Chapter 01 Notes Physics PDF

Chapter 01: Physical Quantities and
Measurement
Physics: In Physics, we study matter, energy and their interaction.
Branches of Physics
Mechanics: It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects.
Heat: It deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat.
Sound: It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties
and applications.
Light (Optics): It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and
use of optical instruments.
Electricity and Magnetism: It is the study of the charges at rest and in motion, their
effects and their relationship with magnetism.
Atomic Physics: It is the study of the structure and properties of atoms.
Nuclear Physics: It deals with the properties and
behavior of nuclei and the
particles within the nuclei.
Plasma Physics: It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter -
the fourth state of matter.
Geophysics: It is the study of the internal structure of the Earth.
Physical Quantities: All measurable quantities are called physical quantities such as
length, mass, time and temperature. A physical quantity possesses at least two
characteristics in common. One is its numerical magnitude and the other is the unit.
Base Quantities: Base quantities are the quantities on the basis of which other
quantities are expressed. These are length, mass, time, electric current, temperature,
intensity of light and the amount of a substance.
Derived Quantities: The quantities that are expressed in terms of base quantities are
called derived quantities. These include area, volume, speed, force, work, energy, power,
electric charge, electric potential, etc.
Volume is a derived quantity
1 L = 1000 mL
1 L = 1 dm3
= (10 cm)3
= 1000 cm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
International System of Units: To exchange scientific and technical information, the
eleventh General Conference on Weight and Measures held in Paris in 1960 adopted a
world-wide system of measurements called International System of Units. The
International System of Units is commonly referred as SI.
Base Units: The units that describe base quantities are called base units.
Derived Units: The units used to measure derived quantities are called derived units.
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Table: Base quantities, their SI units with symbols
Table: Derived quantities and their SI units with symbols
Prefixes: SI units have the advantage that their multiples and sub-multiples can be
expressed in terms of prefixes. Prefixes are the words or letters added before SI units such
as kilo, mega, giga and milli.
Scientific Notation: A simple but scientific way to write large or small numbers is to
express them in some power of ten. The Moon is 384000000 metres away from the Earth.
Distance of the moon from the Earth can also be expressed as 3.84 x108 m. This form of
expressing a number is called the standard form or scientific notation.
OR
A way to express a given number as a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 having
an appropriate power is called scientific notation or standard form.
Metre Rule: A metre rule is a length measuring instrument as
It is commonly used in the laboratories to measure length of an object or distance between
two points.
Vernier Callipers: An instrument used to measure small
lengths such as internal or external diameter or length of a
cylinder, etc is called as Vernier Callipers.
A Vernier Callipers consists of two jaws. One
is a fixed jaw with main scale attached to it. Main scale has
centimetre and millimetre marks on it. The other jaw is a
moveable jaw. It has vernier scale having 10 divisions over it
such that each of its division is 0.9 mm.
The difference between one small division on
main scale division and one vernier scale division is 0.1 mm.
It is called least count (LC) of the Vernier Callipers. Least
count of the Vernier Callipers is 0.1 mm.
Zero Error & Zero Correction: Any error in the
measuring instrument is called the zero error of the
instrument. Knowing the zero error, necessary correction can
be made to find the correct measurement. Such a correction
is called zero correction of the instrument. Zero correction
is the negative of zero error.
Screw Gauge: A Screw gauge is used to measure small

lengths such as diameter of a wire, thickness of a metal sheet,
etc.
It is also called as micrometer screw gauge. A simple
screw gauge consists of a U-shaped metal frame with a metal
stud at its one. A hollow cylinder (or sleeve) has a millimeter
scale over it along a line called index line parallel to its axis. The hollow cylinder acts as a
nut. It is fixed at the end of U-shaped frame opposite to the stud. A Thimble has a threaded
spindle inside it.
Important: Least count of ruler is 1 mm. It is 0.1 mm for Vernier Callipers and 0.01 mm
for micrometer screw gauge.
Physical Balance: A physical balance is used in the laboratory to measure the mass of
various objects by comparison. It consists of a beam resting at the centre on a fulcrum.
• Beam Balance
A sensitive beam balance may be able to detect a change
as small as of 0.1 g Or 100 mg.
• Physical Balance
Least count of the physical balance may be as small as
0.01 g or 10 mg.
• Electronic Balance
Least count of an electronic balance is 0.001 g or 1 mg.
• Digital balances
Least count of digital balance in order of 0.0001g or 0.1 mg.
Stopwatch: A stopwatch is used to measure the time interval of an event. There are two
types of stopwatches; mechanical and digital.
Digital stopwatches commonly used in laboratories can measure a time interval as small
as 1/100 second or 0.01 second.

A mechanical stopwatch can measure a time interval up to a minimum 0.1 second.
Significant Figures: All the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an
expression are called significant figures. It reflects the precision of a measured value of a
physical quantity.
RULES TO FIND THE SIGNIFICANT DIGITS IN A MEASUREMENT

❖ Digits other than zero are always significant. 27 has 2 significant digits. 275 has 3
significant digits.
❖ Zeros between significant digits are also significant. 2705 has 4 significant digits.
❖ Final zero or zeros after decimal are significant. 275.00 has 5 significant digits.
❖ Zeros used for spacing the decimal point are not significant. Here zeros are
placeholders only. 0.03 has 1 significant digit. 0.027 has 2 significant digits.
Rounding the Numbers

 lf the last digit is less than 5 then it is simply dropped. This decreases the number
of significant digits in the figure.
For example, 1.943 is rounded to 1.94 (3 significant figure)
 If the last digit is greater than 5, then the digit on its left is increased by one. This
also decreases the number of significant digits in the figure.
For example, 1.47 is rounded to two significant digits 1.5
 If the last digit is 5, then it is rounded to get nearest even number.
For example, 1.35 is rounded to 1.4 and 1.45 is also rounded to 1.4.
SUMMARY
Physics is a branch of Science that are selected as base quantities.
deals with matter, energy and their These are length, time, mass,
relationship. electric current, temperature,
intensity of light and the amount of
Some main branches of Physics a substance.
are mechanics, heat, sound, light Thequantitieswhichare
(optics), electricity and magnetism, expressed in terms of base
nuclear physics and quantum quantities are called derived
physics. quantities. For example, speed,
area, density, force, pressure,
Physics plays an important role in energy, etc.
our daily life. For example, Aworld-widesystemof
electricityiswidelyused measurements is known as
everywhere, domestic appliances, international system of units (SI). In
office equipments, machines used SI, the units of seven base
in industry, means of transport and quantities are metre, kilogramme,
communication etc. work on the second, ampere, kelvin, candela
basic laws and principles of and mole.
Physics. The words or letters added before a
A measurable quantity is called a unit and stand for the multiples
physical quantity. orsubmultiples
Base quantities are defined of that unit are known as
independently. Seven quantities prefixes. For example, kilo, mega,

milli, micro, etc. A stopwatch is used to measure the
A way to express a given number as a time interval of an event. Mechanical
number between 1 and 10 multiplied stopwatches have least count upto
by 10 having an appropriate power is 0.1 seconds. Digital stopwatch of
called scientific notation or standard least count 0.01s are common.
form. A measuring cylinder is a graduated
An instrument used to measure small glass cylinder marked in millilitres. It
lengths such as internal or external is used to measure the volume of a
diameter or length of a cylinder, etc is liquid and also to find the volume of
called as Vernier Callipers. an irregular shaped solid object.
A Screw gauge is used to measure All the accurately known digits and
small lengths such as diameter of a the first doubtful digit in an expression
wire, thickness of a metal sheet, etc. are called significant figures. It
Physical balance is a modified type of reflects the precision of a measured
beam balance used to measure small value of a physical quantity.
masses by comparison with greater
accuracy.
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Chapter 01: Physical Quantities and

1|Page More Notes are Available at

Table: Derived quantities and their SI units with symbols

Screw Gauge: A Screw gauge is used to measure small

3|Page More Notes are Available at

RULES TO FIND THE SIGNIFICANT DIGITS IN A MEASUREMENT

Rounding the Numbers

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5|Page More Notes are Available at

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