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What Do You Need To Learn To Be Functional in English?

This document defines and provides examples of the main parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. It explains that grammar involves the rules for changing words and joining them into sentences. Knowing parts of speech is essential for being functionally competent in English.

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59 views

What Do You Need To Learn To Be Functional in English?

This document defines and provides examples of the main parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. It explains that grammar involves the rules for changing words and joining them into sentences. Knowing parts of speech is essential for being functionally competent in English.

Uploaded by

qama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What do you need to learn to be

Functional in English?
• Grammar
Parts of Speech, Tenses etc.
• Clear and mistake-free Speech
• Good Listening skills
• Good Vocabulary
• Art of Composition: writing long sentences
and explaining ideas clearly
• Good Reading Skills
Today’s Study Agenda
• Definition of Grammar
• Definitions of Parts of Speech
Grammar
• What is ‘grammar’ by the way?
• “The rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining
them into sentences.”
• (Oxford Dictionary)
• e.g. Happy-happily, high-highly,
• a man, a tall man
• This tall man is highly regarded by his people.
• A combination of words which makes complete sense is called a
sentence.
• The words used in a sentence are divided into different kinds or
classes according to the work they do in a sentence. These kinds or
classes are called PARTS OF SPEECH.
Parts of Speech
I saw an old man and a woman who were sitting silently on grass.
Oh! They were blind.
I = Pronoun
Saw = Verb
An = Article
Old = Adjective
Man = Noun
And = Conjunction
Who = Pronoun
Were = Auxiliary Verb or Helping Verb
Sitting = Verb
Silently = Adverb
On = Preposition
Grass = Noun
Oh = Interjection
Definitions
• Nouns: Words that name a person, place, thing, or idea (sofa, democracy)

• Pronouns: Words that take the place of a noun or another pronoun (I, you, me, he, she, it,
we, who, they)

• Adjectives: Words that describe nouns and pronouns (red, more, second, several)

• Verbs: Words that name an action or describe a state of being (run, seem)

• Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (yesterday, below, happily,
partly)

• Conjunctions: Words that connect words or groups of words and show how they are related
(and, or, for, but, after, although, because)

• Prepositions: Words that link a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence (by, about,
behind, above, across, at, with)

• Interjections: Words that show strong emotion (Oh! Wow!)


Identify the Part of Speech
• George just celebrated his second birthday.
(George is a --------)
• He loved receiving many presents! (He is a -------)
• The games were also fun, and George played all
of them. (Were and played are ---)
• Gina sang a lovely song to George. (Lovely is an ---
--)
• It is all in my mind. (In is a -----)
• He spoke fluently. (Fluently is ------)
• Bring your books and a pencil. (And is a -----)
Noun
• Noun is a word we use to name a person, a place or a
thing we can see, touch, smell, hear, taste or think of.
Lahore, Barak Obama, X-Men, book, silence, greatness,
Lion, city, president etc.
Proper nouns and common nouns
A proper noun or proper name is a noun representing
unique entities (such as Earth, India, Jupiter, Harry, or
BMW), as distinguished from common nouns which
describe a class of entities (such as city, animal, planet,
person or car).
I picked an apple from the basket. The apple had a red
mark on it.
Pronoun
Personal Pronouns
Adjective
A word that is used to add something to the
meaning of a noun.
He is a great politician.
There are twenty boys in the class.
I ate some rice.
This boy is stronger than John.
Those mangoes are sour.
What manner of man is he?
Verb
A verb is a word that expresses an action, an
event or a state.
• He sleeps.
• The sun shines brightly.
• The cat is dead.
• I have learnt my lesson.
• The watch has been found.
Active and Passive Voice
• Voice is that form of a verb which shows whether
someone (the subject) does something or has
something done to him/her.
He kicked the ball.
He was kicked by the horse.
1. A verb is in the Active Voice when its form shows the
subject doing something.
He is narrating a story.
2. A verb is in the Passive Voice when its form shows the
subject has something done to it.
A story is being narrated by him.
Adverb
An Adverb is a word which modifies then meaning of a
verb, an adjective or another adverb.
She was sitting close beside him.
That day he arrived late.
I have told you twice.
Go there.
Does he read clearly?
He was too careless.
This time he ran more slowly.
I saw a very big elephant.
He played very slowly.
Prepositions
Words that link a noun or pronoun to another word in the
sentence are called Prepositions.
At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up,
with etc.
About, above, across, along, amidst, among, around,
before, behind etc.
According to, along with, in front of, instead of, in order to
etc.
There is a cow in the field.
What are you thinking of?
He acted according to my instructions.
Conjunction
A conjunction is word which joins together
words or sentences.
and, or, for, but, after, although, because, either-
or, neither-nor, not only-but also etc.
Amir and Irfan are good bowlers.
You will not succeed unless you work harder.
We shall stay here till you return.
Irregularities
Many words may change their part of speech depending upon
the job they do in a sentence. Look at these examples:

• Faisalabad is my home. (home = noun)


• Please write your home address on the form. (home =
adjective)
• Go home now! (home = adverb)
• They work until noon. (work = verb)
• All the work has been completed. (work = noun)
• The work room is very disorganized. (work = adjective)
• James just walked by. (by = adverb)
• By the lake, the cabins are older. (by = preposition)

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