PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION FOR PANDEMIC

PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

A CALL TO ACTION

The next severe pandemic will not only cause great illness and loss of life but could also trigger major
cascading economic and societal consequences that could contribute greatly to global impact and
suffering. Efforts to prevent such consequences or respond to them as they unfold will require
unprecedented levels of collaboration between governments, international organizations, and the private
sector. There have been important efforts to engage the private sector in epidemic and outbreak
preparedness at the national or regional level.i,ii However, there are major unmet global vulnerabilities
and international system challenges posed by pandemics that will require new robust forms of public-
private cooperation to address.

The Event 201 pandemic exercise, conducted on October 18, 2019, vividly demonstrated a number of
these important gaps in pandemic preparedness as well as some of the elements of the solutions
between the public and private sectors that will be needed to fill them. The Johns Hopkins Center for
Health Security, World Economic Forum, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation jointly propose the
following:

1. Governments, international organizations, and businesses should plan now for how
essential corporate capabilities will be utilized during a large-scale pandemic. During a
severe pandemic, public sector efforts to control the outbreak are likely to become overwhelmed.
But industry assets, if swiftly and appropriately deployed, could help to save lives and reduce
economic losses. For instance, companies with operations focused on logistics, social media, or
distribution systems will be needed to enable governments’ emergency response, risk
communications, and medical countermeasure distribution efforts during a pandemic. This
includes working together to ensure that strategic commodities are available and accessible for
public health response. Contingency planning for a potential operational partnership between
government and business will be complex, with many legal and organizational details to be
addressed. Governments should work now to identify the most critical areas of need and reach
out to industry players with the goal of finalizing agreements in advance of the next large
pandemic. The Global Preparedness Monitoring Board would be well positioned to help monitor

 and contribute to the efforts that governments, international organizations and businesses
should take for pandemic preparedness and response.

2. Industry, national governments, and international organizations should work together to

enhance internationally held stockpiles of medical countermeasures (MCMs) to enable
rapid and equitable distribution during a severe pandemic. The World Health Organization
(WHO) currently has an influenza vaccine virtual stockpile, with contracts in place with
pharmaceutical companies that have agreed to supply vaccines should WHO request them. As
one possible approach, this virtual stockpile model could be expanded to augment WHO’s ability
to distribute vaccines and therapeutics to countries in the greatest need during a severe
pandemic. This should also include any available experimental vaccine stockpiles for any WHO
R&D Blueprint pathogens to deploy in a clinical trial during outbreaks in collaboration with CEPI,
GAVI, and WHO. Other approaches could involve regional stockpiles or bi- or multinational
agreements. During a catastrophic outbreak, countries may be reluctant to part with scarce
medical resources. A robust international stockpile could therefore help to ensure that low and
middle resource settings receive needed supplies regardless of whether they produce such
supplies domestically. Countries with national supplies or domestic manufacturing capabilities
should commit to donating some supply/product to this virtual stockpile. Countries should
support this effort through the provision of additional funding.

3. Countries, international organizations, and global transportation companies should work

together to maintain travel and trade during severe pandemics. Travel and trade are
essential to the global economy as well as to national and even local economies, and they should
be maintained even in the face of a pandemic. Improved decision-making, coordination, and
communications between the public and private sectors, relating to risk, travel advisories,
import/export restrictions, and border measures will be needed. The fear and uncertainty
experienced during past outbreaks, even those limited to a national or regional level, have
sometimes led to unjustified border measures, the closure of customer-facing businesses, import
bans, and the cancellation of airline flights and international shipping. A particularly fast-moving
and lethal pandemic could therefore result in political decisions to slow or stop movement of
people and goods, potentially harming economies already vulnerable in the face of an outbreak.
Ministries of Health and other government agencies should work together now with international
airlines and global shipping companies to develop realistic response scenarios and start a
contingency planning process with the goal of mitigating economic damage by maintaining key
travel and trade routes during a large-scale pandemic. Supporting continued trade and travel in
such an extreme circumstance may require the provision of enhanced disease control measures
and personal protective equipment for transportation workers, government subsidies to support
critical trade routes, and potentially liability protection in certain cases. International

 organizations including WHO, the International Air Transport Association, and the International
Civil Aviation Organization should be partners in these preparedness and response efforts.

4. Governments should provide more resources and support for the development and surge
manufacturing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics that will be needed during a
severe pandemic. In the event of a severe pandemic, countries may need population-level
supplies of safe and effective medical countermeasures, including vaccines, therapeutics, and
diagnostics. Therefore, the ability to rapidly develop, manufacture, distribute, and dispense large
quantities of MCMs will be needed to contain and control a global outbreak. Countries with
enough resources should greatly increase this capability. In coordination with WHO, CEPI, GAVI,
and other relevant multilateral and domestic mechanisms, investments should be made in new
technologies and industrial approaches, that will allow concomitant distributed manufacturing.
This will require addressing legal and regulatory barriers among other issues.

5. Global business should recognize the economic burden of pandemics and fight for stronger
preparedness. In addition to investing more in preparing their own companies and industries,
business leaders and their shareholders should actively engage with governments and advocate
for increased resources for pandemic preparedness. Globally, there has been a lack of attention
and investment in preparing for high-impact pandemics, and business is largely not involved in
existing efforts. To a significant extent this is due to a lack of awareness of the business risks
posed by a pandemic. Tools should be built that help large private sector companies visualize
business risks posed by infectious disease and pathways to mitigate risk through public-private
cooperation to strengthen preparedness. A severe pandemic would greatly interfere with
workforce health, business operations, and the movement of goods and services.iii A
catastrophic-level outbreak can also have profound and long-lasting effects on entire industries,
the economy, and societies in which business operates. While governments and public health
authorities serve as the first line of defense against fast-moving outbreaks, their efforts are
chronically under-funded and lack sustained support. Global business leaders should play a far
more dynamic role as advocates with a stake in stronger pandemic preparedness.

6. International organizations should prioritize reducing economic impacts of epidemics and

pandemics. Much of the economic harm resulting from a pandemic is likely to be due to
counterproductive behavior of individuals, companies, and countries. For example, actions that
lead to disruption of travel and trade or that change consumer behavior can greatly damage
economies. In addition to other response activities, an increase in and reassessment of pandemic
financial support will certainly be needed in a severe pandemic as many sectors of society may
need financial support during or after a severe pandemic, including healthcare institutions,
essential businesses, and national governments Furthermore, the ways in which these existing
funds can now be used are limited. The International Health Regulations prioritize both

 minimizing public health risks and avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic
and trade. But there will also be a need to identify critical nodes of the banking system and global
and national economies that are too essential to fail – there are some that are likely to need
emergency international financial support as well. The World Bank, the International Monetary
Fund, regional development banks, national governments, foundations, and others should
explore ways to increase the amount and availability of funds in a pandemic and ensure that they
can be flexibly used where needed.

7. Governments and the private sector should assign a greater priority to developing
methods to combat mis- and disinformation prior to the next pandemic response.
Governments will need to partner with traditional and social media companies to research and
develop nimble approaches to countering misinformation. This will require developing the ability
to flood media with fast, accurate, and consistent information. Public health authorities should
work with private employers and trusted community leaders such as faith leaders, to promulgate
factual information to employees and citizens. Trusted, influential private-sector employers
should create the capacity to readily and reliably augment public messaging, manage rumors and
misinformation, and amplify credible information to support emergency public communications.
National public health agencies should work in close collaboration with WHO to create the
capability to rapidly develop and release consistent health messages. For their part, media
companies should commit to ensuring that authoritative messages are prioritized and that false
messages are suppressed including though the use of technology.

Accomplishing the above goals will require collaboration among governments, international organizations
and global business. If these recommendations are robustly pursued, major progress can be made to
diminish the potential impact and consequences of pandemics. We call on leaders in global business,
international organizations, and national governments to launch an ambitious effort to work together to
build a world better prepared for a severe pandemic.

i
Global Health Security: Epidemics Readiness Accelerator. World Economic Forum.
https://www.weforum.org/projects/managing-the-risk-and-impact-of-future-epidemics. Accessed 11/19/19
ii
Private Sector Roundtable. Global health Security Agenda. https://ghsagenda.org/home/joining-the-ghsa/psrt/.
Accessed 11/19/19
iii
Peter Sands. Outbreak readiness and business impact: protecting lives and livelihoods across the global economy.
World Economic Forum 2019. https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/outbreak-readiness-and-business-impact-
protecting-lives-and-livelihoods-across-the-global-economy. Accessed 12/5/19