkw hsctbm XS-hp-in-£bv°pw hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-F-∂m¬
Poh-\mw-i XpI apS°w hcpØn aq∂p-am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IpSn-
inI CuSm-°p∂Xn-\p≈ ]cmXn ss{S_yq-Wen¬ ka¿∏n-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. ss{S_yq-W-ens‚ DØ-c-hn¬ Adp-]Xv Znh-k-ßƒ°p-
≈n¬ A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-Wen¬ A∏o¬ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
F∂m¬ Cu Ime- b - f - h nepw Poh- \ mwiw \¬tI- ≠ - X m- W v .
ss{S_yq-W-entem A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-Wentem ]cm-Xn-°msc
{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m≥ A`n-`m-j-I¿°v Ah-Imi-an√.\n-b-a-Øns‚
18˛mw hIp∏p {]Imcw k¿°m¿ \ntbm- K n- ® n- ´ p≈ Pn√m
tkmjy¬ sh¬^-b¿ Hmôktdm AXn\v Xpey ]Z-hn-bp-≈-
bmtfm ]cm-Xn-°m-cs‚ Xm¬]-cy-{]-Imcw am{Xw ]cm-Xn-°m-
cs\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v ss{S_yq-W-entem A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-
Wentem lmP-cm-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
98
]mTw 20
\nbahpw kmaqly]cnjv°cWhpw
"C∂se sNbv-tXm-c_≤w- aq--V¿-°n-∂sØbm-Nm-cam-Imw'-
F∂v- alm-Ihn- Ipamc\mim≥ ]m-Sp-Ibp-≠m-bn.- kaq-lØn-se
]e BNm-cßfpw- Cu- am-\ZWv-Ua\p-kcn-®v- A\m-Nm-cßfm-
sW∂v- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bpw.- A\m-Nm-cßfn¬-\n-∂pw- kaqlsØ
tam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- Po-hn-Xw- Dgn-™p-sh® alm-∑m¿- F√m-
cm-Py-Øpw- F√m-Im-eØp-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- A\m-Nm-cßsf FXn¿-
Øp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F√m- aXßfpw- ap-t∂dn-bXv.- ]n-∂o-Sv- AtX
aXßƒXs∂ A\m-Nm-cßƒ- kv-Ym-]n-®v- Ahbv-°v- kw-c£Ww-
\¬- I n- b n- ´ p- ≠ v - F∂Xpw- Ncn- { XkXy- a m- W v . - km- a q- l y- ] cn- j v -
°cWØn-\p-≈ ê{]Zam-b Hcp-]m-[n-bm-bn- \n-baw- C∂v- Aw-
Ko-Icn-°s∏ń-cn-°bm-Wv.-
ASn-aØhpw sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bva- bpw-
ASn-aØw- F∂ a\p-jyXz-lo-\am-b A\m-Nm-cw- Ahkm-\n-
∏n-®Xv- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-WØn-eq-sSbm-Wv.- C¥y-bn¬- sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-
a F∂ A\m-Nm-cØn-s\Xn-sc `cWLS\bn¬- AXn-iIv-Xam-
b `m- j bnep- ≈ Hcp- hy- h kv - Y bp- ≠ v . - sXm- ´ p- I q- S m- b v - a bp- s S
BNcWw- in-£m¿-lam-b Kp-cp-Xcam-b Hcp- Ip-‰am-°p-∂ \n-bahpw-
C¥y-bn¬- {]m-_ey-Øn-ep-≠v.- hn-[hm-hn-hm-lw- \n-bahn-t[bam-
°m≥- \n-baw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-Ibm-Wv- sNbv-XXv.- kXn- \n-cp-Xv-km-
ls∏Sp-Øm≥- kXn-bp-am-bn- _\v-[s∏´ F√m- \S]Sn-Ifpw- BNm-
cßfpw- BtLm-jßfpw- ITn-\in-£b¿-ln-°p-∂ Ip-‰am-°p-∂
Hcp- \n-baw- ASp-Øbn-sS C¥y-bn¬- \S∏m-°p-Ibp-≠m-bn.-
ssiihhn-hm-lw-
ssiihhnhm- l sØ \n- c p- X v - k m- l s∏Sp- t Ø≠Xn- s ‚
Bhiy-IX kmaqly]cnjvI¿Øm°ƒ \n-c¥cam-bn- FSp-Øp-
]dbm-dp-≈ Hcp-hn-jbam-bn-cp-∂p.- {_n-ó-jv- `cWIm-eØv- Xs∂
km-aq-ly-]cn-jv°
- ¿-Øm-°fp-sS {]bXv\ - êam-bn- ssiihhn-hm-
99
l \n-tcm-[ \n-baw- \S∏m-°s∏Sp-Ibp-≠m-bn.- 1929˛¬- \nbaw
\S∏m-°s∏Sp-∂ kabØv- hc\v- 15 hb pw- h[p-hn-\v- 13 hb pw-
Bbn-cp-∂p- AXn¬ \n-j° -v ¿-jn-®n-cp-∂ {]m-bw.- A∂v- AXp-Xs∂
]p-tcm-Ka\]cam-b Hcp- Im¬-shbv∏ - m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-SXv- H∂n-e[n-
Iw- XhW am-‰n-sbgp-Xn,- Ct∏mƒ- hc\v- 21˛Dw- h[p-hn-\v- 18˛Dw-
BWv- hn-hm-l{]m-bw.- Cu- {]m-b]cn-[n- ]m-en-°m-Ø hn-hm-lßƒ-
in-£m¿-lam-b Ip-‰am-Wv.- h[q-hc∑m-cp-sS c£n-Xm-°fpw- AXv-
\SØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂hcpw- hc\pw- Ip-‰°m-cm-Wv.- hn-hm-lw- \S°p-
∂Xn-\v- ap-ºv- hn-hcadn-bn-®m¬ tIm-SXn-°v- XSbp-Ibpw- sNømw.
C-hn-sS- a-s‰m-cp- Im-cyw-Iq-Sn- ]-d-bmw.- {]m-b-]q¿-Ønbm-bn-°-gn-
™m-epw- c-≠p-t]¿- tN¿-∂v- H-cp- I-cm-dn¬- F-gp-Xn- H-∏n-´m¬- \n-b-
a-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- hn-hm-lw- B-In-√.- A-Xn-\v- N-S-ßp-I-fpw- ]n-∂o-Sp-
≈- c-Pn-kv-t{S-j-\pw- a-‰pw- B-h-iy-am-Wv.-
1961˛se kv{- Xo-[\ \n-tcm-[\ \n-baw-
kv-{Xo-[\w- sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xpw- hm-ßp-∂Xpw- in-£m¿-lam-°p-
∂ Hcp- \n-baam-Wv- 1961˛se kv-{Xo-[\\n-tcm-[\ \n-baw.--
Cu- Ip- ‰ w- sNøp- ∂ h¿- ° p- ≈ in- £ A©p- h ¿- j Øn¬-
Ip-dbm-Ø XShpw- ]Xn-\øm-bn-cw- cq-]tbm- kv-{Xo-[\ Xp-Itbm-
GXm-Wv- Iq-Sp-Xse¶n¬- A{Xbpw- cq-] ]n-gbpw- BWv-.- F¥m-
Wv- kv-{Xo-[\w?- AXv- B¿- B¿-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂XmWv?- hn-hm-
lkabØv - h[p-hn-s\ k¿-hm-`cWhn`q-jn-Xbm-bn-´m-Wt√m-
hcs≥d Iøn¬- G¬-∏n-°m-dv.- - ]p-Sh sIm-Sp-°epw- \S°m-dp-≠v.-
]p-Shtbm-sSm-∏w- ]Whpw- ]Xn-hp-≠v.- CsXm-s° kv-{Xo-[\am-
Ip-tam?- Chsbm-∂pw- kv-{Xo-[\as√∂v- \n¿-ΔN\Øn¬- {]tXy-
Iw- ]dbp-∂p-≠v.- Cßs\ sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv- hn-hm-lw- Ign-°p-∂Xn-\v-
{]Xn--êam-bn-´m-Icp-Xv- F∂p-am-{Xw-.- ]n-s∂¥m-Wv- kv-{Xo-[\w-
F∂t√.- hn-hm-lØn-\v- ap-tºm- hn-hm-lkabtØm- AXn-\p-
tijtam- sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw- hm-ßp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ kz-Øm-Wv- kv-
{Xo-[\w.- hm-ßp-∂Xv- h[q-hc∑m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cn-°Ww.- sIm-Sp-°p-
∂Xv- Ahcn-sem-cm-tfm,- Hcm-fp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°tfm- as‰m-cm-tfm-
BImw.- Cßs\sbm-s° \n-baØn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´pw- kv-{Xo-
[\acWßƒ- Iq-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xm-bn-´m-Wv- ]{Xdn-t∏m¿-´p-
Iƒ- ]dbp-∂Xv.-
kv{- Xo-[\acWw-
1860˛¬- \S∏n-em-°nb C¥y≥- in-£m-\n-baØn¬- ASp-Øbn-
sS GXm-\pw- ]p-Xn-b Ip-‰ßƒ- Iq-Sn- tN¿-°p-Ibp-≠m-bn.- Ahbn-
sem-∂m-Wv- kv-{Xo-[\hpambn _\v[s∏´ acWw.- s]m-≈tet‰m-
a‰p-hn[Øn¬- im-co-cn-Iam-b ]cn-°p-Itft‰m- Hcp- kv{Xo hn-hm-
ltijw- Ggp-h¿-jØn-\p-≈n¬- acn-°p-∂p.- acWØn-\v- ap-ºv-
Ahfp-sS `¿-Øm-thm,- `¿-Øm-hn-s≥-d _\v-[p-°tfm- kv-{Xo-[\w-
100
Bhiy-s∏´p -sIm-≠v Ahsf ieyw- sNbv-XXn-\v- sXfn-hp-≠v
F∂v hnNmcn°pI.- Cßs\ h∂m¬- Ahfp-sS acWw- kv-{Xo-
[\ acWam-Wv.- `¿-Øm-thm,- `¿-Øm-hn-s≥-d _\v[
- p-°tfm- AhfpsS
acWØn-\v- Im-cW°m-cm-sW∂v- Icp-Xs∏Spw.- Cu- Ip-‰w- sXfn-
™m¬- Ip-d™Xv- Ggp-h¿-jw XShp-in-£ \¬-IWsa∂m-Wv-
\n-baw.- ]cam-h[n Po-h]cy-¥w- XShp-hsc \¬-Imw.--
Km¿-ln-I ]o-V\kw-c£W\n-baw-
A—\pw,- AΩbpw,- ap-Ø—\pw,- ap-Ø»n-bpw,- a°fpw- F√m-aSßp-
∂,- k¥p-jSv- am-b,- kp-μcam-b Hcp- kw-Lam-Wv- ho-Sv- F∂Xm-Wv-
\Ωp-sSsbm-s° k¶¬-∏w.-- F∂m¬,- bYm¿-∞Øn¬- A\h[n-
]o-V\ ßfp-sSbpw- \n-»– kl\ßfp-sSbpw- km-£n-bm-bn-
Fcn-™Sßp-∂ Nn-Xt]m-sebp-≈ Hcp- sIń-Sw- am-{Xam-Wv- Cu-
ho-Sp-Ifn¬- ]eXpw.- aZy-]n-®p- e°p-sI´p-h∂p- `m-cy-sb hg°p-
]dbp-Ibpw,- X√p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ `¿-Øm-hv,- ÿn-cw- hg°Sn-°p-
∂ AΩm-hn-AΩbpw,- acp-aIfpw,- {]m-bam-b am-Xm-]n-Xm-°sf
AhKWn-°p-Ibpw- tZtlm-]{Zhw- G¬-]n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂
a°ƒ,- CXn-s\√mw- `b∏m-tSm-sS aq-Ikm-£n-Ifm-bn- \n¬-t°≠n-
hcn-Ibpw- Nn-et∏mƒ- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°fp-sS c≠p-t]cp-sSbpw- XΩn-
ep-≈ ]Ibp-sS _en-bm-Sp-Ifm-tI≠n-bpw- hcp-∂ \n-jv-°f¶cm-
b Ip-™p-ßƒ- ˛ CXpw- Hcp- ho-Sn-s‚ Nn-{Xam-Wv.-
CØcw- {]iv-\ßƒ-°v- \n-ba]cam-b ]cn-lm-cw- Dd∏p-hcp-
Øp-∂Xn-\m-bm-W-v Km¿-ln-I]o-V\Øn¬-\n-∂pw- kv{- Xo-Isf kw-c£n-
°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ \n-baw- (Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act,
2005) ]m-km-°s∏´Xv-.- t]cp- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se Hcp- Ip-
Spw-_Øn-se ]p-cp-jt\m- ]p-cp-j∑m-tcm,- kv-{Xo-tbm-Sp- sNøp-∂
]o-V\w- am-{Xam-Wv- Cu- \n-baØn-s‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬- hcp-∂Xv.-
F∂m¬- ]o-Vn-∏n-°p-∂ hy-‡n- Hcp- kv-{Xo-bp-sS `¿-Øm-hn-s‚
_‘p-°fm-sW¶n¬,- A°q-´Øn-se kv-{Xo-Iƒ-/kv-{Xo- as‰m-cp-
kv-{Xo-bv-s°Xn-sc Im-Wn-°p-∂ ]o-V\ßfpw- Cu- \n-ba]cn-[n-
°p-≈n¬- hcpw- (DZm-: AΩm-bn-AΩ \m-Øq≥- Xp-Sßn-b kv-{Xo-
Iƒ)-.- Cu- \n-ba{]Im-cw- Ip-Spw-_Øn-se Hcp- kv{- Xo-bv°- v- am-\kn-
Ihpw,- im-co-cn-Ihpw,- km-ºØn-Ihpw-,- ssew-Kn-Ihp-am-b ]o-V\w-
G¬-t°≠n-hcp-∂p-sh¶n¬,- ]cn-lm-cØn-\m-bn- tIm-SXn-sb kao-
]n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-
]o-V\w- Xp-Scp-∂Xn¬-\n-∂p- ]o-Vn-∏n-°p-∂ hy-‡n-sb hn-
e°p-I,- kv{- Xo-sb ]o-V\w- A\p-`hn-°p-∂ ho-ń¬-\n-∂p- am-‰n-Øm-
akn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-≈ G¿-∏m-Sp-Iƒ- sNøp-I,- ]o-V\Øn-\n-cbm-b kv-
{Xo-b°v- v- \jv-S]cn-lm-cw- \¬-Ip-I,- Xp-Sßn-b DØchp-Iƒ-- tIm-
SXn-bn¬- \n-∂pw-- e`n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Cu- DØchp-Iƒ- ]o-Vn-∏n-
101
°p-∂bmƒ-°v- Pbn¬-in-£ A\p-`hn-t°≠n-hcp-∂ XcØn-es√¶n-
epw,- DØchp-Iƒ- ew-Ln-°p-∂Xv- Pbn¬-in-£ A\p-`hn-°p-hm-
\n-Sbm-Im-hp-∂ Ip-‰Ir-Xyam-Wv.-
tIcf I¿-jI ISm-izm-k IΩo-j≥- \n-baw-
Im¿-jn-I Bhiy-ßƒ-°m-bn- _m-¶n¬-\n-∂pw- [\Im-cy-ÿm-
]\ßfn¬-\n-∂pw- ]Ww- ISw- sIm-Sp-°p-∂hcn¬- \n-∂pw- hm-bv-
]sbSp-Øv- IS_m-[y-Xaq-ew- Zp-cn-XØn-em-b I¿-jI¿-°v- Bizm-
kw- \¬-Ip-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- \ym-b\n¿-Æbw- \SØn- Ahm¿-Up-Iƒ-
]m- m-°p-∂Xn-\pw- a≤y-ÿXbn-eq-sSbpw- A\p-cRv-P\Øn-eq-
sSbpw- AØcw- I¿-jIcp-sS k¶Sßƒ- ]cn-lcn-°p-∂Xn-\v- DNn-
Xam-b \S]Sn-Iƒ-°v- ip-]m¿-i \¬-Ip-∂Xn-\pw- th≠n- Hcp- IΩo-
j≥- cq-]o-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- 2006 ¬- D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈ Hcp- \n-baam-Wn-
Xv.- IS_m-[y-Xaq-ew- Zp-cn-XØn-em-b I¿-jI¿-°v- k¶S]cn-lm-
cØn-\v- IΩo-j\v- \n¿±njvS ^md-Øn¬ At]£ \¬-Im-hp-
∂Xm-Wv.- IΩo-j\v- \ym-bam-b ]en-i \n-c°p- \n-iN v- bn-°m-\pw-
]Ww- Xn-cn-®S°p-∂Xv- \n-iN v- n-XIm-ebfhn-te°v- \n¿-Øn-hbv-°m-
\pw- DØchp-Iƒ- ]p-ds∏Sp-hn-°m≥- A[n-Im-cap-≠.v - sk{I´dn,- tIcf
I¿-jI ISm-izm-k IΩo-j≥,- UbdIvS- td‰v- Hm-^v- A{Kn-°ƒ-®¿,-
hn-Im-kv- `h≥-,- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw- F∂m-Wv- hn-em-kw.-
102
]mTw 21
_me\oXn \nb-aw
Hcp cmjv{SØns‚ `mhn IpńI-fnemWv. Ipń-Isf kwc
£n°pIbpw Ah-cpsS k¿h-tXm∑p-J-amb hnImkw Dd∏phcp-
Øp-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ _m[yX kaq-l-Øn-\p≠v. \ΩpsS `c-
W-L-S-\-bnse A\p-tO-Z-ßƒ IpńI-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ `c-W-
Iq-S-Øn-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Z-Øn\v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. A¥m-cmjv{S
I¨sh≥j-\p-Ifpw Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m≥
cmjv{S- ß ƒ°v _m[y- X - b p- s ≠∂v {]Jym- ] n- ® p. Cu
]›mØeØn-emWv \ΩpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v 2000˛Øn-¬ _me-
\oXn\n-baw ]mkm-°n-b-Xv.-1986˛se _me-\oXn\nbasØ \mw
ka-{K-ambn s]mfn-s®-gp-Xn.
_me-\oXn t_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw hgnsX‰nt∏mIp∂
Ipń-Iƒ°mbn \nco-£W\ne-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw _me-t£-
a-k-an-Xn-Iƒ cq]-h¬°-cn-°m\pw \nbaw hyhÿsNøp-∂p.
Ipń-Iƒ Ip‰w sNbvXm¬ Ahsc km[m-cW t]meokv AdÃp-
sNbv X v km[m- c W tImS- X n- b n¬ hnNm- c WsNbv X p- I q- S m.
Ah¿°p-th≠n {]tXyI t]meokv D≠m-hWw. Ahsc hnNm-
cWsNtø-≠Xv _me-\oXn t_m¿Um-Wv. Ahsc \nbaw Ipń-
°p-‰-hm-fn-Iƒ F∂p-t]m-ep-a-√ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-hp-ambn
kw-L¿-jØn-ep-≈ Ipń (Child in confict with law) F∂p-am-{X-
am-Wv. AdÃp-sNø-s∏-´m¬, AsX-{X -h-en-b-Ip-‰-am-bmepw Ipń-
Iƒ Pmay-Øn-\-¿-l-cm-Wv. B hnhcw c£n-Xm-°sf Adn-bn-°-
Ww. Iu¨k-enwKv, kmaq-ln-I-tk-h\w, \√\S-∏v, {]tXy-I-`-h-
\-Ønse Xmakw-, kpc-£n-X-am-bn-SØv ]m¿∏n-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-
hbv-°
- v DØ-c-hn-´p-sIm-≠mWv hgn-sX-‰p∂ Ipń-Isf ssIImcyw
sNtø-≠-Xv.-
Ip‰wsNbvXtXm ]oU-\-Øn\v Cc-bm-btXm Bb Ipń-I-fpsS
hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ am[y-a-ßƒ Ip‰wsNbvX-
Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Spw. AXn\v 1000 cq]-hsc ]ng in£-bm-
Imw F∂pw \nbaw ]d-bp-∂p.
103
Ipń-I-tfmSv {Iqc-X-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw Ahsc kw-
c£n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xn-\pw- Ahsc bmN-I-hr-Øn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw Ah¿°v ab-°p-a-cp∂pwa‰pw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-
s\-Xn-scbpw Ah-sc-s°m≠v tPmen-sN-øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw
\nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-Ifp-≠v.
104
]mTw 22
X¿-°ß
- ƒ- ]d-™p-Xo¿-°¬-
a-\p-jy¿- `n-∂- kz-`m-h-°m-cm-Wv.- `n-∂m-`n-{]m-b-°m-cpw.- X¿-
°-ß-fpw- I-e-l-ß-fpw- A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- D-≠m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Iw.-
{]mNo\Im-e-Øv- tKm-{X-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬- X¿-°-ßƒ- I-em-]-ß-fm-
bn- amdp-I- ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- tKm-{X-k-`-I-fpw- a-‰pw- D-≠m-
bn.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- cq-]-s∏-´p.- `-c-W-co-Xnbpw- kw-kv-
Im-c-hpw- amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- tIm-S-Xn-I-fpw- amdn-
amdn- h-∂p.-
F-∂m¬-, tI-kp-Iƒ- ]-c-kv-]-cw- ]d-™p-Xo¿-°p-I- F-∂-Xn-
s≥d- {]m-[m-\yw- C-Xp-sIm-s≠m-∂p-w Ipd-bp-∂n-√.- \o-≠p-\n¬-
°p-∂- hy-h-lm-c-ß-fp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- km-º-Øn-I-am-bpw- am-\-kn-
I-am-bpw- ù-Xn-I-am-bpw- X-I¿-∂- F-{X-tbm- B-fp-I-fp-≠v.- ]d-™p-
Xo¿-°m-hp-∂- \n- m-c-{]-iv-\-ßƒ-t]m-epw- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- F-Øn-
°p-I-bpw- A-hn-sS- h¿-j-ßƒ- \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂- hy-h-lm-c-ß-
fn¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw-sN-øp-∂- {]-h-W-X- B-Im-hp-∂-{X- Ipd-bvt°-
≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-
C- h n- s S- Km- \ v - [ n- P n- s b- ° pdn- ® v - Nn- e - X v - ]d- b mw.- Km- \ v - [ n- P n-
Xp-S°- Ø
- n¬- A-`n-`m-jI - \- m-bn-cp-∂p-ht- √m.- \n-ba - _
- n-cp-Zw- F-Sp-Ø-
Xn-\p-ti-jw A-t±-lw Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-epw- C-¥y-bn-epw- A-`n-`m-
j-I-hr-Øn-bn¬- G¿-s∏-´p.- sXm-gn-en-epw- A-t±-lw- k-Xy-k-\v-[-
X Im-Wn-®p.- B-hp-∂-{X- tI-kp-Iƒ- ]d-™p-Xo¿-°m-\m-Wv- A-t±-
lw {i-an-®-Xv.- X-s≥d- A-`n-`m-j-I-hr-Øn-°n-S-bn¬- G-Xm-≠v- \q-
tdm-fw- tI-kp-Iƒ- H-Øp-Xo¿-Ø-Xm-bn- Km-\v-[n-Pn- B-Xv-a-I-Y-bn¬-
]d-bp-∂p-≠v.-
am-[y-kv-Y-Øn-\pw- \n-b-aw-
c-≠p-t]¿- H-∂n-®v- H-tc¿-∏m-Sv- Xp-S-ßp-∂p.- X¿-°-ß-fp-≠m-bm¬-
A-Xv- H-cp- a-[y-kv-Y-s\- G¬-∏n-°m≥- A-h¿- H-cp- I-cmdp-≠m-°p-
∂p.- H-cp- a-[y-kv-Y-s\ A-h¿-°v- t]-sc-Sp-Øv- ]d-bmw.- A-Y-hm- c-≠p-
t]-cpw- Hm-tcm- t]-cp-Iƒ- \n¿-t±-in-°m-sa-∂pw- A-ßs\- \n¿-t±-
105
in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿- aq-∂m-a-sXm-cm-sf- \n-b-an-°m-sa-∂pw- A-h¿- aq-
∂p-t]-cpw Iq-Sn- X¿-°-ßƒ- H-Øp-Xo¿-∏m-°-W-sa-∂pw- hy-h-kv-Y-
sN-ømw.- C-ß-s\- I-cmdp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°pdn-®p-≈- H-cp- \n-b-a-am-
Wv- B¿-_n-t{S-j≥- B-IvS- v.- B¿-_n-t{S-j≥- F-∂m¬- am-[y-kvY - w- F-
∂mW¿-∞w.- Cu- \n-ba - a
- \
- p-kc
- n-®-v I-£n-Iƒ- \n-ba
- n-°p-∂h
- ¿-°-v B¿-
_n-t{S-‰¿-am¿- F-∂m-Wv- ]d-bp-I.-
Ip-Spw-_-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-
\n- m-c- Im-c-W-Øn-\m-bn-cn-°pw- `m-cy--`¿-Øm-°-∑m¿- ]n-W-ßp-
I.- A-Xv- tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øn-bm-tem-?- hodpw- hm-in-bp-ap-≈- t]m-cm-
´-am-bn- amdpw.- D-≈X - pw- C-√m-ØX - pw- c-≠p-t]-cpw- tIm-SX - n-bn¬- F-gp-
Xn- t_m-[n-∏n-°p-I-bpw- ]d-bp-I-bpw- sN-øpw. ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cn-°-epw- H-
∂n-®v- Po-hn-°m≥- ]-‰m-Øh - n-[Ø - n¬- A-h¿- A-Ie - p-Ib - p-am-bn-cn-°pw-
^-ew.- Cu- Xn-cn-®dn-hm-Wv- km-[m-c-W- tIm-S-Xn-I-fn-se- a-Xv-k-c-\-
S-]-Sn-Iƒ- Ip-Spw-_-Im-cy-ßƒ-°v- ]-‰n-b-X-√- F-∂- \n-K-a-\-Øn¬-
\-Ωp-sS- \n-ba - \
- n¿-am-Xm-°s - f- F-Øn-®X - .v - Ip-Spw-_X - ¿-°ß - f- n¬- H-
Øp-Xo¿-∏n-s≥d am¿-K-am-Wv- X¿-°-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\v- G-‰-hpw- A-\p-
tbm-Pyw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- H-Øp-Xo¿-∏n-\v- ap≥-K-W-\- \¬-Ip-∂- H-cp-
\n-b-aw-X-s∂- \-S-∏m-°-s∏-´p.- A-Xm-Wv- 1984˛-se- Ip-Spw-_-tIm-S-
Xn- \n-b-aw.- Cu \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈- tIm-S-Xn-I-fm-Wv- Ip-Spw-_-tIm-
S-Xn-Iƒ.- A-hn-sS- I-£n-Iƒ- t\-cn-´p-sN-∂v- l¿-Pn-sIm-Sp-°W - w. a-
[y-kvY - {- i-aw- \-SØ - m≥- I-gn-hp-≈- hn-ZK - v[
- ∑ - m-cp-sS- H-cp- en-kv‰ - v- Ip-
Spw-_t- Im-SX - n-bn-ep-≠m-Ipw.- a-\x-im-kv{- X-PvR - ∑- m-cpw- km-aq-ly-{]-h¿-
Ø-I-cpw a-‰pw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- H-cp- en-kv-‰v.- l¿-Pn A-h¿-°v- ssI-
amdpw.- A-h¿- A-t\z-jW - w \-SØ - pw.- I-£n-I-fp-sS- Ip-Spw-_-]-iv-Nm-
Ø-ew-h-sc-bp-≈- Im-cy-ßƒ- A-h¿- A-t\z-jn-®p- a-\- n-em-°pw.-
H-Øp-Xo¿-∏n-se-Øm≥- I-£n-I-sf- k-lm-bn-°pw.- H-Øp-Xo¿-∏n-se-
Øn-bm¬- tIm-S-Xn- A-X-\p-k-cn-®v- tI-kv- hn-[n-°pw.- A-Xn-\p-ti-
jw- kzo-Ic - n-°p-∂- \-S] - S- n-{I-aß - f - pw- a-‰v- tIm-SX - n-Is- f- A-t]-£n-®v-
e-fn-Xa - m-Wv.- B L-´Ø - n¬- B-hi - y-am-sW∂v- tIm-S-Xn- I-cp-Xp-∂-
]-£w- A-`n-`m-j-I-sc- sh-°m≥- I-£n-I-sf A-\p-h-Zn-°pw. km-
[m-cW- - tIm-SX - n-If - n¬- F-√m-hc - pw tIƒ-t°-bm-Wv- hn-Nm-cW - I- ƒ \-
S-°mdv.- Ip-Spw-_-tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬- I-gn-bp-∂-Xpw- ]-c-ky-hn-Nm-c-W- H-gn-
hm°pw.-
\nba tkh\ AtXm-dn‰n \nbaw
\nb-aØ- ns‚ apºnse Xpey-Xbpw \nb-aØ - ns‚ Xpey-]c- n-c£
- bpw
]uc∑m--cp-sS auenI- Ah-Im-ia- m-Wv. `cWIqS-Øn-s‚bpw ]uc-∑m-cp-
sSbpw _‘-Øn¬ F√mtaJ-eI - f- nepw Xp√y \nba]cn-c£
- bpw, Xp√y
kao-]-\-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. \oXn e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬(access to
justice)\n∂v GsXmcp Imc-WwsIm≠mbmepw Hcp hy‡n ]n¥-≈-
106
s∏´pt]mI-cp-Xv. F∂ncn-°nepw kmºØnIhpw kmaq-lyhpw hnZym-
`ymk]chpw hy‡nKX-hp-amb Imc-Wß - f
- m¬ \ym-bm-k\
- ß
- sf kao-
]n-°p-hm\pw \oXn-\ymb Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\pw- ]e¿°pw
Ign-bm-dn-√. CXv ]cn-lc
- n-°p--hm-\mWv C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v 1987¬ \nb-
a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn‰n \nbaw(Legal Services Authorities Act) sIm≠p-
h-∂X - v.
\nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°p∂Xn-\mbn hnhn[
AtYm-dn-‰n-Isf \nb-an-°m≥ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. tI{μX-e-
Øn-epw kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-epw Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw AtYm-dn‰n {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p. kp{]owtImSXn \nbatkh\kan-Xn, sslt°-SXn \nb-a-tk-
h\kanXn, Xmeq°v \nb-a-tk-h\kanXn F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ kan-
Xn-Ifpw \nehn¬h∂n-´p-≠v.- Pn√mAtXm-dn-‰nbpw Xmeq°v IΩn-‰n-Ifpw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AXXv Pn√m˛Xmeq°v Bÿm-\-ß-fnse tImS-
Xn-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂mWvv. kwÿm-\sØ -\nba tkh\{]{In-bIƒ
\S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv kwÿm\ \nbatkh\ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
Øn-em-Wv.
Cu \nb-aØ - ns‚ 12˛mw hIp∏p-{]Imcw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn`m-K-
ßƒ°v kuP\y \nb-ak - l- m-bhpw \nbatkh-\hpw e`n-°p-∂X - m-W.v
1. ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§ hn-`m-K°m¿°vv
2. bmNIhrØn, s]¨h-mWn`w, ASn-a-th-e, apX-em-b-h-bv°mbn
A\-[n-IrX ssIam-‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂-h¿°v-.-
3. kv{XoIƒ-°pw- Ipń-Iƒ-°pw-.--
4. hnI-emwKt£a -\n-b-a]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏´h¿°v.-
5. {]IrXnZpc¥w, kmap-Zm-bnIIem-]w, aX-h¿§ob Iem-]w, `qI-
ºw, hymh-km-bnI Zpc-¥w, apX-em-b-hbv°v Ccbm-b-h¿°v.-
6. hymh-km-bnI sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v.-
7. ]p\-c-[n-hm-k- Kr-l-ß-fnse At¥-hm-k-nIƒ Pph-ss\¬ tlmap-
I-fnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ, am\-kn-ItcmK NnIn-’m-e-b-ßƒ, A\m-
Ym-e-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-S-ß-fnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ apX-em-b-h¿°v.-
Pn√m-\n-b-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn-ń-Iƒ AXmXv {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ign-hp‰
h°o-e≥am-cpsS ]m\¬ \n›-bn-®n-´p≠v.- Ah-cn-eq-sS-bmWv Pn√m-tIm-
S-Xn-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Ifn¬ Bh-iy-amb kuP\y \nb-
a-tk-h\w FØn-°p-∂-Xv. sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fnepw kp{]owtImS-Xn-
bnepw tIkv \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb kuP\y \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v
A¿l-X-s∏-´-h¿ AXXp kanXn apºmsI At]-£-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®m¬
aXn. Db¿∂ hm¿jnI IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w 1,00,000 cq]bn¬- Ipd-hp-≈-
h¿°v kuP\y \nb-a-tk-h-\-Øn-\¿l-X-bp-≠v. kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn-bn¬-
ku-P\y- \n-baklm-bw- e`n-°m≥- 1,00,000 cq-]bv-°p-Xm-sg hm¿-jn--I
hcp-am-\ap≈hcm-bn-cn-°Ww.-
107
\nba km£-cX
kuP-\y- \n-batkh-\-ßƒ°pw klm-b-ßƒ°pw]pdsa \nb-a-
tk-h\ AtYm-dn‰n-Iƒ \nbakm£-cXm¢m p-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-
∂p-≠v. sslkv-Iq-fn-epw- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw,- {KmaßƒtXmdpw CØcw
¢m p-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. tIcf kwÿm\ \nbatkh\ AtYm-
dnń AYhm KELSA (Kerala State Legal Services Authority) kwÿm-
\-Øn-\-IØv 9˛mw¢m v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \nb-a-km-£-cXm ]≤Xn
F√m- kvIq-fp-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-°nbn-´p-≠v-. k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fnse
B¿´vkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-Pp-I-fnse hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°pw Cu-
]≤Xn \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. kv-{Xo-im-‡o-IcWw- \n-bat_m-[\Øn-eq-
sS F∂ e£yw- h®p-sIm-≠v- tIcfØn-se Ip-Spw-_{io-an-j\n-se Aw-
Kßfm-b kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°pw- \n-bakm-£cXm- ¢m-kp-Iƒ- \SØp-∂p-≠v.-
\nb-am-h-t_m[w hf-¿-Øp-∂-Xp-hgn Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw Ah-Im-
i-ß-sfbpw IS-a-I-sfbpwIpdn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°m\pw X¿°-ßƒ
cay-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw AXp-hgn hyh-lm-c-ßƒ Ipd-bv°m\pw
Ign-bpw.
kwÿm\ \nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n
kwÿm\ßfnse \nbaklm- b - tk- h \{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°v
t\XrXzw\evIn \S-∏m-°m-\mbn AXXvkwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \nba
tkh\ AtYm-dn-‰n°v cq]w\evIm≥ kwÿm\k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v A[n-
Im-c-ap≠v.
kwÿm\ AtYmdn-ń-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ
1. tI{μ AtYm-dnń \nb-a-tk-h\ klm-btaJ-e-bn¬ cq]w\¬Ip∂
\b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-I.
2. A¿l-cm-b-h¿°v \nb-a-k-lm-bhpw \nb-a-tk-h-\hpw e`y-am-°p-
I. sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-epƒs∏sS \ne-hn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-
°m-\mbn temIv-AZ-m-em-Øp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
3. tI{μ AtYm-dn-ń-bp-ambn Btem-Nn®v a‰v IrXy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-
Ibpw N´hyh-ÿ-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
4. kwÿm-\Øv \nb-a-tk-h\ klmb{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂ hnhn[
GP≥kn-Isf GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw DZv{K-YnX{]h¿Ø\ßƒ cq]-
s∏SpØp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
Pn√m \nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n
sslt°m-SXn No^vPÃo-kp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Pn√m-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn-ń-Iƒ°v cq]w\¬Im-\p≈ A[n-
Imcw kwÿm\k¿°m-cn-\p-≠v.
108
temIv AZm-eØv
tImS-Xn-I-fn-eqsS F√m-bvt∏mgpw F√m-Xcw tIkp-Ifpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-
ambpw Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-°-s∏-SpI km[y-a-√. Hcp hyh-lm-c-tam, {Inan-
\¬tItkm XpS¿∂p- t ]mhp- ∂ Xv h¿j- ß - t fm- f - a mWv . - AXns‚
{][m\ ImcWw P\-kwJymh¿≤-\hpw tIm-SXn-Ifp-sS FÆ°p-dhpw-
a‰pw BWv.- \nb-a-km-£-c-Xbv°pw \nb-a-k-lm-b-Øn\pw]pdta hnhn-
[-X-eßfn¬ \oXn-\ymb X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ temIvA - Zm-eØ- p-If
- mWv \nb-at- k-h\ AtYm-dn-ń-bpsS khn-
tijamb {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e.
temIv -A-Zm-e-Øns‚ -]-cn[nbn¬ Xmsg∏d-bp-∂-h hcp-∂p≠v:˛--
1. GsX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ
2. GsX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬hcm-hp∂ X¿°-ßƒ
3. \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-{]-Imcw tImºu≠vsNøm-hp∂ {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-
Ir-Xy-ßƒ
AZm-e-Øns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp tIkv FØp-
∂Xv X¿°-Øn¬s∏´ GsX¶nepw I£n-bp-sStbm As√-¶n¬ Ccp-
I-£n-I-fp-sSbpw- kwbp‡ At]£-bn≥-tatem AXp-a-s√-¶n¬
tImS-Xn kzta-[bm Xo-cp-am-\n-®{]Im-ctam- BWv.-
temIv- A-Zm-e-Øn‚ \S-]-Sn-{Iaw hfsc efn-X-am-Wv. At]£
e`n-®m¬ X¿°°£nIƒ°v kzoIm-cyhpw kwtbm-Pn-Xhpw cay-hp-
amb ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v AZmeØv {iaw \S-Øpw. kmam-\y-\o-Xn-bp-
sSbpw \oXn-]q¿Δ-I-amb ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hnth-N\ _p≤n-bp-sSbpw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ]c-kv]c [mc-W-bn-eqsS Hcp Xocp-am-\Øn¬
FØn-t®-cp-I. temIv AZm-e-Øns‚ Xo¿∏v {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-
™m¬ B Xo¿-∏n-\v- Hcp kn-hn¬- tImS-Xn- hn-[n-bp-sS aqeyhpw \n¿Δ-
lW £a-Xbpw e`y-am-Ipw. tIm-SXn-Ifn¬- \n-ehn-ep-≈ tIkp-Iƒ-
tem-Iv- AZm-eØn-eq-sS HØp-Xo¿-∂m¬- AS®n-´p-≈ tIm¿-´v- ô-kv-
Xn-cn-sIIn-´pw.-
km£n- I - s fbpw l¿- P n- ° m- s cbpw hnfn- ® p- h - c p- Ø p- h m\pw
km∂n≤yw Dd- ∏ m- ° m\pw tIm- S Xn- I ƒ- ° v - sXfn- h p- I ƒ tiJ-
cn°phm\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse temIv AZm-e-Øn\pw- CØcw
A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v.
s]¿a\‚ v temIv AZm-eØv
s]mXpPt\m-]-tbmK tkh\ taJ-e-I-fmb (1) {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v
k¿Δokv (hm-bp, Ic, Pew F∂nh aptJ-\-bp≈ k©m-chpw Nc°v
IS-Øpw), (2) t]mÃ¬, sSe-{Km-^v, sSen-t^m¨ k¿Δo-kv, (3) sshZyp-
Xn, shfn-®w, sh≈w F∂n-h-bpsS hnX-c-Ww, (4) s]mXpP\m-tcm-Ky-
kw-c-£-Whpw ipNo-I-c-W-hpw, (5) Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, Unkv]≥k-dn-
109
Iƒ Ch-bpsS tkh-\w, (6) C≥jp-d≥kv tkh\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1987-˛se eoK¬ k¿Δo-
kkv AtXm-dn-‰okv BIvSv, 2002-˛se eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-
‰okv Aa‚ vsa‚ v BIvSv F∂nh {]Imcw ÿm]n-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-
amWv s]¿a-\‚ v temIv AZm-eØv (]n. F¬. F.). 25 e£w cq]-
bn¬ Xmsg aXn-∏p-XpI hcp∂ tkh-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ X¿°-
ßƒ, at‰-sX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°v hcp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]v
s]¿a-\‚ v temIv AZm-e-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°mw. ]n.-F¬.F.-bn¬ ]cmXn
ka¿∏n-®m¬ B X¿°-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ I£nIƒ at‰-sX-¶nepw
tImSXnbn¬ {]kvXpX X¿°w D∂-bn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.
]n.-F¬.-F.-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ ]cmXn-I-fn¬, A\p-c-RvP\w km≤y-
am-Ip∂ X¿°-ßƒ D`-b-I£n kΩ-X-{]-Imcw Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-Itbm
A\p-c-RvP\w km≤y-a-√msX hcp∂ X¿°-ß-f-n¬ IqSp-X¬ sXfn-
hp-Iƒ tiJcn®v Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p. ]n.-F¬.-F. ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ Xo¿∏p-Iƒ "Ahm¿Uv' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-
Sp∂Xv. C{]-Imcw ]m m-°p∂ Ahm¿Up-Iƒ A¥n-ahpw F√m
I£nIƒ°pw _m[-Ihpw tImSXn hn[n F∂ t]mse \S-∏m-t°-
≠Xpw a‰v tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ tNmZyw sNøm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.
tIc- f - Ø n¬, \ne- h n¬ c≠v taJ- e - I fn¬ ]n.- F ¬.- F .bpsS
tkh\w e`y-am-Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm√w, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ F∂o Pn√-
Iƒ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bmbn Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Bÿm-\-ambn 2006 apX¬
]n.-F¬.-F. {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Be-∏p-g, tIm´-bw, CSp-°n, Fd-
Wm-Ip-fw, Xr»q¿ F∂o Pn√-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bm-bn-´p≈ Fd-Wm-
Ipfw taJ-e-bn¬ 2011-˛¬ ]n.-F¬.-F.ÿm]n-X-ambn {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-
`n-®n-´p-≠v. tIcf sslt°m-S-Xn-tbmSp tN¿∂p≈ sIńS kap-®-b-
Øn-emWv Fd-Wm-Ipfw taJ-e-bnse ]n.-F¬.-F. {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
]me-°m-Sv, ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hb-\m-Sv, IÆq¿, Imk¿tKmUv
F∂o Pn√-Ifnse P\-ßƒ°v ]n.-F¬.F bpsS tkh\w e`y-am-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn tImgn-t°mSv Bÿm-\-ambn ]n. F¬. F.- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-
Xn-\p≈ \S-]-SnIƒ \S∂ph-cn-I-bm-Wv.
\n-ßƒ-°v- sN-øm-hp-∂h
- :- -
kz-¥w- {]-tZ-i-Øv- \n-ßƒ-°v- ]-cn-N-b-ap-≈- B-sc-¶n-epw-
h¿-j-ß-fm-bn- tI-kp-Iƒ- \-S-Øp-∂-Xm-bp-t≠m- F-∂-t\z-jn-°p-
I.- F-¥m-Wv- X¿-°-hn-j-bw- F-∂pw- A-Xv- \n-ß-fp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-
Øn¬- F-ß-s\- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-sa-∂pw- Im-Wn-®v- H-cp- Ipdn-∏v- X-
ømdm-°p-I.-
Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- B-Xv-a-I-Y- hm-bn-°p-I.- A-Xn¬- A-t±-l-Øn-
s≥d- A-`n-`m-j-I-hr-Øn-sb-°pdn-®p-≈ `m-K-ßƒ- hm-bn-®v- A-tX-∏-
‰n- \n-ßƒ-°p-≈- A-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ- hn-h-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- H-cp- Ipdn-∏v-
X-ømdm-°p-I.-
110
]mTw 23
hnt\m-Zb
- m-{Xbv°v Hcp-ßp-tºmƒ
]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ hnt\m-Z-{]-Zhpw hn⁄m-\-Zm-b-I-hp-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ bm{X-mth-f-bn¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ sNdnb A{i-≤-Iƒ
t]mepw h≥ Zpc- ¥ - ß ƒ°v Imc- W - a m- t b- ° mw. ]T- \ - b m- { X-
bv°mbn t]mb 18 Hmfw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Poh≥ \„-s∏-´-
Xn\p Imc-Wamb Xt´-°mSv "t_m´p-Zp-c¥w' F∂pw s\mº-c-
s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hm¿Ω-bm-Wv. CXns\ØpS¿∂v kv°qƒ ]T-\-bm{X
kw_-‘n®v Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ k¿°m¿ ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn-®p.
1. ]T-\-bm-{X-bv°mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ÿew, bm{Xm-]-cn-
]m-Sn-Iƒ, Xmakw F∂nh kv°qƒ AssUz-kdn ]n.-Sn.-F.
FIvkn-Iyq-óhn¬ ap≥Iqń N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-
XmWv
2. hnt\m-Z-bm{Xm kwLw kμ¿in-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ ÿe-
Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, kpc£m kwhn-[m\w F∂n-h-
sb-°p-dn®v ap≥Iqń a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn-\mbn B
{]tZ-isØ A[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ ap≥Iq¿
A\p-aXn tcJm-aqew hmßn-bn-cn-°Ww
3. ]T-\-bm-{X-°p≈ ]cn-]mSn Xøm-dm-°p-tºmƒ hnZym-`ym-k-
]-c-amb {]k-‡nbpw Dt±-iyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v bm{X-
bv°p≈ ÿe-ßƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂nh sXc-s™-Sp-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
4. ]T- \ - b m- { X- b n¬ ]s¶- S p- ° p∂ hnZym- ¿ ∞n- I fpsS c£-
I¿Øm- ° - f n¬ \n∂pw kΩ- X - ] {Xw Imte- ° qń hmßn
kq£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
5. ]T-\-bm-{Xbv°v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-
ÿnXn Xr]vXn-I-c-am-sW∂v ap≥Iqń Dd-∏m-°n-bn-cn-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv.
6. {]Yam- ≤ ym- ] - I - t \m, ko\n- b ¿ Akn- Ã - t ‚m, bm{Xm- k w-
LsØ A\p-K-an-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
111
7. ]T-\-bm{Xm kwL-Ønse A≤ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p-
]mXw 1 :15 F∂v \njvI¿jn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnZym¿∞n-\n-I-
fp-s≠-¶n¬ 15 t]¿°v Hcmƒ hoXw A≤ym-]n-I-am¿ D≠m-
bn-cn-°-Ww. IqSmsX A≤ym-]-Itcm c£n-Xm-°tfm A√m-
Ø-h¿ Ipń-I-tfm-sSm∏w bm{Xm-kw-L-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°m≥
]mSn-√.
8. XnI®pw kpc- £ n- X - a m- b n- ´ p≈ hml\w am{Xta bm{X-
bv°mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°m-hq. AXp-t]mse hml-\-Øns‚
AanX thKX \nb-{¥n-t°-≠Xpw {Sm^nIv \nb-a-ßƒ I¿i-
\-ambn ]men-°p-∂p≠v F∂p Dd∏p hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
_kv, t_m´v, a‰p hml-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \nb-a-{]-Imcw
A\p-h-Zn® FÆw Bfp-Isf am{Xta Ib-‰p-∂p-≈p-sh∂v
Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv kwLw Xe-hs‚ Npa-X-ebpw _m≤y-X-bp-
am-Wv.
9. Pe-bm-{X-Iƒ, h\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ bm{X-Iƒ, h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-
X- ß ƒ F∂n- h n- S - ß - f n- t e°v kμ¿i\w \S- Ø p- t ºmƒ
_‘-s∏´ A[n-Im-cn-Isf ap≥Iqń Adn-bn®v kpc£m {Iao-
I-c-W-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ
I¿i-\-ambn ]men-®mWv kμ¿i\w \S-Øp-∂Xv F∂p-d-
∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw. {][m\ hnt\mZ k©m-c-tI-{μ-ßƒ
kμ¿in-°p-tºmƒ AwKo-IrX ssKUp-I-fpsS tkh\w D]-
tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
10. ]m¿°p-Iƒ, ayqkn-bw, AW-s°´p {]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂nh
kμ¿in-°p-tºmƒ sshZypX kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈
tdm∏v th, Aayq-kvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ F∂nh Ign-hXpw
Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
11. bm{Xm-kw-L-Øns‚ Xma-kw, Hmtcm Znh-khpw kμ¿in-
°p∂ ÿew, Hmtcm Znh-khpw Xma-k-ÿ-eØp \n∂pw
]pd-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Xncn-s®-Øp-∂X - p-amb kabw F∂nh bm{Xm-
ka-bØv hnt\m-Z-bm{Xm kwL-Øns‚ Xe-h≥ kq£n-t°-
≠Xpw ]I¿∏v kv°qfp-I-fnepw _‘-s∏´ Pn√/D]-Pn√
hnZym-`ymk Hmô-k¿am¿°pw ap≥Iq¿ ka¿∏n-®n-cn-t°-≠-
Xp-am-Wv.
12. hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-bv°n-S-bn¬ kpc-£n-Xhpw \ne-hm-c-ap-≈-Xp-
amb Xma-kku-Icyw {Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ipNnXzw ]men-
°p-∂-Xn\pw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb `£-W]m-\o-b-ßƒ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
13. cm{Xn 9 aWn°v tij-ap≈ bm{Xbpw cmhnse 6 aWn°p
apºp≈ bm{Xbpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
112
14. B[p-\nI Bi-b-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ (sam-ss_¬
t^m¨ t]mep-≈-h) Icp-Xn-thWw bm{Xbv°v ]pd-s∏-tS-
≠-Xv.
15. bm{Xm-h-km\w hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ c£-I¿Øm-°-fpsS kao]w
kpc-£n-X-ambn FØn-t®¿∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
IqSmsX CXv kw_-‘n®v Hcp dnt∏m¿´v _‘-s∏´ Pn√/
D]-Pn√ hnZym-`ymk Hmô-k¿am¿°v \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
16. ]T-\-bm-{X-°mbn ]e-t∏mgpw hfsc AI-se-bp≈ ÿe-
ß-fmWv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-dp-≈-Xv. Bb-Xp-sIm≠v kmº-Øn-
I-ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v CXn¬ ]¶m-fn-
I-fm-Im≥ ]e-t∏mgpw km[n-°m-dn-√. AXn-\m¬ CØcw Ipń-
Iƒ°v IqSn kmº- Ø n- I - a mbn Xmßm- h p∂ ÿe- ß ƒ
am{Xta CXn-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p-≈q-sh∂v Dd-∏m-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.-
113
114

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\nba]mTw

tIcf kwkvYm\ eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXmdn‰n

P-kv-‰n-kv- sI.-F.- A-_v-Zp¬- K-^q¿

Rm≥ Fs≥d cmjv{SsØ kvt\ln°p∂p. cmjv{S

\n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W-hn-`m-Kw- Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Kw-

-z \n-ß-fp-sS A-b¬-]-°-Øp-≈- A-t©m- ]-tØm- Iq-´p-Im-cp-am-

- m-t¶-XnI \nbaw 2000(IT Act 2000)

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