KING’S

National Leader in BANK/SSC Foundation

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(1). ALIEN 4. People stop having children when the future they face is
1. Despite the alien culture, I felt remarkably at home in Nepal, too appalling.
and as I flew over the Himalayas it was with sadness that 5. The way in which we treat the poor people on the streets
I glimpsed their silent magnitude for the last time. is appalling.
2. Reformation and reconstruction of an alien culture are a 6. Humanitarian disasters, of which genocide is the most
daunting task. appalling, are not pretty things.
3. It’s such an alien culture to our own in so many ways that 7. The killing of innocents is deplorable and appalling in
I find it incredibly fascinating. any part of the world.
4. On her first visit to India, Justina’s creative mind soon got 8. This Budget is woefully inadequate in redressing this
down to depicting her perceptions of a new land and an appalling situation.

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alien culture.’ 9. Around three in the morning I had an appalling nightmare,
5. A Catholic in a Protestant land, many regarded her as a the details of which I can’t remember.
foreign queen with an alien religion. 10. The jokes were absolutely appalling.
6. They converse in strange tongues, using words and
expressions that are totally alien to me. (4)AGGRAVATE:
7. Their hopes, wishes, fears, and aspirations were not ours; 1. Even a slight traffic accident or a train delay aggravates
their beliefs, tastes, and customs were alien to us. the problems and stress.
8. The ones I saw were being guarded, not by Americans, 2. Advanced disease and intensive multi-modality treatment
but by brown-skinned soldiers, men of their own size and aggravates problems like speech disturbances, eating
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race, incongruous in alien boots and uniforms. problems, and disfigurement.
9. It really is the case that language is a foreign substance 3. Premature implementation will set back the cause of
whose alien presence in our soul is both necessary and regional reform and development and aggravate political
troubling. problems.
10. It is alien to what the prevailing populace believes, or 4. To put energy into pH regulation to reverse acidosis would
what it thinks it should believe. not help in this situation, but on the contrary would
aggravate the energy problem.
(2.) ABRUPT 5. If a person does suffer from other health problems,
1. I have a close friend who is prone to similarly abrupt and however, then serious obesity may indeed aggravate the
violent changes of mind. situation.
2. The police brought the demonstration to an abrupt end. 6. Air pollution may aggravate a child’s asthma.
3. The recession brought an abrupt halt to this happiness. 7. He would only aggravate the injury by rubbing it.
4. Nothing could be more abrupt than the transition from 8. Stress and lack of sleep can aggravate the situation.
childhood to school. 9. Shielded lamps and indirect luminaires prevent the lighting
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5. Then, with abrupt violence, the door slams open.’ installation from aggravating the problems of stress.
6. I couldn’t help laughing at his abrupt, gruff delivery of 10. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further
the estimate. aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.
7. ‘Howard Dean was often brusque and abrupt with the
press. (5)ASSERT:
8. Many of the e-mails that I receive are written in an extremely 1. These types of beliefs, he asserts, are closely connected
rude and abrupt tone. to languages and texts.
9. I was taken aback by her abrupt manner . 2. This essay asserts that there are, in fact, two phenomena
10. Though critics saw him as quick-tempered, harsh, abrupt, that need to be examined.
and arbitrary, practically everyone recognized his genius 3. In order to establish that contention the applicants assert
as a chief of staff. they have no need to rely upon any statutory
underpinning.
(3)APPALLING: 4. There are few principles so precious as that which asserts
1. You know, I’ve had to say over and over again that I find that everyone is innocent until proven guilty.
his beliefs totally abhorrent, appalling. 5. If women are to have equal opportunity, they must loudly
2. The 48-year-old had suffered appalling head injuries and assert their ability to do all traditional “male’ jobs.
also had a ligature around her neck. 6. He asserts that she stole money from him.
3. The use of force is appalling, indiscriminate barbarity 7. They assert that the destiny of the soul is related to the
unforgivable. activity of the soul during its habitation in the body.

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8. He asserted that the bill violated the First Amendment. 4. We should have ample time for a drink before the show
9. Apart from asserting that dwarfs are usually unintelligent, begins.
the author offers no comment on the morphological 5. It has been argued that our Constitution provides
differences between human physical types. sufficient safeguards and ample protection for human
10. He made a special appearance on television asserting that rights.
the allegations against him were false. 6. A landing between the ground and first floors is ample
enough to be used as a study.
(6)ABOLISH: 7. You will have ample time to complete the test.
1. On 21 September the monarchy was abolished in France 8. They believe they’ve got ample evidence to convict her
and a republic was declared. of the crime.
2. Road tax will be abolished and the loss of revenue will be 9. You will have ample opportunity to express your opinions
compensated for with an additional surcharge on fuel. during the debate.
3. They proposed a referendum on abolishing the monarchy, 10. The design of the ground floor created ample space for a
and setting up a republic. good-sized kitchen.
4. The grand coalition also agreed to abolish numerous tax

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benefits for ordinary earners. (9)ACCOMPLISH:
5. He served over 27 years in prison for fighting to abolish 1. There are two main components to accomplishing any
white-only rule. task: knowing what to do, and being motivated to do it.
6. The following year Parliament voted to abolish the death 2. Critical reading shows us not only the way our literature
penalty for murder. affects us, but also how it accomplishes this effect.
7. Gradually the laws that underpinned apartheid were 3. If we all work together, I think we can accomplish our
abolished. goal.
8. The government is planning to abolish subsidies to 4. They are sceptical about how much will be accomplished
farmers. by legislation.
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9. At the beginning of this year the global quota system for 5. He spent twenty years in the Senate without
textiles was abolished. accomplishing anything of significance.
10. The only people who can actually abolish hunting are its 6. You can actually accomplish a lot more by gentle
practitioners. persuasion.
7. New technology means that astronomers can accomplish
(7)ABANDON: in a single night what once took years.
1. In the early 1400s this increasingly complex culture 8. If you are fit, the climb can be accomplished in less than
crashed; the towns, villages, and canals were abandoned. three hours.
2. I intend to abandon this city voluntarily after completing 9. Negative thoughts can make it difficult to accomplish
a certain experiment. goals.
3. Local elites abandoned the countryside for towns and 10. The students accomplished the task in less than ten
had little contact with the peasantry. minutes.
4. The sites are usually abandoned, leaving the land infertile
and the water polluted. (10)ANIMOSITY:
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5. The game was abandoned at half-time because of the poor 1. Wilful misinterpretation of the law has bred animosity and
weather conditions. resentment towards disabled people.’
6. The party has now abandoned its policy of unilateral 2. He insists he has no animosity towards ordinary Catholic
disarmament. people or nationalists.
7. Negotiations were abandoned and fighting intensified. 3. Cynics argue that the space race was merely an expression
8. His mother abandoned him and his father was a of cold-war animosity.
schizophrenic. 4. The European Community helped France and Germany
9. Several actors who had supported his candidacy forget the old animosities between them.
abandoned him. 5. In spite of his injuries, he bears no animosity towards his
10. She is haunted by her former life and by the mother who attackers.
abandoned her. 6. There is no personal animosity between them.
7. Yet in spite of this long animosity, Confucianism and
(8)AMPLE: Buddhism unite in refusing to take positive law very
1. There will be ample opportunity for discussion from the seriously.
floor, and the meeting may last well into the evening. 8. There’s a long history of animosity between the two
2. Packing for vacation involves leaving ample space for the nations.
stash and supplies. 9. The rivals regarded one another with animosity.
3. There’ll be ample opportunity to relax, swim and soak up 10. The visit heralds the restoration of diplomatic ties after
some sun. decades of political animosity.

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 (11)ARDENT: 6. Yet just as it seemed that disaster was averted another
1. Your ardent and enthusiastic manner finds favour and could major problem started.
propel you to success. 7. Two weeks later, passengers on another Greyhound bus
2. Bulgarians are tolerant of other religions but are ardent were credited with averting disaster in Utah after they helped
supporters of Orthodoxy. thwart an alleged hijacker.
3. During the fourth century, pagan piety in the upper classes 8. The Foreign Ministry explained the move as a protective
became more elevated, more ardent, and more mystical. measure aimed at averting any failure of the privatisation
3. Even the most ardent Sean McVay supporter could not procedure.
have presaged how immediate or how dramatic the Rams 9. Today, upon witnessing violence and brutality, many avert
offensive turnaround would be. their eyes.
4. Middle-class moralists might be ardent, even strident, but 10. Quiet and peaceable in his disposition, he hoped, by
working-class patterns continued to be remarkably resistant unremitting diligence, to avert from himself at least a portion
and independent. of the evils of his condition.
5. As for Jim, no disappointments have been severe enough (14)ACCLAIM:
to chill his naturally romantic and ardent disposition. 1. His wife, for instance, wrote a critically acclaimed TV drama
6. She is ardent in her opposition to the proposals. chronicling the reign of King Farouq.’

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7. It is my ardent desire that I will be able to render similar 2. He gave him a copy of an acclaimed anthology of Eastern
voluntary services in the future. Nigerian market literature he had edited in 2001.’
8. Fusion’s most ardent enthusiasts believe that a viable 3. Her absorbing, internationally acclaimed debut explores
power plant is 30 years away. the modern German psyche through the experiences of three
9. They remain ardent supporters of the Labour Party. ordinary people.’
10. As for Jim, no disappointments have been severe enough 4. The possibility for innovation and the revival of an
to chill his naturally romantic and ardent disposition. acclaimed artistic powerhouse is going to be highly
(12)ABHOR: attractive.’
1. Inside every one of us lies a Puritan streak which abhors 5. The relationship lasted almost ten years, until the pair
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anything smacking of frivolity or done for the sheer joy of worked together in an acclaimed production of Hamlet.
it. 6. Barbarian Invasions has won plaudits and critical acclaim
2. He abhors the fast food culture and, as a student, can’t in Canada and elsewhere.’
understand why many of his peers are content to be couch 7. They may even benefit, if, in this secular society, the offer
potatoes. of public acclaim succeeds in stimulating the mean to give.
3. The conservation officer is very pragmatic: she supports 8. A North Yorkshire organisation which helps to steer young
legalized and controlled hunting, but abhors poachers. offenders away from a life of crime has won national
4. The president abhors dissent and is totally dismissive not acclaim.
only of dissenters, but also of the people’s right to dissent. 9. She has won acclaim for her commitment to democracy.
5. She’s prone to plain speaking and abhors hype, so she’s 10. She has also won acclaim as a short story writer, with one
admittedly uncomfortable with self-promotion. of her collections being aired on TV as a prime time serial.
6. I abhor all forms of racism. (15)ADVENT:
7. The problem with Establishment Republicans is they abhor 1. With the advent of the Internet, the right to free speech
the unseemliness of a political brawl. has become a realization.
8. During that post-civil rights-era backlash, wealthy activists 2. The advent of the suicide bomber makes it impossible to
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who had long abhorred the federal income tax pushed for cope with the terrorist.’
lower taxes. 3. The advent of factions was an attempt to smooth over this
9. Nature abhors the superfluous, yet is constrained to alienation within the parties.’
produce the seemingly extravagant. 4. The advent of policy activism implied an adherence to policy
10. ‘What he meant was that the truly pious individual cannot rules radically different from those which had been applied
be sectarian because Islam like other religions abhors previously.
sectarianism. 5. The advent of scientific thinking has institutionalised the
(13)AVERT: idea that knowledge has to progress and can do so only
1. Inflation fighting and the need to cut government spending through research.
will end - to be replaced by trying to avert recession and 6. The most alarming statistic was the state of the game before
deflation. the advent of this precipitous decline.
2. The colonial state consciously forswore any attempt at 7. With the advent of electricity and better equipment the
intervening and averting these catastrophes. distillation process became easier.
3. The stakes are high, and the rewards of successfully 8. The advent of the Third World War and its consequences
averting the coming catastrophe are even greater. are discussed in many of the papers.
4. The far-fetched, last minute intervention, presumably by 9. Life was transformed by the advent of the steam engine.
the hand of God, that averts tragedy from striking the family 10. The advent of audio cassettes and prompters for the
sits uncomfortably with the raw realism of the rest of the visually impaired seem to be a blessing.’
picture. (16)APPEASE:
5. The diplomatic talks narrowly averted a war. 1. Cash is on hand to appease mounting frustration.

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2. She appeased his curiosity by explaining the situation to 7. He was apprehended when armed police swooped on his
him car on the outskirts of Sheffield.
3. While sometimes dismissed as financial engineering, 8. ‘However, he was apprehended and arraigned and pleaded
buybacks and spinoffs remain popular channels for guilty.
appeasing shareholders. 9. He was apprehended by police and interrogated more than
4. Another annoying trend is to ask for an exorbitant amount a dozen times between 1939 and 1945 over his activities.
in the hope that a small amount will be offer as a means of 10. Research has shown that a policeman plodding the streets
appeasing the aggrieved person. is likely to apprehend someone committing a crime only
5. The website contains enough hard facts to appease the once every 8 years.
historians, and leaves enough questions to enthrall the (19)AUGMENT:
mystery lovers. 1. Initially, he saw them mainly as a way of augmenting his
6. God is satisfied: his wrath is appeased; justice has been slender wage packet, but soon he became obsessed.
done. 2. ‘In the same period, the nation acquired a massive federal
7. Apparently dancing with a gay guy appeases a girl’s desire government, greatly augmenting the responsibilities of its
to dance, which at the same time is not construed as chief executive.
flirtation. 3. The precision may be increased by augmenting the number

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8. The specter of killing the innocent to appease some of samples used.
nameless fear disgusted even the hardened 4. And the medical staff has been augmented with an
9. The captain fidgeted as he reached for the words to say to orthopedic and vascular surgeon.
make her understand and to appease her fears. 5. It is an examination of the impact of technology on
10. In a self-protective manner, he concludes that this patient augmenting the intelligence of a species.
is too fragile to withstand a nephrectomy and appeases his 6. The team of editors was augmented by freelancers.
feelings of guilt about silently following the mass noted 7. He would have to find work to augment his income.
previously. 8. Biologists are augmenting the wild population with 18-
(17)ANTAGONISTIC: month-old animals bred on one of the islands.
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1. I have often wondered why so many theologians are keen 9. ‘This carbon dioxide will thicken the atmosphere and
on the very writers who are most overtly antagonistic to augment greenhouse warming.
Christianity. 10. At least one million women streamed into the workplace,
2. But in Britain and the US many people feel ambivalent or augmenting the female labor force and taking all kinds of
antagonistic towards the mainstream popular resistance. jobs traditionally reserved for men.
3. He was rude and antagonistic to my friends, kept picking (20)AWE:
arguments and was often deliberately provocative, 1. Antarctica is indifferent to humans, but we humans are in
manipulating people into tense arguments. awe of Antarctica.
4. ‘The capitalist profit motive is antagonistic to public health, 2. Just maybe we can confront our place with awe and
preferring to treat illness rather than preventing it. admiration, respect and veneration.
5. Trump is not the first president to have an antagonistic 3. Solitude: the word brings forth both hope and expectation
relationship with the United Nations. of joy, fear and awe.
6. Greek city-states were fiercely independent and often 4. Everyone was filled with awe, and many wonders and
profoundly antagonistic to their immediate Greek miraculous signs were done by the apostles.
neighbours.
5. I am thinking of awe, reverence, respect and emotions too
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7. He tried antagonising me and being patronising and deep for words.

condescending but he didn’t intimidate me.’
6. More than 100,000 spectators were wowed by awesome
8. I personally don’t think we should be given more powers aerobatics at Clacton Air Show.’
because it would just antagonise people.’
7. Their last concert was really awesome.
9. Our natural state is antagonism towards authority and a
8. Abruptly the ground fell away from our feet, an awesome
general feeling of disenchantment.’
void opened before us.
10. This perception has caused resentment, antagonism, and
9. Taking one spoon full into my mouth sent me hurling
opposition to the West.’
towards the sink to spit out the awful substance that I had
(18)APPREHEND: chosen to try and digest.
1. The police have failed to apprehend the culprits. 10. She finished this awful speech and looked at me
2. Within hours, police had apprehended the thief. triumphantly.
3. Officers managed to get into the apartment and apprehend
the suspect, Howard said.
(21)ARID:
4. Talk of molecules does not undermine the reality of
1. Intensive irrigation would reshape arid lands and
consciously apprehended beauty and meaning.
revolutionize rural life.
5. In any event the appellant does not know whether anyone
2. Ethanol has also been found to contribute to smog in arid
was apprehended in relation to the attack or not.
climates due to its volatile nature.
6. A bike thief was prevented from taking a Barnes resident
for a ride last month when he was apprehended by two 3. Hemp grows in virtually all conditions from arid desert to
Police Officers who had raced to the scene on their bicycles. more temperate climes.

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4. The arid land of this autonomous republic supports a
nomadic lifestyle. (24)APATHY:
5. The inhabitants are dependent on crop farming which is 1. It was a dismal campaign characterised by public apathy
difficult in the arid land. and political evasiveness.
6. They must circumvent arid Nature exactly as I circumvent 2. He also signalled the need for politicians to combat public
sordid Man. apathy by re-establishing trust.
7. The arid climate makes the desert the best outdoor setting 3. Another reason for voter apathy is a lack of confidence in
to keep planes free of corrosion. politicians.
8. However, from Karadi to Dandi, the land is arid and the 4. Despondency and political apathy are not characteristic of
vegetation scrubby. people in the grip of nationalist zeal.
9. In the arid summer, the landscape becomes brown and dusty. 5. Authoritarian management often leads to apathy among
10. Indeed, dry and warm storage frequently promotes after- employees.
ripening of seeds in species of warm and arid climates. 6. I have heard therapists say matter-of-factly that in old
people, withdrawal, depression, and apathy are normal.
(22)ADROIT: 7. Many health education campaigns are still greeted with

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1. He’s no naif, living in a fantasy world, but an adroit political apathy.
player, using an image of weirdness to protect him. 8. The fatalistic apathy that this creates becomes a part of the
2. Even the most clever, adroit, and skillful legislature cannot induced passivity that I have seen in thousands of illiterate
achieve zero risk in human affairs. adults.
3. They are highly efficient and especially adroit at cutting 9. The tigers paced desperately and the gorillas and chimps
out excessive steps and cumbersome procedures. seemed listless and apathetic.’
4. Since then he has shown every sign of being a pragmatist, 10. ‘Despite her uncaring appearance, apathetic tone, and
an adroit politician and a very hard worker. collected posture, I could see the real change in her.
5. Slipping out of the dilemma in that characteristically adroit
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manner, Captain Wragge got briskly on his legs again and (25)AKIN:
took up his hat. 1. The limestone pavement gives the island a character akin to
6. Rumor has always played a role in politics, but rarely have the Burren with a similar flora.
the backstage operatives been so adroit, and so cynical, in 2. The relationship between each group and management was
their use of vitriol. akin to that of contractor and client.
7. He with an adroit flick of the wrist, flipped the omelet into 3. This problem is akin to the one we had last year.
the air and landed it squarely back in the pan. 4. There was a gleam of something akin to insanity in her full,
8. The museum also demonstrated adroit diplomacy in the intense eyes.
politically fraught area of collecting antiquities. 5. His interests are akin to mine.
9. The adroit and intelligent use of other men’s work, says 6. The two languages are closely akin.
Prodwit, ‘leads to public applause and adequate
7. Keeping a steady blaze is akin to the way in which women
remuneration.’’
generate and maintain emotional energy.
10. He was a self-taught musician and the beauty of his
8. Genius and madness are akin.
compositions lies in the adroit mix of folk, Indian classical
9. At the moment the situation is very much akin to the tail
and western classical music.
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wagging the dog.

10. It was his character which was unpredictable, akin to a time-
(23)ANONYMOUS:
bomb waiting to go off.
1. The paper cited two anonymous sources.
(26)AUSPICIOUS:
2. The college received an anonymous $5 million gift.
1. Usually, auspicious times for Hindu weddings are
3. It’s nice to stay in a home rather than an anonymous holiday ascertained by Brahmin priests who are paid to consult the
flat. stars.
4. He made an anonymous phone call to the police. 2. Served with a spicy-sweet mustard sauce, this was an
5. His was just another anonymous face in the crowd. auspicious beginning to our meal.
6. They were almost impossible to censor and their authors 3. His acclaimed first novel was an auspicious debut.
were anonymous, so that retaliation against them was not 4. ‘Destiny plays a significant role at this point as the right
possible. people and opportunities come at an auspicious time when
7. Next to this biography, Phillips describes his own therapeutic you are ready to take them on.
dialogue with an anonymous patient. 5. At the auspicious moment the dignitaries press the button
8. Nobody wants or wishes to perish in an anonymous, to officially launch the plant.
faceless, globally uniform civilisation. 6. For Hindus, it is important that a child be born at an
9. She stole a glance at the four in black, who remained auspicious time.
anonymous, stoic, neutral. 7. It was not an auspicious moment to make their dream a
10. And the seven women in black were anonymous because reality.
their robes made them so. 8. The astronomers’ observations were used to divine

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 auspicious moments for many different kinds of activity, 5. This year the Scottish Executive appointed him captain of
from farming to warfare. culture to teach the public some aesthetic appreciation.
9. It was an auspicious beginning to her career as an author. 6. My mother has never been treated with impertinence before,
10. The 10th, the 12th, and the 18th are appropriately auspicious and the aesthetic impression must have been of
dates on the Chinese calendar, “ he said. extraordinary strength.
7. The new building has little aesthetic value/appeal.
(27)APPREHENSIVE: 8. The majority of her work is self portraiture; her aesthetic
1. The board of directors looked tense and apprehensive, concerns grew from her fascination with the falsity of
anticipating the storm that was about to break. appearance.
2. He invariably looks good, but his expression frequently 9. Even in ruin the Colosseum is a magnificent edifice of great
verges on concerned and apprehensive. structural interest and aesthetic splendour.
3. Approaching exam time children get apprehensive and 10. People want wood shingles on their houses for purely
nervous about learning and become worried about making aesthetic reasons.
a fool of themselves.
4. The marines were pumped up for action, but also thoughtful, (30)AFFINITY:

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nervous and even apprehensive. 1. They have a natural affinity with traditional country music
5. If the horse gets apprehensive or frightened, his back which is the kind I do in my show.
tightens and shortens. 2. Dolphins have a natural affinity with humans and just being
6 No one need be apprehensive about their personal safety; with them, playing with them and touching them, is credited
everything is under control. with bringing about wondrous results for sick people.
7. In the absence of common interests states will be 3. She had a natural affinity with the country way of life and
competitive, apprehensive, and even fearful. she relished the various tasks synonymous with the
8. The complacent frivolity of its lavish mosaics suggests that changing seasons.
the declining Roman empire had no apprehensions of 4. People of her generation had a natural affinity with the soil
imminent fall.’ and through it they were connected to the best medicine of
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9. The presence of the security forces personnel created all… nature.
apprehensions among the villagers and they took refuge in 5. He had a natural affinity with the tribe and would never
a nearby ground.’ miss an opportunity to be with them, interact with them and
10. I had some apprehensions the night before, and some frequently get into discussions with them.
concerns as they prepped me, and started to put me out.’ 6. It seems that the dualistic language has an innate affinity to
directive speech acts (in a second-person perspective).
(28)ABSOLVE: 7. Many of those are incompletely preserved, and some are
decidedly tubular in appearance, calling into question their
1. Ignorance does not absolve you from the rule of law you
affinity to the Hyolitha.
know.
8. Not surprisingly, we can see an affinity to Warhol’s early
2. At the same time, the right to free speech does not absolve
films in this series of paintings.
us from our duty to behave responsibly.
9. Venetians feel more affinity with inhabitants of Vienna than
3. The film absolves us of any obligation to remember the
with those of Rome.
disasters that followed.
10. Each age has an affinity for some frames and an aversion to
4. The report absolves the pilot from any blame for the crash.
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others.
5. The judicial inquiry absolved the soldiers.
6. Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage
(31)ATTRIBUTE:
of the world.
1. The authors attribute these findings to the overall liberal
7. The priest absolved him (of all his sins).
values of Danish society.
8. He cannot be absolved of all responsibility for the accident.
2. The firm attributed the profit to rising prices and lower
9. He had provided a father-confessor figure to absolve the interest payments to its creditors.
youngster’s sins and absorb his phobias.
3. The firm attributes its success to a talented staff and an
10. Zoë, as loving in her death as she was in her life, tried to open culture that honors individual creativity and nurtures
absolve her family from guilt. teamwork.
4. Other barriers faced by homeless citizens can be attributed
(29)AESTHETIC: to unfair stereotypes associated with the homeless.
1. Kashmir’s contribution to the Indian thought has been of 5. We attributed this decrease to human activities associated
immense artistic, esoteric and aesthetic value. with development of the park’s infrastructure causing
2. Second, there is a need to sensitize the students about the dispersal of animals.
esthetic value of ethnic literary pieces. 6. Flexibility and mobility are the key attributes of Britain’s
3. There are two traditional views concerning what constitutes army.
aesthetic values. 7. Remember, your integrity and personal character are your
4. There is a disquieting aesthetic beauty and grace found in greatest attributes.
the war dead. 8. The workplace no longer values the masculine attributes

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 of strength, forbearance, comradeship and determination. 5. Sexual assault is usually violence at the hands of someone
9. Hope is one of mankind’s most enduring and rewarding the victim knows.
attributes. 6. Police described it as a minor physical assault on a juvenile,
10. He had all the attributes of a great leader: charisma, energy, apparently after some provocation.
discipline, and resourcefulness. 7. Activities such as theft can lead the offenders to worse
crimes like homicide and sexual assaults.
(32)AWKWARD: 8. I was barely able to keep up with the barrage of verbal
1. The atmosphere grew tenser and an awkward pause ensued. assaults coming my way.
2. She finally asked after an awkward pause, exasperated with 9. Several soldiers have been charged with assault.
their indecision. 10. Sexual assault and violence toward women were taboo
3. There were a few uneasy seconds of awkward silence, subjects and under-reported.
everyone looking at Christine with apprehension.
4. I sat up angrily, muttering profanities to myself as I rubbed (35)ASSUME:
my elbows and knees which took my awkward landing 1. A modern scientist, according to Grenz, assumes that
hardest. knowledge is always good, and this assumption of
5. Mountain biking is jarring on the low back and is forcing goodness leads to an optimistic outlook.

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your spine into an awkward, unnatural position. 2. The end notes are impressively detailed but the text
6. She made an awkward gesture with her hands. assumes a readership with some prior knowledge of
7. She may appear stiff and perhaps awkward. aeronautics.
8. She figured the awkward silence was partly the result of 3. It should assume full responsibility and accept creditors’
people believing that only big topics were worthy of being demands for additional collateral.
discussed. 4. She puts on a disguise, assumes a different persona, and
9. She made an awkward, imperious little bow as she went in. cruises the squalid bars on the bad side of town.
10. It grew darker and darker and blacker and blacker, while I 5. Indeed, even the most wretched of mortals would not dare
struggled with those awkward sixth-century clothes. to falsely assume the identity of the Father of Life!
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6. The articles were published under an assumed name.
(33)ASSIGN: 7. Taste is based upon a certain set of assumptions about
1. Some of you may be assigned Orientation Duty, which what is good or bad in the world.’
means you show them around. 8. Scientists reconsidered earlier assumptions about the
2. The point of an internship is to learn something, so you function of sex hormones as well.’
must keep that in mind as you assign the intern duties. 9. The judiciary was badly split by the military’s May 29
3. A new Judge was assigned to his homicide conspiracy assumption of executive power.’
case; so he is back at square one. 10. There are a number of references in the speeches in this
4. Afterwards he was assigned to the 7th United States Cavalry case to voluntary assumption of responsibility.
and remained with them until his death.
5. The single-tax system assigns property rights so as to (36)BARTER:
preserve economic incentives. 1. Among the victims of the hype are schoolchildren, who
6. Courts assign property rights depending on market data. seem to have bartered their pocket money for baubles.
7. The Prosecution Office assigned the investigation to the 2. During the ceremony, the families come together and gifts
KI

National Investigative Service. are bartered and exchanged according to local customs.
8. His societal levels for prehistoric societies are arbitrary at 3. The most heart wrenching of these stories is that of the 12-
best; he assigns incorrect dates to events; and attributes year-old who was bartered away by her father in exchange
significance to events that are debatable. for a woman to marry his son.
9. The virtual interface is then assigned to a specific user or 4. Meagre amounts of food were bartered by the less
user community. unfortunate to the starving in return for land and equipment.
10. He should assign duties that best utilize the abilities of 5. In diverse cultures men pursue and acquire, while women
each player. are protected and bartered.
6. They have been bartering wheat for cotton and timber.
(34)ASSAULT: 7. Consider bartering your time and talent for services you
1. Police were today hunting two men after a man was might need.
viciously assaulted and knocked unconscious outside a 8. Peasants with a minimal surplus of food could barter it for
nightspot. vital equipment.
2. Several activists were even assaulted by delegates who 9. Did the Lord ordain her maternal exile, or had Augustine
punched and kicked them before the Secret Service arrested bartered her pain for his purity?
them. 10. He said that Washington bartered goods with the East to
3. He later pleaded guilty to assaulting a police officer and establish trade with China as part of nation building.
was sentenced to one day in jail.
4. The gang assaulted the couple with clubs, pliers and a (37)BESTOW:
torch. 1. Her story deeply touches me, and I think she fully deserves

[7]
 the various titles and honours bestowed upon her. much.
2. Lavish gifts are bestowed upon visitors, guests, and distant 8. Beth ate no more, but crept away to sit in her shadowy
cousins alike. corner and brood over the delight to come, till the others
3. Freedom is not a gift bestowed upon us by other men, but were ready.
a right that belongs to us by the laws of God and nature. 9. Later, brooding on what she witnessed, she steps into traffic
4. On accepting the honour bestowed on her by the Mayo and is knocked down.
Society, Mary received a standing ovation by all in 10. Her sister was brooding on the bladed gauntlets and their
attendance. meaning.
5. The Queen has bestowed a knighthood on him.
6. Nevertheless, the two girls managed to bestow the (40)BANKRUPT:
heterogeneous collection with tasteful adaptation to their 1. His father went bankrupt and the family had to sell their
needs. home.
7. Ishmael is still not satisfied that he has bestowed enough 2. He made his initial fortune in the 1990s by taking over and
dignity on the profession of whaling. reselling bankrupt companies.’
8. The office was bestowed on him by the monarch of this 3. The trustee’s job is to liquidate bankrupt companies to
realm. repay bondholders.’

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9. Johnny is a complex man, working to come to terms with 4. Creditor committees and managers of bankrupt companies
the haunting gift that has been bestowed upon him. often are too optimistic.
10. We should count our blessings every day and take pleasure 5. Lawyers are aggressively suing on behalf of bankrupt
in the miraculous gifts bestowed upon us. companies to recoup money paid to creditors
6. Because when we’re emotionally bankrupt by virtue of
(38)BALMY: having burned ourselves out, then we have nothing to
1. The sun had lost its fierce heat and the air was golden and give.
balmy. 7. A nation that harasses, arrests and shoots emergency
2. Two balmy and often sunny days passed right before our service workers is morally bankrupt and has no intention
NG
eyes. of pursuing a peaceful settlement.’
3. It was a balmy, sunny, tropical day, and the waters looked 8. In truth, he was politically bankrupt after 2000, and he is
clear and calm. not all that much stronger today.’
4. Friday was officially the last day of the wet season and, as 9. He really thinks that European civilisation is morally
if to commemorate its passing, the evening was warm, still bankrupt.
and balmy. 10. The conservative critique along such lines argues that
5. It was such a balmy evening we chose to sit outside, a liberalism is morally bankrupt.
decision we did not regret.
6. The Big Chill came just days after balmy weather which (41)BOISTEROUS:
saw temperatures reaching double figures at the start of 1. Fortunately the giggles from the Thai ladies and boisterous
the week. laughs from the lads who were nearby painted a different
7. Sunny beaches and balmy winters are part of the good life picture.
in Florida. 2. Their culture says it is OK to be boisterous, to be loud and
8. It was a balmy night with a full moon and the city shone speak your mind.
KI

Picasso blue.
3. He’s very boisterous and loud normally, but he becomes
9. It was particularly taxing, because with the clear skies, warm just the opposite.
sun, and still, balmy weather we experienced for the entire
4. The defensive players were boisterous and energetic and
journey, it became really quite hot in the car.
were taking it to the offense.
10. Everything was tossed into further bloom and the weather
5. A large, boisterous crowd poured into the bar, singing and
was warm and balmy every day.
shouting noisily.
6. During his speech police in riot gear watched over a
(39)BROOD:
boisterous crowd.
1. Daniel pondered for a while and brooded over his coffee.
7. They were incredibly noisy and boisterous.
2. Sitting in a pub, brooding on fate’s inexplicable blows, he
encounters Geoff.’ 8. Dan’s a nice boy, but rather boisterous.
3. The day after the defeat is probably the worst, you start 9. Jack, an affectionate, boisterous lad, lives in another world.’
brooding on it, on what went wrong,’ Ford said. 10. The masks are often grotesque, humorous or satirical and
4. I gasped, and ever since I have been brooding on the most the dances can be noisy and boisterous.
tactful way to put it.
5. She had brooded over the subject a thousand times. (42) BOUNTY:
6. He was obliged to sit close to it, and brood over it, before 1. A bounty of $250,000 is being offered for the capture of the
he could extract the least sensation of warmth from such a killer.
handful of fuel. 2. People came from all over the world to enjoy America’s
7. The divorce still feels painful, so I try not to brood on it too bounty.

[8]
3. The second strand was the payment of export bounties to status that baffles all who live here.
domestic farmers when the price of grain fell below a certain 10. The mysterious phenomenon of long marriage baffled him.
point.’
4. Rural India even today is at the mercy of nature’s bounties (45)BANEFUL:
and fury.
1.He made some commonplace observation upon the baneful
5. She loves learning about nature and its bounty. effect of the night air at the season.
6. The 1960s and 1970s brought a loss of faith in the 2. He seemed so confident that I, remembering my own
benevolent bounty of science. confidence two nights before and with the baneful result,
7. There is love, kindness and bounty in special relationships felt awe and vague terror.
that bring you much happiness and joy. 3. In what am I benefited by accompanying my son so far,
8. Days turned to weeks, weeks to months and months to since I now abandon him, and allow him to depart alone to
years as the men rested and enjoyed Circe’s bounty. the baneful climate of Africa?
9. Receive these gifts, that we may be avenues of bounty and 4. He instructed him in the poisonous qualities of arsenic,
refreshment to both friend and stranger. and furnished him with an ample supply of that baneful
10. The aid organization would not allow such bounty. drug.

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5. My foible was patriotism; I was ruined by the baneful habit
(43)BACKFIRE: of trying to serve my country.
1. But that strategy will backfire, because nobody will take 6. He sought to remove his children from the baneful
the Council’s recommendations seriously. influences of the city.
2. To my glee, Anthony didn’t enjoy it much either, so his 7. A baneful promiscuous intercourse of the sexes is hereby
plan backfired. avoided, and virtue, without being damorously invoked,
3. Never before has a devious little plan backfired so badly.’ is, as it were, unconsciously practised.
4. However, his plan backfired and he was hung for treason in 8. His dyslexia - the bane of his life - meant that he found
1606. writing difficult, and he preferred giving papers at meetings.
NG
5. I have to say, if the idea was to persuade any of us that her 9. That evil is malevolent violence, a curse that is the bane of
followers are sane and rational people, the plan backfired our human existence.
in spectacular fashion. 10. Cell phones make it much easier to suffer through the brutal
6. These plans have backfired, however, leading to growing traffic jams that are the bane of city life around the world.’
criticism of the sanctions policy.
7. The President’s tactics could backfire. (46)BANISH:
8. The company’s new policy backfired when a number of 1. Though he had been in the league two years, he was
employees threatened to quit. banished to the bench his second year for fumbling.
9. A final experiment by the police at labour organization 2. Instead, the emperor stripped Herod of his kingdom and
backfired disastrously. banished him into exile.
10. However, his plan backfired as no one took him up on his 3. Eighty years ago the Irish people fought a revolution to
offer. banish foreign soldiers from our country.
4. The spy was found guilty of treason and banished from
(44)BAFFLE: the country.
KI

1. Fashion still baffles me and probably always will.’ 5. The only way to banish the bogeyman was to look him in
the eye without flinching.
2. What baffles me about not only this article, but millions
like it, is that people who obviously know nothing about a 6. They tried to banish the memory from their minds.
subject nonetheless spout off about it.’ 7. Killing for ideology must be banished from our repertoire if
3. Many critics doubted the wisdom in signing the Celtic player we are to live decent lives.
at all, but they were totally baffled at the decision to hose 8. Still, poverty is a fact of life and one that cannot be easily
him with money.’ banished from the everyday world.
4. You get the distinct impression that the cops are as baffled 9. He has now banished all thoughts of retirement.
by the intractability of it all as everyone else.’ 10. The study should banish any doubts about women’s
5. The murder has baffled police, who still have no motive ability to handle the pressures of business.
and no suspect for the shooting.’
6. His abilities as an advocate evoked general admiration, (47)BARBAROUS:
though he did not succeed in baffling the prosecution.’ 1. In imperial literature British rule meant law and British force
7. The support of a navy and of naval wars would involve signified the protection of the weak against a barbarous
contingencies that must baffle all the efforts of political bully.
arithmetic. 2. Those who commit barbarous and inhuman acts are very
8. She resolved to keep her place beside that door, trusting to far from the spirit of Islam.
her wits to baffle all dangerous chances that might arise. 3. On the other side of the argument, people say that we have
9. The fountain’s archer is one of the city’s top attractions, a no right to kill foxes in the way that we do, and that fox-

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 hunting is both cruel and barbarous. (50)BELITTLE:
4. I saw everything as a cruel, barbarous joke on me and I 1. We mustn’t belittle her outstanding achievement.
became cruel and barbarous so that I wouldn’t be broken 2. The police always claim to have busted the gangs, however,
by it. the vehicle theft cases belittle their claim.
5. They will also say that the Faroese method of killing whales 3. Prasad further asked the nation not to belittle the sacrifices
is a barbarous way of treating an intelligent, warm-blooded made by the men in uniform.
mammal. 4. There are still people who abuse the privilege of celebrity
6. Yes it is brutal, savage and barbarous - but I have so much to belittle others.
respect for the bravery of heavyweight boxers.’ 5. He tends to belittle her efforts.
7. So many appalling barbarities have visited so many people 6. When I was a teen-ager, a group of friends and I made a
over the centuries, but God has done nothing to prevent nasty little sport out of belittling one another.
them.
7. Good teachers never belittle their students.
8. The gentleness of English civilisation is mixed up with
8. His wife, Lori, belittles his obsession and ridicules his
barbarities and anachronisms.
dreams.
9. His murder is an act of barbarism that makes a mockery of
9. If you belittle their opinions or dismiss their problems, they’ll

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everything that Danny’s kidnappers claim to believe in.’
stop talking to you.
10. She called the execution an act of barbarism.
10. There is no point in ignoring our history or belittling our
heritage.
(48)BARE:
1. She padded in bare feet towards the door. (51)BENCHMARK:
2. David jerked upright in his bed, the sheet falling off of the 1. Her knowledge and skill were a benchmark for excellence.
upper half of his body to reveal his bare torso covered in 2. These tests are hence not a good benchmark for these
sweat. models.
3. The only bummer is when I look at my bare body in the 3. Inflation ... is a great distorter of seemingly fixed economic
NG
mirror. ideas and benchmarks.
4. The sheets were gathered around his waist and his upper 4. The truck industry is a benchmark for the economy.
body was bare. 5. The valuation becomes a benchmark against which to judge
5. Vulnerable people who have committed no crime and pose other prices.
no threat to society are regularly forced to wait in bare cells 6. The index rate is the benchmark used by lenders to set the
before they get specialist treatment. mortgage rate.
6. Children told me of having their rooms stripped bare and 7. In the 1960s and 1970s the Swedish political system was
the contents thrown into the corridor. regarded as a benchmark for other European countries.
7. Her bag was light, packed with only the bare essentials. 8. British Steel is benchmarked against the best operations
8. The bare figures, however, conceal the fact that domestic anywhere in the world.
inflation is still stubbornly high. 9. The New Zealand Qualifications Authority, the agency that
9. Inside the mill dampness is baring the wood made bricks is meant to set the benchmark for standards in education,
after nearly 150 years, and requires some action.’ is saying that it is going to provide credits for picking up
10. Gaumont never did answer the question of whether she’d rubbish.
KI

be baring it all in the show. 10. The pay settlement will set a benchmark for other
employers and workers.
(49)BEDROCK:
(52)BENEFICENT:
1. Honesty is the bedrock of a good relationship.
1. The president has battered this beneficent bureaucracy.’
2. We need cool heads, warm hearts and our bedrock values
2. In reality, of course, governments are not omniscient and
of fairness and equality to choose the right path.
beneficent, and the last thing we want to do is give them
3. Surely patient confidentiality is one of the bedrocks on control over the reporting of news and the expression of
which good medical practice is based. opinion.
4. Ownership of land is the bedrock of democracy. 3. In 1909 nuns were running more than 1,000 beneficent
5. Mutual trust is the bedrock of a relationship. institutions.
6. Marriage and children are the bedrock of family life. 4. If she had learnt anything about life it was that no beneficent
7. Facts are the bedrock of any trial. creator was in charge.
8. Physics gave him a solid foundation, the bedrock for all his 5. Many beneficent projects have to be foregone if sufficient
beliefs about the universe. funds are lacking.
9. Some people believe that the family is the bedrock of society. 6. And if God is not beneficent and all-powerful - well, what
then of God’s traditional identity, his essence?
10. These terms were to remain as the bedrock of his artistic
7. Clearly she presides over this field or crop, as she walks
principles even though his manner and procedures of
through it like a beneficent goddess.
painting were to change quite radically.
8. She was beneficent, and passed on a gift to each.

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9. It’s five years to the next election, so they either will have 6. She beseeched him to cut his drinking and smoking.
forgotten how beneficent New Labour were or will have 7. I was crouching over these poor men, who were looking-
dropped dead. up to me, eyes raised, beseeching.
10. In every roll of the dice, he sees a question posed to the 8. Each commander began to beseech his immediate superior
unknown - and maybe beneficent - forces of the universe. for reinforcements.
9. I pictured some hopeful bachelor, going down on one knee
(53)BENEVOLENT: and beseeching his love to be his forever.
1. Instead of yelling, try a benevolent silence. 10. Gone are the soulful melodies unleashed by a thousand
2. He smiled in a benevolent sort of way when he said this. musicians, who were beseeching the rain god to show
3. Deep down inside, you see, I still believed that life was mercy.
basically benevolent.
4. I rejoice to hear so favorable and so ingenuous an account (56)BEWILDER:
of my cousin Clifford,” said the benevolent Judge. 1. Some people seem bewildered by our strong concern for
5. Finally, my benevolent master, to use his own words, “set the plight of African lions.
her adrift to take care of herself. 2. The utter imprudence of our mayor and City Council
6. And it was from the gifts bestowed upon him towards the bewilders me.

’S
execution of this benevolent purpose, that he recruited his 3. His doctors were bewildered by the cause of such severe
finances, as just now observed. hives.
7. His benevolent demeanor and tolerance have apparently 4. The old men, terrified, bewildered, huddled together.
not worked well. 5. The old general store had gone but the shade thorn tree
8. His benevolent and altruistic nature made him very well was still there, bewildered by its surround of concrete
known to everyone in the area.’ pavement.
9. Local people generally consider themselves to be 6. He was bewildered by his daughter’s reaction.
benevolent and good-willed, fair, honest and ethical. 7. The whirling snow bewildered him.
10. In this way a benevolent spirit is forged and wisdom is free 8. The silence from Alex had hurt and bewildered her.
NG
to flourish. 9. These appearances, which bewilder you, are merely
electrical phenomena not uncommon—or it may be that
(54)BENT: they have their ghastly origin in the rank miasma of the
1. Intentionally choosing people with varying experiences, tarn.
bents and expertise is preferable. 10. Arriving in a strange city at night, I felt alone and
2. But behind her vulnerable persona was a woman who was bewildered.
a ‘practised liar’ with a bent for sexual fantasy.
3. One can also find differences in the attitudes of the (57)BLEMISH:
professionals depending on their ideological bent. 1. Appearance - no blemishes - is something to be suspicious
4. Voices shift in the canticle, and interpretations vary widely, of; nature produces diversity and never dull uniformity.
depending on the era and religious bent of the reader.’ 2. We’ve taken out freckles, birthmarks, scars, blemishes,
5. Whatever your political or religious bent, you’re not likely excess fat, and body hair.
to be offended by this movie. 3. Beauty to them is a body without any blemishes including
6. His mother didn’t have time or inclination to shape his freckles, age spots, and scars.
KI

creative bents, so he did so alone, and with the aid of 4. I’ve already had a patch of cancer removed, and other
teachers or circumstances. blemishes have appeared that soon will need attention.
7. The natural bent of my mind was to science. 5. Every blemish, every flaw, every hair is replicated.
8. Rebecca has an artistic bent. 6. Look at the writing, and find if you can, any blemish in the
9. She had no natural bent for literature. language or orthography.
10. Our natural bent toward efficiency in consuming 7. He wasn’t about to blemish that pristine record.
information will turn blogs into another mainstream medium. 8. Nobody wanted to blemish his reputation at that time.
9. This latest revelation has seriously blemished the
(55)BESEECH: governor’s reputation.
1. The forlorn gazes of the people beseeched them to give 10. No visible wounds blemished the surface of his skin; except
them solace, to end their pain. for a profusion of scars, his yellow, slightly brown skin
2. It was his way of beseeching us to intercede and vote for was flawless.
his salvation.
3. In the weeks and months to come, we will hear the voices (58)BOOST:
of well-meaning people beseeching the victor to compromise 1. Establishing friendly ties lowers stress, increases immunity
with the vanquished. and boosts the amount of support you receive.
4. He beseeched the help of all civilized countries in combating 2. She said a bid would provide a huge stimulus for elite sport
trafficking of humans for prostitution and offered 15 billion and also boost efforts to encourage it at grassroots level.
dollars to fight AIDS in Africa.’ 3. China’s productive power is becoming more and more
5. Stay a little longer, I beseech you! market-based and this is increasing incomes and thus

[11]
 boosting the demand for consumer goods. breakthrough overpowered me with dread.
4. Political freedom, during the 1950s and 1960s, was about 9. Scientists at Merck were nearing a breakthrough on a new
increased production, boosting agriculture and stimulating drug to treat HIV.
industry. 10. The Museum is looking to host exhibitions that celebrate
5. A recent study in Costa Rica found that preserving forest major technological breakthroughs and the people behind
fragments around coffee plantations could boost crop them.
yields and increase income.
6. Customised education will play an increasingly important (61)BREATHTAKING:
role in boosting revenues on both sides of the Atlantic. 1. At the peak, the 360 degree view of the surrounding valley
7. Periodic applications of diluted fish emulsion will boost is breathtaking on a clear day.’
plant appearance, too. 2. The alpine air was inspirational, and the view from the tower
8. The emancipation of the serfs in Russia in 1861 had given at the summit was breathtaking.’
a huge boost to the development of capitalism. 3. The cinematography is breathtaking and every element of
9. A hydraulic boost to the elevator enables the pilots to the production design feels authentic.’
counter this condition. 4. The sensuality of the moment is breathtaking, causing
10. A strong continental trade for good weanlings has seen a cheeks to blush and pulses to pound.’

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sharp rise in live exports and a boost in return to producers 5. In her paintings, she is able to express a breathtaking
of quality stock. religious ecstasy.’
6. The music is exhilarating, the costumes are breathtaking,
(59)BOUNTIFUL: and the acting is superb.’
1. The fertile fields, sparkling rivers and game-rich woods 7. Paris writes with an authority and fastidiousness that is
furnished a bountiful supply of food. breathtaking.
2. The man had been wading in a river known for its bountiful 8. The guest house was on the side of the cliff, with
fish supply. breathtaking views of the ocean below.
3. We have learned through science and technology how to 9. The house has breathtaking views from every room.
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turn the bountiful resources of the earth into vast quantities 10. The National Opera, current home for the ballet, is a
of goods, enough to provide for all if we share. breathtaking modern building overlooking Toolonlahti Bay.
4. While Chicago is mainly known for its rich Blues history,
its place in America’s bountiful Jazz heritage is sadly (62)BRUTAL:
overlooked.
1. Beneath that apparently jokey exterior there was a very
5. The land is bountiful and no one starves. nasty, brutal violent person who did tremendous damage
6. The unfortunate man had been killed before he had an to Uganda.’
opportunity to enjoy his bountiful store. 2. Hockey at the professional level is fast and rough and often
7. He took nourishment from press conferences, where he brutal and violent.’
was notably generous, but not bountiful enough to promise 3. These days, to impress anyone at all, a heist film requires
a match. either heaps of brutal, gory violence or a really clever plot.’
8. God is bountiful. 4. He is arrogant, uncaring, and to most of the slaves brutal
9. Nature has been bountiful to the valley’s residents. and violent.’
10. Their bountiful host was bringing brandy, whisky and 5. Some of the prison guards were brutal and corrupt.
KI

liqueurs. 6. He was the victim of a very brutal murder.

7. Northern Europe has been hit by intense winter storms
(60)BREAKTHROUGH: and brutal cold.’
1. Scientists at the University of York have made a major 8. A great many fishermen perished at sea, especially during
breakthrough in the fight against prostate cancer. the brutal winter season.’
2. Globalisation would not have happened without the 9. Communist realist art is often brutal and inhuman, but it
breakthroughs achieved in the field of IT. can also display a touching faith in human nature and
3. ‘Improvements in agronomy are likely to be more concerned perfectability, as I think this poster indicates.’
with efficiency and elegance rather than in major 10. In general, life was brutal and harsh for the early medieval
breakthroughs. peasant.’
4. Many important medical breakthroughs in recent times have
been a product of this mechanism. (63)CONSOLE:
5. They have already made major breakthroughs in the study 1. She tried to console him but he pushed her gently away.
of dark matter - the invisible material which scientists believe
2. For example, the day of the verdict, I consoled a good friend
makes up most of the universe.
of mine about the loss of her father.’
6. Two recent major breakthroughs have revolutionized cattle-
3. My associate quickly became a friend as he tried consoling
human comparative mapping.
me with humour and sympathy.’
7. One man’s breakthrough is often another’s trifling
4. I was genuinely consoled, however, by the fact that my
adaptation.
long held suspicions were confirmed.’
8. Rather than fill me with ecstasy or gladness, this
5. He consoled the congregation with the thought that the

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 people had died well-prepared.’ (66)CATER:
6. She had automatically taken her sister into her arms to 1.
It is currently the world’s only online guitar shop catering
console her and now Alice was sobbing on her shoulder.’ exclusively for left-handed people.’
7. She could not console the weeping child. 2. The business has done well but it caters mainly to the
8. Archer consoled himself with the thought that at least he upper and middle-income bracket, which is the top 10 per
had done his best. cent of the population.’
9. She climbed wearily out of bed, consoling herself that her 3. The shop caters specifically for larger sized customers.’
physical injuries, at least, were healing fast. 4. The school caters for children with learning difficulties.
10. His intent had been to console her; a comfort in the face of5. Most perfume ads cater to male fantasies.
growing danger, but she had simply agreed with his 6. Thirty restaurants and hotels catered for the event.
assessment of the situation.’ 7. A wide variety of sizes and styles of housing would be
provided in order to cater to a wide range of pocket books
(64)CONSPIRE: and lifestyles.’
1. He is forced to plead for the return of a man he conspired 8. She runs a specialist company that caters for people with
against, denigrated and expelled.’ food allergies.
2. He is being prosecuted by the US government for 9. The college caters for deaf and visually-impaired students.

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conspiring to commit murder and aiding terrorist 10. There are more and more TV shows catering to young male
organizations.’ audiences.
3. He was charged with conspiring to commit wilful murder.’
4. The Brits have just charged eight men with conspiring to (67)CARDINAL:
commit heinous terrorist acts.’ 1. And there are two cardinal rules: no pulling on the reins
5. The former classroom assistant denies conspiring to pervert and no kicking in the sides.’
the course of justice and two counts of assisting an 2. Respect for the dead that used to be of cardinal importance
offender.’ in society is rarely noticeable during funeral ceremonies
6. The President called a meeting and accused his aides of these days.’
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conspiring against him. 3. Hospital cleaning - although an issue of cardinal importance
7. Circumstances were really conspiring against her! - is a subject to which only a proportion of the public relate.’
8. In brief, the claimant has managed to convince himself that 4. The need for a viable transport sector in any economy is
he is the victim of a Jewish judicial conspiracy.’ cardinal.’
9. The third fact of the matter is that it’s not some sinister 5. First, it is a profound betrayal of the cardinal principle of
conspiracy.’ intellectual endeavour, which is freedom of speech and
10. Oh, and his predecessor was probably murdered as part of debate.’
some massive conspiracy.’ 6. With different types of abuse affecting women and children,
finding effective ways to protect them is cardinal to fighting
(65)CALAMITY: violence against women and children.’
1. Nearly every calamity and malady known to humankind 7. From all of our experiences, three cardinal rules for young
has a saint to look after it.’ people seeking to work in the developing world seem to
2. The skipper was experienced and had faced worse seas have emerged.’
before and so sudden was the calamity which overwhelmed 8. Although the Ten Commandments are of cardinal
KI

him that he was unable to send out a Mayday call.’ importance, all the commandments were given by God and
3. Before the oil well calamity, villagers there led a peaceful are essential to Judaism.’
life, getting along with each other in harmony.’ 9. As a salesman, your cardinal rule is to do everything you
4. The worst economic calamity to befall a family, and can to satisfy the customer.
especially women and children, is divorce.’ 10. Prudence was never a cardinal virtue of the Kentucky boy.
5. Yes, this country could be devastated by terrorism, or a
meteor strike, or some economic calamity.’ (68)COMPREHEND:
6. The flood was a calamity from which Bangladesh has never 1. She understood and comprehended everything the instant
fully recovered. it was exposed to her.’
7. Financial support in the future should be designed to 2. Much of the detail is difficult to comprehend for those who
support farmers when calamities occur, and not to control have not followed the story.’
their lives. 3. It is very important to ensure that the young person
8. A hurricane would be a calamity for this low-lying coastal understands the role of the assessing worker, and
region. comprehends the interpreter.’
9. Whenever any calamity, disaster or accident occurs, their 4. For these reasons, it was hard for many to comprehend
team arrives there as volunteers for relief work.’ that such an armistice could ever take place.’
10. Which devastating calamity is to come our way, 5. She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.
hyperinflation or collapsing deflation?’ 6. The chink in this otherwise disarming argument is that
Nature exists only to the extent that we comprehend it.
7. On the other hand, reading the texts from two different

[13]
 perspectives may improve comprehension.’ 2. He also pleaded guilty to failing to comply with a notice
8. What makes the red heifer so interesting is that it is beyond requesting the removal of the waste within the specified
human comprehension.’ time.’
9. Her mother looked at her for a moment before comprehension 3. High risk clients were likely to attend the clinic on impulse
dawned on her face.’ but were unlikely to comply with a request for a repeat
10. The situation was utterly beyond her comprehension. test.’
4. Please provide us with your prompt written assurance that
(69)CURB: you will comply with this request.’
1. Two citizen organizations are working to curb the excesses 5. Passengers that refuse to comply with a request to
of commercialism in our society.’ disembark could face action from the airline.
6. Assumption is made that the Camp Health Center complies
2. The commission was hearing submissions on ways to curb
with all accreditation standards for the camp jurisdiction.’
the spread of HIV in prison.’
7. The Canadian government claims the company was not
3. But he also needs the cooperation of the people in curbing
complying with proper environmental rules on disposal.’
the menace.’
8. The German automatic water purification equipment
4. The tobacco companies offer the perfect illustration of the
guarantees that the brewing water complies with European
ways that corporations can effectively curb discussions

’S
standards.’
about their products.’
9. Failure to comply with these conditions could result in
5. Fearing rampant speculation, the government has ordered
prosecution.
banks to curb lending for property investment.’
10. The majority of stock breeding companies are not complying
6. At one extreme governments brought in new laws to curb
with the regulations to control the disease.’
what they saw as seditious journalism.’
7. In order to curb inflation, money growth must fall below
(72)CONSISTENT:
growth in economic output.’
1. He was happy to see a local product conforming to the
8. Although employment growth has been steady since the
highest standards of quality and consistent supply.’
recession, government cutbacks will likely curb it.
NG
2. The camps are operated to a very high standard and the
9. The only way to curb the spread of the disease is by
consistent quality of the entire operation has stood the
immunizing the entire population.
test of time.’
10. He also stated that the government was trying to produce
3. He was the team’s most consistent defensive player this
a single regulation to curb smuggling across the country.’
season and a sure tackler.’
4. The estimated effects were consistent across the various
(70)COMPETENT: parts of the analysis.’
1. Workers experience autonomy within the work organization 5. It is a stance we have been consistent on because we feel
when they feel competent to act alone.’ the country needs to have fair competition.’
2. Nurse practitioners have become competent lower 6. He is consistent in the application of his brand of
gastrointestinal endoscopists, but only recently have they pragmatism.’
been shown to carry out upper endoscopies without any 7. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair,
problems.’ transparent, and consistent.’
3. They allow children the opportunities to learn relevant skills 8. There was considerable consistency in the reasons given
and feel competent about their ability to learn.’ for either discussing or not discussing the diagnosis with
KI

4. New students are expected to be competent in mathematics. their children.’

5. The London Stock Exchange is the competent authority 9. Common sense, moderation and consistency are the
under the Financial Services Act. foundations of a fit body and healthy nutrition.’
6. She concedes that a review by a competent authority was 10. It is a big mistake, however, to expect the same outcome in
required before the claimant could be considered for media where evidence, consistency and rationality are
release.’ deemed important.’
7. The doctrine of res judicata prevents relitigation of matters
that have already been determined by a court of competent (73)CONSIST:
jurisdiction.’ 1. Happiness does not consist in how many possessions you
8. In Germany and The Netherlands, for example, the protocol own.
can be submitted to both the competent authority and the 2. The beauty of the artist’s style consists in its simplicity.
ethics committee simultaneously.’
3. The charm of Paris does not consist only in its beauty.
9. Knowledge, awareness and sensitivity become important
4. The beauty of air travel consists in its speed and ease.
elements in developing the skills of cultural competence.’
5. For her, happiness consists in watching television and
10. Some employees are enthusiastic about their supervisor’s
reading magazines
competence and skills.
6. True strength does not consist in mere muscle.
7. The exhibition will consist of a wide range of products
(71)COMPLY: aimed at the construction industry.’
1. The university has since claimed that it is unable to comply 8. Hence an atom consisting of a nucleus and nine electrons
with the government request.’ would require thirty measurements.’

[14]
9. The buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes. 5. At the antiquarian book and paper event I began
10. New York City consists of five boroughs. contemplating a collection of examples of antique
handwriting to complement my fountain pens.
(74)CONSOLIDATE: 6. My first teacher practiced for a long time with Quakers
1. Leaders hate to be thwarted; it is in the nature of power to because they were the only group in her area that found
consolidate itself. the same value in sitting still and contemplating.
2. In my opinion, your country has enormous potential to 7. They need time to quietly review, contemplate, journal, mull
build and consolidate an outstanding position as a over, and reflect about their attitudes and actions.
European and international tourist destination. 8. I sat there contemplating when he asked me something.
3. Within the disputed border region, military forces from the 9. She pulled into the parking lot and just sat there,
neighboring state continue to consolidate their positions. contemplating.
4. The UK has world-class neuroscience, and this Centre 10. He sat morosely contemplating.
would consolidate the UK’s position as a global leader.
5. In the period up to and immediately beyond World War II (77)COUNTERFEIT:
Atlanta consolidated its position of regional dominance in 1. Most companies are fully willing to help identify
the air network. counterfeiters, counterfeit goods and to provide testimony

’S
6. Staffers are studying how to consolidate the paper’s four in court,’ Harris said.
weekly magazines into a single Sunday magazine of up to 2. UK computer retailers are warned today of a sophisticated
32 pages, she said. new scam involving counterfeit cheques.
7. Carrying on an old tradition, many airlines have been known 3. Not to mention that there is a strong connection between
to cancel a flight, to consolidate the numbers of passengers counterfeit goods and organized crime gangs and terrorist
on board. organizations - it’s one way they finance their organizations.
8. The service consolidates a number of separate services 4. Martin works in Buenos Aires as a courier for a crime outfit,
that used to exist in different parts of the county. transporting counterfeit money.
9. The company is planning to consolidate its business 5. Police have warned stores to look out for counterfeit $50
NG
activities at a new site in Arizona. bills.
10. All manufacturing activities have been consolidated in new 6. Is there a counterfeit cowl on the thrust reversers?
premises. 7. Illegal counterfeit manufacturers have taken advantage of
a burgeoning circular trade between E C countries in
(75)CONFRONT: pharmaceuticals.
1. Women from Africa, Asia and Latin America have employed 8. Trading standards officers have seized counterfeit goods
different approaches to confront these problems. with a face value of thousands of pounds.
2. The discrimination exists across all of society and, 9. Levi Strauss says counterfeits of the company’s jeans are
according to this research, has infiltrated into the agencies flooding Europe.
charged with confronting the problem.’ 10. He admitted possessing and delivering counterfeit
3. Despite the looming calamity, no one has confronted the currency.
core problem.
4. Uganda has confronted the AIDS problem with one of the (78)CONGENIAL:
most successful information campaigns on the Continent.’ 1. A hospitable septuagenarian runs it with her equally
5. The new government was confronted with many profound congenial son.
KI

difficulties. 2. He was a bright, congenial child who needed constant

6. Similar difficulties confront historians who are primarily physical care, but was a pleasure to be around.
concerned with written evidence. 3. Most people drink to be congenial, to celebrate, to have a
7. Now we are confronted with the problem of knowing what good time.
primroses to grow. 4. A congenial man with a neatly trimmed white beard, he’s a
8. It is a grotesque confrontation with the reality of life and classic civic booster who loves to extol his hometown’s
death. virtues.
9. This confrontation with our mortality also occurs when 5. He devoted these years to philosophy, writing, and the
someone close to us dies. company of a circle of congenial friends.
10. They were thought to be preparing for a confrontation with 6. This extreme anti-realism was not congenial to logical
former associates who had set up a rival drugs gang. positivists.
7. Journalists, as you know, are crucial to changing the current
(76)CONTEMPLATE: climate of opinion to one more congenial to liberty.
1. And I’ll just be spending the next period of months in the 8. The conservative attitude which pervaded his book was
lead-up to Christmas contemplating my longer-term future. especially congenial to America.
2. The amateur show jumper is contemplating his future in 9. The country is still changing in ways congenial to
the sport. Democrats.
3. No wonder she is contemplating a future role in politics. 10. It will be congenial to all since it must be committed to
4. I had begun to contemplate the possibility of a life entirely modelling, to methodological individualism and to the
without her. notion of optimisation.

[15]
 (79)CONTRIVE: 7. NATO plans to curtail the number of troops being sent to
1. The oil companies were accused of contriving a shortage the region.
of gasoline to justify price increases. 8. The celebrations had to be curtailed because of bad
2. He clearly did not want another plan for his assassination weather.
to be contrived. 9. I fear I shall have to curtail his restorative exercise in the
3. And since I’m making melodrama, contriving a plot is hardly fresh air.
a betrayal of that. 10. Budget cuts have drastically curtailed training programs.
4. Expression of the firm’s history is contrived through design
of the lobby. (82)CONDUCIVE:
5. However, it never ceases to amaze me how this country 1. Most employers do not realise that grey walls and brown
contrives to waste its natural assets. carpet tiles are not conducive to a stimulating work
6. In the play Amos contrives a scheme to make Paul pay experience.
back the money he owes him. 2. The roads are not conducive to big lorries coming back
7. He contrived a meeting between his mother and her ex- and forth.
husband. 3. Neither rule is likely to be conducive to the efficient running
8. I by contrast contrived to leave my grammar school in the of the company.

’S
Midlands without A levels. 4. The vision is to create a culture that is conducive to
9. Even if you manage to get them in, they will contrive to continual progress and change.
escape at the first opportunity. 5. The living environment of the school is not at all conducive
10. Gilda soon runs away from the horrible situation, but to human habitation.
Johnny contrives her return for a final confrontation. 6. A quiet room is a more conducive atmosphere for studying.
7. Teachers need to create an atmosphere that is conducive
(80)COLOSSAL: to learning.
1. £35,000 is a colossal amount of debt to start your working 8. Such a noisy environment was not conducive to a good
life with. night’s sleep.
NG
2. They spend colossal amounts of money on their dogs over 9. The more radical strategies will not be feasible unless the
there. political climate of the organisation is conducive to major
3. The amount of money generated for the local economy in change.
salaries alone is colossal. 10. That kind of jealous behaviour isn’t conducive to having a
4. Yet it is a colossal mistake to concentrate on the negative healthy, strong relationship.
aspects of our society and to be blind to so much of value.
5. Children are failing exams and dropping out of school in (83)CONTENTIOUS:
colossal numbers.
1. E-mail is a notoriously bad way to resolve serious disputes
6. Indeed, even colossal traffic jams, for all their cost in wasted over contentious issues, since it easily leads to harsh tones
time, have failed to deter motorists. and misunderstandings.
7. A long, lingering, colossal sigh followed, and his heart 2. That is a very real concern, as is the fact that the Minister
broke. has the power to resolve any contentious or unresolved
8. There was a colossal statue of the King in the middle of the issues to do with scopes of practice.
square. 3. Some of the most contentious and disputed issues of our
9. The cost in terms of technological advance and the
KI

day are matters of bioethics.’

dissemination of fresh and stimulating ideas, is incalculable
4. Other questions of organizational control are also
but colossal.
contentious.
10. You think the Red Cross is the savior during colossal natural
5. Smog and acid rain, water pollution and sewage disposal,
disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes and floods and
dams and river-flows will become ever more contentious
tornadoes.
issues.
6. The most contentious issue in the early days of the second
(81)CURTAIL: session was the collegiality of bishops.
1. With all the snow, our daily walks have been severely 7. One particularly contentious area in the field of health and
curtailed. safety is the valuation of human life itself.
2. Play is now restricted or curtailed with the par reduced and 8. He specialises in providing contentious construction advice
handicaps proportionately trimmed. and conducting litigation, arbitration and adjudication.
3. He added any new action would be limited to curtailing 9. She has some very contentious views on education.
extracurricular services and the resumption of a full strike
10. Sex education in schools remains a highly contentious
would only be considered as a last resort.
issue.
4. The law curtails the extent of the copyright monopoly.
5. Her visit was abruptly curtailed when news was received
(84)CARNAGE:
about the death of her father, King George VI.
1. He said drinking and speeding were the two biggest causes
6. We curtailed our conversation when other people entered
of carnage on the roads.
the room.
2. The United Nations was set up after two wars involving

[16]
 the worst carnage imaginable to try and prevent a repeat. escape.
3. Hundreds of thousands of British servicemen died in the 9. Mr Mandela suggested the government had connived at
terrible carnage of the Second World War. the violence.
4. He was one of the few journalists who described the human 10. Her mother connived at the child’s truancy.
carnage at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
5. The foreign minister has asked ambassadors from several (87)CONSENSUS:
states to help end the carnage. 1. Among political women ... there is a clear consensus about
6. Their peaceful protest ended in carnage. the problems women candidates have traditionally faced.
7. The Battle of the Somme was a scene of dreadful carnage. 2. The declaration reflects a growing consensus on the types
8. As to the seven who had been sent aloft to make sail, they of reform necessary in developing countries.
contemplated with horror the carnage that was going on 3. We were unable to reach a consensus about membership
below. fees.
9. The next morning, they wake to a scene of carnage, with no 4. There is little consensus about the issue of smacking
recollection of having fallen asleep. children.
10. The bombing was timed to cause as much carnage as 5. We managed to get a consensus about not smoking in the
possible. office.

’S
6. We are still hopeful that further talks will result in a
(85)CONTEND: consensus.
1. Busking is the truest form of performing art, contending 7. It will be difficult to reach any sort of consensus on this
with the elements, the audiences, the atmosphere and the issue.
unexpected,’ she said. 8. The government is struggling to find a consensus over
2. In England, forever contending with faded glories, there is proposals for the state system.’
a near-unconscious belief that a sporting contest might 9. A strong relationship means that it must depend on a
yet bring compensation for every variety of loss and consensus of needs and opinion.’
national decline. 10. There needs to be a clear consensus on what a charity
NG
3. The salmon industry is also contending with the permanent should be in order to be granted any tax and other benefits.’
problem of sea lice in fish farms, and a collapsing stock of
wild fish. (88)CANDID:
4. If ever a man had difficulties of character and temperament 1. His flaw was his indispensable virtue: he was direct and
to contend with, it was Gilbert. candid in telling the unvarnished truth.
5. However, unlawful behavior contends with social 2. What shocked me is how candid he was in some of his
responsibility from an international perspective. answers and how straightforward he was.
6. The travelling public is inconvenienced enough by using 3. Jennifer said her husband inspired many people by being
public transport without contending with strikes. candid about his own strife.
7. Beijing is contending for the leadership of the twenty-first 4. Corporate tax people need to be candid and straightforward
century. about all that information.
8. They are a mediocre team in a mediocre division contending 5. In the space of several months, Nizan was progressively
for a divisional championship. captivated by the refreshingly candid, lively and astute
9. The defense contended that the evidence was inadmissible. personality of Rirette.
KI

10. The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near 6. Lena is amusingly candid when she talks about the men in
the scene of the crime. her life.
7. We need everybody to be truthful and candid when they’re
(86)CONNIVE: interviewed by the police.’
1. Government officials were prepared to connive in impeding 8. It is not everyday that you find an autobiography so
the course of justice disarmingly direct and candid.
2. This was not a minor breach of behaviour; it was murder 9. He attracted me by three things: his candid simplicity, his
connived at by agents of the State. marvelous familiarity with ancient armor, and the restfulness
3. Furthermore, even if people can prove that they have been of his company — for he did all the talking.
persecuted, they must also prove that the state connived 10. His responses were remarkably candid.
in that persecution at high level.’
4. There are cries of how lawyers and others have allegedly (89) CANVASS:
connived in the misapplication of justice. 1. A party that behaved pretty much as if it did not need the
5. First he works for the Labour government and, by his own Muslim vote is now actively canvassing it.
admission, connives in the government’s systematic lying. 2. He said that probable candidates were obviously
6. He would not be the first politician to connive at a shady canvassing for votes from affiliates.
business deal. 3. We left ourselves with two weeks to fight the election, the
7. The problem remains of how to get the existing parliament other parties have been out canvassing for five or six weeks.
to connive at its own demise. 4. I recall an incident when I was canvassing for Labour in
8. The guards were suspected of conniving at the prisoner’s that general election campaign.

[17]
5. Party supporters were called on to help canvass for their 2. The final death and casualty figures for this catastrophe
candidate. will never be certain, and are so large as to be difficult to
6. I spent the whole afternoon canvassing voters. comprehend anyway.
7. The issues that were canvassed are still unresolved. 3. Then the news started pouring in: four bombed trains,
8. One of the scenarios presently being canvassed is the dozens of casualties, hundreds of injured.
possibility of a rapid decline in the value of the US dollar. 4. Swindon’s roads have never been safer according to the
9. I expect that many people will make submissions to the latest casualty figures.
committee, and this will enable the matters addressed in 5. There were hundreds of casualties when the factory went
the bill to be thoroughly canvassed.’ on fire.
10. Changes to the proposals may be considered after the
6. Another complicating factor is whether or not psychiatric
arguments have been fully canvassed by the select
cases are included in the casualty figures.
committee.
7. Two of the casualties became badly trapped and fire fighters
had to use special cutting equipment to free the injured.’
(90)CAPTIVATING:
1. Nowhere else have I been greeted by so many genuine, 8. Indian troops have suffered more than 1200 casualties.
captivating smiles. 9. The bomb caused serious damage to the building, but there

’S
2. Upon close observation, you will find inspiration in each were no casualties.
of the artist’s captivating images. 10. Troops fired on the demonstrators, causing many
3. A lot of his article is commonsense, but written in a casualties.
disarming and captivating manner.
4. Sometimes her English is daintily prim and bookish and (93)CEASE:
captivating.
1. Her coughing ceased for a brief moment when she felt a
5. He was captivated by her beauty.
sharp pain on her lower leg.
6. His reconstructed realities captivate participants with a
mesmeric hold that lasts far beyond the temporal end of a 2. Although full-scale fighting has ceased, corruption and
NG
work. violence are still rampant.
7. Consternation spread through the armed men, and a 3. While production ceased at the end of World War I,
subdued elation sprang into the hearts of the captives. enormous numbers of existing Lewis guns continued to
8. The small room at the end was obviously the room where serve.
the captives had been detained. 4. The company ceased production at their Norwich plant
9. He was a real showman, and however he was feeling, he last year.
always rose to the bait of a captive audience! 5. The hostilities ceased and normal life was resumed.
10. The company has gained a captive market with its baby- 6. On his retirement the job will cease to exist.
food contract and exclusive access to 107,000 infants in
7. He never ceased to amaze his staff and students with new
the state.
and exciting ideas.
8. We cease trying vainly to understand the secrets of the
(91)CARVE: Universe as we have hitherto tried to do.
1. He carved a niche for himself as a writer.
9. Hostilities between the two countries have now ceased.
2. She carved out a successful career in the film industry.
KI

10. All three were drinking whisky, barely moistened with soda
3. He moved to Boston to carve out a new life for himself. water, with a rapidity that had ceased to startle their friends.
4. He managed to carve out a successful photographic career
for himself’ (94)CHAOS:
5. I told myself I was going to carve a book out of this mass of
1. The stoppage will cripple services across this region,
papers.’
leading to chaos for passengers.
6. He carved out his own future. 2. Snow caused commuter chaos across the region today and
7. She carved out a reputation for herself as a high-powered closed both runways at Manchester Airport.
lawyer. 3. They thrive on disruption and chaos, and seek to
8. It can be difficult to carve out a niche in the fashion industry. complicate any chance for a negotiated solution.
9. Through hard work and sheer determination, Dennis carved 4. Council bosses have been urged to consider buying extra
out a career in the building industry. gritting vehicles after this week’s snow chaos.
10. Far from the gurnings of a sulky celebrity, such a public 5. The country was plunged into economic chaos.
tirade is typical of a man who has carved a career out of 6. Heavy flooding has created chaos and confusion
words as well as actions. throughout the country.
7. I am whisked through the doors to a chaos of people and
(92)CASUALTY: boxes and props on the other side.
1. World War I saw a civilian casualty rate of about 15 per 8. You find yourself at the brink of an important change that
cent (of total casualties). brings emotional chaos and confusion today.

[18]
9. Resulting restrictions and traffic chaos will throw the entire 5. A crude culture makes a coarse people, and private
area into turmoil for up to four hours. refinement cannot long survive public excess.
10. In a situation of total economic chaos, only a small number 6. He sees a woman much like himself, a coarse merchant’s
of profiteers have something to gain. daughter who guffaws loudly at a dirty joke.
7. The missives were framed in particularly coarse language
to make the point.
(95)CLOAK:
8. I heard some laughing, like a thick coarse chuckle.
1. She cloaked her embarrassment by rushing into speech’.
9. You are never coarse or vulgar, and people who display
2. Since that time nearly every military effort has had to cloak
such traits offend you.
itself in some lofty universal principal.
10. These treasure hunters were coarse and greedy types
3. The truck wends its way through kilometres of pine and
whose only intention was plunder.
eucalyptus; areas that were once cloaked in native bush.
4. The shadows suddenly engulfed the man, cloaking him
from Gabriel’s vision. (98)COINCIDE:
5. Completely cloaked in the black of the night, his face was 1. Students at the University of Victoria organised events

’S
no more than shadows to me. last October to coincide with National Coming Out Week.
6. The talks have been cloaked in secrecy. 2. The rallies in British Columbia will also coincide with similar
events throughout the country on February 4.
7. And he has laid himself wide open to the kind of criticism
that will cloak him in a dark shroud of misery. 3. The event will coincide with the Summit of the Americas in
Quebec City, which runs April 20-22.
8. Though once cloaked in the trappings of the occult,
conversations with local psychics suggest a slightly more 4. The event will coincide with Teacher Day on March 7, and
psychotherapeutic approach. will feature poetry, prose, photography, and art.
9. He uses jargon to cloak his inefficiency. 5. His entry to the party coincided with his marriage.
10. The coastline was cloaked in fog. 6. I could not be happy with a man whose taste did not in
NG
every point coincide with my own.
(96)CLUMSY:
7. It is a remarkable coincidence that the elections were held
1. Frantically, she scrambled back through the ventilation
on the eleventh anniversary of these dramatic events.
shaft, haste making her movements clumsy and loud.’
8. By coincidence, the factory closed down in 1912, the year
2. Fumbling, my fingers clumsy and slow, I fought with the
the Titanic went down at sea with such a huge loss of life.
buttons on his soaking-wet shirt.
9. And the bizarre events and coincidences pile up more and
3. But left-handers are renowned for being awkward and
more as the story proceeds.
clumsy and in some societies they are still looked upon
with suspicion. 10. By coincidence, John and I both ended up at Yale.
4. As it rocks from side to side, a walking penguin may look
clumsy, but its movements are actually quite efficient.’ (99)COMBAT:
5. For instance, when we learn to drive a car, our initial 1. The residents of the town tried to combat the government’s
attempts are clumsy and full of errors. plans to build a motorway.
6. The extraordinarily clumsy and transparent attempt to bury 2. He saw custody as the only way of combating the drug
KI

the issue failed, however, resulting in a further inquiry and problem.

the present trials. 3. In having sought to combat evil, we ended up being
7. A clumsy waiter spilled wine all over her new skirt. consumed by it.
8. Simple self promotion is jarring, far too revealing and far 4. If you had a magic wand, how would you wish to combat
too blunt, gauche, clumsy, and vulgar. corruption?’
9. Her big-boned body felt clumsy and she placed the tray on 5. He emphasised that the Government was doing all it could
the coffee table with a loud clatter. to combat corruption.
10. Fumbling, fingers clumsy in her panic, she dragged at the 6. Everyone here agrees on the need for action to combat
plastic retaining clips. racism and intolerance.
7. The Cabinet has recommended new measures to combat
(97)COARSE: organized crime.
1. He has a very coarse sense of humour. 8. In order to combat inflation the government imposed strict
controls on foreign currency.
2. They don’t know how to behave, and are coarse and
insulting. 9. He was determined to combat whatever foe had arrived to
harm the infant princess.
3. The people whom he met, besides his own kin, were coarse
in speech and thought. 10. The younger warrior with him jumped off his horse to
bravely combat the enemy, but the enemy was better then
4. The poet who was so courtly and gentle in his verse could
him.
be coarse and vulgar in his everyday speech.

[19]
 (100)COMMEND: ruined.
1. She commended the staff and students for their commitment 6. She is suspected of complicity in the fraud.
to recycling. 7. One could survive only by silence and a strict refusal of
complicity.
2. He should be commended and judges in other former
dictatorships should follow his lead. 9. In both cases, failures would not justify an investigation
into malfeasance or complicity.
3. The film’s cast is acquitted, and most are commended for
10. They were accused of complicity in the attempt to
fine work.
overthrow the government.
4. The judge surprisingly commends him for his fine civic
performance and bids him continue with his good work.
(103)COMPLIMENT:
5. A York youngster who helped to rescue a woman from a
1. But when people complimented him on his voice, Martin
burning flat has been commended for his bravery by the
started to dream of going on stage.
city’s most senior judge.
2. He complimented all the voluntary organisers and
6. Inspector Marshall was commended for his professional representatives for all they are doing to promote this very
attitude. necessary task.

’S
7. The solar system model was commendable and the visitors 3. She complimented the local organisers in achieving
were amazed by the creativity of the children. something that the national organisation was unable to
8. As a president with a great sense of public relations, he do.
may be commendable, and so are his ministers. 4. They immediately broke out into smiles, shook my hands
9. Many large corporates have taken commendable steps to and graciously complimented me on my command of the
improve workplace posture and healthcare. language!
10. The whole workforce has adapted to the new computing 5. Ask yourself what people tend to compliment you on the
system with commendable speed. most.
6. Bob complimented me on my new hairstyle.
NG
7. The groom was so nervous he forgot to compliment the
(101)COMPASSION:
bridesmaids.
1. It is true that a small act of love and compassion moves the
8. They complimented each other for their ability to collaborate
world and touches people.
effectively as a team.
2. The day that we lose compassion for our fellow human
9. The man complimented him on his footwork and suggested
beings will be a sad day indeed for humanity.
that he apply for a dance host position.
3. Gentleness and compassion cannot coexist with aggression
10. He also complimented all who took part and took the time
and hatred toward others.
to decorate the floats and make them presentable.
4. After supping her fill of horrors, her capacity to feel
compassion was deeply affected.
(104)COMPOUND:
5. Magnanimity and compassion are my favourite virtues, but
realism is close behind. 1. Management crises are compounding the problems.’
6. Of course we must insist on punishment, but the criminal 2. But the report merely compounds the confusion by never
must also be treated with compassion. once defining its terms.
7. The Dalai Lama practises what he preaches: universal 3. Inflation and tax will eat into the value of any savings, and
a poor interest rate will only compound this.
KI

kindness and compassion.

8. Out of compassion, then, a decent spear was offered him, 4. Major problems in agriculture and structural difficulties in
but he declined, and said, “spears were useless to men of the eurozone compounded the negative effects from slower
science. global trade.
9. That sense of compassion could vault to the surface very 5. The lack of sanitation facilities compounds the trauma of
quickly if the economic miracle began to curdle. displacement and loss.
10. He had no pity, no compassion, no understanding of what 6. His uncouth son who shows no respect to his illiterate
the victims of war suffered. father compounds the dilemma.
7. Adolescents seek to relieve tension through risk behaviors
such as substance use that only compound the negative
(102)COMPLICITY:
psychological and physical toll.
1. The German Supreme Court found that the five members of
8. He compounded the offence by calling his opponents liars.
the Court Martial were guilty of complicity in a crime against
humanity. 9. Strong nationalist sentiment is compounding the deep
political problems faced by the President.
2. Poverty and lack of judicial responsibility entice officials
into complicity. 10. Brian was lost in booze and drugs, compounded by
paranoia and a deep sense of failure.
3. The concept of aiding and abetting and complicity is well
known I think to Australian law.
4. His complicity with the former government had led to his (105)COMPRISE:
downfall. 1. Accommodation typically comprises entrance hall, living/
5. The careers of officers complicit in the cover-up were dining room, kitchen, bathroom, two bedrooms and rear

[20]
 garden. (108)CONFISCATE:
2. The consortium comprises well-heeled individuals who 1. If you violate the country’s camera use rules, they may
enjoy tax advantages in return for their funding of the hotel confiscate your equipment and we have absolutely no
projects. recourse.
3. The contingent will comprise a revolving cast, including 2. The order, once implemented, would give officers powers
six of the veterans profiled in the film. to stop someone drinking in a public place and to confiscate
4. The 25-member team mostly comprises students in their any alcohol.
early twenties. 3. I took a photo, to show you the unbelievable filth, but they
5. The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers. confiscated my camera.
6. The world’s bulk fleet comprises 7,798 vessels, 2,231 of 4. His passport was confiscated by the police to prevent him
which are between 16 and 20 years old. from leaving the country.
7. The city’s population comprises mainly Asians and 5. They confiscated weapons, ammunition and propaganda
Europeans. material.
8. On the other hand, the brain is comprised of ten billion or 6. Advertisers luring people into heavier and heavier reliance
so neurons. on cleansing products would be prosecuted and their bank
accounts confiscated.

’S
9. The positive heuristic is comprised of rough guidelines
indicating how the research programme might be developed. 7. The box was confiscated by the governing body’s technical
10. The staff comprises eight physicians, two dozen nurses, department to undergo investigation this week.
and various administrative people. 8. Many opposition supporters had their goods confiscated.
9. The authorities will confiscate firearms found on a boat or
(106)CONCEDE: plane if the owner cannot show proof of US licensing.
1. I had to concede that I’d overreacted. 10. It was the first time the authorities had confiscated vessels
in their battle to clamp down on illegal fishing.
2. The advertising industry has conceded defeat in its battle
to ward off statutory regulation of children’s advertising.
(109)CONFORM:
NG
3. Their attackers had conceded defeat too promptly.
4. On July 2, Thailand conceded defeat to currency 1. And if our practices and doctrines do not conform with the
speculators and let the baht float against the dollar. teachings of the Scriptures then we must eliminate them.
5. They conceded the match to their opponents. 2. The government will also continue to crack down on coal
mines in particular because many fail to conform with safety
6. I conceded that I had made a number of errors.
standards.
7. The Georgian forces defended the capital but were finally
3. On the other hand, the fact that so many States have signed
obliged to concede.
up to the Bill and, on paper at least, are attempting to
8. In May 1949, Stalin conceded defeat and reopened land
conform with its standards is commendable.
access to Berlin.
4. These strings are termed ‘grammatical’ because they
9. This time, one of the two opponents capitulated, conceded
conform to the rules of the grammar.
defeat-to an unprecedented degree.
5. The solution offered might not conform to the dogma of
10. The losing candidate conceded after the polls had closed.
either political party.
6. The website owner must conform with the requirements of
(107)CONNOTE: the Data Protection Act.
KI

1. The word “jolly” often connotes that someone is fat. 7. In response, representatives of the company said that they
2. The word “lion” denotes a kind of wild cat but connotes would try to improve operations at the incinerator to
courage and dignity. conform with standards.
3. For a political leader, hesitation is apt to connote weakness. 8. The changes were introduced to conform with international
4. The term ‘ladies’ connotes females who are simultaneously classifications.
put on a pedestal and patronised. 9. After graduating, he decides to become a complete
5. The term ‘modern science’ usually connotes a complete conformist in order to deflect any future criticism, much to
openness to empirical testing. the horror of his artsy parents.
6. Yiddish characteristically uses a suffix that connotes 10. If you look back on the 20th-century, I don’t know who
endearment and familiarity. was worse: the fanatics or the conformists?
7. The word ‘discipline’ has unhappy connotations of
punishment and repression. (110)CONFUTE:
8. Ostensibly neutral, each of these words has a positive 1. One well-studied case decisively confutes all the
connotation in the American political lexicon. conventional arguments.
9. Sanctity’ is a word with a religious connotation; it means 2. Galileo was able to confute the argument that the Sun
‘holy or religiously sacred. moved around the Earth.
10. Leaving aside the religious connotations of the word, an 3. He held a press conference to confute accusations that he
idol in the realm of pop culture is someone that people look had supported the riots.
up to and engage with. 4. Once my father allowed himself to think critically about the
Bible, he began step by step to confute Christian teachings

[21]
 and wrote the book. 9. I was a little surprised when she consented to my proposal.
5. Neither anticipation was unreasonable, but the one was 10. The plaintiff, at a pre-hearing, consented to an order and
justified whilst the other was confuted by events. an order was issued for the release of the hospital records.
6. The ‘fact’ that water freezes more quickly if it is first boiled
is no fact at all, and some of Descartes’s ‘explanations’ are (113)CONTAGIOUS:
easily confuted by experiment. 1. Measles, mumps, and rubella are all serious contagious
7. The government announced that their critics had been diseases that spread rapidly, especially in populations
confuted. without immunity.
8. Restorers who sought to confute this view were accused 2. A respiratory viral infection is a contagious illness that can
of ignorance. affect your respiratory tract and cause other symptoms.
9. No, I intend to confute their arguments, to show that they 3. HIV is a lethal contagious disease spread by contact with
are mistaken. blood and body fluids.’
10. In other words, the consensus has been downright 4. The purpose of the legislation was to protect against the
confuted, over a nine-month period, by the course of animals developing and spreading contagious disease.
events. 5. TB is a contagious disease that spreads through the air.

’S
6. Although rheumatic fever is not contagious, strep throat
(111)CONSCIENTIOUS: is.
1. He was a decent, conscientious, hard working man, who 7. Rubella is a mild, highly contagious illness that is caused
was always very approachable and willing to put himself by a virus.
out for others. 8. Most eye infections are contagious.
2. He is observant and conscientious and pays meticulous 9. The infection is highly contagious, so don’t let anyone
attention to details. else use your towel.
3. He abhorred violence of any kind and was hard-working, 10. As a matter of fact, I don’t worry at all about the spread of
loyal and conscientious. a contagious disease like SARS.
4. The truth is that many of the women are better than the
NG
men, they are more careful and conscientious. (114)CONTIGUOUS:
5. And the Germans are hard working, conscientious, trying 1. The continental United States is contiguous with Canada
hard to be principled pragmatics, wearing history heavily to the north and Mexico to the south.
on their shoulder.
2. The ideal is for married children to live near their parents, at
6. She was conscientious in her duties, and would insist on least in the same city, if not in the same neighborhood or
reading every sentence, - there was no saying where she on a contiguous lot.
might find faults of grammar or bad spelling.
3. Under this scheme, tribes and migrants were jointly allotted
7. Despite uncertain health, he was installed as dean of St land for agricultural operations in contiguous areas.
Paul’s cathedral, where he was conscientious in his duties
4. The dorsal arm plates are slightly bell shaped or fan shaped,
and subsequently buried.
they approach but are not quite contiguous.
8. His previous employer describes him as honest, hard-
5. The vineyards are virtually contiguous with those of
working and conscientious.
Ausone.
9. He was thoroughly conscientious, always helpful and very
6. He has already dug up all the garden two or three times to
much liked.
find the famous spring, and, being unsuccessful, he will
KI

10. Truth to say, he was a conscientious man, and ever bore in soon purchase all the contiguous houses.
mind the golden maxim, “Spare the rod and spoil the child.
7. The two states are contiguous with/to each other, but the
laws are quite different.
(112)CONSENT: 8. No other farms are contiguous with High House Farm.
1. First, the legal parent has to have consented to and fostered 9. The Southern Ocean is contiguous with the Atlantic.
the petitioner’s relationship with the child.
10. They come from a nation contiguous to the U.S. with a
2. The United States consented to that treaty in accordance long and porous border.’
with our own representative processes.
3. He consented to the taking of blood and urine samples by
(115)CONVICT:
hospital staff ‘for medical purposes only.
1. The reality is that he was convicted of an offence to which
4. The adjournment was necessary and consented to by both
he could have pleaded guilty.
parties.
2. He knew that the cheque would bounce, and at first instance
5. As an innocent man, his own government consented to
he was convicted of theft.
his arbitrary detention and torture by a foreign power.
3. But the jury rejected his account, convicting him of murder
6. It would be quite unreal to infer that the bank consented to
by a majority verdict.
the withdrawal by a card holder whose account had been
closed. 4. Williams was also convicted of the theft of two cars and an
unrelated burglary.
7. Her father reluctantly consented to the marriage.
5. The Court of Criminal Appeal held that the jury acted
8. In logic there can be no difference between an ability to
unreasonably in convicting him of that count.
consent to treatment and an ability to refuse treatment.

[22]
6. The prosecution’s use of such evidence to stampede a 3. I had a lady bring to my attention recently yet another
jury into convicting him of multiple felonies flies in the face exploitation of the credulous and the vulnerable through
of the First Amendment. the postal services.
7. Instead of being convicted of first-degree murder, Mitchell 4. Reporters and editors are credulous, fearful, and flatly
got six years for voluntary manslaughter. bamboozled.
8. In due course, she was charged with and convicted of 5. It could be argued that the very incomprehensibility of the
obstruction of a police constable in the execution of his modern world has made us even more credulous.
duty. 6. This poet regarded the joys of gods with bemused,
9. The jury convicted the defendant of manslaughter. unshockable, and endlessly credulous respect.
10. First, he criticised judges for not convicting criminals often 7. He has broken his word and seized the opportunity I was
enough when prosecutors bring cases before them.’ mad and credulous enough to tell him of.
8. She was gentle, simple, credulous, and not at all intriguing,
(116)CREDIBLE: and did not try to draw any benefit from a liaison which at
1. Whether or not credible information existed to substantiate best was only temporary.
the story’s claims is still a mystery. 9. Do they think we’re illiterate, or simply utterly credulous?
There are lots of other situations in life when it is vital to be 10. But never be so credulous that you just believe everything

’S
2.
able to make credible promises. that you’re told.
3. The plaintiff was a very credible witness when she spoke
of the stiffness and pain she suffered. (119)CRUSADE:
4. I regret to say that I did not find the appellant to be a 1. We all need to support the crusade against corruption.
credible witness at all. 2. His crusade against the government apathy towards ex-
5. He was unable to give a credible explanation for his soldiers and their families is continuing even at the age of
behaviour. 81.
6. Her story is completely credible - she doesn’t usually 3. Town leaders are calling for a crusade against television
exaggerate. programmes they claim are eroding moral values.
NG
7. This claim seems perfectly credible to me. 4. After 1945, World War II was conceptualized here as a
8. They haven’t produced any credible evidence for crusade against absolutism and intolerance.
convicting him. 5. The crusade against child obesity is likely to produce, not
9. The story of what had happened to her was barely credible. healthy outcomes, but miserable children and anxious
10. The story was so fantastic and incredible, the telling so parents and epidemics of dieting and eating disorders.
credible and sober. 6. While urging the authorities to find more resources to fix
up our schools, our political representatives ought to be
leading the crusade against vandalism.
(117)CREDITABLE:
7. The grandfather of a teenage boy who died after inhaling
1. She makes a creditable effort at interpreting the manifest
an aerosol is now committed to a life-saving crusade against
and manifold mysteries of her subject’s motivations.
solvent abuse.
2. She then received patriarchal permission to pursue kinship
8. His crusade against redundancy and overspending in
with offspring of creditable lineage!
government seemed fuelled by an overriding concern for
3. We also express our gratitude to the media who were
the common good.
quickly on the scene and gave creditable coverage of the
KI

9. He seems to be running a one-man crusade against cigarette

calamity.
smoking.
4. The police have made good progress recently in the battle
10. In the crusade for civil rights, the federal government sets
against crime. They are doing a creditable job.
a uniform standard that overrides local prejudices.
5. The student made a creditable effort on the essay.
6. The band turned out quite a creditable performance.
(120)CULMINATE:
7. He had come to purchase a wedding gift for his daughter,
1. Similar things happened across Europe and it all culminated
Janet, and an outfit for himself in which he might make a
in the great radicalisation of 1968.
creditable appearance at her marriage.
2. A series of events for teachers and students will culminate
8. Our team came in a creditable third in the competition.
in a Shakespeare festival next year.
9. The other, less creditable, reason for their decision was
3. Years of waiting culminated in a tearful reunion.
personal gain.
4. The ceremony culminated a long week of preparation.
10. The company has produced a creditable performance this
year. 5. The parade will culminate in a firework display.
6. My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and
finally culminated in my resignation.
(118)CREDULOUS:
7. Their many years of research have finally culminated in a
1. We’re credulous creatures and easily impressed by things
cure for the disease.
we don’t understand.
8. The whole affair is the culmination of the spin
2. Fourth, the fact that metaphysics is inescapable does not
phenomenon.’
mean one has to be naïve or credulous about it.

[23]
9. Browning’s works, the culmination of his dramatic method, crooked and utter hypocrites.’
and the turning-point more decisively than Dramatis 4. Besides being extremely affected by his ex-wife, he was
Personae of his style. downright angry at his female companion.
10. The deal marked the culmination of years of negotiation. 5. Now I was getting downright edgy.
6. Jed’s downright lazy.
(121)DECREE: 7. She was often downright rude to him.
1. Under the decree, local officials have the power to place 8. Her father turned on her with a sudden severity, so entirely
people under house arrest and demand that weapons be unparalleled in her experience of him that she started back
handed over. in downright terror.
2. The government, made up of 16 ministers and seven 9. She’s being downright unhelpful and obstructive.
secretaries of state was officially announced overnight in 10. When did our leaders become so gauche, impolite, rude
a presidential decree. and downright insensitive?’
3. The Emperor issued the decree repealing martial law.
4. In December 1936 a decree was issued which made all (124)DRASTIC:
volunteer forces subject to military jurisdiction.
1. He was, of course, especially irate as it was two of his staff,

’S
5. In March 1999, the High Court refused a decree of nullity so he had to do something drastic.
to a man whose wife had an affair with her employer shortly
2. This is likely to mean a drastic reduction of overheads and
after the marriage.
also of headcount.
6. The “ Westminster Constitution “ of 1968 was suspended
3. Staff also say there will be a drastic reduction in beds
by royal decree in 1973.
available for women who need surgery.
7. In early 1922 a decree ordered local soviets to organize the
4. They felt their salary issues would never get solved unless
removal of all precious church items.
drastic action was taken.
8. Under the decree, every official who usually travels by car
5. Food Services is making drastic attempts this year to help
must switch to traveling by motorbike on Fridays.
cater to the needs of students.
NG
9. Teotihuacan is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is
6. Other more drastic proposals were ventilated but never
protected by a presidential decree.
put into practice.
10. The protests come on the heals of a strike by interstate bus
7. He is in favor of drastic cuts in social spending in order to
drivers last Wednesday over a government decree ordering
balance the budget.
them to give receipts.
8. Many employees have had to take drastic cuts in pay.
9. The company will be taking drastic measures to reduce its
(122)DEFILE:
debt.
1. The council, for its part, accused the traders of violating
10. But because it was a small council it did not have the money
city by-laws and of defiling the environment.
to make drastic improvements by itself.’
2. Your hands are too dirty to defile the hilt of my mentor’s
sword,’ said Wolfus, as he kept back his sword.
(125)DUBIOUS:
3. The corridor was dirty, crimson stains defiling the walls.
1. He is similarly dubious about the suggestion that the
4. Not a scrap of paper or a sheet of plastic mars its ancient
protests were incited by older activists.
premises in sharp contrast to the clutter that usually defiles
our heritage sites. 2. I was a little dubious about this tour from the outset.
KI

5. Abusive behavior starts in the heart of one person, but 3. I was dubious about the composition project, until I heard
eventually the whole system is defiled. the music.
6. Exodus also prescribes death for those who defile the 4. They entail, furthermore, the dubious assumption that
Sabbath or perform any work on that day. cultural change moves in only one direction: from top to
bottom.
7. Then outrages were heaped upon me, and as my soul was
not subdued they wished to defile my body forever. 5. To postulate the reality of the latter is in fact very dubious,
because it relies on a contestable empirical claim that simply
8. And then they defiled the sacred name of Christ many times
cannot be sustained.
in my presence.
6. But here, as elsewhere, Smith’s philosophical assumptions
9. Atalanta and Hippomenes are changed to lions for defiling
are highly dubious.
a sacred shrine.
7. Philosophy aims only at the truth, not at mere persuasion
10. The mob entered the synagogue, desecrated the biggest
regardless of truth, which is a dubious enterprise in both
house of worship and defiled the Scrolls of the Law.
its intentions and its methods.
8. Even those which are imaginative and intelligently put
(123)DOWNRIGHT: together are often morally dubious.
1. In plain English, smoking looks bad, smells bad, and is just 9. The assumption that growth in one country benefits the
downright bad for you. whole world is highly dubious.
2. Most of all, the book felt extremely overwritten and her 10. Timeshare has been brought into disrepute by dubious
abstract prose style was downright tiresome. sales methods.
3. Members of our government were downright corrupt,

[24]
 7. Much stronger pressures and probably more decisive
(126)DISCRETION: action was necessary in these circumstances.
1. He believes officers should use their discretion when 8. No one else could have done this as well as Lanfranc with
dealing with speeding offences. his orderly mind and power of decisive action.
2. The trial judge was entitled to exercise his discretion in 9. This decisive defeat puts them out of contention for this
dismissing the motion. year’s championship finals.
3. It will be entirely at the discretion of the government to 10. Unless decisive action is taken to combat the disease, the
decide whether or not to amend that law. death toll will continue to rise.
4. Promotions are left to the discretion of the supervisor.
5. He conducted the whole affair with the utmost discretion. (129)DEFER:
6. The president could use his constitutional powers to move 1. The elections were deferred and the Constitution and courts
troops about at his discretion. suspended.
7. Local authorities should use their discretion in setting the 2. He said the national executive agreed to defer the election
charges. to October 2, two weeks later than the original date of
8. State courts have far greater powers of discretion in September 18.

’S
sentencing than federal courts. 3. The Local Plans Panel deferred debate on the trust’s plans.
9. The committee will use its discretion in deciding whether 4. The Club has decided to defer its annual dinner dance to
to grant permission or not. the New Year due to the on-going club commitments on
10. Paul is renowned for his discretion, for keeping his counsel the field of play.
as well as his word. 5. Further discussion on the proposal will be deferred until
April.
(127)DELIBERATE: 6. The committee had previously deferred a decision while it
sought the views of the police.
1. Institutional racism does not have to be deliberate and
conscious. 7. I defer to your greater knowledge of the matter.
NG
2. Genocide is the deliberate and preplanned attempt to wipe 8. I have to defer to my boss on important decisions.
out a particular race of people. 9. Arrogance is not an attractive trait, but surely it beats
3. Most of the hostility faced by conservatives is not explicit, passive deference.
and often not conscious or deliberate. 10. Traditional class boundaries have been eroded and
4. To my mind a lie is a deliberate intent to deceive. deference has all but disappeared from British society.’
5. Our consciousness is biased to think that its own intentions
and deliberate choices rule our lives. (130)DENOUNCE:
6. And those injuries have been inflicted with deliberate and 1. Oratory is praised as the literature of the people and
premeditated intent. denounced as the instrument of the demagogue.
7. There have also been cases of deliberate neglect of property 2. The weather forecast was denounced as useless by the
in order to force tenants out of the building. locals.
8. The jury is continuing to deliberate on another charge of 3. Gambling on cricket is nothing new, and as early as 1823 a
false accounting and another of furnishing false match between Hampshire and England was denounced as
information. a fix.
KI

9. When the evidence is completed a report is drafted and the 4. Weir was arrested and confessed to sorcery; his sister Grizel
sub-committee deliberates on it until agreement is reached. was denounced as a witch.
10. As Law Lords deliberated over whether the use of the 5. Darwin’s theories about evolution were denounced by
Parliament Act to ban hunting was legal, the biggest parade many people.
of hounds in history left their decision somewhat irrelevant. 6. Community leaders were quick to denounce the police for
reacting too violently to the disturbances.
(128)DECISIVE: 7. The Republicans denounced the waste of public money
1. Today’s game will be so tight that a single mishap could involved in the new program.
prove decisive. 8. Catholic bishops denounced the movie as immoral.
2. This election was perhaps the first one in which the 9. Religious heresy denunciations do not appear often,
electronic media played a decisive role. outside of certain insular ultra-orthodox circles.
3. Holland is expected to deliver a similarly decisive result 10. There were sharp interventions and denunciations of the
when a referendum is held there tomorrow. present globalisation process as the root of widespread
4. In 1918 across the Western Front and in Italy the decisive poverty.
final battles of the war were fought.
5. It was the decisive land battle of the Second World War (131)DEPLORABLE:
and saw armoured and aerial clashes on a ferocious scale. 1. The killing of innocents is deplorable and appalling in any
6. I have frequently endeavoured to find decisive part of the world.
corroboration of those suspicions, but without effect. 2. Older people in the locality cannot recollect the roads ever

[25]
 having been in a more deplorable condition. true.
3. The animals used for this trade are raised under deplorable 10. They possess capacities for discernment and the ability to
conditions and killed solely for their skins and furs. decide what is in their best interest.
4. They fail to realize that elderly people, when reduced to a
deplorable state of solitude, have all the more need for (134)DOMINATE:
someone to talk to and interact with. 1. My preference is for a pluralistic world, not dominated by
5. I am disappointed in the deplorable, unconscionable way any single power.
they are trying to make this a political issue. 2. And humans do not attain lasting joy by power grabbing,
6. Housing conditions are frequently deplorable, dominating others, or heaping up public acclaim.
overcrowded, and substandard. 3. However, the government was increasingly dominated by
7. In addition to their harsh sentences, the prisoners have the Conservatives.
been exposed to deplorable prison conditions. 4. The world’s money is now dominated by giant financial
8. To a certain extent, the deplorable state of manners is just corporations.
another trendy morsel for public devouring. 5. The romantics are moralistic, rebellious against the
9. The authorities should also work to alleviate the deplorable perceived dominant power, and combative against any who

’S
condition of roads to ensure safety. appear to stray from the true path.
10. The sanitary conditions are deplorable and there are no 6. How has all this misleading language become so dominant
separate toilets for women. across the political spectrum?
7. The essence of dominance is the power to behave
(132)DESTITUTE: independently of competitive pressures.
1. Most people did not quality for a medical card unless they 8. And the path to power is not dominance over others but
were destitute, unemployed or had a serious illness. the ability to speak up for oneself.
2. While we had been a wealthy nation before colonisation, 9. The instinct for completeness, which is one of the
we were left destitute and poor by the end of it. dominating characteristics of his mind, compelled him to
NG
3. Old age homes are necessary, but essentially for the consent.
destitute and the poor. 10. They could see the tall figure and loose mane of the lion-
4. The English aristocracy of the 19th century cared little for hunter dominating the little group.
the poor and destitute.
5. Our government is faced with many challenges and (135)DIRE:
promises to deliver and serve the poor and destitute. 1. People are very reluctant to accept pay cuts, even when
6. Some only lost fathers but were put in orphanages by the company is in pretty dire straits.
destitute mothers who had no means to support them after 2. Reality is never messed with for long without the most
the Gulf War. dire, most immediate consequences.
7. The rest of her family all died in a smallpox epidemic, leaving 3. Our Christmas dinner was immensely enjoyed by all, despite
her destitute. the dire shortage of drinks.
8. As he was destitute of any other means of defense, his 4. The overwhelming impression left by the survey is one of
safety now depended entirely on bodily strength and dire poverty.
resolution. 5. At the time, rebels were in dire need of arms.
KI

9. It was my happiness to be destitute of this afflicting 6. Feeling in dire need of fresh air, Ellie went outside into the
passion, with which I had the greatest reason to be affected. grounds.
10. The single room in which the Dysons lived was ‘almost 7. Misuse of drugs can have dire consequences.
destitute of furniture.
8. Everyone agrees the sport is in dire straits.
9. The team is in such dire straits they’ve even considered
(133)DISCERN: selling their three best players.
1. From the annals of Indian history, it can be discerned that 10. Even before the attacks, aid agencies issued dire warnings
the role of women in the society is no less than men. that Afghanistan was heading for disaster.
2. Several types of racism and violence can be discerned. (136)DISPOSITION:
3. Researchers finally discerned the purpose of the gene. 1. Caged, with no food or water, his placid disposition
4. The telescope can discern objects incredibly distant in changed to that of a raging fiend.
space. 2. Previous research has indicated that a positive or negative
5. Pupils quickly discern what is acceptable to the teacher. disposition can impact the effects of stress on the heart.
6. Physicians are by inclination and training discerning men, 3. She is neither of the class nor the disposition to assume
wise in human relations and keen in judgement. the world owes her a favour.
7. Customers are more discerning than they were in the past. 4. Her gentle, good humoured and obliging nature, mild
8. The carrot’s flavour was discernible, but quite distinct from manner and unassuming disposition commended her to all
that in a savoury dish. fortunate enough to make her acquaintance.
9. His prediction was impeccable though, and his discernment 5. The film is not suitable for people of a nervous disposition.

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6. The Prime Minister has shown a disposition to alter policies. 10. He was deluged with phone calls from friends and
7. Subsequent lapses in devotion or attitude do not alter God’s colleagues, congratulating him.
disposition to save the individual.
8. Her cheerful disposition, sympathy, and tact made her (139)DISSENSION:
popular. 1. We know the media thrives on dissension, disagreement,
9. There was now an apparent disposition to relax; to widen conflict.
the circle of confidences and give a more general tone to 2. Political opposition to the Confederate government
the conversation. matched dissension within the western army.
10. But the disposition to assume growth has been replaced 3. When others choose not to practice within the boundaries,
by an expectation of decline.’ dissension and even errors can result.
4. After much dissension and debate Parliament voted for
(137)DEARTH: the move to Wellington as a city near the centre of the
1. Yet there is a dearth of new thinking on how to create solid country.
jobs in the manufacturing sector, here and now. 5. The Labour Party was torn by internal dissensions.
2. Some farmers are experiencing a dearth of grass and have 6. The missionaries were not always aware of the dissension

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released the dairy cows and beef cattle onto the silage they sowed or of their part in the flowing of blood.
fields. 7. Any dissension over transactions occurring before the
3. There is serious disharmony among the clubs and a dearth treaty date would be decided by the president of the United
of quality players at international level. States.
4. The lacklustre session was characterised by a dearth of 8. The proposal caused a great deal of dissension.
corporate news and subdued trading ahead of the weekend. 9. The collapse of the coup in the face of mass protests and
5. Before 1994 there was a dearth of music and cultural dissension within the military required a shifting of gears.
festivals in South Africa. 10. Recent defeats had caused dissension in the army ranks.
6. However, there is a dearth of systematic research into the
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changes effected. (140)DRAB:
7. This is a critical time for small business, which faces a 1. They seemed a drab assortment of mediocrities.
dearth of start-up financing.
2. I’m really feeling quite drab and dull this week.
8. They suffer from a dearth of resources and of experienced
3. Paul grew tired of his drab, depressing life.
men.
4. Unfortunately, much of the drab utilitarianism of urban
9. Dearth never comes there, nor are the people plagued by
existence has come to be associated with the design
any sickness, but when they grow old Apollo comes with
philosophy of functionalism.
Diana and kills them with his painless shafts.
5. Two footmen were standing ready, dressed in drab livery,
10. Businesses will have drops in sales as they suffer a dearth
with scarlet breeches and white stockings.
of customers.
6. I could see that our windows looked out upon a drab space
of wall, and that the street below was littered with filth.
(138)DELUGE:
7. Looking around I could see clumps of snowdrops which
1. The recent deluge has left most cattle farmers in a crisis brightened the drab countryside.’
situation as regards grazing management and silage cutting.
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8. His hat matched his light brown, drab overcoat.

2. Preliminary data suggest this rainfall triggered a 500-year
9. Despite its drab colour, Tokyo is immaculately clean.
flood deluge.
10. Handicrafts have been directed not only to fulfil one’s daily
3. China said its unchecked lumber industry was a primary
requirement but to add beauty and brightness in the
cause of the 1998 deluge, the country’s worst floods since
otherwise dull and drab existence.
the 1950s.
4. After 30 hours of continuous torrential rain, rivers and
streams around Taranaki were struggling to cope with the (141)DETERIORATE:
deluge of water. 1. The evidence continues to mount that the US economy is
5. A titanic crash of thunder heralds the return of the darkness deteriorating at a very rapid pace.
and the onset of a truly biblical deluge. 2. The situation has deteriorated to a point where our
professional status is in jeopardy.
6. The deluges also prompted an increase in crop prices.
3. The mayor said stadiums were deteriorating at a fast rate
7. The rain still poured as though the deluge were returning,
rendering them unsuitable for matches.
and it was no easy matter to make a light in such a world of
wet and darkness. 4. The snow on the lower slopes is deteriorating, so we are
climbing higher to get better conditions.
8. The ceaseless deluge had turned the small front yard of
5. There is growing unrest in Hong Kong over deteriorating
the cottage into a swamp.
economic and social conditions.
9. His law offices in a small building on the southwestern
6. But the condition of the building is now deteriorating
edge of the city were deluged with calls and visits by
rapidly after lying empty for more than six years.
reporters.
7. Gray never ages and his looks never fade, but the painting

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 of his serene visage deteriorates at an alarming rate. and a nervous grin on his face.
8. Meanwhile, prison conditions have deteriorated and the 5. Far from being arrogant, today’s doctors are diffident and
public has lost confidence in the criminal justice system. afflicted by insecurity and self-doubt.
9. Relations between the two countries have deteriorated 6. With diffident reluctance, she rose from her seat and went
since the agreement was signed. to where her outer robe hung; a wooden peg set in the near
10. The relationship deteriorated to the extent where they wall.
would split up and get back together.’ 7. Ironic, too, that he’s diffident to the point of sheepishness,
even in front of the most adoring audience.
(142)DEFT: 8. Emotionally diffident, he lacks the physical and dramatic
1. His deft movement to the right to push clear the fiercely force to invest the role with heroism.
driven shot was goal keeping of the highest standard. 9. Shaun became noticeably diffident when the conversation
2. In one quite amazingly deft movement he too contrives to turned to the subject of his promotion.
wiggle into the minute room. 10. Despite a shy and diffident manner, Davison was a hard-
3. He stepped swiftly across the floor of the study, unlatching working and gifted teacher of endless patience.
the window and throwing it open in one deft movement.
4. Associates describe him as a deft manipulator of the media (145)DESPISE:

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and of the young women he turns into pop superstars. 1. I am one of those who despises the nastiness no matter
5. In other words, we know nothing about our deft and where it comes f rom.
masterful artist except for his name. 2. He loathes war and militarism, and despises chauvinism in
6. His skills as a piano tuner, an accomplished violinist and a every form.
deft assembler of harmoniums stood him in good stead. 3. She is an absolutist, despising those opportunists who
7. She is deft and astute and she beautifully describes the take time out of normal life for a little promiscuity.
inner life of her characters; she is not in any rush. 4. I would like to know therefore why she hates and despises
8. If it sounds unbearable, then my deft skill at description these unfortunates so vehemently.
remains tip top. 5. I felt that the other kids despised me for having the wrong
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9. We were even regaled by a lovely Thai dancer whose deft accent and the wrong colour skin.
hand movements and graceful demeanour enthralled the 6. We were brought up to despise the people from the poor
group. side of town. They seemed so dirty and ignorant.
10. With one deft blow, William broke every bone in the man’s 7. How I despised myself for my cowardice.
body.’ 8. Within two days I started despising them and feeling slightly
guilty about my earlier reaction.
(143)DETER: 9. She despised him for the way he treated her sister.
1. It is the lack of awareness and fear that deters people from 10. She despises the old order, but equally fears and loathes
getting themselves examined. the new lack of order.’
2. Usually, the fear of victimisation deters people from making
complaints against corrupt officials. (146)DISSEMINATE:
3. A social stigma against AIDS victims persists, which deters 1. Health authorities should foster good practice by
people from getting tested and treated for the disease. disseminating information.
4. The death penalty deters people from committing murder. 2. Privacy is violated if data are collected or disseminated
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5. The company’s financial difficulties have deterred potential without participants’ knowledge.
investors. 3. The alert quickly disseminates information to highway
6. The security camera was installed to deter people from billboards, broadcasters and newspapers.
stealing. 4. As studies of organizational dynamics show, useful
7. Originally, North Korea saw a nuclear deterrent as the knowledge is not disseminated evenly throughout a
cheapest and most effective means of defence. business.
8. France and the United Kingdom each rely on just four 5. Training programmes will enable the trainers to further
submarines for their independent nuclear deterrents. disseminate the information to others in the community,
9. His passion for bikes remains totally undeterred despite creating a multiplier effect.
the accident. 6. The Health Education Council is the central agency for
10. He was undeterred by the rain and fog, however. disseminating information about disease prevention.
7. Data archives store, catalogue, index and disseminate the
(144)DIFFIDENT: data for further contemporary or hitorical research.
1. Thirty years later he is still embarrassed or diffident every 8. Racist messages are being widely disseminated via the
time he is confronted with even a simple practical task. Internet.
2. Far from being diffident, gratulatory or admiring, patients 9. Some Arminians were even accused of attempting to
may bubble with entitlement, seethe with rage and insist disseminate views on the eucharist that were suspiciously
on constant approval. similar to transubstantiation.
3. She is neither diffident nor boastful about this fact. 10. It took years to disseminate information about Aids.
4. He looked rather sheepish and diffident, hands in pockets

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 (147)DISPARITY: 5. It is possible they could dampen down the rocketing prices
1. The disparity in fees between different schools can be of real estate.
overwhelming. 6. Increased stamp duty is likely to dampen activity, reduce
2. He believes that the growing disparity between the rich revenue returns and limit the supply of Irish investment
and poor of the world is a disaster that will lead to more property.
terrorist outrages. 7. Demand for gasoline has been dampened by the recession.
3. Regional disparities further accentuated ancient 8. Raising interest rates might dampen the economy.
distinctions, especially between the north and the south.’ 9. I didn’t want to dampen his spirits.
4. The economic disparity between the area’s black and white 10. Not even defeat could dampen the enthusiasm of his
citizens is a serious problem. supporters.
5. At present, wide disparities remain among different network
operators in terms of both efficiency and pricing. (150)DAWN:
6. There also developed considerable disparities in wealth 1. The rundown colonial port buildings house tailors,
and status within the peasantry itself. coppersmiths and fishermen, who rise with the dawn and
7. The disparity between solar noon and mean noon widens retire with the sun, for there’s little electricity here.’
and narrows as the seasons change, on a sliding scale. 2. She slept soundly that day, and into the night, and did not

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8. There is still a disparity in salaries among people doing the rise until the next dawn.
same job. 3. I watched with dry, weary eyes as the pale light of dawn
9. Raising his cry of battle, which recalled some six or seven overwhelmed the amber glow of the Parisian night sky.
warriors, and reckless of the disparity of their numbers, he 4. Opening my eyes, she peers back at me, looking forlorn
rushed upon his enemy. and nervous, as the pale light of dawn steals across the
10. There seems little doubt that there remains a disparity morning sky.
between women’s pay and that of their male counterparts. 5. The Arts and Crafts Festival will bring to its patrons the
traditional Indian crafts with a heritage going back to the
(148)DISCREET: dawn of civilisation.
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1. Probably to avoid arousing the ire of his notoriously touchy 6. The beginning of the 21st century is also the dawn of the
band mates, he becomes more discreet and less gossipy as first global society of states.
time goes by. 7. God is revealing a powerful message to us all that we must
2. The purpose of the bullying audit was explained and their not give up in times of darkness, because the dawn of a
participation in a confidential and discreet interview was new beginning is just around the corner.
invited. 8. A sort of sadness seemed to dawn on her face, but then
3. Autobiographies are often curiously discreet about the she smiled again.
awful transition. 9. After the histrionics were well and truly over, the realisation
4. After his daughter’s birth, the president confided, several dawned that something truly shocking had occurred.
friends had advised him to seek a discreet divorce. 10. Tan stared blankly for a moment, realization slowly dawning
5. When she noticed me, she gave me a discreet wink and upon his weary mind.
continued with her speech.
6. The teacher was discreet in discussing the student’s (151)DEADLOCK:
behavior. 1. The latest Norwegian delegation is unlikely to end the
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7. We followed him but kept a discreet distance. present deadlock and to restart the peace talks.
8. Their style is neat, discreet, simple, conservative and under- 2. The agreement gives the UN special envoy the formal power
stated. to break any political deadlock.
9. Wearing a smart green dress and discreet golden earrings, 3. Bilateral relations have come to a virtual deadlock since the
she seemed every inch the sophisticated operator. last ministerial talks ended in failure in November last year.
10. The new arrangement caused much criticism of the 4. The deadlock over the US budget had turned away some
administrative board members, who maintained a discreet investors.
silence. 5. There are hopes that an agreement can be made to break the
deadlock between the White House and Congress.
(149)DAMPEN: 6. Their first trial ended in deadlock when the jury could not
1. However, increased supply and a slowing international reach an agreement.
environment will reduce purchasing power and dampen 7. Peace talks ended in a deadlock last month.
demand as the year goes on. 8. Yet deadlock is more likely to occur when information flow
2. Although antihypertensive drugs reduce blood pressure, becomes too fluid, and there is no consensus on policy
some may also dampen exercise performance. alternatives.
3. But higher interest rates and the abolition of mortgage 9. Deadlock over wage levels has prevented an agreement
interest tax relief in April could dampen demand and reduce being reached.
house price inflation. 10. Somebody will have to compromise if we are to break (=
4. Predicted by quantum theory, ghost radiation is a negative end) the deadlock between the two warring factions.
energy field that dampens normal positive energy.

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 (152)DEBAR: 7. Some researchers decry the practice of permitting babies
1. The bill seeks to debar candidates charged with ‘heinous and young children to sleep in the same bed as their parents
‘crimes from fighting elections. do, warning of its potential to smother youngsters, both
2. The court can then debar the convicted person from entering physically and emotionally.
politics. 8. Lawyers decried the imprisonment of several journalists.
3. The government should debar criminals and corrupt 9. He decried it as an attack on the international working class,
politicians from entering Parliament and state Assemblies, and encouraged all workers to refuse to go.
which are the sacred platforms of Indian democracy. 10. The group also decried the lack of critical press treatment in
4. Many will argue that his disrespectful behaviour towards this country.
police officers should automatically debar him from the
judicial system. (155)DEDUCE:
5. He was debarred from the club for unacceptable behaviour. 1. Scientists have deduced that the known physical universe
6. She could not have committed the crime single-handed, but has existed for approx 12 billion years since the Big Bang.
the reasons against that did not debar her from being an 2. Newton had deduced from his theory of gravitation that the
accomplice. Earth would be flattened at the poles.
7. Nor does the fact of an acquittal debar the media from 3. Hempel and Oppenheim made the important logical point

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alleging that the defendant was really guilty after all. that statements about a phenomenon cannot be deduced
8. I was debarred up to June 1999 from speaking out under the from general laws alone.
Official Secrets Act. 4. The police surgeon was able to deduce the probable time of
9. Many Americans believe Article 2 of the constitution, death from the temperature of the body.
debarring foreign-born citizens from standing as president, 5. Whatever happens, either we obtain an efficient solution or
to be outdated. we can deduce that there are no efficient solutions.
10. The decision means that the teenagers of Greenock have 6. They deduced that the fish died because of water pollution.
been debarred from seeing a film that reflects their own lives. 7. We have very little information about Bhaskara I’s life except
what can be deduced from his writings.
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(153)DECAMP: 8. It can only be deduced that most young people learn about
1. A few kilometers away from the crime spot, the robbers shot homosexuality from the negative and misinformed images
dead jewellery shop employee Milind Manjhi while trying in the mainstream media.
to decamp with gold. 9. Darwin’s observations led him to deduce that plants and
2. He decamped from the hotel with someone else’s luggage. animals could adapt to their surroundings.
3. The secretary decamped with the organization’s money. 10. The conclusions he deduced from it depended entirely on
4. She came up with several plans that failed spectacularly his empirical assumptions.
and finally decamped for England.
5. After living in Whistler for 12 years, she decamped to Golden (156)DEFICIENT:
in May to escape an escalating cost of living. 1. The major problems seem to be fragmentation, deficient base
6. In fact, lack of interest led some of the audience to decamp in popular constituencies and insufficient links between
during the break. civic and political efforts.
7. Much energy-intensive industry would then decamp to the 2. The report accuses prosecutors of conducting deficient
third world. investigations or presenting inadequate evidence at the
8. The wealthier inhabitants decamped to the suburbs. trials.
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9. The former headquarters of the National Union of 3. Security management at the base was called deficient and
Mineworkers next to Sheffield City Hall has stood empty lacking cohesion.
since 1994, when the union decamped to Barnsley. 4. Instead, if an adult is deficient in vitamin D and not getting
10. Her mother-in-law belonged to an old Baghdad Jewish family enough calcium, calcium is drawn out from the bones, which
which had decamped to Israel, where she married a man causes osteoporosis.
named Judea. 5. The investment appraisal published by the Southern board
was deficient in many respects.
(154)DECRY: 6. As many as 2 million students leave school with deficient
1. The bill’s critics decried it as a denigration of traditional basic skills.
marriage. 7. It was a delightful, careless room, untidy and rather deficient
2. Any sort of naturalism was decried as an attack on theistic in comfortable chairs.
belief. 8. In short, his conception of natural justice is deficient both
3. Borges denounced Hitler almost from the start, decrying in its theoretical structure and in its practical consequences.
the arrival of Nazism as a catastrophe for German culture. 9. Vitamin E is available from so many food sources that no
4. Critics also decry the political consequences of challenging normal diet could possibly be deficient in it.
the sanctity of wilderness. 10. In short, his conception of natural justice is deficient both
5. Plenty of critics have decried the flood of World War II in its theoretical structure and in its practical consequences.
games at one point or another.
6. These hard-hitting speeches decry many aspects of our (157)DEFUSE:
country’s off-hand treatment of the arts. 1. But he was trotted out for the media and expertly defused

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 what was an overblown tiff. 9. You’ll have to limp home with an empty wallet, dejected.’
2. Now he is trying to defuse the crisis that the warmongers 10. The film is about a teenage daughter who tries to create a
have created. nonexistent boyfriend for her dejected mother,’ Robinson
3. With a joke and a smile he was able to defuse many a tense said.
situation and his presence in any room was unmistakable.
4. The alternate is that the nuclear crisis should be defused (160)DELINEATE:
peacefully through dialogue. 1. The Hindu religious texts describe varna ashrama dharma,
5. The agreement was regarded as a means of defusing ethnic the religious/social law delineating duties of four castes.
tensions. 2. He describes the sociological evidence delineating the
6. Negotiation could sometimes defuse these situations and impact of fatherlessness upon children.
produce more acceptable consequences for both parties. 3. The genetic model delineated in the previous section can
7. They know how helpful tears are to defuse tension and how serve as the basis to explore the population genetics of
constructive their aftermath can be. dominance evolution.
8. Officials will hold talks aimed at defusing tensions over trade. 4. The document delineates your rights and your obligations.
9. Honest and timely disclosure may defuse anger when people 5. The main characters are clearly delineated in the first chapter.
feel that information is not being withheld.’ 6. With both testimony and judgment, however, we are still in

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10. The ploy was intended to defuse tensions and pre-empt a the carefully delineated domain of law.
possible rebellion in the Campo.’ 7. The law should delineate and prohibit behaviour which is
socially abhorrent.
(158)DEGENERATE: 8. The dividing lines among the ethnic groups are still clearly
1. Our capital city is slowly degenerating into a gangland. delineated.’
2. Once there were beliefs, these degenerated into ideas, then 9. Over the course of the century, the city obviously evolved
into ideologies. in various directions, and the exhibition delineates particular
3. Civility is an essential virtue in a free society, for without it, angles and themes that preoccupied succeeding eras.
both free market capitalism and liberal democracy risk 10. More importantly, the date marks the actual moment of
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degenerating into anarchy or repression. transition; it delineates the boundary between life and death,
4. Elections have degenerated into a choice between two evils, between temporal and eternal.
and your only option is the lesser evil.
5. Attempts by the UK government to prop up the pound on (161)DEPICT:
the exchange markets degenerated into chaos. 1.
The earliest known painting to depict a Shakespearean
6. Paralyzed muscles lost tone and became flaccid; with severe scene is being bought by the National Trust, it was
damage they further degenerated through shrinkage and announced today.
atrophy. 2. The paintings depict scenes from Hindu mythology and
7. Educational standards are degenerating year by year the colours would never fade.
because of a lack of funds. 3. Paintings of Timothy Thilakumar depict his deep
8. Their message about humanity is even more degenerate and attachment for flowers and woods.
degraded than that spouted by the previous administration.
4. The exhibition showed a number of paintings, depicting a
9. I am shamed over the disgrace imposed upon us by a wide spectrum of society.
degenerate murderer.
5. Each page’s border has designs that depict forest animals.
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10. It is not surprising that knowledge of one’s own mental

6. Cupid is usually depicted as a winged boy with a bow and
state should turn out to be a limiting or degenerate case of
arrow.
knowledge.
7. The rock drawings depict a variety of stylized human, bird
and mythological figures and patterns.
(159)DEJECTED:
1. The inability of entering Western intellectual society made 8. Domestic and international politics were depicted as
them feel dejected and depressed. opposite sides of the same coin.
2. The story tapers off, leaving the reader disappointed and 9. Youth is depicted as a time of vitality and good health.
dejected by a work that promises much, but delivers little. 10. In the film, he is able to depict the sense of otherness and
3. He looked utterly dejected when she told him he’d failed alienation that many teenagers feel.
again.
4. The unemployed stood at street corners, dejected. (162)DEMOLISH:
5. George felt so utterly lonely and dejected that he wanted to 1. The original building was demolished, and a four-storey
weep but pride made him walk rapidly along, swinging his shop and a number of apartments were built in its place.
arms. 2. Church authorities decided to demolish the building
6. He suddenly checked himself and his face became dejected because it was proving too costly to maintain.
and perplexed.
3. In 1989, construction workers demolishing an office
7. She looked a bit dejected when they told her she didn’t get building accidentally uncovered the foundations of the
the job. Rose theatre.
8. When she sees or hears of injustice, the normally happy girl
4. He completely demolished all her arguments.
becomes so melancholy and dejected that it worries others.

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5. The explosion virtually demolished several nearby houses. (165)DEPRIVE:
6. He was known to be a terror for demolishing opponents in 1. Some parents deprive themselves of many pleasures so
public disputations. that their children can have the best of everything.
7. The decision demolishes part of the city’s civil rights 2. If you deprive a child of affection, they can become very
legislation. withdrawn.
8. When they demolished the church, a cave was discovered 3. She was deprived of all her dignity, hopes and dreams.
beneath it. 4. Furthermore, the common people are often deprived of their
9. As each of his arguments is demolished he moves on to freedom of speech.
another. 5. Less developed countries fear that both those initiatives
10. The Civil War demolished the concept of state sovereignty would deprive them of trading opportunities.
and undermined the ‘compact’ theory of the Constitution. 6. The court ruling deprived us of any share in the inheritance.
7. People in the countryside as well as the deprived sections
(163)DEPLETE: in the urban areas are crying for basic facilities.
1. If we continue to deplete the earth’s natural resources, we 8. A local study exposure programme arranges visits to
will cause serious damage to the environment. deprived areas that so far do not have organised activities.

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2. By the mid-1970s all of the great whales of the North Pacific 9. Some deprived and orphaned children and adults have
were severely depleted. benefited from a company’s efforts to improve their lives.
3. By the twentieth century the dry forests were severely 10. Children growing up in deprived areas are far more likely to
depleted and degraded. turn to crime and drug abuse.
4. By the 1950s, the South’s alligator population was severely
depleted, especially in Florida. (166)DEREGULATE:
5. The atrocious weather meant a hard long climb, their food 1. In 1997 the petroleum products industry was deregulated
became depleted, they were exhausted and mistakes began to increase competition and benefits to customers.
to happen. 2. In 1821 liberals gained political power and the tobacco
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6. The Government is determined to increase the housing industry was likewise deregulated.
stock, which was severely depleted during the 1990s. 3. It has been almost 20 years since the airline industry was
7. As oil reserves are depleted, its price will continue to rise. deregulated in Canada.
8. When fish stocks are severely depleted, their output is 4. In 1988 the telecommunications industry was deregulated
also reduced - because there are fewer fish remaining to and competition was introduced.
reproduce. 5. The decision to deregulate the banks was criticised.
9. Many medications can deplete critical nutrients from the 6. A bill pending in Congress would deregulate electricity
body. sales nationwide.
10. Drastic measures will need to be taken if fish stocks in 7. The U.S. airline industry has been deregulated since 1978.
Europe’s seas are not to be disastrously depleted. 8. The fuel market was deregulated last year, prompting a
series of price hikes that were met with widespread protests.
(164)DEPOSE: 9. However, deregulating the labour market is politically
1. The first minister can only be deposed if a majority of difficult.
nationalists support unionists in removing him.
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10. Since the industry was deregulated, the number of cab

2. The polls this time, he said, were ‘the first firm step toward owners in the country has risen from less than 4,000 to
deposing the ruling parties. more than 14,000.
3. He served 24 years and was eventually deposed by a right-
wing military coup. (167)DERIVE:
4. The civilian government was deposed in a military coup in 1. Herbal medicines are derived from natural sources.
December 1983, and another military coup took place in 2. Stem cells can be derived from sources other than embryos
August 1985. - from adult cells, from umbilical cords that are discarded
5. The president was deposed in a coup. after babies are born, from human placentas.
6. Gingrich was deposed as Speaker of the House after the 3. She claims her knowledge is derived from visionary sources.
election in 1998. 4. Most of the budget is derived from other sources such as
7. King Charles I was deposed from the English throne in publication revenue.
1646. 5. He is one of those people who derives pleasure from helping
8. He was deposed after demonstrators stormed his office others.
more than a week ago. 6. Concepts of good and evil can only be absolute when
9. Governors have rebelled, and, for that matter, Emperors derived from an absolute source.
have been deposed, or assassinated before this. 7. The word ‘man’ is derived from the Sanskrit ‘manas’.
10. A final reason was to reinstate an elected government 8. Dharma is etymologically derived from the Sanskrit root dh
illegally deposed by force. meaning to bear or support.

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9. In etymological terms, the word Maremma derives from the 3. We should never forget the devastation caused by the
Latin mare, or sea, and is related to the French marais. Asian tsunami.
10. The word Islam itself, meaning submission to God, derives 4. The ashes and the smoke from the devastation drifted
from the Arabic root word salama, which means peace. through the air throughout the city for days after the tragic
event.
(168)DESIST: 5. The scene was gruesome; the devastation was immediately
1. Builders and developers should desist from destroying obvious.
lakes and trees to make room for residential layouts. 6. An ocean strike would be considerably worse, potentially
2. Perhaps if anyone caught dumping litter had a delivery devastating the coastlines of entire continents.
from the refuse collection wagon instead of a collection, 7. The battle for Manila lasted two weeks and devastated the
they might desist. city and its population.
3. However, the professor was able to convince them to desist 8. A huge explosion devastated the downtown area last night.
by arguing that they lacked sufficient grounds for their 9. This tactic and devastating air strikes had a huge
demand. psychological effect on the Iraqis, who began to desert.
4. The reason why I have asked you to desist is that I can see 10. His death at such an early age has caused widespread grief

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that your conduct is causing the General annoyance. and has been a devastating shock to his family.
5. The soldiers have been ordered to desist from firing their
guns. (171)DEVOID:
6. The high winds are expected to desist tomorrow. 1. Near the Gulf of Mexico is a giant dead zone devoid of fish
7. He had even confronted him with an ultimatum to cease and other aquatic life.
and desist or find a new job. 2. She saw his face and tried to determine how he felt, but his
8. She said the police officer ordered the two bickering women face was devoid of emotions.
to cease and desist, but the women ignored him. 3. Most of the island was cleared for phosphates, leaving it
9. They were requested to desist from carrying out further devoid of vegetation.
NG
experiments. 4. The law regards him, in every respect, as devoid of rights
10. Each pledged to desist from acts of sabotage. as a bale of merchandise.
5. Their apartment is devoid of all comforts.
6. She walked round the pond to the sunny side where the
(169)DESPOT:
water’s surface was devoid of weed.
1. I wonder to myself if the delusions of world leaders, tyrants,
7. His face was devoid of any warmth or humour.
despots and even elected officials work the same way.
8. England’s captain and vice-captain find themselves in a
2. Most of the tyrants, despots, and dictators are sincerely team devoid of leadership.
convinced that their rule is beneficial for the people, that
9. The rugged eloquence with which he spoke, was not devoid
theirs is government for the people.
of all effect.
3. History should have taught us that despots, nuclear 10. They looked devoid of inspiration for a long time but they
powers, rogue states et al do not attack strong adversaries; found it again when they needed it most.
they prey on the weak.’
4. After all, the 20th century was a time when the world sang (172)DILIGENT:
the praises of despots and despotism.
KI

1. Examinations are an important part of the education system

5. Like anyone else fleeing tyranny, many Muslims came to and must be done in a diligent and thorough manner.
this country to escape the dictates of despots religious or 2. As a pastor he was diligent and although iconoclastic, he
otherwise. defended the clergy against outside attack.
6. When people are hungry and afraid and desperate, that 3. Their lawyer was extremely diligent in preparing their case.
doesn’t happen, and they put despots in to take care of 4. The discovery was made after years of diligent research.
everything.
5. Acting is a craft, you have to be diligent and hard-working
7. Qin was a cruel despot who burned books and had scholars and learn your craft, but it’s also about talent.
put to death. 6. He is prone to injury, not particularly fast, and his defence
8. In totalitarian states absolute control of information and is less than diligent.
the armed forces is the key to the survival of the despot. 7. During general business, ethical investors were diligent in
9. He described the president as a ruthless despot. their questioning.
10. The king was regarded as having been an enlightened 8. The book required ten years of diligent research.
despot. 9. An inquiry was set on foot, and after diligent investigation
they came upon his traces.
(170)DEVASTATION: 10. Praise must go to all students for their hard work and diligent
1. Seventeen years after the nuclear accident, the people of exam preparation.’
the region are still coming to terms with the devastation.
2. Hurricane Ike could unleash devastation within only a few (173)DIMINISH:
hours. 1. Her life became more and more squalid and her expectations

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 diminished. emphysema would be associated with functional
2. The propensity for people enriched by capital gains to differences and therefore account for discordant
borrow and spend is gradually diminishing. physiology.
3. The agrarian sector of the economy is gradually diminishing 9. Unsurprisingly, different scales can lead to discordant
as the service sector assumes prominence. results.
4. Devotees claim that pain and disease diminish or disappear 10. Discordant opinions prevail even among good judges.
after just weeks of practice.
5. Now, the impact of the tax cuts is diminishing and interest (176)DISCRIMINATE:
rates are expected to go up. 1. Unfortunately, this research focused on social differences
6. These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain. and did not discriminate between denominations.
7. Steady rates would diminish the risk that ever-more 2. Children only discriminate between interesting and boring
homeowners will refinance the mortgages underlying the books.
bonds. 3. The legislative apparatus of the early liquor industry did
8. Federalism is intended to diminish the power of the central not discriminate between the rights of males and females, a
state. significant anomaly in a period when women were denied
9. Chances are the pain will diminish as your musculature

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the vote.
recovers. 4. Babies can discriminate between different facial
10. Rising unemployment has diminished the bargaining power expressions.
of people with jobs.
5. A test is useful for discriminating those students who have
reached a higher level from those at a lower level.
(174)DISCARD:
6. They frequently discriminate on the basis of race, religion
1. To prevent people from discarding garbage on the elevated or national origin.
highway, the taxi company has begun providing a garbage
7. Existing employment policies discriminate against women’.
bag in every car.
8. To discriminate against someone because of their faith is
2. The next time you go out shopping, you can discard the
NG
plastic carry bag and arm yourself with a jute bag instead. no better than discriminating against someone because of
their gender, race or sexuality.
3. The local Council is trying to clamp down on people who
discard litter around towns and in the countryside.’ 9. The Race Relations Act 1976 makes it unlawful to
4. The parasitism of advertising enables it to use and discard discriminate against anyone on grounds of race, colour,
any style and content for its own ends. nationality, ethnic or national origins.
5. Read the instructions before discarding the box. 10. In many states it’s against the law to discriminate against
6. Plan after plan he formed only to discard each either as someone due to race, creed or sexual orientation.
impracticable, or unworthy the vengeance his wrongs
demanded. (177)DISMANTLE:
7. In many cases, expensive equipment is being discarded. 1. The Scottish Parliament is already in the process of
8. A child had become trapped in a refrigerator discarded in a dismantling our antiquated feudal system of land laws.
vacant lot. 2. Instead of discovering the profound truths of human reality,
9. People who discard their litter in the streets should have to deconstruction dismantles them and reveals them to be
pay heavy fines. illusions.
KI

10. Rather than wait for bills to pile up, open the mail the day it 3. The occupation regime was gradually dismantled, and
comes, and shred or discard junk mail immediately. sovereignty granted by instalments.
4. The first thing the soldiers did was to dismantle the
(175)DISCORD: enemy’s surveillance equipment.
1. Psychologists provide psychotherapy for a range of 5. He asked for immediate help to dismantle the warheads.
problems, from marital discord to personality disorders.’ 6. The wardrobe was so large we had to dismantle it to get it
2. In conflict, communication wears two faces: It can create down the stairs.
discord and lead to time-wasting arguments, or it can 7. She dismantled the washing machine to see what the
catalyze peaceful resolution and spark creative diversions.
problem was, but couldn’t put it back together again.
3. At present, there is racial discord and disharmony among
8. Over the next three years, we will be gradually dismantling
ethnic groups in our country.
the company and selling off the profitable units.
4. The nature of this disorder is primarily in a profound
9. Unions accuse the government of dismantling the National
pathological discord between his intellectual and emotional
life. Health Service.
5. Cultural discord has been resolved by the power of speech 10. There were fears that the new government would try to
and the settling of people into their land. dismantle the state education system.
6. Recent national events helped turn the simmering discord
into open conflict. (178)DISMAL:
7. Money is the single biggest cause of discord in marriage. 1. The weather’s dismal and the light grey and the landscape
8. We hypothesized that variations in the distribution of reminds you of everything that’s hellish about the country.

[34]
2. That afternoon the weather was overcast and somewhat and to dispense with the trappings of fame.
dismal, with light snow falling almost continually. 9. I am now recovering well and have managed to dispense
3. The dismal weather made the late afternoon seem like with my crutches.
evening. 10. Let’s dispense with the formalities and get right down to
4. I laughed despite my dismal mood and felt better than I had business.
all night.
5. They were indeed friendly; however, their disposition was (181)DISPOSED:
dark and dismal. 1. Seb’s father was a large, comfortable-looking man who did
6. This debate will no doubt continue, and clearly no project not seem disposed to make a fuss.
is either a complete success or a dismal failure. 2. James didn’t seem disposed to take the hint.
7. You can’t occupy yourself with dismal thoughts all the 3. Those venerable personages in the coop, too, seem very
time. affably disposed.
8. They are especially dismal failures in this regard because 4. Fortunately, the policeman is disposed to be reasonable,
in fact they support these prejudices. and so it is not Marija who is flung out of the place.
9. America and Japan also had fairly strong growth, although 5. After all the trouble she put me to, I didn’t feel disposed to

’S
Western Europe had a more dismal performance.’ help her.
10. Our effort to tame nature so that the temperature is always 6. She seems favourably disposed towards the idea.
comfortable has been a dismal failure. 7. Once Moscow withdrew, the Afghans were no more
disposed to accept direction from the US.
(179)DISMAY: 8. Bishops, like most people, are often dilatory and strongly
1. Shock, silence, dismay and a plethora of emotions would disposed toward avoiding controversy.
overwhelm most viewers. 9. Totalitarian regimes are not disposed kindly towards their
2. He lifted his sword and to his dismay, his sword had critics; they rule by fear.
disappeared from his hand at the blink of an eye. 10. The relationship between two individuals may be such that,
NG
3. His shock and dismay, in stark contrast to the delight of his without more, one of them is disposed to agree a course of
friends, was compelling to behold. action proposed by the other.’
4. Things got heated, and to my dismay, the racial slurs started,
from both sides. (182)DISSENT:
5. He was dismayed to learn that she was already married. 1. Brown wrote the Committee for the Nation expressing his
6. She discovered, to her dismay, that her exam was a whole dissent from the President’s gold purchasing program in
month earlier than she’d expected. late 1933.
7. Aid workers were said to have been filled with dismay by 2. I have continually argued for France’s right to express its
the appalling conditions that the refugees were living in. dissent from the opinion of the international community.
8. To my dismay, his voice seemed to be coming from the 3. One is composed of intellectuals, people who preach
back of his throat, rather than from the pit of his stomach.’ dissent from the values of the ‘core culture.
9. Villagers reacted with shock and dismay to the news of the 4. This is the first sign of an Opposition shaping up to reflect
death. current dissent from so many of current government
10. We do it now or face the repercussions in the future, much policies.
KI

to our dismay and disdain. 5. During the Prime Minister’s speech there were several
murmurs of open dissent from the crowd.
(180)DISPENSE: 6. The Communist authorities have done nothing less than
1. We look to the media to dispense information to help us silence all public dissent.
make our choices. 7. Ministers might justly argue that in this case the dissent is
2. It’s their job to dispense information effectively and also politically ambiguous, given the diverse support for
accurately. the amendment.
3. And the doctor must be familiar with the issues that are 8. The voices of dissent were effectively smothered.
important to young people and know how to draw out 9. When the time came to approve the proposal, there were
information and dispense advice without sounding preachy. one or two voices of dissent.
4. The escorts handle all logistic details and also dispense 10. Her daughter could not quite agree with her, but her dissent
advice on matters of protocol and decorum. was not heard, and therefore gave no offence.
5. Volunteers helped dispense food and blankets to people
involved in the accident. (183)DISSUADE:
6. There is a vending machine on the platform that dispenses 1. Price, maintenance costs and traffic are the principal factors
snacks. dissuading people from buying a car.
7. Ask about the availability of cash dispensing machines in 2. The pictures on their packaging are actually dissuading
the area you are visiting. me from buying a product.
8. At his best, Reynolds manages simultaneously to acclaim 3. A small rise in interest rates would be unlikely to dissuade

[35]
 the firm from investing in this case. (186) DOCILE:
4. I tried to dissuade him from his foolish intention. 1. The once docile population has finally risen up against the
5. I neither expressed surprise at this resolution nor attempted ruthless regime.
to dissuade her from it. 2. They were docile, obedient children.
6. When she had made up her mind on something it was quite 3. It seemed to me that he despised him for being so simple
hard to dissuade her from the course she had chosen. and docile.
7. Ferry said that traditional attitudes towards women’s roles 4. In place of the noisy and obstreperous boy came the docile,
in the family had an intangible effect, dissuading women soft-voiced girl.
from scientific work. 5. As workers we were considered ideal: well educated, very
8. He wanted to come with me, and nothing I said could docile, and cheap.
dissuade him. 6. She’s a black Labrador, gentle and docile.
9. Campbell tried in vain to dissuade Paton from quitting. 7. They look like teddy bears, they are very docile and friendly,
10. They say family planning services are often targeted at don’t have escapologist tendencies and are quite small.
women, dissuading men from taking an interest in 8. She has become more docile and sleepy in her old age,
contraception and sexual health. although sometimes she still gets a burst of energy, which

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is wonderful.
(184)DISTINCT: 9. One of the scientists said that when he fed the chemical to
1. His clothes were wrinkled and I had the distinct impression lab rats, they would become completely meek and docile.
he slept in them. 10. Kangaroos are not as docile as they look.
2. The tense atmosphere outside is in distinct contrast with
the excitement of the audience inside. (187)DOGMATIC:
3. The patterns of spoken language are distinct from those of 1. Cell Theory then rapidly turned into a more dogmatic cell
writing. doctrine, and in this form survives up to the present day.
4. Whilst distinct in terms of research focus, the two projects 2. Opinions are meant to be asserted - not in dogmatic,
NG
were theoretically and methodologically similar. unyielding terms, but in confident terms.
5. There is a sharp distinction between domestic politics and 3. As the next generation of leaders, we must be willing to be
international politics’. self-critical if we wish to avoid becoming dogmatic.
6. The United States recently earned the dubious distinction 4. He is a tyrannical, dogmatic and highly narcissistic dictator
of having the highest incarceration rate in the world. who has no intentions of going down quietly.
7. He has served the All India Radio for several years with 5. A far more sinister implication is the creation of an intolerant
distinction. dogmatic approach to complex issues.
8. Her music went from strength to strength and she achieved 6. They must beware of becoming dogmatic and opinionated
Grade 8 distinctions in both singing and piano. and strive to keep an open mind and their opinions flexible.
9. The parables are one of the most distinctive features of the 7. The whole subject has become far too ambiguous, and too
teaching of Jesus. barnacled with exegesis, for dogmatic analysis.
10. Indeed, one of the most distinctive features was the fresh, 8. Do not, however, be dogmatic or arbitrary in saying what
unsullied cuisine. you think.
9. The differences which have arisen between us are due to
KI

(185)DIVEST: blind imitations of dogmatic beliefs and adherence to

1. She was divested of her gold medal minutes after winning ancestral forms of worship.
the 800 m in the Seoul Asiad for crossing the lane. 10. By contrast the authority’s expert witness was emphatic,
2. But we can’t give government the unilateral right to divest even dogmatic, in his evidence.
us of all our rights.
3. Indeed, some antitrust lawyers said the antitrust issues (188)DORMANT:
could have been resolved by divesting selected divisions 1. The seeds remain dormant until the spring.
of a merged company. 2. A club which had lain dormant for a decade and more has
4. Dad had long since divested himself of anything valuable. been rekindled.
5. They were divested of all their personal possessions. 3. All plants go dormant during the winter, but evergreens
6. There is a growing movement to divest the monarchy of its keep their foliage.
remaining constitutional power. 4. Feed herbs once a week when plants are actively growing,
7. She divested herself of her cumbersome attire. but not when dormant.
8. Men are unlikely to be divested of power without a 5. Fuji is a Japan’s highest mountain with a dormant volcano,
struggle’. which most recently erupted in 1708.
9. Undeserved appellations and humiliating epithets divest 6. TB is a slowly progressing but entirely treatable condition
him of his self-esteem. which can lay dormant for months.
10. The grant of a licence to occupy, however, will not divest 7. Anthrax, a serious wasting disease, can lie dormant for
the owner of control. many years so the risk still exists.’

[36]
8. The long-dormant volcano has recently shown signs of runs out.
erupting. 3. We are looking at exploiting other natural resources in the
9. These investments have remained dormant for several area, such as gold, such as phosphates, such as bauxite.
years. 4. One of the primary objectives of modern economic theory
10. Your true ancestry did not disappear, though it lay dormant and free markets is to exploit finite resources at ever-quicker
for many years. rates.
5. The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of
(189)DWINDLE: satellite transmission.
1. As he strummed the song, with its hushed chorus that 6. We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully
dwindles into a whisper by the end, the crowd knew it was as possible.
one of those special cliched moments. 7. Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees.
2. The price will probably keep going up as supply slowly 8. Casual workers are being exploited for slave wages.
dwindles. 9. The capitalist system exploits people everywhere.
3. As the world’s oil resources continue to dwindle, the 10. There have been numerous complaints of outdated labour
competition to find an alternative fuel increases in intensity. laws leading to unscrupulous employers exploiting workers.

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4. The premiums continue to rise each year while the amount
of coverage seems to dwindle. (192)ELOQUENT:
5. Though she was many miles away, he felt her aura gradually 1. His writing is superbly articulate and eloquent, the essence
dim and dwindle until it faded completely away… of literary beauty.
6. The stream has dwindled to a trickle. 2. His eloquent, amusing, yet sad and sensitive writing raises
7. The country’s foreign currency reserves have dwindled many timely and important issues.
over the past few years. 3. The eloquent voice, on which the souls of the listening
8. But towards the middle of October the resolution began to audience had been borne aloft as on the swelling waves of
dwindle perceptibly, and showed dangerous symptoms of the sea, at length came to a pause.
NG
exhaustion. 4. Miranda said nothing as she closed the door, but her looks
9. The community has dwindled to a tenth of its former size in were at once equivalent to and more eloquent than words.
the last two years. 5. The poem is full of eloquent phrases about the beauty of
10. Her hopes of success in the race dwindled last night as the nature.
weather became worse. 6. She was an eloquent speaker, able to move and inspire
audiences.
(190)ELEGANT: 7. The member who spoke before me gave us a very interesting
and eloquent speech.
1. Dressing herself in one graceful movement, she wore a
8. Barbara Stewart gave an eloquent speech on the problems
long black dress that looked more elegant then casual.
of child poverty.
2. Her blonde hair was twisted in an elegant bun with a silver
9. The arguments from both sides were eloquent and
diamanté clip.
persuasive, and for some time it seemed that the verdict
3. My dress was made of the same satin material, but in a
could go either way.
much less elegant style.
10. She is intelligent, eloquent, attractive, modest, and a strong
4. With dazzling, spring sunshine streaming into the dining
KI

advocate for her positions.

area the venue looked very elegant.
5. Her good looks and confident, elegant manner made her
(193)EVACUATE:
the centre of attention.
1. Firefighters dealt with the blaze while police evacuated
6. The management prides itself on offering comfortable
families from nearby homes.
accommodation in elegant surroundings, and puts an
2. Thousands of residents were evacuated from their homes
emphasis on providing excellent service.
during the search.
7. The poem impressed me with its elegant simplicity.
3. Thousands of people were evacuated yesterday after a
8. She completed the decor with a pair of elegant ruched giant glass dome building at a holiday complex was
curtains. destroyed by fire.
9. His insights are deeply provocative, wise and conveyed in 4. Twenty thousand people were evacuated from Birmingham
an elegant prose. last night as fears of terrorism continued to ripple through
10. Unfortunately, there might not have been a more elegant Britain following the London bombings.
solution available without changing the game immensely. 5. During the war he was evacuated to Scotland.
6. Police evacuated the immediate area and began a meticulous
(191)EXPLOIT: search for other bombs after the second explosion.
1. Currently, manufacturers are exploiting the natural resources 7. Last month, 400 Pittsburg residents had to be evacuated
with very low efficiency. when a train hauling military explosives derailed.
2. Some other countries exploiting their mineral resources are 8. Part of the village was evacuated while Army bomb experts
setting aside money to prepare for the day when the oil made safe the device.

[37]
9. The coastal areas were evacuated before the hurricane made better.
landfall. 4. I believe he spoke to her for a long time, entreating,
10. When toxic fumes began to drift toward our homes, we wondering, pleading, ordering, I suppose.
were told to evacuate. 5. Amelia fluttered against his lips, entreating to be let back
in.
(194) EBB: 6. Miracles can be worked by Him alone, although mere
1. Insistence upon rules of conduct marks the ebb of religious mortals may entreat Him by prayer to perform them on their
fervor. behalf.
2. The latest setback is another sign of the ebb in the 7. His friends entreated him not to go.
governor’s influence. 8. Now is the moment of maximum pressure, and the coalition
3. Inspiration seemed to be at a very low ebb. must withstand it,’ it entreats.
4. In the past eighteen months he has felt at an appallingly 9. Trust me,’ he entreats, ‘I’m a professional eye-reader.
low ebb. 10. Their brief incursion into the workforce during the war years
5. I was at my lowest ebb after the kidney surgery. was officially at an end and they were entreated to go home.
6. Basic research on petrochemicals was at a low ebb around

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1980. (197)ENACT:
7. Investor confidence is at a low ebb and safeguards need to 1. Legislation was enacted to attract international companies’.
be built into the new regime before that confidence 2. Congress recently enacted sweeping anti-terrorism
evaporates further. legislation which expanded law enforcement powers, and
8. The ceaseless, restless ebb and flow of humanity makes outlawed biological materials.
up the shifting patterns of life in a city. 3. Statutory rape laws were first enacted to protect minors
9. He is more generous with the conversational ebb and flow from older predators.
than he needs to be. 4. In the United States, several states have already enacted
10. You have to accept the ebb and flow of love in a genetic privacy laws.
NG
relationship. 5. The Brazilian government had recently enacted economic
reforms that included a stabilized currency.
(195)ENDOW: 6. Adequate legislation should be enacted to ensure curbing
1. Everybody is endowed with the ability to make ethical of illegal activities in the forests.
judgments. 7. Travelling drama groups visited different communities to
2. A Chinese woman who claims she is endowed with a special enact short plays about gender violence.
gift that allows her to heal others was deported from Taiwan 8. Yet scandal in the colonies was also enacted on the global
yesterday. stage of British imperialism.
3. Love is part of the nature of God, and humans were endowed 9. The stories are enacted using music, dance and mime.
with the ability to love as part of being ‘created in His 10. The characters wear colorful outfits and enact their scenes
image’. center stage.
4. He was endowed with tremendous physical strength.
5. Sardinia is generously endowed with prehistoric sites. (198)EXEMPT:
6. Geographically, this region is endowed with tremendous 1. The Liberals have exempted the corporate sector from the
KI

diversity of hills, valleys, forests, grazing lands, streams, demands of social responsibility.
and canals. 2. His religious principles made him a pacifist so he was
7. In addition he was endowed by a dynamic personality, exempted from military service and remained at Cambridge.
buoyant spirit, and had immense personal magnetism, 3. The estate tax exempts surviving spouses, which means
saintly kindliness and charity, displaying neither envy nor they can inherit an unlimited amount of assets without
malice. triggering taxes.
8. Democracy endows people with the right to decide their 4. She does not exempt anthropologists from her analysis.
own future. 5. Companies with fewer than 55 employees would be
9. Therefore, God endows each person with unique talents exempted from these requirements..
and attributes necessary for him to fulfill his task. 6. Small businesses have been exempted from the tax increase.
10. Recent evidence indicates that some birds are also capable 7. Charities are exempted from paying the tax.
of UV vision and that insects and fish are endowed with
8. My father was exempted from military service on the
the ability to perceive UV polarized light.
grounds of ill health.
9. The new law exempts people who earn less than $8000 a
(196)ENTREAT: year from paying any taxes.
1. We would spend every meal time entreating the child to eat 10. The new rules also exempt established companies from
her vegetables. having to comply with all the new safety regulations.
2. They entreated the audience to stay calm.
3. The Foundation cajoles, entreats, and I hope charms
supporters into giving generously to make opinion pages

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 (199)EXTINCT: 8. A short brisk fight ensued before he slipped the net under
1. Trilobites and dinosaurs are extinct. a nice plump rainbow trout.
2. I’m sure he’s right that the giant panda could go extinct 9. The bandits attack, a bloodbath ensues, and casualties are
without materially affecting human existence. heavy.
3. She has also been working with Yellowstone National Park 10. The clash ensues, with casualties on both sides, as people
to help realize her pet project on extinct species. fall having been speared and hit by poison arrows.
4. Cuvier noticed that the most recently extinct creatures such
as the mammoth were closely related to living species. (202)ENTICE:
5. If nothing is done to save the whales now, the species will 1. A new expanded web site highlights the special services
soon become extinct. offered and its intricate design entices the visitor to explore
6. The islands are low coral caps surmounting submerged each aspect.
extinct volcanoes. 2. The club has come up with an attractive membership pack
7. A Lancaster woman is to hike 6,000 metres up to the summit to entice new members.
of an extinct volcano. 3. An art gallery is hoping to entice sweet-toothed visitors
8. I found Jack sitting alone in the dark at the open studio with its new exhibition.

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window, an extinct pipe between his lips. 4. Our special offers are intended to entice people to buy.
9. An extinct cigar lay on the carpet, where it had fallen from 5. She intrigued him and enticed him and infuriated him.
the mouth of some airman swiftly overtaken by sleep. 6. The banks are offering special low rates in an attempt to
10. The Tasmanian tiger was declared extinct in 1936. entice prospective customers.
7. The good review enticed me to see the movie.
(200)ENTERPRISING: 8. Elegantly dressed models from Bangalore set the ramp on
1. Some enterprising teachers have started their own recycling fire with their enticing catwalk.
programmes. 9. Her extreme popularity among the Democratic base makes
2. Unemployed and facing the dole queue, this enterprising her an enticing choice.
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young man decided to set up his own business. 10. For Solomon, the most enticing question to be answered is
3. The Scottish film industry may be small, but is recognised how Mercury was formed.
globally as creative, enterprising and skilled.
4. Much more attention needs to be given to encouraging (203)EVOLVE:
enterprising attitudes in young people and their teachers. 1. The company has evolved over the years into a multi-
5. How refreshing it was to meet such enterprising and caring million dollar organization.
youngsters who care for their community and enjoy 2. Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics.
improving it. 3. The universe evolved from a densely packed primal inferno.
6. To a contrary effect, the press has grown far more 4. Most languages are constantly evolving and changing,
enterprising as it has become much more difficult to keep which is what keeps them alive.
in line.
5. The exhibition will illustrate how life evolved from water.
7. Some enterprising students are designing software.
6. The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
8. The enterprising children opened a lemonade stand.
7. Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves
9. The business was started by a couple of enterprising from predators.
KI

young women.
8. Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
10. This was a group of enterprising employees doing a spoof
9. I’m a big believer in Darwin’s theory that all life forms
of their office.’‘Whilst distinct in terms of research focus,
evolved from amoebae.
the two projects were theoretically and methodologically
similar. 10. Man himself was not created as a separate species but
evolved like every other organism by a process of
evolution.
(201)ENSUING:
1. She lost track of one of her children during the ensuing
(204)ECSTASY:
chaos.
1. As the song and the dance went on their hearts were filled
2. There were repeated clashes in the ensuing days.
with ecstasy and tears of joy flowed from their eyes.
3. The situation deteriorated over the ensuing weeks.
2. For a few minutes he felt pure joy and ecstasy even though
4. In the ensuing Parliament he served as a private secretary his fate told a much different story.
at the Colonial Office.
3. At that moment, I closed my eyes, every feeling of happiness
5. Science now occupied a central place in the ensuing debate and ecstasy going through me immediately.
over national efficiency.
4. The ball flew out of the stadium, and the Boston fans hugged
6. After the first two weeks of prednisolone, the daily dosage each other in ecstasy.
was steadily reduced to zero over the ensuing weeks.
5. Everything has been turned into pleasure, euphoria, the
7. An argument broke out and in the ensuing fight, a gun ecstasy of seeing the laws of nature crumble before your
went off. eyes.

[39]
6. Janir was in an ecstasy of wickedness and transgression. 2.
Naturally, that persistent little squirrel is still driving himself
7. She threw her head back as if in ecstasy. nuts in pursuit of an elusive acorn.
8. Spiritual ecstasy must not come at the cost of dignity. 3. Bringing horses of that calibre to Scotland remains the
9. There is a freedom, thrill and ecstasy associated with being elusive dream.
employed which is indescribable. 4. She managed to get an interview with that elusive man.
10. His body twitched from the sheer ecstasy of it all. 5. Failures are more finely etched in our minds than triumphs,
and success is an elusive, if not mythic, goal in our
demanding society.
(205)EXALTED:
6. The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
1. It had taken her years of infighting to reach her present
exalted rank. 7. We repeatedly tried to contact the manager, an elusive man
who was never in his office.
2. Consider Tony Blair - a non-neocon raised by neocons to
the exalted status that until now was accorded only to 8. She enjoys a firm reputation in this country but wider
Churchill and Thatcher. international success has been elusive.
3. The poor sweepers in India would be stunned by the exalted 9. Selling is in our American blood, and the ability to do it well
status of the sanitation workers in America, who make pretty is elusive and admired.

’S
handsome salaries. 10. But persuading the elusive birds to quit their historic
4. Even Popes must die for, despite their exalted status, they lodgings has proved to be quite a headache.
are all mortal just like the rest of us.
5. His conception of the aristocracy was an exalted one; so (208)ENTAIL:
was his conception of empire. 1. Rural life is badly suited to non-agricultural production, so
6. His Masonic music has a distinctive tone, solemn yet economic development necessarily entails the progressive
exalted and often joyous. urbanization of the population.
7. He poured his heart out in soaring songs of praise, in 2. Economic efficiency did not necessarily entail the
searing prayers, in sublime thanksgiving, in words infinitely development of large, capital-intensive factories, for towns
NG
more exalted than any I could conjure up. themselves were highly effective economic units.
8. They felt numb, stunned, but a feeling of exalted happiness 3. High bypass criteria necessarily entails a high degree of
was rushing through their souls. risk, as we saw today.
9. This sentimental literature exalted spontaneous and 4. A text would entail its interpretation only if meaning was
expressive emotion springing directly from the heart. exhausted by sense, the coded or literal meanings studied
10. In both the ruling and opposition camps, there are people by semantics.
who tirelessly exalt political unification and economic 5. The leadership role entails taking the initiative in
integration. formulating, articulating, and implementing goals for the
political system.
(206)EVADE: 6. The surgery entailed placing a screw into a bone in her
wrist.
1. Poetry cannot escape ideology nor can evade the class
struggle since the latter indirectly or more directly inform 7. Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.
the poet’s political and artistic consciousness. 8. Building the airport entails reclaiming huge areas of land
2. For five years he evaded police in Mexico, Canada and from the sea.
KI

France before being captured in England. 9. Most of us think we can always enlarge our knowledge
3. He never sought to evade responsibility for his actions. base by accepting things that are entailed by things we
know.
4. Testing experts seem certain that athletes who cheat often
evade detection. 10. Economic efficiency did not necessarily entail the
development of large, capital-intensive factories, for towns
5. Ask him about the high points in his career as a civil
themselves were highly effective economic units.
servant, and he will first try to evade answering that
question.
6 The intention of the Act was to prevent writers and (209)EXOTIC:
publishers evading the law by remaining anonymous. 1. Historically, anthropologists have used ethnography to
7. She was found guilty of evading taxes amounting to nearly gain perspective on foreign, exotic cultures.
£500,000. 2. Thailand is seen as an exotic holiday by foreign tourists,
8. The armed robbers evaded capture, escaping in a stolen for beautiful beaches, sun and sea, wonderful culture and
vehicle. smiling people.
9. Hooligans often take care to evade police escorts and to 3. A serial conman who swindled victims out of more than
slip into rival territories unobserved. £1million told a judge that he blew £64,000 on exotic foreign
holidays.
10. Farmers are more likely to evade tax than any other group.
4. Forest Goblins wear exotic war paint, carry war axes and
are often decorated with colourful feathers.
(207)ELUSIVE:
5. If something can be explained simply, in a familiar way,
1. Women walk miles on the blazing sands in search of an then it is best to avoid more exotic explanations.
elusive pot of water.

[40]
6. She has rather a penchant for exotic clothes. 2. Our aim was not to assess efficacy of antibiotics but the
7. We only had half an hour to see her before she was whisked effectiveness of prescribing strategies.
off to some exotic location. 3. He argued that monitoring of treatment efficacy would be
8. The colour combination gives an exotic appearance, setting difficult and expensive.
this daffodil apart from others. 4. The power of transformation or efficacy of the commodity
9. An ordinary paintbrush can create exotic, even outlandish is often a selling point.
designs with acrylic paint. 5. Recent medical studies confirm the efficacy of a healthier
10. She had always been attracted to the exotic, the different, lifestyle.
and the unique. 6. They recently ran a series of tests to measure the efficacy of
the drug.
7. Salmeterol could therefore reduce the efficacy of salbutamol
(210)EDICT:
when the two are given in combination.
1. It is easy to issue laws and edicts, particularly when there
8. During this era, biological discovery is accelerating, resulting
is no need to gain the consent of elected or appointed
in the development of safer and more efficacious drugs.
representatives.
9. History and theory show that the use of naked government
2. The bureaucracy in Beijing issues edicts on mine safety aggression is not a moral or efficacious way of dealing with

’S
but does not provide the necessary funds. poverty.
3. On 12 February 1912 an edict of abdication was issued on 10 The use of allogenic tissue in orthopaedic surgery is
behalf of the child Emperor. generally safe and efficacious.
4. Clerics issued religious edicts against the British when they
invaded Iraq during the First World War. (213)EMANATE:
5. In 1741 Catherine the Great issued an edict of toleration for 1. A pale white glow began to emanate from my body, spreading
Buddhism. like the very blood pumping through my veins.
6. The City Council issued an edict against spitting in the 2. We are aware that the earth and the moon emanated from
street. their original star, the sun.
NG
7. Finally he issued an edict, prohibiting the smoking of 3. Anti-Arab racism does not emanate from a single source,
tobacco throughout the New Netherlands. and certainly is not limited to passions stemming from the
8. The word bull is still used in English for a Papal Bull, an Arab-Israeli conflict.
edict issued by the Pope. 4. The rules making up this body of law emanate from sources
9. However, much more paradoxical edicts were issued under of international law (treaties, customary law, etc.).
the totalitarian regime. 5. Kim was an exuberant, charismatic woman who emanated a
10. An imperial edict against infanticide was issued by warmth and generosity that was instantly recognizable.
Valentinian in 374- making an exception for the very poor. 6. He had a deep scowl that emanated fierce anger and
frustration.
(211)EXTERMINATE: 7. I knew that leadership, professionalism, and commitment
1. Genocide is the attempt to eliminate, limit or exterminate a would need to emanate from every segment of the
religious ethnic national or racial group,’ he said. organization.
2. If we accept, that the way of justice, is to exterminate the life 8. The aroma of burning wood emanated from the stove.
of a murderer, then why do we choose such a painful method 9. Effective use of space emanates a subtle feeling of comfort.
10. The challenges to the political power of many Middle Eastern
KI

of killing?
3. According to the leadership’s orders, bandits were to be states nowadays emanate from domestic and global sources
exterminated and destroyed. as well as economic and social changes.
4. Christian missionaries promoted their eradication, and most
had been exterminated by the beginning of the 20th century.’ (214)EMANCIPATE:
5. Good humans feel no compunction about exterminating 1. By abstinence from meat and from sexual activity, the soul
inhuman creatures that prey upon the innocent. could be gradually emancipated from its bodily fetters.
6. At the same time the government has ordered a campaign to 2. Historical perspective emancipated academics from the
exterminate rats. restrictions of contemporary viewpoints.
7. By exterminating farm animals, the option of small organic 3. The working class will not be in a position to create a science
farms is eroded. and an art of its own until it has been fully emancipated from
8. Millions of Jewish people were exterminated in concentration its present class position.
camps in the Second World War. 4. The 1950s and 1960s were a great transition period in China’s
9. Once cockroaches get into a building, it’s very difficult to history that witnessed millions of women emancipated from
exterminate them. family constraints.
10. After exterminating the entire population, the soldiers set 5. The citizen must be emancipated from the obsessive secrecy
fire to the buildings. of government.
6. She and her husband distinguished themselves several years
(212)EFFICACY: ago, in Jamaica, by immediately emancipating their slaves.
1. Blood tests may be needed periodically to monitor the 7. Knowing and understanding our limitation is very crucial
treatment and its efficacy. and a significant part of emancipating ourselves from its

[41]
 control. 3. We will be closer to elucidating the basis of quintessentially
8. This state of emancipation is a state beyond mind and matter, human qualities like language and self-awareness.
where both sensation and perception cease. 4. The term aura, with its associations of authenticity, power,
9. Emancipation enormously raised the stature of the Union and presence in a work of art, proves to be apt for elucidating
cause internationally. the primary concerns of this book.
10. The emancipation of the slaves was fought for and won by 5. Live-action movies elucidate concepts such as cloning,
the slaves themselves. vaccination and forensics.
6. The studies elucidate the history of alcohol problems in
(215)EPITOME: men.
1. Kate is the epitome of ladylike elegance with poker straight 7. Understanding the movement of neutrophils and the
posture, a svelte figure and a confident yet warm personality. mechanisms through which they mediate tissue injury is
2. In many ways Detroit is the epitome of the materialist fundamental to elucidating the pathogenesis of relapse.
paradigm, a place where the mechanical worldview was 8. The reasons for the change in weather conditions have been
perfected. elucidated by several scientists.
3. I hated superficiality, and the popular people were the very 9. Having grabbed the attention he then used the interview to
epitome of it. elucidate the argument.’

’S
4. She looked the epitome of elegance. 10. And when the auditor had asserted his non-comprehension,
5. Maureen was the epitome of sophistication. he would proceed to elucidate by some new proposition,
6. Pelet’s school was merely an epitome of the Belgian nation. yet more appalling.
7. Smoking is an evil, deadly addiction, and for smokers to (218)ESCHEW:
insist on blowing their foul pollution onto other people is 1. The best tribute to the Mahatma would be to eschew hatred
the very epitome of senseless selfishness. and violence and to preach and practise brotherhood.
8. In the Netherlands there was initially a craving for all things 2. This country has avoided faith-based violence by eschewing
French, for France represented the epitome of modernity theocratic government.
and luxury. 3. Writing that eschews cliché can be refined for eternity.
NG
9. The suburbans were seen as the epitome of clerkly 4. His call to reason and civil society and to eschewing
conformism, complacency, and conservatism. irrationalities and violence is admirable.
10. These people have become the epitome and complete 5. Italian tends to eschew the sort of polite euphemisms in
personification of Greed and Corruption. which English glories.
(216)EXPEDITE: 6. He eschewed publicity and avoided nightclubs.
1. Apart from expediting the corporatisation process in the 7. We won’t have discussions with this group unless they
film industry, it needs to nurture a habit of ploughing back eschew violence.
earnings, he said. 8. Coleman deliberately eschews the emotional seduction
2. This comprehensive understanding is often the best defense natural to the film medium.
in maintaining skin integrity, controlling costs, and 9. He speaks perfect English, eschews pomp and formality and
expediting the healing process. uses the Autocue to deliver his speech with a
3. The Ministry of Transportation says it wants to encourage professionalism that should make other politicians envious.
everyone to use the pre-paid ticket books, because this 10. Wick eschewed the spotlight before Christmas last year.
expedites the toll-paying process.
4. Cross-party negotiations were more relevant in expediting (219)EMULATE:
KI

the legislative process. 1. Among the many factors which have driven him, one has
5. This intimate knowledge expedites the decision-making been his wish to emulate his grandfather.
process and ultimately saves time and money. 2. His advice to those who would emulate his success is first
6. The panel also called for expediting by five years deployment to get education.
of a satellite-based computer network for guiding pilots in 3. For many players, his repertoire could serve as a model
flight. worth emulating.
7. As a result, the demand for advanced military technology 4. Most rulers wished to emulate Alexander the Great.
expedited the development of defense production. 5. Developing countries often try to emulate experiences of
8. Something needs to be done to expedite the process. developed countries, but this is not always a good idea.
9. The 2008 Games are simply expediting development and 6. Sons are traditionally expected to emulate their fathers.
giving a sharp focus to development programmes. 7. They hope to emulate the success of other software
10. The company also emphasized the importance of foreign companies.
capital, entrepreneurship, and technology in expediting the 8. Many upcoming artistes are said to emulate her style but
development process. rarely can match her flair.’
9. Industrial systems can, if we want them to, emulate natural
(217)ELUCIDATE: systems and virtually eliminate waste.
1. Communications brought in by apparent additions such as 10. Arthur has often spoken of his pride at following in the
quantum theory are elucidated. footsteps of the great fighter, and now hopes to emulate his
2. People argue that fiction cannot elucidate the holocaust achievement in winning a world title.
and I think they might be right.

[42]
 (220)ECCLESIASTIC: 5. The egalitarian ideals of this communal society place loyalty
1. Frequently visited by princes and high ecclesiastics, the to family and religion above all.
monastery soon became famous. 6. He bluntly declared that egalitarian notions must be
2. Tombs of ecclesiastics (Obazine Abbey, Hereford Cathedral) abandoned.
were made deliberately shrinelike, with relief carving or a 7. Other studies show a close relation between a more
pinnacled canopy. egalitarian social ethos and closer community relations.
3. Some of the authors are academics, some ecclesiastics, and 8. Humanist psychology’s familiarity to egalitarian feminist
some practitioners such as psychologists. psychologists makes the division between humanist
4. It is clear that there were established bishoprics in the four egalitarian, and woman-centred, theories difficult to draw.
provinces of the Constantinian period, and ecclesiastics 9. Once, many Japanese embraced the idea of an egalitarian
attended international church conferences. society.
5. High ecclesiastics were men of authority as well as of 10. Egalitarian political theories are not the only ones to tie
sanctity. people’s fortunes together; feudal theories, for example,
6. In consequence, a gulf has opened between ecclesiastics do so as well.
and their congregations.
7. Among themselves, ecclesiastics have become eminently (223)ELEVATE:

’S
sophisticated and erudite. 1. Pull your knees toward your chest and elevate your hips off
8. He was sent to a school run by ecclesiastics. the floor to feel the lower back stretch.
9. No country in the world is so full of churches, monasteries,
2. After a while I found I was able to lift my arms, elevate them
and ecclesiastics as Abyssinia; it is not possible to sing in
slightly - both my arms, but it was very slow.
one church or monastery without being heard by another,
3. He said the result of the tipping was that ‘the land becomes
and perhaps by several.
increasingly elevated above the adjoining fields and dry
10. Two effigies, one an ecclesiastic, the other probably a
stone walls’.
layman, have been placed under two of the windows.
4. Raising the lever elevates the breech block back into
shooting position.
NG
(221)EDIFY:
5. Former President Bill Clinton elevated the SBA
1. Modern Catholic theologians can find in Luther’s writings administrator position to Cabinet-level rank during his
an authentically Christian voice whose witness to a administration.
common gospel can edify as well as irritate Catholic readers.
6. Omega - 3 essential fats elevate serotonin levels naturally
2. Note that the early church’s priorities were to worship God and help improve mood and lift depression.
and to edify the brethren.
7. His elevated social status allowed him to speak out on
3. Rachel had edified their childhood with frequent readings issues in exactly the way that he saw fit, no matter what the
from Belloc. consequences.
4. The arts, in short, were pleasant and edifying if not quite 8. She holds a more elevated position in the company.
essential.
9. It is an elevating experience filling gas balloons for the
5. As an impartial historian, I consider it my duty to notice Christmas party.
their several theories, by which mankind have been so
10. Alcohol use markedly elevates the blood glucose level and
exceedingly edified and instructed.
hastens the development of diabetic neuropathy.
6. He did not pronounce windy orations about things that
did not concern or edify them.
KI

(224)ELICIT:
7. He himself has expressed some part of his thoughts on
that subject, and we cannot read them without being edified. 1. His name isn’t going to elicit a positive reaction - it hasn’t
for over a year now.
8. The history of Congress is strewn with oratorical derelicts,
who have often edified their auditors, but quite as often 2. He tried gesturing towards the door but that elicited no
blocked the course of legislation. useful reaction from the creature.
9. We are much edified by her Christian character, and feel it 3. Prolonged question and answer sessions will eventually
is a privilege to have her under our roof. elicit the response the teacher is looking for.
10. In such a church the believer cannot be edified, for the 4. The study was widely reported in newspapers and elicited
Word of God had been set aside. some unsurprising reactions.
5. When her knock elicited no response, she opened the door
and peeped in.
(222)EGALITARIAN:
6. Her strength was her ability to elicit and inspire confidences
1. But he tells us later that Scotland is no more egalitarian
rather than fear in the people she befriended.
than large tracts of England and Wales.
7. The longest story is so full of pathos that the joke lines
2. Membership was open to anyone, not because of egalitarian
elicit only sympathy, not laughter.
principles but through financial necessity.
8. Interrogators were reportedly frustrated by their inability
3. Sure, there were times when Australia was definitely a much
to elicit useful information from him.
more economically egalitarian society.
9. The questionnaire was intended to elicit information on
4. Burns was a great admirer of the egalitarian ethos behind
eating habits.
the French Revolution.
10. Detection of the deviant elicits additional evoked

[43]
 potentials. the meaning of life, especially if you’re a philosopher.
9. This is acceptable when only the family are around, but
(225)ELIGIBLE: when we have guests, embarrassing situations can arise.
1. The list of films eligible for next year’s Best Animated 10. My most embarrassing moment was trying to introduce a
Feature Film Oscar has been announced. woman whose name I couldn’t remember.
2. The family is poor and were eligible for free health care
from the government. (228)ENCROACH:
3. Four or five cardinals who are eligible for the candidacy of 1. Of course, the powerful have always encroached on the
pope could openly campaign. sovereignty of others.
4. Families buying either existing private homes or newly built 2. Illegal shops and businesses are encroaching on public
properties will be eligible for the scheme. land and locals are fighting each other over customers.
5. Prince William managed to stand one of the world’s most 3. Increased tourist flow may increase conflict with tigers and
eligible women up last week when he got tied up foxhunting. encroach on their habitat.
6. Students on a part-time course are not eligible for a loan. 4. During times of increased rainfall, the sea exceeded its
7. You could be eligible for a university scholarship. natural boundaries and encroached on land.
5. The maps also show us some areas that are still wild, but

’S
8. A model prisoner, he became eligible for release after serving
half his sentence. being rapidly encroached upon by human activities.
9. Life insurance companies routinely request medical records, 5. Huge towers grew into the sky, as the countryside gradually
with the patient’s consent, to assess risk and eligibility. encroached on the city outskirts.
10. Some member countries have raised questions about 6. Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of
Turkey’s eligibility to join the European Union. companies to do business.
7. The law stipulates that a monument can not interfere or
(226)ELIMINATE: encroach upon an existing memorial.
1. The only way to defeat terrorism as a threat to our way of 8. The growth of bureaucratic power since 1900, Handlin
life is to stop it, eliminate it and destroy it where it grows.’ wrote, had begun ominously to encroach upon the freedom
NG
2. To eliminate mold, remove the material where the fungus is of the individual.
growing such as drywall boards or carpet. 9. Humanity is being squeezed between deserts expanding
3. Traffic police intend to eliminate congestion caused by outward and rising seas encroaching inward.
illegally parked vehicles. 10. Personal media, in a variety of forms, will increasingly
4. Advances in medical science have eliminated the need for encroach on mass media.
many patients to spend long periods of time in hospital.
5. The administration’s goal was to eliminate all spending (229)ENDEAVOR:
restrictions on federal grants. 1. He expressed his appreciation of everyone involved in
6. Internal bickering and finger-pointing plagued the team nominating him for the peace award in recognition of his
after it was eliminated from the World Cup. endeavours to bring about the Agreement.
7. He was eliminated from these investigations but since 2. He has also opposed endeavors to reduce greenhouse-
pleaded guilty to participation in three armed robberies. gas emissions.
8. The new military regime initiated a series of measures 3. They must again meet, and exert their best endeavours to
restricting civil and legal freedoms to eliminate potential settle the business amicably.
KI

political opponents. 4. Writing is a very different endeavor than teaching.

9. Security agents have started a campaign to eliminate some 5. Nigeria has consistently endeavored to improve the quality
of the government’s opponents. of teaching.
10. A police officer was accused of helping a drug gang 6. From a strategic viewpoint, the principal need was to
eliminate rivals. understand precisely what each public sector organization
was endeavouring to achieve.
(227)EMBARRASS: 7. Tour operators throughout Ireland were yesterday
1. Her scarred face attracted attention; it baffled, confused endeavouring to make contingency plans to cope with
and embarrassed people. thousands of travellers.
2. The message is clear: there will be no room for players who 8. Other churches have endeavoured to build effective
break the rules and embarrass the team in public. congregational structures to express both homogeneity and
heterogeneity.
3. He didn’t want to embarrass her by asking questions.
9. I endeavored to explain the legal consequences of his
4. I didn’t want to embarrass her in front of her friends.
action.
5. My mum always embarrasses me by arriving in some
10. They endeavored to create a professional atmosphere where
ridiculous outfit.
one could make a substantial living wage.
6. To be honest, it embarrassed me to receive such an effusive
welcome.
(230)ENDEMIC:
7. It is also embarrassing for a team of our stature to go home
without a victory. 1. Violent crime is now endemic in parts of Chicago.
8. It’s always slightly embarrassing for anyone to talk about 2. Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the

[44]
 world. (233)ENFORCE:
3. Cholera was endemic in Mexico in the 19th century. 1. The commissioner is responsible for enforcing the law
4. Poverty is endemic in the South and it is spreading to the regarding data protection and freedom of information
North. 2. Damages were being sought for compensation as a result of
5. Why is political stability so elusive, and why are violence the council’s negligent advice and not primarily to enforce a
and rights violations so endemic? public law right.
6. Individual ineffectiveness, indiscipline and corruption 3. A judge has to enforce the law that is made by Parliament or
remain endemic among modern police officers. made under the authority of Parliament.
7. Diseases endemic in Europe, such as typhoid and influenza, 4. Chief executives are officials who run governmental bodies
became major causes of morbidity and death. that formulate and enforce laws.
8. When the eradication initiative was launched in 1988 polio 5. The measures are being enforced by Interior Ministry
was endemic in 125 countries. troops.
9. During the past decades the health of the endemic species 6. It isn’t always easy for the police to enforce speed limits.
has been seriously threatened. 7. On Thursday, word got around that either the local or federal
10. Parasitic infections are endemic among this population. government was about to begin enforcing the mandatory
evacuation.

’S
(231)ENDORSE: 8. The changes to the tax system proved impracticable as they
were impossible to enforce.
1. Psychologists should join their colleagues in public health
in endorsing all forms of prevention as well as treatment. 9. In addition, some problems arise beyond the control of
banks, such as difficulties with the legal system enforcing
2. His comments were endorsed by the Rural Affairs Minister.
loan contracts and compensation.
3. The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
10. The teenager’s death prompted Stanwell residents to join
4. NATO leaders have endorsed a new strategy that creates forces to try to enforce a new traffic calming scheme in
smaller military forces. Long Lane.
5. The President’s position was endorsed by a large majority
of the Senate.
NG
(234)ENFRANCHISE:
6. State and federal agencies have endorsed the plan, along
1. Roman voters didn’t want to enfranchise the Italians either,
with the county’s cities.
because it would water down their own votes.
7. The court endorsed the judge’s decision
2. Women over 30 were enfranchised in 1918; and women over
8. The Council is expected to endorse the committee’s 21 received the vote in 1928.
recommendations.
3. White women of British origin were newly enfranchised;
9. All endorsed the treaty as critically important for achieving their goals were equal rights, higher education and jobs in
peace. the new helping professions.
10. The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members. 4. After 1860, the trend across Europe was to widen the male
electorate and enfranchise women for local elections.
(232)ENDURE: 5. South Africa’s new constitution enfranchised 28 million
1. We regret that you had to endure such a painful loss, and blacks.
we offer our deepest condolences. 6. Women in Britain were first enfranchised in 1918.
2. Many patients spend years enduring painful reconstructive 7. A new amendment to the European Union Referendum Bill
surgery. would enfranchise all 16 and 17-year-old people who have
KI

3. It was difficult to gauge who had endured the more difficult pre-registered for their right to vote.
week. 8. Efforts were made to enfranchise internally displaced voters
4. She endured a barrage of open abuse and racism during her who often had no identification papers.
time at college. 9. The group works in developing countries to increase literacy
5. They married two years later, and their relationship endured, and enfranchise women.
with occasional hiccups, for nearly six decades. 10. The property qualification for voting was abolished and
6. The political system established in 1400 endured until about women were enfranchised in 1893.
1650.
7. Somehow the language endures and continues to survive (235)ENGROSS:
to this day. 1. Smiling slightly, their heads were close together, and both
8. To remain competitive and to endure, museums are forced were engrossed in deep conversation, oblivious to the rest
to continuously focus on the bottom line. of the world.
9. Contractual rights may be more valuable and enduring than 2. I was totally engrossed in preparing the packages when I
proprietary rights. heard a knock on the door.
10. There clearly are some issues that cannot be adequately 3. The scene was stunning, and for a time engrossed all our
covered by the enduring power of attorney legislation attention.
currently provided in law. 4. I was constantly engrossed by the problems of time, space,
quality, and the other categories of reason.
5. I soon found myself engrossed in the history of the valley;
tales and stories of the turbulent times of Border wars.

[45]
6. What is it about Harry Potter that so engrosses children? 2. If goods are not of satisfactory quality consumers are
7. I found it to be an intelligent and engrossing science fiction entitled to a legal remedy.
film that didn’t rely solely on elaborate special effects. 3. Where the employee has committed a serious breach of
83. Johnson’s biography is an engrossing portrait of a brilliant contract then this would of course entitle the employer to
physicist who happens to be a complex and, at times, terminate the contract.
troubled character. 4. It is a bit of a mystery, and we are investigating why he did
9. The evolution of his career is certainly an engrossing story not receive the standard of service he was entitled to.
to contemplate. 5. Full-time employees are entitled to receive health insurance.
10. I found the movie completely engrossing from beginning to 6. Conversely, you may be entitled to disobey an instruction
end. which management ostensibly has the power to give.
(236)ENGULF: 7. Ethiopian Jews were entitled to immigrate to Israel under
1. When the police arrived 20 minutes later, the bus was still the Law of Return.
engulfed in flames, which hampered rescue efforts. 8. Being unemployed entitles you to free medical treatment.
2. Within minutes, however, the entire city was engulfed in a 9. The voucher is valid between July and December and entitles
torrent of rain - easily one of the heaviest in recent times. you to 10% off all overseas flights.
3. However, the country was soon engulfed in a bloody civil 10. It was deemed that I was not entitled to benefit as I had not

’S
war in which one million people lost their lives out of a paid in enough in the last three years!’
population of 14 million. (239)ENTRUST:
4. Pedestrians were stopped in their tracks and cars came to 1. Her husband died in 1990 and she was entrusted with
standstill as the huge blanket of smoke threatened to engulf looking after her family - a task she did well.
the whole town.’ 2. William was entrusted with manoeuvring these slabs into
5. Teachers, students and parents stood behind yellow police position and stood just to the rear of the wagon.
tape and watched dumbfounded as their school was engulfed 3. She was entrusted with the social inclusion agenda that he
in amber flames. saw as being the purpose of the Scottish parliament.
6. The spring tide engulfed the beach houses. 4. He can be duped by almost anyone and it is amazing that he
NG
7. Northern areas of the country were engulfed by a snowstorm is entrusted with quite so many secrets and responsible
last night. jobs.
8. Her self-criticism of the paternalistic atmosphere which she 5. Raiding nomadic herders forced the populations to live in
allowed to engulf her in her early insecurity is devastating. walled cities for defense and to entrust their protection to
9. My mind was sending too many thoughts, too many flashes an aristocratic class of leaders.
and words, too much for me to take in, fatigue threatening 6. Millions of UK investors entrust their money to highly paid,
to engulf me. highly educated professional fund managers.
10. Two of the men were killed instantly, the third was engulfed 7. When managers entrust employees with important
in flames before he died an agonising death. decisions, they signal their respect for those employees.
(237)ENHANCE: 8. As with cathedral buildings, time was entrusted with the
1. In short, an understanding of strategy enhances task of seasoning and moulding the diverse parts into a
performance and improves career prospects. harmonious whole.
2. Improving democracy is about enhancing the opportunities 9. He still has the aura of the priest to whom you would entrust
for local communities to make their own decisions. your darkest secrets.
3. The mist which covers the valley enhances the magical 10. Two senior officials have been entrusted with organizing
KI

quality of the picture. the auction.

4. Whilst there is some evidence that advertising enhances
the value of a brand, this is not always a given. (240)ENUMERATE:
5. But medical advance not only enhances clinical capability, 1. The press release announcing his initiative mentioned
it carries with it profound ethical, legal, social and economic accelerators and enumerated various installations in
implications. American university laboratories.
6. The park facilities are catered to enhance the quality of life 2. He then enumerates a number of factual and political
for people of all ages. inconsistencies in the events surrounding Hassan’s
7. Throughout most of those countries the universal view is abduction.
that Britain should do more to enhance its reputation through 3. Thompson enumerates a number of the strategies of
the fund. domination, including legitimation, dissimulation,
8. The measures taken should considerably enhance the unification, fragmentation, and reification.
residents’ quality of life. 4. They enumerated a number of simple needs like places to
9. Smart personnel practices enhance the value of a company shower, do laundry, and sleep safely when they were
and its stock. exhausted.’
10. These scandals will not enhance the organization’s 5. She enumerated all the reasons why she wanted to leave
reputation. him.
(238)ENTITLE: 6. He enumerated the benefits of the insurance scheme.
1. Every natural and legal person is entitled to the peaceful 7. I could enumerate the problems, list my doubts, but that
enjoyment of his possessions. might make ‘em sharp and enduring as diamonds,

[46]
 treacherous as banana skin. (243)ERODE:
8. After all, and for more reasons that I need enumerate, it was 1. Our personal freedom is being gradually eroded away.
a plausible tale enough. 2. Public confidence in the administration eroded.
9. Far more revealing are lists that enumerate every expedition, 3. His behaviour over the last few months has eroded my
give the names of their commanders and the ships involved, confidence in his judgment.
and sometimes provide additional useful information. 4. Over time, the wind has eroded the landscape and converted
10. They were exchanging views in Cantonese while the slate rocks into small fragments.
enumerating the names of my baby’s organs in English. 5. Trees and forests had been cut down to provide fuel and
even the most fertile soils were eroding at an alarming rate.’
(241)EPHEMERAL: 6. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium eroded away and
1. Fashions are ephemeral: new ones regularly drive out the poured into the sea, where they ‘fixed’ carbon dioxide and
old. stopped it escaping into the air.
2. Sometimes, there’s a whole world to be discovered in the 7. But the subculture has many serious negative effects,
fine detail of an ephemeral mood or a fleeting emotion. eroding morale and confidence in the church.
3. Trends are ephemeral, fleeting: by the time you’ve identified 8. The scourge is not only devastating but it destroys
something, it’s gone, or changed out of all recognition. systems and erodes all integrity in the affected society.

’S
4. Happiness for Aristotle is not a fleeting feeling or an 9. His fumbling of the issue of reform has eroded his authority.
ephemeral passion. 10. Concerns about falling victim to phishing scams are eroding
5. Being a woman and an artist does make a difference, in the US consumer confidence in online banking and e-commerce.
same way that nationality, so crucial but so ephemeral in
today’s transient art world, does. (244)ERRONEOUS:
6. Chickweed is an ephemeral weed, producing several 1. There is an erroneous perception that high-profile players
generations in one season. make good managers.
7. Coriander is an ephemeral plant which only lasts two to 2. It is risky and erroneous to assume that terrorists will be
three months so you need to regularly plant new Coriander deterred by criminal prosecution alone.
NG
in your herb garden.
3. Our standards of accuracy are so low that often erroneous
8. There remain some truths too ephemeral to be captured in forecasts are applauded as if they were precise.
the cold pages of a court transcript.
4. Of course it’s always easy to look at others critically, make
9. Fame in the world of rock and pop is largely ephemeral. assumptions and proceed to erroneous conclusions.
10. Taken individually, each object may have provoked some 5. We say that that contention is in fact erroneous because it
unsettling reactions and reverberations, but those were asks the wrong question.
fleeting and ephemeral.
6. His economic predictions are based on some erroneous
assumptions.
(242)ERADICATE: 7. People are scared and paranoid of erroneous information
1. The elimination of hunger is thus the first requisite for they got.
eradicating poverty. 8. It is erroneous to believe that the decisions of one age
2. The decree stipulates that it is mandatory for the should be binding upon another age.
government to involve the public in eradicating the disease. 9. At least 15 million Americans still hold the erroneous view
3. It is extremely difficult to eradicate prejudices so deeply that cancer is contagious.
KI

rooted and natural. 10. Even if the award was somewhat low it could not in any
4. The minister said she also wants to offer support for a way be said to be wholly erroneous or wrong in principle,
program to eradicate illiteracy. he submits.
5. But this study is designed to determine if, under the right
conditions, the virus can be eradicated. (245)ESCALATE:
6. All over the world, the spread of the globalized monoculture 1. The rate of complaints is escalating and the ombudsman
is forcefully eradicating ecosocial forms of culture that expects numbers to continue rising sharply.
evolved in place.
2. More studies into the feasibility of a waste tunnel will cause
7. The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate yet more delays and cause costs to escalate further.
corruption.
3. Inflation and other building costs could cause the costs to
8. Perennial weeds such as horsetail and bindweed need more escalate if there was significant delay in construction.
attention because the roots should be removed to stand
4. If the firefighters persevere with their eight-day strike this
any chance of eradicating them.
week, then matters could escalate rapidly.
9. Their aim is to eradicate child poverty in the country within
5. The situation is escalating at an alarming rate and I have
10 years.
been on the receiving end of a number of threats.
10. In the early 1980s the military began destroying entire
6. Hip replacements were once a rarity: now they can be
villages in an attempt to eradicate civilian support for Leftist
carried out easily and the call for them has escalated.
guerillas.
7. They saw costs escalating and sales slumping as the effect
of rising oil prices hit the company.
8. Unions and management fear the dispute could escalate.

[47]
9. His financial problems escalated after he became 5. The large attendances at his funeral reflected the high
unemployed. esteem in which he was held.
10. Not surprisingly petrol prices increased during August as 6. There has been a drop in public esteem for teachers.
world oil prices continued to escalate.’ 7. He occupied a position in public esteem in the nineteenth
century at least comparable to that of Einstein in the
(246)ERRATIC: twentieth century.
1. My sleep patterns have been so erratic this week that I’ve 8. I have been fortunate to have the support and
felt physically sick at times. encouragement of several esteemed colleagues.
2. He still has this erratic speech pattern, the fluttering of the 9. It is my honor to introduce our esteemed senator.
eyes, and he’s the most appalling speechmaker. 10. True ivory is one of the few substances to have been highly
3. Global warming is also implicated in increasingly erratic esteemed for symbolic purposes wherever it could be
arctic weather patterns. obtained.
4. Now scientists say the warming trend, if it continues, will
increase the erratic weather patterns. (249)ETHICAL:
5. Her behaviour was becoming more and more erratic. 1. Reliable scientific knowledge has no ethical content, it is
6. She can be very erratic; one day she is friendly and the the way the world is.

’S
next she’ll hardly speak to you. 2. Perhaps fewer of us are sensitive to what we might call the
7. The company’s erratic performance is a cause for some moral or ethical environment.
concern. 3. The underlying ethical principle here is that all people are
8. I listened to the raven songs, and my eyes followed others of equal moral value and that it is wrong to treat them
in their erratic journeys all over the pastel landscape. otherwise.
9. His breathing was becoming erratic. 4. There is a general difficulty in inferring the underlying
10. The season of mists and mellow fruitfulness is upon us, values or ethical principles that support social practices.
but the erratic weather pattern has ensured there is still a 5. What the world really needs right now is moral, ethical,
lot of corn to cut and straw to gather.’ and honest leaders whose words and actions we can trust.
NG
6. He was convinced that the lower classes must fear God in
(247)ESPIONAGE: order to be ethical.
1. Dozens were executed for espionage or sabotage after 7. The use of animals in scientific tests raises difficult ethical
having been convicted in show trials. questions.
2. He denied his detention had anything to do with politics or 8. The effort to inculcate ethical behavior without religious
espionage. faith seems one of the great fiascoes of the modern age.
3. Overt violence now gives way to a conflict based on 9. Transplantation of organs from living donors raises ethical
espionage and infiltration. issues.
4. The banks take precautions to prevent any attempts at 10. It may be feasible to clone human beings, but is it ethical?
industrial espionage while confidential documents are on
the premises. (250)ETHNIC:
5. He was cleared of mounting a campaign of industrial 1. The most promising developments in recent years have
espionage against his main rival. included the formation of historical societies within ethnic
6. The authorities have arrested several people suspected of communities.
KI

espionage. 2. He says Germany’s 2 million-plus Turks are the country’s

7. Cases involving foreign espionage or international largest foreign ethnic group.
terrorism are also omitted. 3. All human beings were entitled to be treated equally,
8. Finally, we need a transatlantic understanding on industrial regardless of their ethnic or religious origins.
espionage. 4. The Muslim community in America is made up of people
9. The Computer Security Institute, which conducted the from a wide variety of ethnic backgrounds and national
survey, said the losses were caused by industrial origins.
espionage, hacking and fraud. 5. Kenya’s rich cultural heritage is a mixture of ethnic and
10. After a secret trial, he was sentenced to 18 years for treason cultural traditions.
and espionage. 6. Assimilation is the process of giving up traditional ethnic
identity and accepting the dominant group’s culture.
(248)ESTEEM: 7. And in Fiji, tensions continued between its indigenous
1. Politicians, even good ones, are lower in public esteem and its ethnic Indian populations.
than any profession other than journalists. 8. Since 1959 non-citizens within the ethnic Chinese
2. He is an honourable person respected and held in esteem population have been denied the right to run businesses
by his colleagues. in rural Indonesia.
3. Public shame, in other words, is contrasted with and can 9. Conflicts between the different ethnic groups in the country
only be canceled by public esteem, disgrace by honor. exploded into civil war.
4. Consultants are next only to God in public esteem; their 10. The country’s population of over 40 million people is made
word is holy writ. up of many ethnic groups.

[48]
 (251)EXAGGERATE: 9. The new government should win the public trust by
1. The threat of attack has been greatly exaggerated. exerting itself to attain tangible results in its efforts to
2. The minister suggested that some leading translate the promise into action.
environmentalists were exaggerating the issues somewhat. 10. He needs to exert himself to try to find an answer.
3. He has exaggerated the whole event to make it sound rather
more dramatic than it actually was. (254)EXHAUST:
4. He tends to exaggerate the importance of his job. 1. Children with anemia would have difficulties in
5. The paper’s political influence has been greatly concentrating, became easily exhausted and experienced
exaggerated. general physical weakness.
6. I’m not exaggerating - it was the worst meal I’ve ever eaten 2. Physically exhausted, emotionally drained and severely
in my life. dehydrated, Ashby started to hallucinate.
7. I couldn’t sleep for three days—I’m not exaggerating. 3. The effort of his ordeal completely exhausted him.
8. She was apt to exaggerate any aches and pains. 4. By 1952 an improved grade of ore was encountered, and
9. The Communists vastly exaggerated their own Resistance the lode was mined until 1956, when ore reserves were
role in order to attract postwar political support. exhausted.

’S
10. In addition, other factors such as endotoxaemia, sepsis, 5. When stars that are more than three times the mass of our
and fever may contribute to further exaggerate these Sun finally exhaust their reserves of nuclear fuel they have
circulatory abnormalities. no means of opposing the inward pull of gravity.
6. Over-intensive farming had exhausted the supply of
nutrients in the soil.
(252)EXCEL:
7. Neither book gives the full story on Celebration, but
1. Again mathematics was his favourite subject but he also
between them they pretty much exhaust a subject that is
excelled at divinity.
fairly easily exhausted.
2. The ceremony included the honouring of budding
8. She seemed to have exhausted all permissible topics of
students of the school for excelling in various activities.
NG
conversation.
3. Rick has always excelled at foreign languages.
9. After an exhaustive investigation, we received a full copy
4. Schools that excel and attract more students rarely grow of the report, which was sent to us and translated for us.’
or clone themselves.
10. The results of an exhaustive study into masculinity were
5. Many parents put too much pressure on their children to published this week and they make for illuminating
excel in school. reading.’
6. The British team have excelled themselves this year to
reach the finals.
(255)EXODUS:
7. He was one of those invaluable labourers who can not
1. The mass exodus of European technical skills adversely
only turn their hand to everything, but excel in everything
affected both quality and productivity.
they turn their hand to.
2. A mass exodus of foreign workers would also cripple the
8. We aim to give every student the opportunity to excel.
oil industry.
9. Matt excelled himself in the 400 metres and was rewarded
3. A mass exodus is the surest evidence you will find for the
with a new club record.
brutality of a particular country.
KI

10. His rich father purchased him a prized education, but it

4. A massive exodus of doctors is forcing the government to
was football at which the young Watson excelled.
recruit from abroad.
5. The exodus of refugees continued throughout the autumn.
(253)EXERT:
6. Many evacuees went home during that first winter, but
1. The moon exerts a force on the Earth. when the blitz began, there was another exodus from
2. The loss of conviction has exerted a powerful influence London.
over American and Western foreign policy. 7. There has been a mass exodus of workers from the villages
3. Art exerts a profound influence on the style of life, the to the towns.
mode, range, and direction of perception. 8. The exodus of refugees from the town shows no sign of
4. Environmental groups are exerting pressure on the abating.
government to tighten pollution laws. 9. The stock market has seen a recent exodus of investors
5. Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff from high-technology stocks.
to work extra hours without being paid. 10. The chief executive resigns amid an ongoing exodus of
6. Adversarial attitudes still exist and the Government is clients and partners.
exerting pressure on the industry to tackle this problem. (256)EXPLICIT:
7. A well-funded national organization would be able to exert 1. The methodologies employed are not only made explicit,
more influence in Parliament. but discussed in some detail, albeit at times anecdotally.
8. The doctor says that she should not be allowed to exert 2. During the initial days after the diagnosis, your patient or
herself mentally and physically and she should not be the parents may need very explicit instructions.
allowed to witness tragic scenes.

[49]
3. In 2003 the Justice Minister gave his explicit consent for Saxon shareholder capitalism.
the adoption of 595 children. 8. At a time when so many carpet-makers are turning to
4. Special manuals provide explicit and elaborate instructions artificial dyes, he extols the virtues of the old ways.’
as to the creating of different icons and the use of different 9. No religions either preaches or extols evil or tolerates evil.
kinds of material. 10. He extols the English for their extensive use of
5. The prelates were concerned, as explicit statements show, roundabouts, which Barbados has adopted.
primarily to defend the church’s liberties.
6. I gave her very explicit directions how to get here. (259)EXTORT:
7. Whatever is decided upon, the procedures to be adopted 1. Many corrupt immigration officials extorted vast quantities
must be made explicit. of money from terrified refugees.
8. Assumptions are explicit statements describing the present 2. At checkpoints throughout the province, the security
and future environment. forces openly extort bribes.
9. A number of instructional texts make explicit reference to 3. Federal forces routinely extort money from detainees’
the difficulties of learning Thai. relatives as a condition for release.
10. The problem for the teacher is how and in what contexts it 4. Militants assaulted business managers and extorted money

’S
should be made explicit to pupils. they claimed was compensation for unfair dismissals.
5. Rebels extorted money from local villagers.
(257)EXPONENT: 6. He sought to extort money by threatening to reveal secrets
1. The Italian exponents of lyrical and geometric abstraction about his boss’s private life.
were based in Milan and Como, and often worked together 7. The Mafia makes most of its money from prostitution and
with Rationalist architects. extorting money from small businesses.
2. However their legacy was to revolutionise modern warfare 8. Police have not so far been able to extort a confession
and to perpetuate the work of their greatest exponent in from the people accused of the bombing.
the armies of the Allied victors.
9. The kidnappers extorted a £175,000 ransom for his release.
NG
3. All my adult life, I was branded by officials as ‘an exponent
10. Gangsters have been extorting money from local
of the right’ who wanted to bring capitalism back to our
businessmen.
country,’ he wrote.
4. A champion of the poor and an ardent exponent of Christian
unity, the Polish pontiff was a beacon of light. (260)FICKLE:
5. Adam Smith was an exponent of free trade. 1. The public is not only fickle, but has a extremely short
attention span.
6. Jacqueline du Pré was a leading exponent of the cello.
2. The nation as a whole is too varied, fickle, inconsistent
7. She received training in classical ballet at the prestigious
and unclassifiable for that to work.
academy and is also an exponent of modern, jazz and
folkloric dancing. 3. But fashion is very fickle and sometimes the things you
hate the most end up inspiring you.
8. Every sport has its heroes and most sports have their
champion supreme - the greatest exponent of the sport in 4. But memory is fickle and its criteria are constantly shifting.
other words. 5. The world of popular music is notoriously fickle.
9. He had a considerable reputation in England as a critic 6. Fickle winds made sailing conditions difficult.
KI

and was the accredited exponent in this country of modern 7. They are fickle, faithless and lewd.
French literature. 8. An icy horror of loneliness seized him; he saw himself
10. The junior international judo exponent was also a county standing apart and watching all the world fade away from
cross-country runner and track star before she took up him—a world of shadows, of fickle dreams.
rowing. 9. Unlike Fred who is a creature of habit, I am far more fickle,
always in need of new experiences, change and variety.
(258)EXTOL: 10. However, we consumers are a fickle lot when it comes to
1. She praised me when my grades were good, and extolled dining out.
me to do better when they weren’t.
2. And he still extols the virtues of his central defensive (261)FRUSTRATE:
partner but is more self-reliant. 1. Now Constantine had had enough of their pagan attempts
3. Cobbett extolled the Radicalism of Nottingham; Byron to frustrate his policies.
sang the praises of the Luddites. 2. But he said Russian opposition could continue to frustrate
4. Everywhere, the glory of the ancient era is extolled in stone. British-backed plans to reform UN sanctions against Iraq.
5. His book extolling the benefits of vegetarianism sold 3. Good plans are often frustrated by those who occupy
thousands of copies. strategic positions.
6. Since the war, each time the Conservative Party has come 4. Their attempts to speak to him were frustrated by the guards.
into power it has extolled the virtues of the market.
5. Thick fog frustrated their attempt to land on the tiny island.
7. But now is not the time to be extolling the virtues of Anglo-
6. The continuing civil war is frustrating the efforts of relief

[50]
 agencies. can be fatal to babies, the old and the sick.
7. A persistent wind frustrated me as I tried to rake the leaves. 3. Only about 25 of the 1,500 known species of scorpions can
8. In numerous policy areas, central government has been deliver stings that are fatal to humans.
frustrated by local authorities. 4. He knew it was a fatal wound caused by a special type of
9. I often found it difficult to bust my moves, and I was ammunition.
frustrated to see how many people were just standing around 5. Many believe that a second whistleblower could prove fatal
taking up space. to the Government.
10. Working-class people are frustrated because they can’t 6. If you have a lazy agent, it could prove fatal to your dealings
make as much money as they want. with your tenant.
7. Sometimes it’s the way the software is designed that is
(262)FALTER: determined to be the fatal flaw.
1. The music faltered for a moment and resumed, just as happy 8. He made the fatal mistake of believing what they told him.
and jaunty as ever. 9. The sudden resignations dealt a fatal blow to the
2. If the share price faltered, it could lose its investment-grade government.

’S
credit rating and access to long-term credit. 10. The recession has proved fatal to many businesses.
3. Nickie’s voice faltered and he stopped speaking.
4. She never faltered in her resolution to regain her old (265)FRENZY:
position. 1. The sea always reminds me of a slumbering monster, waiting
5. I have not faltered in my quest for a new future. for a storm to whip it into a wild frenzy.
6. He falters, stammers, falls back on grand anachronisms and 2. The audience were whipped up into a frenzy of emotion
speaks with a thick accent. that sent everyone home on a high.
7. His salacious grin faltered then disappeared and he glared 3. He flew into a frenzy and headed up the ladder to the attic
at her, furious with himself for being tricked so easily. with a rope.
NG
8. Slowly and hesitantly she stood, starting across the middle 4. There was a frenzy of activity in the financial markets
of the room, but her steps faltered and stopped about yesterday.
halfway there. 5. The country was gripped by a frenzy of nationalism.
9. This legislation is designed to stimulate the faltering 6. I tried to jump up; but could not stir a limb; and so yelled
economy. aloud, in a frenzy of fright.
10. She spoke to the court in a faltering voice. 7. The next speaker whipped the crowd up into a frenzy.
8. Dozens of people come and go in a frenzy of excitement
(263)FUGITIVE: fuelled by coffee and politics.
1. On the morning of February 11, a fugitive wanted online 9. The pictures taken in the first few days after the disaster
throughout the country was arrested. were done in a frenzy of haste and chaos.
2. The federal government also pursued the matter of fugitive 10. But stronger than all was maternal love, wrought into a
slaves escaping overland to territories held by foreign paroxysm of frenzy by the near approach of a fearful danger.
powers.
KI

3. Information gathered by the police indicates that all of the (266)FLEETING:

fugitives have scattered. 1. Dousing her face and neck, she gazed for a fleeting moment
4. The fugitives, two of whom have been recaptured, are into the water, her thoughts momentarily blank.
accused of genocide, mass murder and other crimes. 2. His smirk turned into a smile, for the briefest of fleeting
5. Thousands of fugitives are fleeing from the war-torn area. moments, before he rose from the table, and walked away.
6. They pursued the fugitives for about nine miles and then lit 3. A rifle cracked behind Swift and for one fleeting moment he
bonfires on the hill-tops to alert the local peasantry. thought he was dead, he lay still waiting for the pain.
7. Now that she has become a fugitive from justice, the 4. The writer aims to take those fleeting, ephemeral, sensual
townspeople see an opportunity to exploit her. moments and transform them into something rich, coherent
8. He fled bail to become a fugitive from justice. and meaningful.
9. She found few internal records and had to piece together 5. He made only a fleeting reference to his resignation.
most of the story from a variety of fugitive sources. 6. When we met, Carol was paying a fleeting visit to Paris.
10. I find the concept to which they refer somewhat fugitive. 7. Sitting up for a fleeting moment, he took a quick gulp from
the glass.
(264)FATAL: 8. Suddenly, she saw a rapid, fleeting movement in the row of
1. Rabies is an invariably fatal viral disease caused by the bite trees in their right.
of an infected animal, usually a dog. 9. He put the fleeting temptation aside, surprised that it had
2. The bug causes diarrhoea, stomach cramps and fever and even occurred to him.

[51]
10. She felt a fleeting distant surprise as the cool night air 4. She is given a terminal diagnosis and told treatment is futile
whispered over her skin. by a consultant as soon as the results are revealed.
5. Demonstrators condemned the summit as a futile and
(267)FORTHWITH: fruitless exercise.
1. There is a more pernicious red herring that needs to be 6. The goal is not to punish the rebels, but to convince them
smelled out forthwith. that it is futile to resist.
2. In order to ensure the continuing maintenance and supply 7. Attempts to get supplies to the region are futile because
of water it is essential that all outstanding rates are paid troops will not allow the aid convoy to enter the city.
forthwith. 8. It’s completely futile trying to reason with him - he just
3. The last remnant of Birmingham Heath was enclosed in 1799, won’t listen.
and was built over forthwith with eight new streets. 9. It’s futile trying to persuade him to change his mind.
4. He was convicted and fined £40 plus £65 costs, with 28 10. You shift from one leg to the other, but know that that is a
days imprisonment if the money was not produced forthwith. fairly futile attempt to relieve your discomfort.’
5. Accordingly article 12 comes into operation and renders it
mandatory for the court to order the return of the child

’S
(270)FOIL:
forthwith. 1. Police foiled a 1999 kidnap plot against Victoria and
6. We expect these practices to cease forthwith. Brooklyn, although no one was arrested in that case.
7. A new church was erected forthwith. 2. Rain is man’s mortal enemy, foiling our fiendish plans at
8. He was fined £40, with 28 days’ imprisonment if the money every opportunity!
was not produced forthwith. 3. The officers also foiled a protected animals smuggling
9. Neither cost orders, which were made payable forthwith, attempt to South Korea, South Africa and Japan.’
have been paid. 4. The security company which foiled the abduction of a baby
10. I will retract my tuition forthwith and find a profession more from a maternity hospital is to create 200 new jobs in a
NG
suited to the quiet dignity of my sunset years. nationwide expansion.’
5. My heart raced as I thought that my plan had been foiled
(268)FORMIDABLE: once again.’
1. He has built a formidable reputation on challenging the 6. A massive arms-smuggling plan has been foiled by the CIA.
corporate orthodoxy. 7. The prisoners’ attempt to escape was foiled at the last
2. A formidable array of armour and troops roared through in minute when police received a tip-off.
a never ending stream. 8. The burglar was foiled by a passer-by who noticed the
3. He assuredly bumped off a formidable array of erstwhile broken window and phoned the police.
friends and possible rivals. 9. When trying to foil any pest or nuisance animal, learn about
4. The building is grey, formidable, not at all picturesque. its habits, likes, and dislikes.
5. The resource implications of a meaningful software 10. The metaphorical character of Nietzsche’s concepts serves
acquisition programme are formidable. to foil any definitive reading of his philosophy.
6. Russia still has a formidable nuclear arsenal.
KI

7. A distillation of the riches of the existing law would be a (271)FORFEIT:

most formidable task. 1. Under the Act of Settlement of 1689, the Prince
8. The formidable challenge for progressive bishops and automatically forfeited his right of the succession by
theologians who dominated the Second Vatican Council marrying a Roman Catholic.’
was to formulate a compelling alternative. 2. By being absent from the trial, he forfeited the right to
9. She was once a political nonentity, but has since won a appeal.
formidable reputation as a determined campaigner. 3. She was fined £3,000 and ordered to forfeit her car.
10. The boy drew his chubby face down to a formidable length, 4. He no longer believed in himself, and knew he had forfeited
and commenced toning a psalm tune through his nose, with the right to have others believe in him.
imperturbable gravity. 5. The company will forfeit all its assets to the federal
government.
(269)FUTILE: 6. State government employees may have to forfeit vacation
days or salary due to the fiscal crisis.
1. Tourism should not be allowed to become another football
for the tiresome and futile political arena. 7. He will have to persuade investors to forfeit $215 million
in principal and interest payments over the next year.
2. All attempts to coax him to play with educational toys
proved painful and futile. 8. The other team did not show up in time and so forfeited
the game.
3. Worrying over the results after the exam is a futile exercise
as you cannot alter the result. 9. Several other states and the federal forfeiture law also
permit police and prosecutors to keep forfeited property

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 and proceeds. persuade the public of her innocence.
10. Locke argued that a person forfeits his rights when 7. The New Zealander is a totally different animal to the
committing even minor crimes. forlorn figure we saw last season, struggling as he was
with injury and confidence.’
(272)FEIGN: 8. The ragtag Republican forces, resisting him in their forlorn
fight against fascism, had encircled the town.’
1. At least three of his opponents claim he feigned injury as
a psychological tactic. 9. Altogether, the appearance of the individual was forlorn
and miserable.
2. In rugby union, if a player’s thought to be feigning injury,
referees have the discretion to order them from the field. 10. Considering he has taken a stack of wickets, Murali has
cut a surprisingly forlorn figure in this series.
3. Likewise, fighters who feign wounds or injury to lure the
enemy within striking range teach their foes to view enemy
wounded as a threat, placing all injured soldiers at risk. (275)FRIVOLOUS:
4. Feigning a headache, I went upstairs to my room. 1. Drug companies claim the union and consumer plan would
5. You know how everyone feigns surprise when you tell encourage frivolous lawsuits.
them how old you are. 2. I think acting is still looked down upon as a frivolous

’S
6. The prosecution claimed that the defendant had feigned activity and not a real job or a serious profession.
the injury. 3. We are dumbfounded by frivolous concerns about
7. She responded to his remarks with feigned amusement. violence preventing such an effort to succeed.
8. You can’t feign interest in something you loathe. 4. Work time is too valuable to waste on frivolous games.
9. I know I should be kind and concerned and that I should 5. I feel like doing something completely frivolous today.
at least feign pathos. 6. This frivolous attitude towards love reflects an immature
10. One can affect unawareness, feign indifference or summon response to abrupt freedom and independence.
up some other defense against such entreaties.’ 7. When philosophers take liberties with language to make
NG
their distinctive points they are not frivolous.
(273)FACILITATE: 8. Sometimes we repress our good humour, because we are
afraid that others will think we are frivolous or foolish.
1. Vineyards are commonly ripped before planting which
facilitates drainage.’ 9. I do resent a Government Minister telling me I got into
debt because I was flighty, frivolous and decadent.
2. Funding was aimed at facilitating development not limiting
it. 10. When I do have money, I tend to spend it on frivolous
things for myself and presents for my friends.’
3. Fatty acids have been used previously to facilitate the
absorption of drugs by cells.
4. Legislation is urgently needed to facilitate police (276)FEASIBLE:
counterterrorist operations. 1. The Dutch have demonstrated that it is perfectly feasible
5. Manufacturers would be required to maintain dossiers in to live below sea level’.
a standard format on each product, a measure designed 2. The preferred criterion model was found to be feasible
to facilitate safety checks. and acceptable to general practitioners.’
6. Internal representation and language development 3. A public health policy of mass screening for ovarian cancer
KI

facilitate the development of truly social behavior and may not prove feasible for several reasons.
spark social learning. 4. Clinical observations on traditional remedies are feasible
7. Bodybuilders use mental imaging to facilitate their and useful.
physical development. 5. With the extra resources, the project now seems feasible.
8. The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs. 6. It may be feasible to clone human beings, but is it ethical?
9. The counsellor may be able to facilitate communication 7. Steady advances in digital memory technology are making
between the couple. mass-storage devices technologically feasible and
10. The new airport will facilitate the development of tourism. increasingly cost-effective.
8. The expansion of human civilization into space is feasible
(274)FORLORN: because of the availability of vast asteroidal and planetary
resources.
1. This forlorn industrial town has very high unemployment.
9. Powerful computers have made it feasible to search
2. She looked a forlorn figure standing at the bus stop.
through millions of records at great speed.
3. One of London’s best-loved landmarks now stands forlorn
10. It is a perfectly feasible religious position to imagine a
and almost derelict.
god as non-interventionist.
4. He looked a forlorn figure as he limped off.
5. Dougal was chasing a forlorn hope; and he wasn’t even
(277)FEEBLE:
sure that he was going by the best route.
1. Protagonists are helpless and feeble, benighted,
6. She appeared on daytime TV in a forlorn attempt to

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 physically weak and powerless. into a raging fury.
2. With a feeble squeak, his knees buckled, and he tumbled 6. The violence of long and bloody sieges, and the
into a wall, eyes wide with shock. subsequent sacking of cities, is often compared to the
3. We suddenly heard a feeble clang of the gate - like someone devastating fury of the forces of nature.
was knocking, but not very hard. 7. The tsunami should open our eyes to the reality that no
4. Much of what constitutes educative efforts in Christian force on earth can fight against the fury of sea.
communities today is bland, feeble, and ineffectual. 8. They were furious when one of their best managers was
5. His feeble attempt to strengthen the government’s image poached by another company.
failed. 9. In a furious tirade of abuse, the opposition spokesperson
6. Sales have gone up only by a feeble 0.1 percent. demanded the minister’s resignation.
7. The feeble blaze of life that remained in her body was 10. The conductors are furious at huge rises given to train
blown into a flame by her anxiety and she crept out of drivers in a bid to solve a crippling shortage.
bed, dressed and hurried along the hallway toward her
son’s room, shaking with exaggerated fears. (280)FURNISH:
8. The world is too chill and hard,—and I am too old, and 1. In furnishing the house, Rose tended to focus on one

’S
too feeble, and too hopeless room at a time, usually using a different wood for each -
9. He made a feeble attempt to start a conversation with me. ash, oak, cherry, or sycamore.
10. On the contrary, the arguments are vague, slippery, feeble, 2. Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of
circular or false.’ knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours.
3. Language furnishes the best proof that a law accepted by
(278)FITFUL: a community is a thing that is tolerated and not a rule to
which all freely consent.
1. Last night was particularly disturbing because I had fitful
dreams on the edge of consciousness.’ 4. As long as ample employment opportunities are furnished
in Taiwan, there are still many sources of taxation.
NG
2. His sleep was fitful and intermittent, and he soon rose
from bed to go and see his son.’ 5. Furnished with a compass and sandwiches, they set off
for a day’s hiking.
3. The peace talks only seem to be making fitful progress.
6. John was furnished with a list of local solicitors.
4. The alarmed colonists believed that the yells of the
savages mingled with every fitful gust of wind that issued 7. Lyall’s evidence may have furnished police with a vital
from the interminable forests of the west. clue.
5. The enclosure, with all its provisions and ammunition, 8. The bedrooms are furnished in a traditional style and have
burnt noisily, with sudden gusts of flame, a fitful crackling, air-conditioning.
and now and then a crash. 9. The emerging technology of digital scanning furnishes
6. Waking from a fitful and fevered sleep to the sounds of an opportunity to provide access to these important
hip hop blasting through the house is not the kind of newspaper resources without destroying the resource
experience I wanted this morning.’ itself.
7. You can not, in a post-industrial nation, make more than 10. Her study was furnished with an antique desk and chair.
fitful sense of an early Victorian doctrine of class-war.
KI

8. He enters his home and passes a fitful night. (281)FUNDAMENTAL:

9. Encased in iron lungs, tortured victims vainly chased 1. And yet, human interaction is fundamental to our existence
slumber through long, fitful nights. and the ability to communicate with clarity and
10. I had the full command of my senses; and my eyes became understanding is a vitally important skill.’
used to the darkness, which was lit, here and there, by 2. Freedom of belief (note the Western turn of phrase) is
fitful gleams. fundamental to human rights, and it was Islam that first
proclaimed this value.
(279)FURY: 3. Building local social connections and informal support is
fundamental to preventing child abuse and neglect and
1. It was a deserted hallway, so I squeaked in alarm when
to building resilience in children and vulnerable families.
she spun around a corner to face me, her face contorted in
fury. 4. This is an issue of the most fundamental importance -
treating all human beings with dignity.
2. A white hot anger flared through him as he screamed in
fury. 5. Justice, integrity and trust in fundamental institutions are
essential social assets and social capital is as importantas
3. Howling in agony, the monster recoiled and twisted away,
economic prosperity.
flailing in fury.
6. And having achieved his narrow victory, the famous flip-
4. I could feel myself building with anger, a cold fury; an
flop on fundamental issues was second nature to Vajpayee.
anger that left me trembling from head to toe with my
heart racing in my chest. 7. There are little fundamental differences between the two
sects and the basic teachings are those of Mahavira for
5. He was known as a ruthless man whose anger could turn

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 both sects. 1. If you can forsake your fundamental principles for any
8. Peaceful demonstrations that do not cause a public reason then you are not the kind of person who can take
nuisance are a fundamental right in any truly democratic the country forward.
country. 2. I won’t forsake my vegetarian principles’.
9. Religious revivalism sometimes took the form of extreme 3. But at some point in life, you must abandon books, forsake
literalism, often termed fundamentalism. the forewarning words of others, and find out for yourself.’
10. there was religious pluralism there at a time when the rest 4. He decided to forsake politics for journalism.
of Europe was torn by fundamentalism 5. He has forsaken his native Finland to live in Britain.
6. More than 80 older men and women have forsaken
(282)FRUGAL: retirement to help at local schools.
1. I told you that I hated to waste money and that I was very 7. Forsaken by her friends, she sank deeper into depression.
frugal. 8. She forsook her suitors and renounced the comforts of
2. As children we were taught to be frugal and hard-working. her family home.
3. Entrepreneurs have to be particularly frugal and inventive. 9. He has forsaken his native Finland to live in Britain.

’S
4. The monks lead a frugal life, allowing themselves only the 10. Daylight began to forsake the red-room; it was past four
bare essentials. o’clock, and the beclouded afternoon was tending to drear
5. People who rely on the basic retirement pension must live twilight.
a frugal existence.
6. Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the (285)FORGO:
frugal traveler. 1. The board members have decided to forgo any salary
7. Over a frugal meal and by flickering candlelight, they increase.
discussed matters.’ 2. The men would not forgo the chance of a feast.
8. We’re having to be very frugal with our training budget 3. Novices were expected to forgo all earthly pleasures and
NG
this year. concentrate on the hereafter.
9. He found the president eating a frugal meal and using 4. I shall have to forgo the pleasure of seeing you this week.
pottery dishes and knife, fork, and spoon of iron.
5. The results showed poorer students were more likely to
10. The pay settlement must be frugal in order to avoid leave early - failing to finish or foregoing the chance to go
layoffs. on to a more advanced course.’
6. They will have to postpone weddings, miss the birth of
(283)FRAIL: children, abandon plans to go back to college, and forego
1. The 90-year-old widow still kept lots of the old records taking civilian jobs.’
she used to play at dance clubs all over the area, even 7. In order to reduce traffic congestion I have decided to
after she was too frail to dance herself.’ forego the privilege of witnessing the golf at first hand.’
2. It seemed impossible that these frail boats could survive 8. Council members were asked to forgo their pay raises.
in such a storm. 9. Who would forgo the chance of a winter in Rome, the
3. A fierce gale, huge waves, and a drenching rain bear down centre of things?
upon the frail whaling ship with all their might. 10. Across the country, hospital management has engaged in
KI

4. Burch was a slim, frail little woman with dark hair, a broad schemes to compel hospital workers to forego breaks and
low forehead, and patient mouth. put in longer shifts in order to maintain operations.’
5. The frail economies and volatile politics of some Pacific
countries were also a concern for the leaders. (286)FORBEAR:
6. The country’s administrative capabilities and public health 1. I cannot forbear observing the philosophical significance
services have remained frail and ineffective. of the fact that Autobiography fails to include a
7. People are frail and make stupid mistakes and one kiss in photograph of LeWitt himself.
a bar is not the end of the world, especially when she feels 2. His plan was such a success that even his original critics
so bad about it. could scarcely forbear from congratulating him.
8. That’s what public relations propaganda is all about - 3. The doctor said she was optimistic about the outcome of
conning frail, vain humans. the operation but forbore to make any promises at this
9. Some things about skiing - gravity, the inconvenient frailty early stage.
of bone and sinew - never change. 4. His looks were not quite friendly, and I was so revolted at
10. But those who understand the frailties of human nature these constant changes that I could not forbear
will find it easier to suspend disbelief, and even sympathise whispering, “So you’ve changed sides again.
a bit. 5. He decided to forbear from interfering.
6. I know that for myself it makes no difference whether I do
(284)FORSAKE: or forbear those actions which are reckoned excellent.

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7. A gentleman, he’s serious, polite, professional, even 2. To those choosing to marry someone of a different faith,
forbidding at first, emitting an air of patient forbearance. such marriages have flourished and will continue to do
8. He thanked his employees for the forbearance (that) they so.
had shown during the company’s difficult times. 3. It was a time of rapid economic growth for the new country
9. Faith, for Constantine, was a political matter; and any and the university flourished and rapidly expanded.’
faith conducive to unity was treated with forbearance. 4. Buddhism itself, however, continues to flourish, having
10. In all probability, patience, forbearance, and restraint successfully responded to the challenge of colonialism
would have conquered their hearts. and adapted to modern democracy.
5. Contrary to the expectations of the prophets of secularism,
the Christian religion continues to flourish in western
(287)FOLLY:
societies at the end of the twentieth century.
1. The Soviet colonisation of the Arctic was an act of extreme
6. As long as research continues to flourish, the conditions
folly and cruelty.
and collaborations necessary to further it will continue to
2. There is no future in trying to find a middle road between change.
folly and common sense.
7. Watercolour painting began to flourish in Britain around
3. It would be folly for the country to become involved in

’S
1750.
the war.
8. Indigenous people are proud of the fact they survived
4. It would be sheer folly to reduce spending on health the colonial era and they are determined to flourish,
education. continue their traditions and assert their rights.
5. In fact, the only social folly I committed was to pretend I 9. The congregation continued to grow and flourish.
understood about contraception.
10. Many species of waterfowl flourish in the island’s lagoons,
6. The judge described the incident as an act of folly. creeks, and mud flats, which attract many migrating North
7. It is absolute folly to go mountain climbing without the American species.
proper equipment.
NG
8. She soon realized the folly of her actions. (290)FLAW:
9. It is a peculiar folly, under these circumstances, for the 1. I think I’m interested in human characters that show flaws
rich to seek greater riches by selling weapons to the poor.’ and virtues,’ he says.
10. Political blunders and economic follies are depressing the 2. Lack of clarity is not a character flaw, so be kind to yourself,
Japanese economy. but take action.
3. These are not trivial errors on your part, they reveal a
(288)FLUX: fundamental flaw in your character.
1. Professional golfers in India are going through a period 4. Still he shows the sensitivity to show the weakness,
of flux. vulnerabilities, and flaws of the character.
2. The whole political system is in a state of flux’. 5. There were fundamental flaws in the case for reforming
3. Caribbean civilization represents the meeting of Old and local government’.
New Worlds and the freshness of being ever caught up in 6. Peer review has long been criticised for failing to identify
a creative whirlpool of constant flux. flaws in research.
4. Instead we have to appreciate that social order is 7. Complaints have also been made to the Ombudsman
KI

constantly fluid, ever in flux. alleging flaws in planning procedures, but these have been
5. This world is luminous with suffering; everything is fragile, rejected.
prone to flux. 8. What you’ve just said is the fatal flaw in your argument.
6. The capital is a city in permanent flux like no other, 9. My father definitely had his flaws and failings.
experiencing a constant process of generational and 10. The image has many flaws: nicks, scratches, persistent
demographic change. lines down the center, jitter, and a host of other problems.
7. Changing business practices leave the communications
process in flux.
(291)FIERCE:
8. Our plans are in a state of flux at the moment.
1. The tiger is the largest member of the cat family and a
9. The universe offers no such categories or simplifications; fierce predator’.
only flux and infinite variety.
2. She was a ferocious, fierce soldier, one who would go far.’
10. The constant flux of people and groups ensures that
3. The reality is that the centaur race is marked in myth as
human gene pools will always be mixed .
particularly war like and fierce.
4. Anti-monarchist rebels bombed the police base a,
(289)FLOURISH: triggering a fierce exchange of fire.
1. All animal life depends on plants, directly or indirectly, 5. Scientists told the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee last
and nowhere do plants flourish with such vigour and Wednesday that global warming will result in more fierce
variety as they do in the warm, wet tropical rainforests. hurricanes in the future.’

[56]
6. The weather has turned cold with fierce showers that pelt a major breakthrough.
like hail.
7. The trials have provoked fierce opposition from local (294)FEIGN:
people, particularly organic farmers and beekeepers who
1. If a predator approaches an active nest, the adults will
fear for their livelihood.
give alarm calls and often feign injury to draw the predator
8. The expansion plans will face fierce resistance from away.’
environmentalists.
2. At least three of his opponents claim he feigned injury as
9. Despite fierce competition she made a gallant effort to a psychological tactic.
win the first medal of the championships.
3. With knees bent in, they bob back and forth; some of the
10. A fierce storm forced the crew to abandon the yacht. men almost look like they’re feigning broken limbs.
4. She responded to his remarks with feigned amusement.
(292)FERVOUR: 5. At decision-making time these consequences are simply
1. Recite the Holy Qur’an with eagerness and fervour and left unmentioned, allowing organizational leaders to feign
put all your heart and soul in the recitation. surprise when qualitative costs finally assert themselves.
2. Their love for these artifacts often resembles the passion 6. Feigning a headache, I went upstairs to my room.

’S
one associates with religious fervor. 7. You can’t feign interest in something you loathe.
3. Many of the adherents may well be sincere, but, many 8. I grow angry and I curse them, and they feign penitence,
unscrupulous ones often whip up the masses with but behind my back I know they call me a toothless old
religious fervour to commit heinous crimes. ape.
4. The band perform with the such passion and fervour, it’s 9. Meriem decided that she would feign slumber and play a
hard to believe some of the songs are over a decade old. joke on Korak.
5. The country was swept by patriotic fervour. 10. The prosecution claimed that the defendant had feigned
6. The young magistrate had embraced orthodoxy with the the injury.
NG
fervour of a recent convert.
7. His eloquence and religious fervour had already given (295)FATIGUE:
the earnest of high eminence in his profession.
1. Caffeine prevents mental and physical fatigue by blocking
8. There is no fervour, no passion, and no straightforward receptors that notify the brain of low energy levels.
moral principle.
2. Two major causes of premature fatigue during exercise
9. Whether such brave ideas can thrive in the rough tide of are dehydration and carbohydrate depletion.
freedom alongside economic want and nationalist fervour
3. The symptoms of this illness were excessive physical
remains to be seen.
fatigue, inability to concentrate, and an unwillingness to
10. We’re all looking for a bit of excitement and patriotic eat or drink.
fervour.
4. Sleepiness and fatigue can affect physical and mental
capabilities to perform at safe levels.
(293)FERMENT: 5. A 75-year-old man was evaluated for unexplained chronic
1. The resignation of the president has left the country in fatigue, lethargy, and weight loss.
ferment. 6. Symptoms of hepatitis include chronic fatigue and liver
KI

2. In the 1960s, American society was in ferment. problems.

3. Yet there is a great religious fervor and ferment evident 7. She seemed depressed and was beginning to show signs
among not only young people but old and middle-aged as of fatigue.
well. 8. A child’s sleep problems cause parents fatigue and
3. The country is in a state of political ferment. unnecessary guilt.
4. More than 3,500 Scots, mainly woman and children, and 9. Symptoms of the illness include fever, fatigue, and loss of
their cats were killed in witch hunts at a time of political appetite.
intrigue and religious ferment. 10. Research shows that driver fatigue is a factor in
5. The underlying political ferment among many social strata approximately 25 % of all accidents on motorways and
is revealed by a growing number of smaller protests and trunk roads.
meetings.
6. The Quaker movement started in England in the mid-17th (296)FASCINATE:
century, a time of great religious and political ferment.’
1. That idea, of walking on the same ground as generations
7. Not all the banlieues are in ferment, of course. past, is one which has always fascinated me.
8. The reformulations are there because there is a ferment of 2. A certain type of film has always excited and fascinated
thought in process, demanding words. me and I can watch them over and over again.
9. His analysis of the causes of agrarian unrest and ferment 3. Mountains will always fascinate man; the temptation to
in Punjab was proved correct. conquer them is probably somewhere within most of us.
10. Out of this extraordinary ferment of experimentation came

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4. I’m always fascinated to hear from people of other 8. Some of Descartes’ claims were fallacious such as his belief
denominations, countries and faiths. that the velocity of light is infinite.
5. The idea of travelling through time fascinated him. 9. It is also a fallacious argument that heavy vehicles alone
6. What fascinates me about his poems is their apparent account for the recurring accidents.
simplicity. 10. As this magazine reluctantly pointed out at the time, it is
7. Ancient Egypt has always fascinated me. based on a fallacious theory that the brain works in strict
hierarchical order: that the midbrain develops before the
8. She was fascinated by the strange clothes and customs
cortex.
of the country people.
9. This fascinating book is about community, urban
regeneration and green issues, and the cycle of life. (299)FACTITIOUS:
10. The museum has a fascinating collection of exhibits 1. Researchers also note the need to examine the patient’s
ranging from Iron Age pottery to Inuit clothing. psychological status when hysteria, malingering, or
factitious illness may be a factor.
2. People with factitious disorder feign or actually induce
(297)FANATIC:
illness in themselves, typically to garner the nurturance

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1. But I cannot stand the posturing of fanatics of any of others.
religious or political group.
3. Most patients with factitious disorders are women with
2. Most people think that Afghans are religious fanatics and stable social networks, and more than half of these work
this is probably due to the media exposure. in medically related occupations.
3. He moved to Pakistan with his family before being forced 4. The outcry was, to a certain extent, factitious.
out by religious fanatics.
5. Malingering may be comorbid with alcohol and substance
4. International law has not thought of catering for the abuse, factitious disorder such as Ganser and
violent individual with a grudge against the state, for Munchausen Syndromes, conversion disorder and
instance, or the fanatic motivated by religious beliefs. especially antisocial personality disorder .
NG
5. And he is also a fitness fanatic whose strict regime has 6. The excitement was largely factitious and confined to the
added years to his playing career. media.
6. A fitness fanatic smashed a world record for endurance 7. For decades, physicians have known about so-called
running on a treadmill yesterday, by clocking up almost factitious disorder, better known in its severe form as
150 miles in just 48 hours. Munchausen syndrome.
7. His parents were religious fanatics who didn’t allow him 8. Feldman is a nationally known expert in the areas of
to play with other children. factitious disorders, Munchausen by proxy and
8. Rachel, being musical, was allowed to learn nothing but malingering, having written three books on these subjects.
music; she became a fanatic about music. 9. He threw out biting remarks on Lydgate’s tricks, worthy
9. In December 1980, there was a serious outbreak of rioting only of a quack, to get himself a factitious reputation with
by religious fanatics in the northern city of Kano. credulous people.
10. Gandhi was killed by a religious fanatic. 10. The love of domination never attains more than a factitious
elevation, that is sure to make enemies of all its neighbours.
(298)FALLACY:
KI

1. This fallacy is based on the misconception that the Holy

Prophet was ordered to be obeyed in his capacity of a
ruler, and not in the capacity of a prophet or messenger. (300)FABULOUS:
2. I can’t summon the necessary faith to believe in magic if I 1. Pyramids tell us about the fabulous lives of great pharaohs,
suspect it’s inconsistent nonsense, or a mess of who died surrounded by symbols of wealth and privilege.
superstitions based on fallacies.
2. Treating the family to a fabulous holiday is a secret dream
3. Much research has been done in the past few years into of everyone.
the history of Witchcraft and common beliefs proved to
3. The number of relics increased to a fabulous extent during
be fallacies.
the middle ages.
4. As a production-oriented ideology, communism was based
4. In the i i th century Simeon Seth, protovestiarius at the
upon the fallacy of production itself being the ultimate
Byzantine court, translated the fabulous history from the
purpose of economic activity.
Persian back into Greek.
5. Finally, yet another theory of fallacy says a fallacy is a
5. Nearly all the Brazilian supporters are wearing yellow shirts
failure to provide adequate proof for a belief, the failure
it’s a fabulous kaleidoscope of colour.
being disguised to make the proof look adequate.
6. She looked absolutely fabulous in her dress.
6. It is a common fallacy that women are worse drivers than
men. 7. Modern psychology, it may be, will endeavor to reduce
these alleged necromancies within a system, instead of
7. However, the assumption that productivity must be
rejecting them as altogether fabulous.
directly related to biomass or chlorophyll is a fallacy.

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8. They’ve got a fabulous apartment in the centre of Paris. sexual desires can and must expect custodial sentences
9. The unicorn is a fabulous creature. to mark the public abhorrence of this type of behaviour.
10. For thousands of years fabulous serpents and dragons 5. We were gratified by the response to our appeal.
have been the stuff of myth and traveller’s tales. 6. Too many men believe that women exist mainly to gratify
their needs.
(301)FABRICATE: 7. Children who can delay their desire for instant gratification
have been shown to do better in all walks of career and
1. They also charged the prosecution had fabricated evidence
financial future.
during the corruption trial.
8. Nationalism was something new and exciting and was a
2. He was late, so he fabricated an excuse to avoid trouble.
gratification to be explored vigorously.
3. The president has denied the allegations, which he said
9. The revolt at Bordeaux, supported as it was by material
were fabricated by his political opponents.
aid from Spain, gave him the opportunity of at once serving
4. Lawrence was found to have fabricated evidence to the his country and gratifying his long-cherished hatred of
Royal Commission.’ the Spaniards.
5. The fact that our enemies allegedly fabricate similar 10. It was a gratifying experience to find myself liked and

’S
evidence of wrongdoing on our part absolves us of accepted by my peers to an extent that I had never
responsibility to reveal true, unfabricated evidence. expected.
6. In a society with an imperfect legal system, any false case
can be fabricated, and they will also seem serious and
(304)GROTESQUE:
perfect from the outside.
1. Poverty is ugly and the most grotesque form of slavery.’
7. They accused the law enforcement authorities of violating
their civil rights by, among other things, fabricating 2. Gothic churches are full of devils and grotesque figures.
evidence. 3. The (Roman Catholic) parish church is remarkable for a
8. The police were accused of fabricating evidence. gate (Rdmertor) with grotesque sculptures of animals,
dating from the 12th century.
NG
9. Samsung will fabricate its own microprocessor.
4. The Greeks of that day would have had little respect for a
10. An electronic circuit is fabricated on a silicon wafer.
grotesque Egyptian figure, while the Egyptians were more
willing to accept divinity in any shape.
(302)GAUNT: 5. We visited the principal church, also—a curious old
1. She was achingly gaunt, her skin pasty white, the lines of structure, with a towerlike spire adorned with all sorts of
her face stark and startling in their prominence. grotesque images.
2. His gaunt features were beautified by an expression of 6. By now she’d had so much cosmetic surgery that she
singular force and benevolence. looked quite grotesque.
3. “Her smile took up ever more of her increasingly gaunt 7. Today we are faced with a particularly grotesque form of
face. appeasement.
4. He could see his reflection, turned gaunt and ashen, in 8. Even grimmer and more grotesque scenarios are amply
the fragment of mirror propped against the lavatory available in the world of globalization.
window. 9. At the very least I claim to be pitiful, grotesque, or
5. Her elfin face was thin and angular, almost gaunt, with a appalling.
KI

small, straight nose. 10. There is but one step from the grotesque to the horrible.
6. When I visited him in hospital Albert looked terrible —
his face was gaunt and his hair had turned grey.
(305)GRUESOME:
7. Windsor Castle stood out, gaunt and noble in the mist.
1. Why such gruesome murders are happening again and
8. More than 80,000 fans filled the big, gaunt ground. again is really a thought-provoking question.
9. With Ahmed as our guide, we are taken to a gaunt, 2. The spurious impact of channels on society is an issue of
dilapidated building. gruesome and far-reaching consequences.
10. On the tram ride out you pass building sites and the gaunt 3. The newspaper article included a gruesome description
trusses of an overgrown railway bridge. of the murder.
4. Thousands of miles away, Gabriel was with one of his
(303)GRATIFY: death dealers surveying the gruesome discovery.
1. But Charles owed a grudge against Holland, and he was 5. The antique woodcuts, etchings, and contemporary
determined to gratify it. photographs that illustrate the book are at once gruesome
2. It’s an understatement to say that I’m gratified by the and riveting.
response generated by the inaugural podcast. 6. There has been a series of gruesome murders in the capital.
3. Under colonialism, a nation is a ground on which men 7. The manner of his sacking was gruesome enough - a clean
may gratify their desires for control and honor. sacking turned into a protracted public humiliation for
4. Anyone who abuses young girls in order to gratify their both men.

[59]
8. The gruesome murder shocked and revolted the nation, creativity and in the use of technology.
igniting a debate on the killers’ future. 3. Once upon a time, Triton had been a gigantic deity, ruling
9. He begins his career as a boy with gruesome, bloody the deep ocean of the unknown.
experiments on live animals. 4. Bushes looked like gigantic trees and level ground like
10. The fur trade is a violent, bloody business but these skins cliffs and slopes.
are particularly gruesome. 5. Liberty is a gigantic figure of a woman in Greek draperies,
holding in her right hand a torch....
(306)GASP: 6. In each of the sides was a gigantic archway, the wall being
1. As the city gasps for fiscal air, it’s only fair to be clear that raised in a square from above the entrance.
the city’s budget difficulties are a result of provincial 7. He was of gigantic strength, which he maintained by
mendacity and not local mismanagement. constant physical exercises.
2. Police and firefighters gasped for air as they emerged from 8. Gigantic waves more than 40 feet high crashed against
the sealed-off area. the boat.
3. Rose finished her speech, gasping slightly for breath, 9. I stepped out of the airport at 6.30 am and walked into
pulling the dressing gown around her further. what seemed to be a gigantic sauna.

’S
4. When she saw the money hidden in the box she gasped in 10. His emblematic white mullet and gigantic cigar are
surprise. reassuringly in place.
5. Ollie gasped with pain and slumped forward.
6. But the poor paunchy guy had been stuffed into a jumpsuit (309)GORGEOUS:
from which he seemed to gasp for air. 1. The hotel was set on the beach itself, with a beautiful
7. He gasped in agony as his knees smashed into a rock. view of the white, white sands and the gorgeous sunset.
8. We gasped for breath and fought off the pain, desperate 2. It’s a lush, sleepy island with gorgeous coves and citrus
not to lose. fruit hanging like jewels from the trees.
NG
9. In the early songs it’s nothing but pain, but in the sultry 3. Palm-fringed beaches, guaranteed gorgeous weather and
love ballads, the hurting man gasps his sigh of relief and an equally warm local welcome make it one of the finest
release. holiday hot-spots.
10. My breaths shortened considerably, until I audibly gasped 4. The fish fauna of the islands is especially noted for the
for air.’ gorgeous colouring of many of the species.
5. Even in Mexican and Mayan sculptures the gods are
(307)GAY: arrayed in gorgeous breech-clouts.
1. The musicians arrived and began to strike up the lively 6. Several birds of gorgeous plumage come north into Egypt
harps, lutes, joyful drums and gay flutes. in the spring, among others the golden oriole, the sun-
bird, the roller and the blue-cheeked bee-eater.
2. Some people cannot take criticism, and expect everything
to always be happy and gay. 7. Some of these Renaissance buildings are absolutely
gorgeous.
3. The commercial area was especially gay, decorated with
countless coloured lights. 8. From our hotel, there were gorgeous views of the city.
4. We had a gay old time down at the dance hall. 9. I had a gorgeous mushroom soup for starters and then a
KI

main course of salmon, with noodles and vegetables.

5. We had passed through a great forest on which stood
myriads of trees, some gay with blossoms, others rich 10. There are palm trees and the weather is gorgeous all the
with fruits. time and it’s really quite an idyllic spot.
6. He was decked out in a bright orange suit with a gay,
orange floral tie. (310)GRACIOUS:
7. And she laughed, laughed at how happy, gay, and carefree 1. And, of course, her majesty, the queen, and Prince Philip,
her tone sounded. were very gracious and generous and nice to us when we
8. The toilet paper of 1930 was gaily advertised as ‘splinter- stayed there.
free! 2. The losing team was gracious in defeat.
9. The people love their cities - the concerts in the park in 3. I am deep in your debt, my most gracious lord and master.
summer, the grand operas, the canals along the promenade 4. I grieve that my waning strength prevents rejoicing in the
where children sail gaily colored toy boats. sight of your most gracious presence.
10. The tree lights twinkled gaily across the lake. 5. He was such a gracious host, it was remarked that in
another life he might have run a great hotel.
(308)GIGANTIC: 6. An air of gracious living and elegance combines with all
1. Gas is transported in gigantic tankers and stored in tanks modern facilities.
so cold that they create permafrost around them. 7. The 18th century was the period when Nancy assumed its
2. Animation is a genre that has taken gigantic strides in present form as one of the most elegant and gracious
small cities in Europe.

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8. The gracious God allowed Adam and Eve to live, though 9. On the 4th of September 1896 the assembly formally
he banished them from the Garden of Eden. accepted the new constitution and declared its gratitude
9. The Christian principle of gracious forgiveness is, then, a to the powers for their intervention.
good one, but it is extremely difficult for Christians 10. The greatest antidepressant is gratitude.
themselves to observe it.
10. Physically attractive and possessed of considerable (313)GRUDGE:
personal charm, his demeanour was self-effacing, gracious
1. He held a grudge against me, and so he made up lies to
and polite.
slander me.
2. Elephants are renowned for their long memories and are
(311)GRANDEUR: not unknown to bear grudges.
1. It was evident that the period grandeur of the Museum 3. We are Russians and will not grudge our blood in defense
buildings greatly impressed the youngsters. of our faith, the throne, and the Fatherland!
2. The fading grandeur of its shops and its Victorian public 4. But Charles owed a grudge against Holland, and he was
buildings stands testimony to a golden past but a very determined to gratify it.
uncertain future.
5. People often grudge others when they cannot enjoy

’S
3. The West Indian islands became the hub of the British themselves.
Empire, of immense importance to the grandeur and
6. Potter bears a grudge against potter, and craftsman against
prosperity of England.
craftsman, and beggar is envious of beggar, and bard of
4. What makes his work memorable is this ability to observe bard.
people as they exhibited all their grandeur and flaws.
7. When you hold a grudge, you want someone else’s sorrow
5. There are admirers of rugged grandeur who are content to reflect your level of hurt but the two rarely meet.
merely to survey the scene from easy points of vantage.
8. I grudged the time I had to spend doing housework instead
6. “The world is charged with the grandeur of God” . of playing.
7. I liked the simple, wild grandeur of the palisades.
NG
9. The servants continue to hover disdainfully on the
8. Of mountain, lake, plateau and forest, which for scenic sidelines, grudgingly carrying out the master’s orders.
grandeur is almost unequalled in any other part of the 10. The acceptance of distance education has occurred
United States. somewhat grudgingly by traditional colleges and
9. A dim consciousness of infinite mystery and grandeur universities.’
lies beneath all the commonplace of life . There is an
awfulness and a majesty around us, in all our little
(314)GRUMBLE:
worldliness .
1. Motorists who grumble about the lack of parking spaces
10. The West Indian islands became the hub of the British
in city centres are selfish and stupid.
Empire, of immense importance to the grandeur and
prosperity of England. 2. Some grumble and gripe, and lurch from crisis to crisis.
3. She grumbled something incomprehensible, and he had
to stifle a smile.
(312)GRATITUDE:
4. She spent the evening grumbling to me about her job.
1. On the whole there was little evidence of gratitude towards
the Coalition. 5. The governed will always find something to grumble about.
KI

2. As a result of these victories, each man had the admiration 6. Farmers are always grumbling about the weather.
of the world and the undying gratitude of his nation. 7. Company executives grumble that analysts are obsessed
3. We would like to express our deep gratitude for your with short-term performance at the expense of long-term
generous support. growth and profitability.
4. The Emperor’s gratitude was announced to the vanguard, 8. You never hang your coat up,” she grumbled.
rewards were promised, and the men received a double 9. The man grumbled angrily as he glared down from atop of
ration of vodka. his horse.
5. The thought of their gentle courtesy and genuine 10. I grumbled a few obscenities underneath my breath, and
kindness brings a warm glow of joy and gratitude to my slung his heavy pack over my shoulder.
heart.
6. The older generation often complains that kids today (315)HAUGHTY:
don’t have any gratitude for the advantages and privileges
1. Her demeanor was proud and haughty, and her stance
they’ve been given.
bespoke power and determination.
7. To Harley himself he was bound by gratitude and by a
2. They became haughty and arrogant, and began to love
substantial agreement in principle, but with the rest of the
the art of subterfuge and deception, as well as politics
Tory ministry he had no sympathy.
and law.
8. People who readily express their gratitude are more
3. They became haughty and arrogant, and began to love
empathetic and have better mental health than those who
the art of subterfuge and deception, as well as politics
don’t.

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 and law. pile.
4. She flicked him a haughty smile, then strode briskly on. 9. The universe is haphazard, morally neutral, and
5. It was, however, due to his haughty and violent temper unimaginably violent.
that the traditional friendly relations between Turkey and 10. Thus, heterogeneity in beliefs within the organization
France were broken. makes performance more haphazard.
6. He was haughty and cruel, rapacious and given to luxury;
he was neither a general nor an administrator. (318)HILARIOUS:
7. Life of dependence was insupportable to his haughty 1. The nun’s attempts to flee from the convent supposedly
spirit. create hilarious situations.
8. She was a woman of haughty and fierce carriage, a nimble 2. The Web site also contains hilarious photos, humorous
wit and active spirit, a very voluble tongue, more bold comics and cartoon strips.
than a man.
3. It’s a hilarious film full of gems of comic absurdity that are
9. People thought of him as being haughty and difficult to mixed in with nonchalant understatement.
talk to.
4. The Aboriginal rebellion is as tragic as life aboard the
10. Towards the other wives and their children she was always Sincerity is hilarious.

’S
extremely imperious, haughty and pretentious.’
5. Our attempts at dancing were hilarious - we all kept
tripping over each other.
(316)HUMILIATE: 6. Our circumstance is abject, indefensible, and terrifying. It
1. As far as I am aware, humiliating your colleagues in public would be hilarious if the stakes were not so high.
is not the best way to foster team spirit. 7. He had a fund of hilarious tales.
2. They humiliated Brian, subjecting him to a torrent of 8. He didn’t like the film at all - I thought it was hilarious.
physical and emotional abuse.
9. His hilarious five-minute soliloquy about his complex
3. How could you humiliate me by questioning my judgment wedding arrangements was fabulous.
NG
in front of everyone like that?
10. There are no signposts and definitely no laughter tracks,
4. Her boss humiliated her in front of all her colleagues. but the dialogue is bone dry and the script hilarious.
5. The invading army took every opportunity to humiliate
the local peasants.
(319)HYPOTHETICAL:
6. Alexander had practically surrendered his authority to an
1. The study was based on a hypothetical, 40-million-gallon-
incapable aristocracy, whose sole idea of ruling was
per-year ethanol plant and national averages.
systematically to oppress and humiliate the lower classes.
2. Theoretical explanations in the sciences tend to be of an
7. North Vietnam cannot defeat or humiliate the United States.
essentially hypothetical nature.
Only Americans can do that.
3. Profits and expanding industries A few hypothetical
8. Women were humiliated and brutalised as part of a
examples will explain more concretely how the market
campaign to demean their ethnicity.
system determines what is to be produced.
9. at first Chechen war ended in humiliating defeat for the
4. But such a hypothetical simplicity is the necessary step
Russian forces in 1996.
for solving the more complex problems of nature.
10. Sexual harassment is quite common in schools and can be
5. The viceroys of Peru still persevered in their attempts to
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humiliating and frightening.’

plant a colony in the hypothetical southern continent.
6. No language exists that cannot be misused... Every
Interpretation is hypothetical, for it is a mere attempt to
(317)HAPHAZARD: read an unfamiliar text.
1. The music business works in a haphazard fashion’. 7. A hypothetical theory is necessary, as a preliminary step,
2. International festival screenings of the uncut version to reduce the expression of the phenomena to simplicity
followed in a somewhat haphazard fashion. and order before it is possible to make any progress in
framing an abstractive theory.
3. Organization was haphazard; there were far too few
bishops, and some were invalidly consecrated. 8. For some time, legal scholars invoked the dilemma of the
‘equal opportunity harasser’ as a hypothetical paradox.
4. He tackled the problem in a typically haphazard manner.
9. The Kuiper belt is a hypothetical massive flattened disc
5. Educational provision in the country is haphazard.
of billions of icy planetesimals supposedly left over from
6. Ministry seems to have grown up in a haphazard manner, the formation of the solar system.
basically in response to the need that various functions
10. If the theories are successful, some one will find a more
be performed.
direct way of showing that the hypothetical entities are
7. The only difficulty with the captain was, that he knew actually there.
nothing of her malady, and that his medical science was
of a most haphazard kind.
(320)HEINOUS:
8. She left her books standing precariously in a haphazard
1. Her angelic appearance and heinous crimes have made

[62]
 her an object of morbid public fascination. the most revolutionary move.
2. Also the list of heinous offences should be expanded to 5. The crowds hailed the boxing champion.
cover social and economic offences. 6. Although hailing from York originally, the family moved
3. They feel that certain crimes are so heinous that executing to Yeadon during the war.
the criminal is the only reasonable response. 7. He hails from Virginia but has resided for several years in
4. He might end up in prison, but, however long his sentence the Swinford area.
and however heinous his crime, his citizenship was secure. 8. Despite my strong Scottish ties, all I knew about my
5. Yet even in the enlightened 18th century popular ancestors was that they had originally hailed from Africa.
fanaticism made of sacrilege the most heinous offence. 9. Though based in Glasgow, three members of the band
6. It is a heinous thing to kill one who is of noble blood. originally hail from the north-east of Scotland.
7. Yes, human life is the most sacred thing and taking other 10. Originally he hailed from Malaysia, then studied
people’s lives is a heinous act. architecture at Oxford, qualifying in 1984.
8. It is a heinous thing to kill one who is of noble blood.
9. But to plan somebody’s murder is a particularly heinous (323)HALLMARK:
crime and I think few people would do that.

’S
1. After all, a glaring double standard has been a hallmark of
10. The decision of the Home Secretary was based on the our nation’s drug policy for decades.
fact that some crimes are so heinous as to justify life 2. Intellectual consistency is the hallmark of a fine legal mind.
imprisonment.
3. The tiny bubbles are the hallmark of fine champagnes’.
4. The explosion had all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack.
(321)HABITATION:
5. Her health was a hallmark of her personality.
1. Only about 100 of the islands are inhabited or capable of
6. Their ability to work under tight deadlines is a hallmark of
human habitation.
their professionalism.
2. Many live either in accommodation not fit for human
7. “The sense of guilt is the hallmark of civilized humanity”.
NG
habitation or are without housing entirely and have to
make do living on the streets. 8. Participation is a hallmark of democratic governance.
3. There was no sign of habitation as far as the eye could 9. Incomprehensible jargon is the hallmark of a profession.
see. 10. Standing up to bullies is the hallmark of a civilized society.
4. They assert that the destiny of the soul is related to the
activity of the soul during its habitation in the body. (324)HAMPER:
5. The social base for Congress had been the landed elite 1. Experts say a lack of funds is hampering the fight against
and the rural habitations they controlled. bird flu in Asian countries such as Indonesia, where a
6. The usual habitation built both by Arabs and Nubas is fifth victim died on Monday.
the tukl, a conical-shaped hut made of stone, mud, wattle 2. The Health Minister had stated in the Assembly that lack
and daub or straw. of funds was hampering the development and cleaning
7. 20 percent of private-rented dwellings are unfit for human works in hospitals.
habitation. 3. The police organised several cranes to tow away vehicles
8. A decade or so before there used to be fewer fishermen in the area that were hampering the movement of the fire
KI

houses but now the habitations have become much more fighters.
sprawling. 4. Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and
9. Thousands of activists are working to stop mindless there is now little chance of finding more survivors.
conversion of these unique ecosystems into crowded 5. She tried to run, but was hampered by her heavy suitcase.
habitations.’
6. Search efforts were hampered by strong winds and fifteen
10. No road was to be seen leading to the right or to the left, foot waves.
no sign of human habitation in the vicinity.
7. The police’s work is hampered by people who file false
complaints.
(322)HAIL: 8. An attempt to rescue the men has been hampered by bad
1. Working too much takes its toll on people’s health and weather.
relationships, yet most workaholics are hailed as heroes, 9. The complications of Chinese writing greatly hamper
or at least model employees. education.
2. When the vaccine was introduced in 1988 it was hailed as 10. Furthermore, research has been hampered by a lack of
the key to eradicating the three childhood diseases standardised measures.
measles, mumps and rubella in this country.
3. Its relatively peaceful transition from apartheid to
(325)HANDY:
multiracial democracy was rightly hailed as a miracle.
1. A Local post office is a vital cornerstone to everyday life,
4. When the traffic police mooted a proposal to ban parking
a familiar, handy and extremely useful service.
on the city’s arterial roads two years ago, it was hailed as
2. Our modern metric units, like the gram or the centimetre,

[63]
 originate from their handy description of everyday soon.’
quantities.
3. First-time visitors to France will find this guide particularly (328)HARASS:
handy.
1. First, until 1965, African-Americans were harassed and
4. The brush is handy for vacuuming stubborn dust and intimidated at the polls by whites and it was LEGAL.
dirt’.
2. A 33-year-old man who harassed a teenage girl and her
5. While hard copy is convenient and handy for swatting family has lost an appeal against his conviction.
insects and small dogs, it really is both a business and
3. Being harassed at work can leave you feeling confused
environmental luxury.
and helpless’.
6. There are situations in which a wireless desktop is handy.
4. Many of the girls pointed out that the boys should realise
7. Don’t throw those bottles away - they’ll come in handy (= that harassing a girl will end up having negative
be useful) for the picnic next Sunday. consequences for them too.
8. Take your swimming trunks with you – they might come 5. A number of black youths have complained of being
in handy. harassed by the police.
9. Leave the squeegee in the bath so it is handy to reach the 6. One woman claimed that she had been sexually harassed

’S
next time you need it. by a male manager.
10. Jonathan’s good at putting up wallpaper, but he’s not so 7. conspirators, harassed by their enemies, and often at odds
handy with a paintbrush. among themselves, scrambled through civil war and
Japanese invasion to seize power.
(326)HANDICAP: 8. From Tunisia, a guerrilla army of tens of thousands of
1. In cases of severe mental handicap, constant supervision troops harassed French units arrayed along the border.
is recommended. 9. The army was constantly harassed by groups of terrorists.
2. He was born with a significant visual handicap’. 10. In addition the crusaders used light cavalry and horse
NG
3. Handicaps give people with different abilities an equal archers in large numbers to harass the enemy, to scout,
chance of winning. and to supplement the knights.
4. My current golf handicap is nine.
5. He’s improved a lot, and his handicap has come down (329)HARMONIOUS:
from 18 to 12. 1. A harmonious relationship with trust and respect flowing
6. Battling against painful odds to remain in the game the in all directions amongst the stakeholders will be to
little genius still plays off a scratch handicap hoping to everyone’s long term advantage.
comeback to competitive golf. 2. The author appropriately declares that, contrary to pre-
7. All students of Judo are courageous and inspiring, and 1980s scholarship, Bamana culture is not homogeneous
all of them overcome great difficulties and personal or harmonious.
handicaps. 3. Beginning in early childhood, girls are socialized to
8. Poor means of communication have always been a great maintain harmonious relationships by negotiating conflict.
handicap to the industries of the island. 4. The gentle humour and satire make a harmonious blend.
9. The lack of capacity and facilities is also a handicap to 5. It is always better to have a harmonious blend of the
KI

success in the lower divisions. ancient and the modern.

10. They faced severe handicaps because of limited education 6. Osmania University was a harmonious blend of Hindu-
and job skills, inadequate English, and racial prejudice. Muslim architecture, Prof. Rao pointed out.
(327)HANKER: 7. Music is a kind of harmonious language.
1. I’ve been hankering to visit my father’s birthplace for many 8. The decor is a harmonious blend of traditional and modern.
years. 9. Within the meditative tradition, cheerfulness is considered
2. She hankered for a new life in a different country. to be the natural, harmonious and wholesome expression
3. At the age of four, she could read fast and well and she of our truest self.
naturally began hankering after books. 10. If both you and the other person can find something to
4. I’ve been hankering for a hot dog. laugh about together it paves the way for a harmonious
transaction.
5. I had certainly found the rural setting I had been hankering
after.
6. He was hankering after the bright lights of the city. (330)HARNESS:
7. She had always hankered after thick curly hair. 1. Wind energy and solar power could be harnessed to heat
the dwellings and provide enough energy for daily needs.
8. He hankered to revisit his childhood home.
2. A waste to energy plant where heat generated in the
9. He hankered after a lost golden age’.
process will be harnessed to provide enough power for
10. Paul O’Neill was not a person looking, really hankering to 50,000 homes.
get back into national politics and national policy anytime
3. Each electrical appliance harnesses the energy of electrons

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 in some way to create a useful side effect. 7. Fighting in Vietnam was an experience that would haunt
4. Today’s windmills are entirely computerized, with sensors him for the rest of his life.
that allow them to turn into the wind to harness energy as 8. The map indicates the places most densely haunted by
efficiently as possible. thieves in Shanghai in an effort to help people prevent
5. There is a great deal of interest in harnessing wind and thefts.
waves as new sources of power. 9. During the day he haunted the town’s cinemas.
6. We can harness the power of the wind to generate 10. I shall haunt the streets until my madness is quenched.
electricity.
7. The Missouri River is harnessed for hydroelectric power. (333)HAZARD:
8. A hybrid type of society emerged, in which archaic social 1. Tornado hazard in such regions is probably somewhat
forces were harnessed to modern industrial techniques. higher than the model predicts.
9. If you can harness your energy, you will accomplish a 2. It’s expected to make users aware of the scientific
great deal. uncertainties about the use of mobiles and will focus on
10. Attempts are now being made to harness the sun as a the potential health hazards to children.
source of heat and power. 3. Ensuring safe delivery and optimal care of the baby at

’S
birth eliminates the risk of peri-natal hazards to the brain.
(331)HATCH: 4. The Department of Education recently wrote to all primary
1. He alleged that the duo had hatched a plan to carry out a schools reminding them of the potential health hazards
robbery that night and they armed themselves with two posed by overweight schoolbags.
fence posts taken from a nearby garden. 5. We all know that in contemporary science the greatest
2. Then an elaborate plot was hatched to concoct the perfect occupational hazard is simultaneous discovery.
assassination of the world leader. 6. Nothing is maintained, sewer networks, water pipes, or
3. In the week before the key meeting of the Council last treatment plants, so health hazards have flourished.
NG
November, a plan was hatched to call a second meeting 7. Across the country the organisation has brought together
for February 12 to review progress on decommissioning. experts in infectious disease, and chemical and radiation
4. With nothing to lose, he must have hatched an escape hazards.
plan. 8. Choked drains and polluted water bodies are to be tracked
5. He was accused of hatching a plot to assassinate the and cleaned up as they are the potential sources of health
Pope. hazards.
6. Their mother was sure that left alone, the twins would 9. Gale force winds made driving conditions hazardous and
hatch a mischievous plan. caused traffic chaos in parts of the region today.
7. He hatched a plan with Matt to sell things on the Internet. 10. Much of the waste found on the beaches is fishing waste
that can be extremely hazardous to wildlife.
8. He is the third cabinet member to resign, purportedly over
the scandal hatched by a provincial governor linking
Estrada to illegal gambling. (334)HECTIC:
9. He tells his brother what he has seen and together they 1. The two days we spent there were enjoyable but hectic.
hatch a plot to catch her. 2. Modern life is becoming more hectic by the minute.
KI

10. They are in cahoots together, hatching a plan to take Daniel 3. Due to my ever increasingly hectic schedule, I have taken
down with the help of a young, top-notch karate champ. to keeping a diary with me at all times.
4. Hectic western lifestyles don’t allow us the time or head
(332)HAUNT: space to really relax.
1. She cowered in a dark corner crying for the rest of the 5. The area has become a haven for people tired of the hectic
night, the scary sight still haunting her nervous mind. pace of city life.
2. His gloomy presence haunted her mind once more and 6. Pakistan’s booming economy is most clearly visible in the
she shut her eyes, trying to shut the memories of him hectic building activity in Lahore.
away. 7. The annual summer festival, which came to a close on
3. The town coroner, Horace is a nervous, businesslike man Thursday July 25, was, overall, a hectic, enjoyable and
who is haunted by the people who died in his medical fun-filled week.
care during the war. 8. Well, the village is settling back into a normal routine
4. I’m still learning how to write, and I don’t want the again after all the hectic activities organised around
mistakes I made when I was a kid haunting me later on. Christmas.
5. In my younger days I was haunted by the ghosts of piglets, 9. The Navy has spent several hectic days examining the
and the memory of those phantom piglets snuffling at my wayward bombs.
feet remains a source of trauma for me even today. 10. But I have to admit that, during the most hectic hour of
6. 30 years after the fire he is still haunted by images of my professional career, I omitted one vital midwifery task.
death and destruction.

[65]
 (335)HETEROGENOUS: hinder progress because people were using a different
1. The compartmented genetic system of the plant cell is of part of the brain.
heterogenous phylogenetic origin. 5. High winds have hindered firefighters in their efforts to
2. Switzerland is a heterogeneous confederation of 26 self- put out the blaze.
governing cantons. 6. Her progress certainly hasn’t been hindered by her lack
3. The U.S. has a very heterogeneous population. of experience.
4. Ultrasound examination revealed a predominantly 7. Society’s attitudes about women hinder any real progress
hypoechoic and heterogenous mass that almost replaced toward equality.
the entire right testicle. 8. He will not hinder anything useful nor allow anything
5. A computed tomographic scan showed a heterogenous harmful.
tumor with central hyperdensity and patchy calcification. 9. In theory there is nothing to hinder our following what we
6. We have already made the point that most political cultures are taught; but in life there are many things to draw us
are heterogeneous. aside.
7. Unfortunately because of the heterogenous nature of most 10. Unproductive guilt hinders your behaviour in a variety of
food proteins, knowledge of their molecular structure and ways.

’S
the relationship between structure and functional
attributes in food systems is relatively limited. (338)HORRID:
8. The compartmented genetic system of the plant cell is of 1. I was wearing the standard graduation robe in a horrid red
heterogenous phylogenetic origin. colour.
9. Provisionally this genus has been grouped with the Ratitae, 2. His experimental jazz recordings were simply horrid,
which at any rate are a heterogenous assembly. though I recognize that I think that only because I tend to
10. In the first stage, we primarily dealt with homogeneous regard the entire genre as horrid.
networks, then moved to inter-networks that are 3. Also, my apologies for the atrocious spelling and grammar
heterogeneous in nature. mistakes, they’re horrid!
NG
4. I feel grim and horrid, but it’s a cold and I will recover.
(336)HIERARCHY: 5. Every soldier in the field saw crippling and horrid injuries,
1. On the other hand, family income and education, which and one can imagine the impact that had.
may reflect rank in the social hierarchy, are strongly related 6. Money’s a horrid thing to follow, but a charming thing to
to health. meet.
2. For far too long in this country we’ve had institutions 7. An horrid stillness first invades the ear, And in that silence
that have been bound by class, by hierarchy. we the tempest fear.
3. As a republican, I hate rigid social hierarchy. 8. Your distasteful language is almost as horrid as your
4. He sought retreat in a feudal world of deference, appearance!
aristocracy and hierarchy. 9. By the July Fourth holiday, conditions in the forest
5. He rose quickly through the political hierarchy to become probably will have deteriorated beyond horrid.
party leader. 10. He was always a horrid little boy for all his pretty face,
6. She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy and now he’s a horrid man.
KI

to become president.
7. The hierarchy of dukes and marquises and counts (339)HOSPITABLE:
consisted of foreign soldiers imposed on.
1. Samoans are quite simply the friendliest, most hospitable
8. The government surveyed rural monasteries and schools, people you’re ever likely to meet.
and reconstituted the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
2. It is important to be warm and hospitable to visitors by
9. The caste system categorized Hindus into a social offering them food and drink.
hierarchy.
3. I met and became very good friends with David Gilbert
10. As families assimilated, the traditional hierarchies and his family, who were very kind, hospitable and friendly
flattened, giving women and children a greater voice in to me.
their households.
4. He invited me to his home where I was treated to a luxurious
dinner and given a wonderful and hospitable welcome.
(337)HINDER: 5. The villagers were very hospitable to anyone who passed
1. Stay away from iced beverages because they hinder through.
digestion and can create toxins leading to skin breakouts. 6. They are hospitable to people of their own caste, but to
2. Fears of potential difficulties and simple uncertainty no others.
hinders them from getting stronger. 7. Eventually the planet will no longer be hospitable to
3. Blind faith in an over-subscribed, vainglorious myth will humans because we continue to gravely mutilate the
only hinder you. environment.
4. Difficulties like dyslexia or similar learning difficulties 8. It is generally known that anthrax bacteria can live for

[66]
 decades in the soil or other hospitable environments. to eat, drink and be as merry as a monarch.
9. Egyptians are very friendly people, and even the poorest 2. Shopping malls, pubs, icecream parlours and restaurants
person will show hospitality to a stranger. are humming with activity till late hours.
10. Bishop Ward, who was bishop of Salisbury in the late 3. The club restaurant has been shut for several months,
17th century, had a reputation for hospitality towards his but is humming with activity when I arrive, preparing for
guests. its relaunch.
4. Towns we remember as sleepy are now humming with
(340)HOSTILE: antiques shops and coffeehouses.
1. There has been a hostile reaction to the government’s 5. The bar was really humming last night.
proposed tax increases. 6. On Saturday morning, the town hums with activity.
2. The company has managed to fight off a hostile takeover 7. The lobby was just a few paces away, literally humming
bid . with activity.
3. He’s famous for conducting hostile interviews with 8. Three hundred marshalling yards, 2,300 goods sheds and
politicians. 700 repair depots keep humming with activity all the time.
4. A couple of months before he died, he became very hostile, 9. The repair shops are humming as the tradesmen set about

’S
very angry and he complained of horrible headaches. their various tasks’.
5. This pope initiated the dangerous policy of playing one 10. The whole stadium was humming with excitement.
hostile force off against another with a view to securing
independence.
(343)HUMANE:
6. Local people are hostile towards the plan, which would
1. The humane treatment of the animals was also a major
involve a significant tax increase.
priority.
7. Many of the animals are hostile to humans: for example,
2. Generally, people who are astrologers or consult
poisonous snakes and fierce mountain cats.
astrologers are humane, compassionate, insightful people,
NG
8. Usually, the front armor is the strongest, so it’s a good by and large.
idea to attack hostile tanks from the rear, or at least the
3. I have full faith that our scientists will go forward with a
side.
moral compass - with humane values and sound ethics
9. Military officials do not believe the crash was caused by guiding the way.
hostile fire.
4. The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal is to
10. American generals have the power to order the destruction kill it quickly.
of any hostile aircraft, if they do not have time to contact
5. Imprisonment is not a humane form of punishment.
senior politicians.
6. French revolutionaries considered death by guillotine to
be a more humane method of execution.
(341)HOVER:
7. He was a fairly humane man toward slaves and other
1. Army helicopters hovered overhead as mobile telephone animals; he was an exceedingly humane man toward the
networks were shut down to prevent crowds erring of his own race.
communicating.
8. The rising of 1863 may without injustice be said to be due
2. A hawk hovered in the sky, waiting to swoop down on its to the more humane policy of the tsar Alexander II.
KI

prey.
9. The United Nations is sending humanitarian aid (= food
3. More than 500 police backed up by helicopters hovering and supplies to help people) to the areas worst affected
overhead were involved in raids across Sydney and by the conflict.
Melbourne.
10. A huge relief effort will be required to avert a humanitarian
4. The sun was coming up over the old Sears building as a disaster.
gaggle of women hovered over their toddlers and scurried
across the street to catch the 5 bus.
(344)HUMOROUS:
5. A waiter hovered at the table, ready to take our order.
1. His unique style with witty delivery and humorous asides
6. His expression hovered between cynicism and puzzlement.
kept the show humming along.
7. In the gathering dusk, a full moon hovered over the eastern
2. The film has some mildly humorous moments.
sky.
3. He was so set up that he concluded to make a speech —
8. Inflation is hovering at three percent.
of course a humorous speech.
9. Swarms of flies and mosquitoes hover over the marshes.
4. Never say a humorous thing to a man who does not
10 Crude oil prices are hovering around record levels and possess humour: he will always use it in evidence against
Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico has been cited as you.
one of the reasons for the latest spikes.
5. By the miracle of genius he created a masterpiece [ Parzival
], epic in scope, noble in purpose, humorous, humane,
(342)HUM: tender, and rational.
1. Windsor and the surrounding towns hum with great places 6. Sometimes a teacher might be humorous, but not a

[67]
 humorist. imperative desire for continuity.
7. Jimmy was one of nature’s gentlemen, blessed with a great
personality and he was of a warm and humorous nature. (347)INTERVENE:
8. I think it’s better to be a little bit humorous, not just 1. A watershed was reached when NATO forces intervened
lugubrious if you can help it. in Kosovo in 1999.
9. She laughed then, though it sounded more like a nervous 2. The federal government intervened in labor disputes to
laugh then a humorous one. prevent deaths, not just to interfere.
10. I have chatted with him and he seems to be educated, 3. US forces intervened in the mid-1960s to prop up the
humorous and intelligent. stooge government of South Vietnam, against the North.
4. The clergy also intervened in disputes through the
(345)HYPOCRISY: provision of ecclesiastical sanctuary.
1. The slaughter of men, women and children has been 5. The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today
concealed by military and religious hypocrisy. to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
2. The fact that she is an impostor makes an incredibly ironic 6. There is increasing demand for the United Nations to
point about hypocrisy. intervene in trouble spots throughout the world.

’S
3. The way society views the whole drug scene is riddled 7. He had been going to make the trip, but circumstances
with hypocrisy and double standards. intervened.
4. The words we hear from our leaders are a daily diet of lies, 8. Synchronistic events frequently intervene to warn us if
spin and hypocrisy. we are on the wrong path.
5. Her strongest criticism was reserved for the prime minister 9. Ecosystems are delicate and complex, easily disrupted by
whom she accused of ‘nauseating hypocrisy. clumsy interventions.
6. His behaviour in this whole affair does rather savour of 10. Repeated interventions on the currency markets have
hypocrisy - he’s certainly not without blame himself. failed to prevent the value of the currency falling.
NG
7. A strong sense of right and wrong inspired paintings
satirizing puritan hypocrisy and the destruction of wildlife. (348)INVINCIBLE:
8. The so-called higher virtues are mere hypocrisy, and arise 1. The British soldiers had to face the incompetence of their
from the selfish desire to be superior to the brutes. own commanders as well as the invincible Boer
9. Why can’t politicians just be honest with themselves and commandos in the field.
stop all this hypocrisy? 2. The sun is invincible, unconquerable, the highest ideal of
10. The fact that she is an impostor makes an incredibly ironic the self and the highest aspiration of the soul.
point about hypocrisy. 3. The Titans have looked invincible the last two games
against quality opponents.
(346)IMPERATIVE: 4. Last year the company seemed invincible but in recent
1. I feel it is imperative the Government provides adequate weeks has begun to have problems.
laws to empower local authorities to provide council tax 5. Weapons that would have been invincible twenty years
payers with peace and quiet. before are now vulnerable and obsolete.
2. The rampant smuggling once again shows how imperative 6. Young athletes think of themselves as invincible.
KI

and urgent it is now to bring domestic fuel prices closer to 7. Invincible competition of an aristocracy, more powerful
international levels. than himself because it derived its support from the
3. In order to implement gender reform, it is imperative that revived relation of patron and dependants.
gender bias in the legal framework of the country is 8. That general thinks that his army is invincible.
removed.
9. Proud and arrogant, they thought themselves secure and
4. It is imperative that couples should communicate in order invincible.
to know the root of the conflict.
10. First of all he was hesitant, and then he settled down and
5. The president said it was imperative that the release of all got on with it enthusiastically, making his case apparently
hostages be secured. invincible.
6. It’s imperative to act now before the problem gets really
serious.
(349)INTIMATE:
7. It is imperative that politicians should be good
1. He boasted that he was on intimate terms with several
communicators.
high-ranking police officers.
8. This pedagogical imperative includes the obligation to
2. The restaurant has a very intimate atmosphere.
inquire into the consequences of one’s work with
students. 3. The diary revealed several intimate details about his
private life.
9. But then there will be an imperative demand for the local
authorities to invest in skilled manpower. 4. He wrote about the intimate details of his family life.
10. The human desire for novelty is twinned with an equally 5. The intimate moment was gone, replaced by the tension

[68]
 that always filled the space between them. (352)IMPARTIAL:
6. There are some economic advantages to small, intimate 1. We should make objective and impartial assessment of
places that function informally. the hard realities of life.
7. A craftsman must be master of his tools, and mastery is 2. The ordinary Egyptian is not self-reliant or energetic by
impossible without intimate knowledge. nature, and, like most Eastern people, finds it difficult to
8. Their interrogation was demeaning and humiliating, be impartial where duty and family or other personal
probing the most intimate details of my personal and family relations are in the balance.
life. 3. At the close of the war, contrary to the general feeling of
9. It took ten years from the intimation of a claim to the his party, he urged universal amnesty and impartial
assessment of damages’. suffrage as the basis of reconstruction.
10. The intimation of immortality comes from this sense of 4. Our representative attended the peace negotiations as an
love for all humanity. impartial observer.
5. Historians try to be impartial, but they cannot free
themselves entirely from their own opinions.
(350)IMPOSE:
6. He is there to help resolve complaints and disputes, and
1. Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor

’S
to act within the existing law as an impartial adjudicator.
driving offences.
7. A trial must be fair and impartial.
2. Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
8. They offer impartial advice, guidance and information to
3. The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city
students.
parks.
9. All impartial men who are moved by justice and not by
4. One example is forced marriage, which is imposed on some
racialism want India to be ruled by Indians.
South Asian women by their parents, usually Muslim.
10. Our intellects are not impartial observers of the world but
5. Government officers, teachers, legal authorities and people
active participants in it.
working in the education system must not use their position
NG
to impose their beliefs and values on other people.
6. The state government had imposed restrictions on the (353)INDIFFERENT:
use of air-conditioners in government offices. 1. While hardware vendors whine about the levy, consumers
7. How do you deal with people who impose themselves on seem fairly indifferent.
you? 2. Despite his poor village origins, he is cold and indifferent
8. She realized that she had imposed on Miss Hatherby’s to the problems confronting his family and friends.
kindness. 3. His manner was cold and indifferent to the plight of the
9. Edward was an extraordinarily tall, powerful and imposing boy before him.
figure robed in majesty. 4. Her father was quite friendly, but her mother seemed
10. The cathedral appears imposing and unyielding at first. somewhat cold and indifferent.
5. He found it very hard teaching a class full of indifferent
teenagers.
(351)INTRICATE:
6. I was strong, active, indifferent to consequences.
1. I have read about the magic of Solomon, and it seems
very complicated and intricate to me. 7. People have become indifferent to the suffering of others.
KI

2. The watch mechanism is extremely intricate and very 8. The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate
difficult to repair. them, but to be indifferent to them: that’s the essence of
inhumanity.
3. Police officers uncovered an intricate web of deceit.
9. We didn’t like the restaurant much - the food was
4. The article on France must be consulted for the intricate
indifferent and the service rather slow.
events of the following years.
10. The opera was indifferent, but fairly successful with
5. Protestantism was clearly becoming inextricably
public.’
associated with politics of a very intricate sort.
6. He says there is a difficult and intricate question about
whether there was a duty of care in law. (354)INFER:
7. The God of the Bible is also the God of the genome. He 1. I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave.
can be worshipped in the cathedral or in the laboratory. 2. We can infer from the archaeological evidence that there
His creation is majestic, awesome, intricate, and beautiful. was slavery in Carthage.
8. The farmers use an intricate system of drainage canals. 3. From archaeological evidence we can reasonably infer that
9. The country has an intricate network of railroads and an these people used stone cutting tools.
even denser web of bicycle paths. 4. You can infer the meaning of the word from the context of
10. I seem to remember my dreams in unusually intricate detail the rest of the sentence.
and twice as often as most people. 5. It is more difficult to infer the moral than the intellectual
characteristics of a great writer from the personal impress
left by him on his work.

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6. We also analyze the evidence for the presence of a disease (357)IMPART:
mutation after inferring the ancestry of a locus. 1. The teachers imparted a great deal of knowledge to their
7. From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her pupils’.
killer. 2. Good communication requires the ability both to listen
8. The idea behind deductivism is to ignore the interpretation and to impart relevant information.’
and stick to the inferences. 3. Shiitake mushrooms impart a wonderfully woody flavour
9. His change of mind was recent and sudden, the inference to the salad’.
being that someone had persuaded him. 4. The velocity already imparted by Earth’s rotation is that
10. They were warned to expect a heavy air attack and by much less needed by the rocket’s own fuel to attain the
inference many casualties. necessary orbital speed.’
5. The oil imparts flavour and helps to soften the aubergines
(355)INTRUDE: as they cool.’
1. Newspaper editors are being urged not to intrude into the 6. As a teacher he was able not only to impart knowledge,
grief of the families of missing servicemen. but to kindle enthusiasm.
2. He kept intruding with personal questions. 7. We should impart our courage, and not our despair, our

’S
health and ease, and not our disease, and take care that
3. Employers should not intrude into the private lives of
this does not spread by contagion.
their employees.
8. Compounds of copper impart a bright green coloration to
4. Domesticity need never intrude on the relationship; it may
the flame of a Bunsen burner.
be sporadic, but when there it is always intense.
9. Use a piece of fresh ginger to impart a Far Eastern flavour
5. She has spent much of the last year lobbying Congress
to simple ingredients.
against bills that would intrude upon wilderness areas in
her state. 10. I was rather quiet as I didn’t feel I had much wisdom to
impart on the subject.
6. The serpent tribe in India is numerous; they swarm in all
NG
the gardens, and intrude into the dwellings of the
inhabitants, especially in the rainy season. (358)INTRIGUE:
7. Nature is menacingly intruding on civilisation. 1. He became intrigued by questions of reality in
8. We simply cannot force God to come before people; photography and later in cinema.
people need to intrude themselves before God. 2. They were genuinely intrigued by the story and felt little
9. It’s annoying when unforeseen events intrude on your need to elaborate on what already seemed so outlandish.
day. 3. Throughout history, people have been intrigued by the
10. How Strange that Nature does not knock, and yet does question of whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in
not intrude! the universe.
4. The novelty of the situation intrigued him.
(356)ILLUSTRIOUS: 5. He was intrigued by ancient mysteries.
1. The family was illustrious and wealthy, and claimed 6. While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been
descent from Constantine. intriguing against him.
2. Wagner was just one of many illustrious visitors to the 7. Henry and Louis intrigued with the local nobles.
KI

town. 8. The king and the president intrigued with the local
3. She comes from an illustrious political family that includes representatives of white governments.
two former Cabinet ministers. 9. Physicists model the topology of the universe in intriguing
4. He was a very consistent performer and rarely had a bad ways.
match in his long and illustrious career. 10. The authentic restoration and sensitive adaptation of the
5. His withdrawal from the next two Grand Slams is bound to building to the state-of-the-art requirements of its new
increase speculation that his illustrious career is now over. owner posed intriguing challenges.
6. You will remind me of the experiment of that illustrious
philosopher who measured the velocity of a great storm (359)INCUR:
by a flight of small feathers. 1. You will unfortunately incur interest charges if you do
7. The premature death of this illustrious traveller is the more not pay this Tax on time.
to be lamented because his vast knowledge died with him. 2. However, as with all new business ventures, a lot of
8. The dukes were members of the illustrious Piast family, expense was incurred in setting up.
which gave many kings to Poland. 3. If the employee incurs the expense directly and reclaims it
9. She has had an illustrious career. from the employer, it is taxable as the employer is paying
10. He also expressed pleasure to be following in the footsteps for a personal expense of the employee.
of his illustrious predecessor Charles Darwin.’ 4. If the council loses the appeal, it will incur all the legal
costs.
5. The foundry has been operating at less than 50% capacity

[70]
 and has incurred significant operating losses.
6. The bad feelings were incurred as a result of the (362)IMPRUDENT:
termination. 1. By their imprudent actions, they make the people of this
7. Any expenses incurred by the trustees in publishing country ludicrous and laughing-stocks to others.
notices can be met out of the charity’s income. 2. I reminded the committee that it was imprudent to embark
8. The patriarch’s increasing wealth caused him to incur the on any major capital programme without having funding
jealousy of his father-in-law, Laban, and he was forced to in place.
flee in secret with his family. 3. In short, the president made imprudent remarks without
9. Prudent business men in their dealings incur risk. taking into consideration the current situation the nation
10. The play has incurred the wrath of both audiences and is now faced with.
critics. 4. The banks made hundreds of imprudent loans in the
1970s.
(360)INITIATIVE: 5. The finance house took action against some employers
for imprudent decisions in buying annuities.
1. Pupils of 600 schools are benefiting from a •500,000
government initiative to develop literacy skills this 6. I was imprudent to place myself at such risk.

’S
Christmas. 7. The report criticizes the banks for being imprudent in their
2. The strategic initiative will include a two-stage approach lending.
to move to the full globalization of the market for top-level 8. Men are so imprudent that they take up a diet which,
domains. though it tastes sweet, is poisonous.
3. The policy initiative includes measures to improve the 9. I think it’s probably imprudent for an independent counsel
investment climate in the country and the launching of a to make any predictions about the outcome of the case.
new investment law. 10. He must be held primarily responsible for the lack of
4. The German leadership lauded the Russian initiative. cohesive direction of the company and the imprudent way
in which it has been run
NG
5. The UN called on all parties in the conflict to take a positive
stance towards the new peace initiative.
6. Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of (363)IMPUDENT:
initiative and was promoted to manager after a year. 1. He stared at me with a mixture of impudence and hostility.
7. The essence of the fatalistic doctrine is that it assigns no 2. In a society still shackled by regulations and bureaucracy
place at all to the initiative of the individual, or to rational he was astonishingly impudent.
sequence of events.
3. He was curious to remember where he’d seen that impudent
8. You must be prepared to work on your own initiative. young face before.
9. The cost-cutting initiatives are expected to result in 4. Some were well behaved, while others were impudent.
savings of $300 million.
5. She did not deem it impudent or unmannerly for a slave to
10. The hallmark of Australian soldiers has always been one look her in the face.
of personal initiative and independent action.
6. Basil was a little boy with impudent blue eyes and a turned-
up nose, and Mary hated him.
(361)INCESSANT: 7. I mentioned what they had said about her, and she
KI

1. The bad condition of city roads is because of the almost laughed, and told me they were impudent fellows who
incessant rain, often heavy, ever since June. talked nonsense - but I knew it pleased her.
2. The child’s incessant talking started to irritate her. 8. I think this is an arrogant, impudent and immoral act,’
3. The incessant buzzing of helicopters filled the evening Sneh said.
sky. 9. I glared at her, not caring if she thought me rude or
4. Incessant rain made conditions almost intolerable. impudent.
5. The incessant barking of a neighborhood dog in Nogent 10. Secret connivance, the English garrisons of Normandy
that day seemed a bad omen. carried out plundering raids of the most impudent sort on
French territory.
6. He died on the 14th of July 1850, worn out and nearly
blind with incessant study.
7. Andrewes was an incessant worker as well as preacher, (364)IMPOVERISH:
and often laboured beyond his strength. 1. A ban on timber exports would cost the exporters their
8. Courage, watchfulness, striving for purity, were all clients and impoverish many hard-working people trying
necessary in the incessant combat with the forces of evil. to make an honest living in an already harsh economic
environment.
9. The disastrous invasion of the Turks, incessant civil wars
and devastation by foreign armies and pestilence, caused 2. Concurrently, unemployment rates rocketed in these
a very heavy loss both of population and of prosperity. extremely impoverished areas and health care was almost
nonexistent.
10. The incessant anxiety and strain of some is a well-nigh
incurable form of disease. 3. Environmentalists claim trade harms the environment and

[71]
 further impoverishes people in the developing world. events made us feel so small, so impotent, so powerless.
4. Falling coffee prices have impoverished many Third World 10. If the world’s most respected institution of international
economies. governance is rendered impotent by accusations as
5. Fast-growing trees remove nutrients and impoverish the distorted and exaggerated as these, we should all fear the
soil. consequences.
6. Their worldly circumstances were easy, though they were
always ready to impoverish themselves for the sake of (367)INHERENT:
others. 1. Any form of mountaineering has its inherent dangers’.
7. All those obscenities and repeated slang phrases may be 2. Evil is inherent, an essential trait, that determines how
authentic but they tend to impoverish the language of his you will act in the world.
books.
3. As social creatures, our need for human interaction is
8. Canada was prospering in a material sense; spiritually it essential and inherent.
was becoming increasingly impoverished.
4. The constituents of divine knowledge essentially
9. The incompetent military leadership had impoverished a represent the inherent divinity of man.
once prosperous country.
5. One of the characteristics inherent in African elections is

’S
10. Our private hopes are encouraged, while our public hopes voter apathy.
are impoverished.
6. The NGOs may well prove invaluable in overcoming the
limitations inherent in international organizations that are
(365)IMPEDIMENT: comprised of sovereign states.
1. The gridlock has become a significant impediment to the 7. There are inherent contradictions in the new labor policy
economy as well. in relation to the real experiences of young people.
2. A common language represents an important mechanism 8. There are inherent flaws in the present system of county
for overcoming physical impediments to communication. taxes.
NG
3. But compliance costs are a very major impediment to 9. The force which brings the atoms together in the forms of
growth for smaller businesses. objects is inherent in the elements, and all their motions
4. The difference in the two cultures was in impediment to are necessary.
the two girls becoming friends. 10. Every business has its own inherent risks.
5. In a number of developing countries, war has been an
additional impediment to progress. (368)INDUCE:
6. War is one of the greatest impediments to human progress. 1. Suddenly, the apartment is filled by a foreign noise that at
7. A speech impediment did nothing to stop him from first induces me to believe that my crazy neighbour has
preaching. set the building on fire.
8. The country’s debt has been an impediment to 2. Comfortable chairs induce us to sit, relax, converse, and
development. become fat, fat, fat.
9. Although he’s shy, it certainly hasn’t impeded his career 3. It’s clear that the federal law prohibits anybody from
in any way. inducing anyone to come into the United States illegally.
10. The committee says delays in acquiring a combat 4. The tax forces the polluter himself to bear the cost,
KI

identification system were even impeding the effectiveness inducing him to lower pollution to the socially optimal
of weapons systems. level.
(366)IMPOTENT: 5. Early in 1776 he was sent to France by Congress, in a
1. Treatment of impotence leads to a major improvement in semi-official capacity, as a secret agent to induce the
the quality of life for both the impotent male and his partner French government to lend its financial aid to the colonies.
(s). 6. Within the body, melatonin is secreted within the brain to
2. According to the findings of this study, about 120,000 induce sleep.
U.K. men are impotent because of smoking. 7. Peppermint also helps to allay nausea and acts as a
3. He is impotent and unable to satisfy his estranged wife. soothing sedative to induce relaxation and sleep.
4. Technology without morality is barbarous; morality 8. Heavy meals and certain foods, such as turkey, warm milk
without technology is impotent. and bananas, induce sleep.
5. Bullies leave people feeling hurt, angry and impotent. 9. Private misfortunes must never induce us to neglect public
affairs.
6. You feel so impotent when your child is ill and you cannot
help them. 10. Many activists say that beer advertisements play a strong
role in inducing teenagers to drink.
7. The anger flared in both cheeks, burning his face with
impotent rage.
8. At this point, economic incentives and bureaucratic rules (369)IMPASSIVE:
alone are impotent to make him a useful citizen. 1. His expression was impassive and I tried not to wilt under
9. Watching her thrown into this heartbreaking cycle of the searching gaze of those deep brown eyes.

[72]
2. He remains utterly impassive when an entire audience is lost creature, and that there is something fatal about her.
booing him behind his back. 8. The idea of God is a cumulative intuition given by all the
3. He was impassive throughout the victims’ testimonies and various faculties of the mind, in its observation of harmony
the verdicts. in nature and in man.
4. Her impassive face showed no reaction at all. 9. Intuition is a spiritual faculty and does not explain, but
5. The defendant remained impassive as the judge simply points the way.
announced the guilty verdict. 10. His purpose on earth was to offer his own thoughts and
6. Bagration, a gaunt middle-aged man of medium height intuitions to fellow seekers.’
with a firm, impassive face of Oriental type, came out after
the commander-in-chief. (372)INANIMATE:
7. He was evidently distressed, and breathed painfully, but 1. The viruses associated with the cold and flu can survive
could not restrain the wild laughter that convulsed his on inanimate objects and skin for up to three hours.
usually impassive features.
2. One important distinction within the natural world is found
8. He searched the man’s impassive face for some indication in the fact that some natural substances are alive and
that he understood. others inanimate.

’S
9. Have you ever tried having a conversation with someone 3. The word ‘article’ means something inanimate which is
who remained completely impassive, cold, silent? not and never has been alive.
10. Prince Andrew gazed with anxious curiosity at that 4. For, instance, inanimate objects are typically easier to
impassive face and wished he could tell what, if anything, identify than animate objects.
this man was thinking and feeling at that moment.
5. Some languages categorise not only living things as
masculine or feminine, but inanimate objects as well.
(370)INFLUX: 6. He looks at me as if I’m an inanimate object.
1. Turkey is expecting an influx of several thousand refugees 7. He thinks that inanimate objects have a life of their own.
over the next few days.
NG
8. We distinguish between animate and inanimate nature,
2. The last thing they want is a massive influx of workers but this classification has no meaning for the savage.
and young people into political life.
9. He was completely inanimate and it was difficult to see if
3. Neighbouring Iran said it was sealing its border with he was breathing’.
Afghanistan to prevent a possible influx of refugees.
10. The mortality of all inanimate things is terrible to me, but
4. The influx of winter visitors adds to the wealth of the city. that of books most of all.
5. During the 18th century there was a great influx of English
colonists, and in 1714 the first English church was erected.
(373)INCOHERENT:
6. In consequence of the large influx of tourists every year
1. He just kept shivering and muttering incoherent fragments
the North British and Caledonian railway companies give
of distorted English.
employment to an enormous staff.
2. David muttered something incoherent and rude and
7. It is considered likely that mineralization was episodic
scrambled to his feet, fumbling for the sword.
and resulted from a series of influxes of acidic fluids.
3. Well first of all I believe we have to change this language,
8. The lakes are fed by influxes of meltwater.
which is incoherent.
KI

9. The influx of migrants to the city is estimated at 1,000 per

4. When Rostov asked what was the matter, he only uttered
week.
some incoherent oaths and threats in a hoarse, feeble
10. He had suffered an influx of debts, nor were his business voice.
affairs prospering.
5. He called the policy ‘incoherent and ill thought-out’.
6. He was confused and incoherent and I didn’t get much
(371)INTUITION: sense out of him.
1. She uses her acting abilities and intuition to bluff foes out 7. The talk she gave was incoherent and badly prepared.
of their clothes.
8. The report shows that he was incoherent and confused at
2. In addition to your five physical senses, you were born the interview.
with intuition, your sixth sense.
9. He argues, surprisingly, that the notion of enforcing God’s
3. She totally keeps amazing me with her intuition, her law is logically incoherent.
perception and her intellect.
10. I find him very inconsistent and intellectually his policy
4. She totally keeps amazing me with her intuition, her positions are often quite incoherent.
perception and her intellect.
(374)IMBIBE:
5. Often there’s no clear evidence one way or the other and
1. We read poems by our predecessors to imbibe the
you just have to base your judgment on intuition.
experience of life as captured by them.
6. I can’t explain how I knew - I just had an intuition that
2. If one does not imbibe the culture one cannot succeed’.
you’d been involved in an accident.
3. She had imbibed the traditions of her family.
7. I do not know her, but a sort of intuition tells me she is a

[73]
4. He’d imbibed a set of mystical beliefs from the cradle. equality.
5. The play encourages young minds to question existing 10. If you infringe on or damage someone else’s property
norms and the children have managed to imbibe the then you are liable for the damages.
thought of the play.
6. Moreover, slaves are like other people, and imbibe (377)INUNDATE:
prejudices quite common to others.
1. In our society we are inundated with images of beautiful
7. The highest wisdom and truth are like the purest liquid we people endorsing beauty products.
may wish to imbibe,” he said.
2. He was inundated with phone calls of congratulations
8. Research has found that children who imbibe soft drinks during the week.
tend to consume more calories than those who don’t.
3. We have been inundated with requests for help.
9. The company claims that if you take this pill, you will
4. The theater was inundated with requests for tickets.
need less alcohol to stay drunk, so will imbibe less.
5. Their neighbourhood is being inundated by the rising
10. 26% of Americans who drink alcohol admit they sometimes
waters.
imbibe more than they should.
6. The tidal wave inundated vast areas of cropland.

’S
7. More than a dozen people died in Texas in early June after
(375)IMPLICATE:
flood waters inundated the state.
1. She again denied allegations implicating her in the scam.
8. The majority of the rivers overflow and inundate roads
2. He is apologising to a childhood friend for implicating and houses.
him in a burglary 20 years ago.
9. Political unrest inundated the country.
3. He consistently opposed Caesar, whom he endeavoured
10. The storm will inundate low-lying areas, with 4 million
to implicate in the Catilinarian conspiracy.
people at risk of flooding in the UK alone.
4. Three police officers are implicated in the cover-up.
5. Viruses are known to be implicated in the development of
(378)INCULCATE:
NG
some cancers.
1. However the schools did follow a standardized curriculum
6. Sexually transmitted diseases have long been implicated
that inculcated literacy and learning skills.
in infertility.
2. In addition, efforts were made to inculcate law-abiding
7. Seafood is increasingly implicated as the source of the
attitudes and strengthen the unity of command principle.
hepatitis A virus.
3. Government-run schools are free to have a daily Pledge
8. Other cultural risk factors, such as role conflicts
or anthem; I’m not sure how well this inculcates patriotism,
experienced by women, may also be implicated in the
but at least in principle I have no objection to this.
pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa.
4. Prayers are an enforced ritual to inculcate obedience and
9. Some Members of Parliament are being implicated in the
conformity.
illegal mining activities.
5. Popular films, both Western and Indian, will be used to
10. The people who were implicated in major corruption
demonstrate and inculcate the skills involved in writing a
scandals are still key personalities in high-level civil
successful screenplay.
service.’
6. Childhood is the right time to inculcate the trait of kindness
and how better can one do it than by example?
KI

7. Not all schools manage to successfully inculcate a love

(376)INFRINGE: of learning.
1. Some time ago he spent several months in a German jail 8. The effort to inculcate ethical behavior without religious
for infringing that country’s laws on holocaust denial. faith seems one of the great fiascoes of the modern age.
2. None of the claims have been infringed by the defendants. 9. Our coach has worked hard to inculcate a team spirit in
3. They infringed building regulations. the players.
4. A backup copy of a computer program does not infringe 10. Jesus Himself did not inculcate asceticism in His teaching,
copyright. and the absence of that distinctive element from His
5. The court ruled that he had infringed the company’s practice was sometimes a subject of hostile remark.
patent.
6. I wouldn’t infringe on his privacy. (379)INEPT:
7. There is a place for a healthy patriotism so long as it does 1. I cannot understand how such an inept man can be elected
not undermine or infringe on the rights and feelings of head of the world’s most powerful country.
others. 2. This is the second year we have been disenfranchised by
8. There are very few laws that have been held to be this inept system and incompetence behind its planning.
unconstitutional for infringing freedom of speech in recent 3. Consecutive governments have insisted on a completely
years. inept policy of open immigration.
9. Beware of making any distinctions which may infringe 4. He said the inept attitude of the government has created

[74]
 a chaotic situation in the state. 3. The villagers pledged to keep away from liquor and also
5. Blake was intellectually able but politically inept. shun illicit distillers from their area.
6. Dick was socially inept and uncomfortable in the presence 4. Pubs, clubs and people’s homes were still the most common
of women. places for bootleggers to sell illicit goods.
7. He was criticized for his inept handling of the situation. 5. Drugs are illegal and illicit because they do incredible
harm and no good whatsoever.
8. The Government’s inept response turned this into a crisis.
6. Politically, the most important criminal industries are illicit
9. The inept plumber only made things worse; now our whole
trading in arms and in drugs.
basement is flooded!
7. Under the legislation, the object of confiscation is not
10. Science may carry us to Mars, but it will leave the Earth
punishment but the forfeiture of an illicit profit.
peopled as ever by the inept.
8. In the 18th century land grants and illicit trade led to
serious disturbances.
(380)INSTIGATE:
9. Intermarriage (sometimes illicit) was apparently freely used
1. Share prices even might fall, but at least then investors by the dominant families for the concentration of their
could be confident that they really were using their money power.

’S
to instigate change.
10. Illicit trade with Jamaica was the basis of local prosperity
2. Police suspect that both incidents were instigated by in the 18th century.
juveniles who attend parties.
3. He accused union leaders of instigating the disturbances.
(383)IMMATERIAL:
4. The government will instigate new measures to combat
1. Wins and losses, for any sport, are ultimately immaterial
terrorism.
in considering the value of an athletic program.
5. The revolt in the north is believed to have been instigated
2. The locality of the registration is immaterial - 90 per cent
by a high-ranking general.
of people here drive badly or atrociously.
6. The violence was instigated by ex-members of the secret
NG
3. It is immaterial that they belong to urban or rural area.
police.
4. The immaterial in man is the expansive force inherent in
7. He instigated him to fight a war.
him.
8. Charles instigated a programme of reforms.
5. Whether the book is well or badly written is immaterial (to
9. Demetrius was murdered at the instigation of his wife me) - it has an important message.
Cleopatra in 126.
6. If you sign a document, it is wholly immaterial whether
10. According to others, he was poisoned by his physicians you have read it carefully or not.
at the instigation of his son.
7. The content of the mathematics qualification to them is
immaterial.
(381)ILLEGIBLE: 8. Whether we like him or not is immaterial.
1. His hand was shaking so much as he unfolded the paper 9. Our mental existences, which are immaterial and have no
that it was hard to focus on the words written in Sam’s dimensions, are passing along the Time-Dimension with
familiar illegible scrawl. a uniform velocity from the cradle to the grave.
2. Each note was wilder, drunker, harder to read, and 10. The difference in our ages was immaterial.
KI

eventually illegible.
3. In no time, it was full of illegible lines and squiggles.
(384)IMMINENT:
4. His handwriting is totally illegible.
1. The imminent use of biological weapons and the threat of
5. Some pages were long, illegible, others no more than a millions of deaths is not a laughing matter.
line.
2. A falcon with regard to an expected visitor indicates
6. The inscription was partly illegible. imminent news or arrival.
7. Two words are almost illegible, and the angular print slants 3. A number of groups are trying to save our lighthouses in
in every direction. the face of this imminent threat.
8. The check was signed by an officer of the bank whose 4. The second is messianism, the expectation of imminent
first name was Thomas; the last name was illegible. transformation of the world.
9. Incomplete or illegible applications will not be considered. 5. In the new era which Mark believes is dawning, the temple
10. The writing pieces around the bag of melted ice had ink is rejected and its imminent destruction is expected.
smudges all over them, enough for it to be illegible.’ 6. He announced the imminent arrival of a messianic leader.
7. He gave a dire warning that an earthquake was imminent.
(382)ILLICIT: 8. In 1678 war seemed imminent between France and England.
1. They will put an end to the illicit drug trade, and quash 9. He considered me as the cause of his overwhelming
the insurgency and end violence in Colombia. disgrace, his imminent peril of death, his irretrievable ruin.
2. Currently the sources for acquiring cannabis and hard 10. It is not yet forgotten that well-grounded apprehensions
drugs are one and the same - the illicit drug dealer.

[75]
 of imminent danger induced the people of America to form 4. The rebirth implied by the concept of the Renaissance
the memorable Congress of 1774. had reference to classical learning.
5. Immunogenicity does not necessarily imply opsonising
(385)IMMUNE: antibody production.
1. The Attorney General and Crown attorneys are immune 6. Variable rate loans, as the name implies, have a variable
from civil suit except in the case of malicious prosecution. interest rate.
2. And the day power becomes immune from criticism is the 7. Democracy implies a respect for individual liberties.
day democracy dies. 8. I didn’t mean to imply that there was anything wrong with
3. Foreign policy coordination is mostly immune to specific the way you dress.
goals or timetables. 9. Aristocracy implies the existence of nobility; but nobility
4. His ambition fueled him onward, rendering him immune to does not imply aristocracy; it may exist under any form of
pain or trivial distractions. government.
5. In the past, the Vatican has been treated as a sovereign 10. Love does not imply pacifism.
state immune from prosecution.
6. Those who were born before 1956 are considered to be (388)INCREDIBLE:

’S
immune to measles and mumps and don’t require these 1. Many of the events that take place seem implausible, even
vaccines. at times incredible.
7. When a human being becomes immune to an infection, 2. The story of the Unknown Warrior is one of extraordinary
the immunity is usually due to blood cells, lymphocytes, bravery and incredible sacrifice.
that produce antibodies.
3. It’s incredible to believe that one as wealthy as he could
8. Several manimals and birds are supposed to be immune ever have fallen so far.
by nature against snake-venom.
4. The information I have received is so incredible that I
9. Most people who’ve had chickenpox once are immune to have difficulty believing it.
it for the rest of their lives.
NG
5. The latest missiles can be fired with incredible accuracy.
10. People with immune suppression or underlying lung
6. I find it almost incredible that no one noticed these errors.
disease are more susceptible to fungal infections.
7. Desperation will allow you to do incredible things in the
name of survival.
(386)IMPLICIT:
8. The most incredible thing about miracles is that they
1. The process of learning to read seems to involve both happen.
explicit and implicit learning.
9. He has an incredible understanding of what needs to be
2. Expanding debate and liberating speech is at least implicit done.
in the mandate of any university governing body.
10. During the return flight, he said there was an incredible
3. He interpreted her comments as an implicit criticism of the sensation of speed.
government.
4. Implicit in the poem’s closing lines are the poet’s own
(389)INDICT:
religious doubts.
1. Prosecutors did not indict him on the first charge, while a
5. His statement is being seen as implicit criticism of the
court fined him 300,000 yen on the second charge.
KI

work of research laboratories.

2. The government can seize a defendant’s assets
6. He wanted to make explicit in the film what was implicit in
immediately after indicting him, making it virtually
the play.
impossible to finance an effective defense.
7. He interpreted her comments as an implicit criticism of the
3. Undaunted, local prosecutors decided to indict him for
government.
possession of drug paraphernalia.
8. The message was basic to the Victorian army: that
4. Five people were indicted for making and selling
systematic uniformity and implicit obedience were
counterfeit currency.
essential.
5. He was indicted for vehicular homicide in 1987.
9. They promised implicit obedience, and departed with
alacrity on their different errands. 6. The District Attorney moved to indict the suspect in the
murder case.
10. Today few fund managers have such implicit faith in
property as an inflation-proof investment. 7. A grand jury voted to indict the parents of the murdered
toddler on charges of child abuse resulting in death.
8. Appointed by President Carter in 1978, Collins became
(387)IMPLY:
the fifth sitting judge to be indicted in the past decade.
1. The report implies that two million jobs might be lost.
9. 21 currency traders have been indicted for illegal trading
2. The new finding implies that our own galaxy is probably practices.
much bigger than textbooks say.
10. Despite considerable evidence, a grand jury refused to
3. The results also imply that statins could help treat indict him.
rheumatoid arthritis and other auto-immune diseases.

[76]
 7. Those resolute words, that steady resistance, seemed to
(390)INDIGNANT: infuriate him.
1. Many indignant customers led the vigilance officers 8. Don’t make yourself look at what infuriates you.
straight to the errant trader who had got them in the soup. 9. If there is anything that infuriates me, it is being ignored
2. He might have been overlooked but for the well-meant, or dismissed.
indignant officiousness of his father. 10. Kramer’s stubborn refusal to answer any questions
3. He was especially indignant at the way in which spiritual infuriated the officers.
worship was being ousted by the adoration of saints and
their relics. (393)INSOLVENT:
4. She wrote an indignant letter to the paper complaining 1. If the employer is insolvent and unable to restore the funds
about the council’s action. the pension scheme will be able to claim compensation.
5. He became very indignant when it was suggested he had 2. Unable to pay their dollar debts, most Turkish banks were
made a mistake. technically insolvent.
6. I feel most indignant at the rude way I’ve been treated;. 3. Liquidator reports on 49 insolvent technology companies
7. Eric was indignant at being told he would have to wait were sent to the Office of the Director of Corporate

’S
two weeks for an appointment. Enforcement last year.
8. In a half indignant mood he stopped inviting people into 4. Cancellation of debt income is not includable in income if
his room and presently got into the habit of locking the the taxpayer is in bankruptcy, or to the extent the taxpayer
door. is insolvent.
9. He was indignant at being the object of suspicion’. 5. Many defined benefit funds are technically insolvent
10. There is nothing worse than someone who is indignant because Irish law lays down strict regulations on their
and right. valuation.
6. This year, about 300 directors of 140 insolvent companies
are facing restriction proceedings in the High Court.
NG
(391)INDISPOSED:
7. A spokesman denied the bank was insolvent, but
1. Sometimes when my mom was indisposed or unavailable
depositors are rushing to withdraw their money.
to pick me up, Mrs. Melfield would drive me to and from
places. 8. His enterprises were unsuccessful; in 1761 he became
insolvent, and the Society refused to be responsible for
2. Sheila Jones is indisposed, so the part of the Countess
his debts.
will be sung tonight by Della Drake.
9. State banks are virtually insolvent due to politically-
3. The speaker was regrettably indisposed.
directed lending.
4. The princess is indisposed and has cancelled her
10. The court ordered the dissolution of seven insolvent
engagements.
housing loan companies.
5. Perhaps while your other assistant is temporarily
indisposed, I could fill in for awhile, just to show my
appreciation. (394)JURISDICTION:
6. After their rude attitude in the past, we feel distinctly 1. The administration of the Turkish Cypriot community had
indisposed to help them now. absolute jurisdiction over part of the island.
KI

7. This is a benign rather than sinister story, and I know that 2. We question whether plaintiff may obtain personal
some may be indisposed to accept it. jurisdiction over the defendant in this judicial district.
8. The potential audience seemed indisposed to attend’. 3. Last Friday, President Bush signed a bill modifying federal
jurisdiction over class action law suits.
9. Whilst not being a trend setter, I am not indisposed to
being trendy. 4. The parties agreed that the tribunal should deal with the
matter of its jurisdiction over the counterclaim as a
10. The hellenizers had not lost all hope of converting the
preliminary issue.
nation and were indisposed to acquiesce in the concordat.
5. The committee has jurisdiction over all tax measures.
6. The British police have no jurisdiction over foreign bank
(392)INFURIATE:
accounts.
1. The level of ignorance this question represents infuriates
7. Judges in general, and US judges in particular, hate limits
me.
on their jurisdiction.
2. This perpetuation of the idea that mental illness is less
8. These cases fall within the ancillary or incidental
legitimate than physical illness absolutely infuriates me.
jurisdiction of the International Tribunal.
3. He annoys me and infuriates me but he also kind of
9. The Court has been criticized for expanding its jurisdiction
intrigues me.
into areas that should be reserved for national courts.
4. Her racist attitudes infuriated her co-workers.
10. The pressures of determining jurisdiction and the limits
5. Her actions infuriated her mother. of sovereignty is growing.
6. I was infuriated by his words.

[77]
 (395)JAUNDICED: 7. When you first learn about computers, there is a whole
1. He has a very jaundiced view of the world. lot of jargon to understand.
2. I usually cast a jaundiced eye at any program that claims 8. A major obstacle to understanding is the use of technical
to educate children, since ‘educational’ programming jargon which is unintelligible to the buyer.
frequently varies wildly in terms of value and quality. 9. Ancient philosophy proposed to mankind an art of living.
3. The government’s late conversion to the works of Joyce By contrast, modern philosophy appears above all as the
is viewed with a jaundiced eye by his grandson. construction of a technical jargon reserved for specialists.
4. He seems to have a very jaundiced view of life. 10. Sophisticated equipment, white coats and medical jargon
serve to make most lay people feel ignorant and less
5. She viewed politics and politicians with a jaundiced eye.
important.
6. The two writers share a jaundiced vision of a tawdry
modern Britain.
(398)JEOPARDIZE:
7. This morning even the scenery could not lift her from her
jaundiced mood. 1. A devaluation of the dollar would jeopardize New York’s
position as a financial centre’.
8. His editorial polemics, however, were jaundiced by anti-
Semitism. 2. The 1973 oil crisis and political changes within member

’S
states threatened to jeopardize agreement on regional
9. He directed a narrow, jaundiced eye at the lead counsel
policy.
for the defense, who smirked back at him from his table.
3. Such damage could jeopardize the transmission of the
10. They looked on politicians with a jaundiced eye’.
priceless science data to the Earth.
4. Vaccination has a potential role in disease and epidemic
(396)JUBILANT: management, at the risk of jeopardizing the trade status of
1. The jubilant crowd shrieked as the balls sailed into the a country.
stands’ perimeters and crashed into the boundary. 5. She knew that by failing her finals she could jeopardize
2. Foreign companies were jubilant, since they would get her whole future.
NG
unprecedented access to the Chinese market. 6. The country’s economic future is seriously jeopardized
3. The boy was jubilant to be with a dad he loved and away by the mass emigration of young people.
from an overly strict mom. 7. Many feared that the continuing insecurity would
4. The fans were jubilant at their team’s victory. jeopardize the chances of elections being held
5. He discovered nothing; and she went home jubilant, and successfully.
dropped all concern about the matter permanently out of 8. The company’s financial position is being jeopardized by
her mind. continuing losses.
6. The whole nation was jubilant as the victorious news 9. The accident put his baseball career in immediate
came. jeopardy.
7. The old town square was filled with people and the jubilant 10. The allegations have put her career and her five medals
sound of the marching band as performers juggled fire. from the 2000 games in jeopardy.’
8. The sense of whizzing through the snow with only hills
and trees around her made her jubilant.
9. Elation, relief, and jubilation were all felt as the final whistle
KI

blew.
(399)JOLT:
10. Exam results day may bring jubilation or despair to
1. At every jolt he again felt unendurable pain; his
thousands of Swindon youngsters next month.
feverishness increased and he grew delirious.
2. As the plane touched the ground, there was a massive
(397)JARGON: jolt and we were thrown forwards.
1. I also get the sense that some lawyers think baffling legal 3. I woke up with a jolt as I thought I heard my bedroom
jargon and tortured syntax will impress their clients. door being pushed open.
2. The IT&T industry is rife with acronyms, catchphrases 4. The oil crisis has given the government quite a jolt.
and jargon.
5. People felt the first jolt of the earthquake at about 8 am.
3. Jargon is a kind of SHORTHAND that makes long
6. When he was born, when I saw him for the first time, the
explanations unnecessary.
ecstasy that I felt was piercing, electric, transfiguring, a
4. His invitation to the applicant to put an application under jolt of joy.
section 38 of the Evidence Act is couched in legal jargon,
7. His self-confidence took a sudden jolt with the news that
not in plain words.
he had not been selected.
5. On top of this, he is a good storyteller and a clear writer
8. The tax laws may be a severe jolt to the economy.
who avoids the pitfalls of pretentious art-world jargon.
9. The crisis gave a jolt to the world energy markets.
6. Often people do not make a will because they are confused
by the lengthy legal jargon. 10. His resignation was a jolt to the whole staff.

[78]
 8. Racial tension in the country is a legacy of slavery.
(400)JUDICIOUS: 9. The war left an enduring legacy of bitterness and
1. Social occasions in particular require judicious thought suspicion.
and planning. 10. She received a small legacy from her aunt.
2. I have been very judicious about the interviews that I
have agreed to do through the years. (403)LURK:
3. Make wise and judicious use of resources, without waste, 1. Criminals, terrorists and sexual predators seem to be lurking
but use them; do not allow them to languish untapped. around every corner.
4. The curators were judicious in their selection of authors 2. In the case of the Kalundu killing, the assailants must
for the exhibition catalogue. have been lurking in the vicinity waiting for their victim.
5. This criticism needs judicious qualification. 3. A grove of crotons became a magical jungle where snakes
6. We should make judicious use of the resources available and other exotic creatures lurked, waiting to pounce.
to us. 4. She didn’t see the figure lurking behind the bushes.
7. You have to be very judicious about how you spend the 5. He thought he saw someone lurking above the chamber
taxpayers’ money.

’S
during the address.
8. In anger nothing right nor judicious can be done. 6. Where hope rises fear must lurk behind.
9. The President authorizes the judicious use of military force. 7. He lives with a lurking fear of exposure as a fraud.
10. Most of the women credit card holders are judicious in 8. She said she had a lurking suspicion that he wasn’t telling
using their cards. the truth.
9. I have some lurking doubts about whether Simon is really
(401)KEEN: capable of doing this job.
1. He told me that people in his country are very keen on 10. Every man has a lurking wish to appear considerable in
promoting peace and friendship. his native place.
NG
2. My father had always been keen on sports and had played
football in his younger days and then later cricket. (404)LOOM:
3. Cricket was my keen interest, my passion and my 1. Clouds loomed ominously over the beach on Saturday,
everlasting love. but the rain stayed away.
4. Once again a very keen and competitive atmosphere was 2. By nightfall the tall dark handsome pines loomed
enhanced by the good weather. ominously overhead.
5. The league is set to provide a lot of interest and keen 3. A dark shape loomed before him and he fell backwards,
competition among the enthusiasts. giving a yelp of dismay at his outline.
6. His sharp insights are conveyed through keen intelligence, 4. Dark storm clouds loomed on the horizon.
humor, and wit.
5. An economic crisis is looming on the horizon.
7. Quick intervention begins with keen sensitivity and sharp
6. Revolution loomed but the aristocrats paid no heed.
observation.
7. The Bureau of Meteorology warned authorities on January
8. Elves were known for their grace, beauty, keen eyesight,
15 that a disaster was looming.’
and sharp hearing.
KI

8. A bigger threat may loom on the media landscape.

9. Deer are extremely cautious animals with keen senses of
smell and hearing. 9. Despite police alerting people on the new rule, uncertainty
loomed large on city roads till afternoon.’
10. When our hatred is too keen it places us beneath those
we hate. 10. Here, too, the threat of unemployment has been looming
on the horizon.

(402)LEGACY:
(405)LURE:
1. Bad inheritance planning can mean your legacy is eaten
up by probate taxes, solicitor’s fees and charges. 1. Today, though, the denser cities are luring people back
with the promise of less traffic.
2. Funding comes from campaigns, bequests, legacies and
the continuing generosity of Cantabrians. 2. Low prices and attractive loan options are luring customers
like never before.
3. Murad died in 1595, leaving to his successor a legacy of
war and anarchy. 3. The angler is believed to attract other fishes by means of
its lure, and then to seize them with its enormous jaws.
4. George Washington left behind a legacy of strong
leadership. 4. Supermarket chains try to lure customers with price
discounts.
5. The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature.
5. She was lured into the job by the offer of a high salary.
6. One of the major themes of the book is the ongoing legacy
of colonialism. 6. Computer games are luring youngsters away from their
lessons.
7. The invasion left a legacy of hatred and fear.

[79]
7. The bank launched an advertising campaign to lure back 8. He paid lavish praise to the girls for their wonderful liturgy.
its traditional customers. 9. The critics were lavish in their praise for the paintings.
8. They did not realise that they were being lured into a trap. 10. He was glib in tongue, lavish in promises, big in size and
9. Until now the emphasis was more on luring foreign tourists somewhat stupid.
to the country and the domestic travellers have been
missed out.
(408)LIABLE:
10. Stand aloof from your own opinions; they seek to lure
1. The judge then considered the possibility of the
you with an illusive certainty.
defendants being vicariously liable for negligence of their
social workers.
(406)LUMINOUS: 2. If an infringement occurs, everyone in the chain of sale is
1. The building was dark, the pews a deep red, and the separately and jointly liable.
stained glass windows luminous as the sun shined through 3. The trial judge held the defendants liable for failing to
them. close down that part of the factory.
2. She reached out with her hand to touch the white, 4. The law is that if people commit serious criminal offences
luminous object. and they’re non-citizens, they’re liable to deportation.

’S
3. Overhead, the eternal sky glowed with its luminous clouds. 5. Failure to comply with any of those provisions will render
4. The sky was bright, luminous blue this evening, exactly building workers liable to imprisonment.
the same colour as the Tibetan poppies. 6. Basic cable service is liable to cost hundreds of dollars
5. Asiatic lilies make up for having little or no scent with the per year.
beauty of their huge upturned flowers in luminous colours. 7. Anyone found trespassing is liable to a maximum fine of
6. Her eyes were dark and luminous and her faintly olive $100.
skin normally carried a dusting of colour, high on her 8. The areas of town near the river are liable to flooding (=
cheekbones. are often flooded).
NG
7. In the dim shadow of the curtain her luminous eyes shone 9. The law holds parents liable if a child does not attend
more brightly than usual from the tears of joy that were in school.
them.
10. People who are sleep deprived are liable to make mistakes.
8. The word actinometer is now usually applied to
instruments for measuring the actinic or chemical effect
of luminous rays; their action generally depends upon (409)LUCID:
photochemical changes. 1. The story is interesting, and remarkably lucid given the
9. The sky was aflame with the aurora borealis, the eerily rapid pace of its telling.
luminous northern lights. 2. His prose style was plain and lucid and his store of
10. It is a fine sight to see the evening sunlight suddenly knowledge - history, politics, literature - immense.
strike the leafy declivity at the Castle’s base and dash up 3. Lucid explanations have been most helpful to my
it and drench it as with a luminous spray, while the adjacent understanding.
groves are in deep shadow. 4. He seems to have been an admirable teacher, with a great
power of lucid exposition.
5. He wrote a lucid account of the phenomena of
KI

phosphorescence, and adduced a molecular magnetic

theory which anticipated some of the chief features of the
(407)LAVISH:
hypothesis of to-day.
1. The directors’ lavish lifestyles and sumptuous houses on
6. She gave a clear and lucid account of her plans for the
the outskirts of Sydney raised the heckles of the
company’s future.
Australian public.
7. As he grows increasingly drunk, his observations
2. The buildings in the Arts District were all designed with
somehow become more lucid.
fancy and expensive, lavish architecture.’
8. A chaste and lucid style is indicative of the same personal
3. Nature has been niggard of rain but lavish in soil and sun.
traits in the author.
4. By his luxurious habits and his lavish expenditure on
9. The morbid logician seeks to make everything lucid, and
public buildings he piled up a great accumulation of debt,
succeeds in making everything mysterious.
which was partly discharged by the estates of the land in
return for important concessions. 10 His students from his time at Manchester University
remember his lectures as extraordinarily lucid.
5. The evening was a lavish affair with glorious food and an
endless supply of champagne. (410)LYRICAL:
6. He was a lavish philanthropist, endowing hospitals and 1. He waxed lyrical about his splendid son-in-law.
libraries as well as the famous art gallery. 2. I recall Rosie waxing lyrical about the flatness of his
7. True, beyond lavish praise, Los Angeles has always been stomach.
a place of dreams and metaphors. 3. He was waxing lyrical about my roast beef .

[80]
4. One fisherman waxed lyrical about the variety of fish in 6. After reading John Lauritsen’s review of Manly Love , I
the river. decided to read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a
5. Before waxing lyrical about types of communication we lacuna in my cultural education.
need firstly to appreciate the uniqueness of the hotel 7. This volume, with contributions by some of the leading
environment. scholars in the field, seeks to fill in the lacunae in both
6. They waxed lyrical on the virtues of introducing business- areas.
like methods and improving resource management. 8. The journal has filled a lacuna in Middle Eastern studies.
7. In the pub, beer glass in hand, he waxed lyrical about how 9. Lance Hill’s book is the first full account of the group and
he would spend his earnings. fills a major lacuna in the history of the era and the
8. It is approaching midnight in a cafe on the outskirts of movement.
Moscow and a group of enthusiasts are waxing lyrical on 10. Fill the lacunae in your inspiration by tidily copying out
the subject of their favourite car, the Lada. what you have already written.
9. I really didn’t think that the 5/8 position was as crucial as
described by Ken while he was waxing lyrical about the (413)LACKLUSTRE:
potential for rugby league strategies to influence rugby
1. Some iconic works have been imitated so often that the

’S
union.
original, viewed years later, seems to appear faded and
10. In all my rock literature perusing over the years, I really lacklustre.
can’t recall anyone waxing lyrical about ‘Face To Face’ as
2. No excuses were made for the team’s lacklustre
a stand-along thing, though they should have.
performance.
3. The lacklustre second-quarter performance has fuelled
(411)LAUDABLE: fears the economy could dip back into recession.
1. Enabling the internet’s full potential to be used by the 4. It’s better to have loved and lost than to be in a lacklustre
world’s entire population is indeed laudable. and uninspiring relationship for the rest of your life.
2. It is a laudable impulse to try to increase your 5. Tokyo stocks ended mixed after lackluster trading and
NG
understanding of voters in other parts of the country. prices moved mostly in a narrow range.
3. The proposal to give tax exemption on the pension 6. Britain’s number-one tennis player gave a disappointingly
received by ex-servicemen and their kin is laudable. lacklustre performance.
4. Equal pay for equal work is a laudable principle. 7. Now your skin is lackluster and your eyes are sporting
5. There is nothing illegal in keeping up a tomb; on the dark shadows.
contrary, it is a very laudable thing to do. 8. Unless you live in the tropics, even the most toned among
6. Despicable means used to achieve laudable goals render us is apt to uncover lackluster skin when summer comes.
the goals themselves despicable. 9. The conditioner will revitalize lacklustre hair.
7. The author’s use of lots of prose to explain key ideas, 10. The economy remains lacklustre, with production and
concepts and theories is laudable. employment in the manufacturing sector either steady or
8. Senior officers in the transport department agree that declining.
Minister’s intention may be laudable.
9. Ironically, when a person is able to maintain a reputation (414)LAMENT:
for honesty, he or she is lauded.
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1. Political historians have lamented the death of political

10. The British public are notoriously fickle about their history since the 1960s and 1970s onslaught of social and
celebrities - bullying them one minute, lauding them the cultural historians.
next.
2. For years we’ve lamented the level of deaths on our roads.’
3. The few that do realise that life can be different, less
(412)LACUNA: enervating, lament but rarely complain, grumble but never
1. Marg’s new book is an attempt to fill the lacuna, and comes protest.
25 years after an earlier study titled Homage to Jaipur. 4. The young man laments the fact that he earns too little to
2. What I wish to suggest is that filling the structural lacuna pay his bills.
makes structured talk without higher-order thought look 5. The nation lamented the death of its great war leader.
much less likely.
6. She lamented the fact that manufacturers did not produce
3. Let us call this the structural lacuna of the intentional small packs for single-person households.
scenario.
7. Experts lament that neither the central government nor
4. Very many defects have been corrected by the various most states have agencies dedicated to disaster planning.
editions of the Hymns, but a considerable number still
8. Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman once
defy all efforts; and especially an abnormal number of
lamented that since everyone handles money, there are
undoubted lacuna disfigure the text.
many know-nothings who think they understand
5. A second lacuna is the book’s insufficient attention to economics.
religion.
9. Although tragic and lamentable, the story is about one

[81]
 rich man who lost control and lost everything as a result.’ a local magistrate was too lenient on criminals.
10. Volunteers of any kind are fast becoming a dying breed 4. He was as lenient with the offences of the orthodox as he
and this is a lamentable fact.’ was rigid in suppressing heresy and schism.
5. School examiners say that marking has become more
(415)LATENT: lenient in recent years.
1. The effort is to harness the latent talent in the country in 6. In the mid 1970s Soviet emigration policies became more
TV production, broadcast journalism and media lenient.
management. 7. They believe that judges are too lenient with terrorist
2. For these children from the city’s slums and streets, it will suspects.
be an opportunity to express themselves and discover 8. The prosecution lawyer challenged the sentence as being
their latent talents. unduly lenient.
3. The latent heat of vaporization of mercury was found by 9. Academic staff at overseas universities tend to be more
Marignac to be 103 to 106. lenient towards guest students from developing
4. Police experts found latent fingerprints on the glass. countries.’
5. The virus remains latent in the body for many years. 10. The younger teachers generally had a more lenient attitude

’S
towards their students.
6. Recent developments in the area have brought latent
ethnic tension out into the open.
7. We’re trying to bring out the latent artistic talents that (418)LETHAL:
many people possess without realizing it. 1. The first, a yeast, can be especially lethal to individuals
8. Advertisements attempt to project a latent meaning behind with weakened immune systems.
an overt message. 2. In fact, oxidative stress may progress to such an extent
9. A positive test with no evidence of active tuberculosis is that it becomes lethal.
latent tuberculosis. 3. A deadly bird flu, lethal to some animals, is spreading
NG
10. In spring, when the plant is removed from winter storage, towards Britain.
one to three branches will grow from the latent buds 4. Antibiotics are medicines that are lethal to bacteria that
beneath the cuts. cause infections.
5. The cider and vodka combination is far too lethal for my
(416)LATITUDE: poor liver so I ended up puking.
1. Journalists have considerable latitude in criticizing public 6. The lethal combination of peak hour traffic and rain had
figures. resulted in chaos on the roads.
2. Contracting parties are given considerable latitude, 7. Most pesticides are lethal to earthworms on or near the
consistent with the doctrine of freedom of contract. surface.
3. Essentially, his reading gives very wide latitude for both 8. Hydrocyanic acid is a protoplasmic poison, directly lethal
federal and state gun control laws. to all living tissues, whether in a plant or an animal.
4. Statutory language is sufficiently imprecise to permit 9. The poison produced by the frog’s skin is so lethal that it
considerable latitude in interpretation by the courts. can paralyze a bird or a monkey immediately.
5. Allow your children latitude - even to take a year off before 10. Shipman was convicted last year of murdering 15 female
KI

starting college. patients with lethal doses of diamorphine.

6. He believed in giving people lots of latitude and flexibility
and independence but within parameters.
7. Employees should have some latitude in organizing their (419)LETHARGY:
work. 1. Feelings of lethargy and fatigue are creeping into my being.
8. Having his own show gives Williams wide latitude to 2. A good breakfast is important for refilling our energy
discuss controversial topics. stores, keeping lethargy at bay during the morning hours.
9. States generally have wide latitude in setting tax policies. 3. During the day, if heating is set too high, it can induce
10. The new guidelines give banks more latitude in making lethargy, poor concentration and fatigue.
loans. 4. I have sudden surges of energy and productivity, or
lethargy and napping.
(417)LENIENT: 5. Very large doses in animals cause lethargy, collapse and
1. However he has a heart problem which might cause the death.
authorities to impose a much more lenient sentence, it 6. The lethargy of the nation toward its capital suddenly
reports. vanished at the outbreak of the Civil War.
2. To make matters worse, the Criminal Code orders judges 7. In the first case, the man’s physical and spiritual lethargy
to give lenient sentences to Indian criminals. are closely interconnected and strongly contrasted with
3. A journalist in Melbourne wrote a column suggesting that the everactive God and His Logos.

[82]
8. Another common symptom of a hangover is lethargy and 3. The surrounding mountains are lofty and rugged.
muscular weakness. 4. The great hall at Union Station is lofty and magnificent -
9. The older medicines often cause serious and bothersome simply walking through it lifts the spirits.
side effects such as shaking, rigidity and lethargy. 5. Generation after generation of Americans has understood
10. What they call their loyalty, and their fidelity, I call either the lofty ideals that underlie our great Republic.
the lethargy of custom or their lack of imagination. 6. Hopefully, my fortune will assist him in achieving that
lofty goal.
(420)LOATH: 7. He had set himself the lofty goal of reaching the world’s
1. But the Indian government is loath to divide an already top five.
divided state any further. 8. I have faith only in God and the lofty destiny of our adored
2. Central banks are keen to take decisive action, but they monarch.
are loth to sacrifice independence, or act in a way that 9. Russians have different far lofty ambitions; more of a
would fuel any growing sense of financial panic. spiritual kind. It’s more about your relationship with God.
3. The king was loath to take up the quarrel, for he highly 10. The lark that shuns on lofty boughs to build Her humble
respected the archbishop; yet he was still more loath to nest, lies silent in the field.

’S
surrender the ancient claims and privileges of the crown.
4. She is loath to give up her hard-earned liberty. (423)LUMINARY:
5. Words are grown so false, I am loath to prove reason with 1. Politicians and legal luminaries rubbed shoulders with film
them. stars and top scientists recently.
6. Personally, I’m hugely pessimistic about this, but I’m loath 2. Luminaries of stage and screen assembled for last night’s
to spoil the mood. awards ceremony.
7. Farmers are loath to invest in improving productivity when 3. Among the guests are many luminaries of Parisian society
they have no title to the land they till. who might balk at that sort of food.
NG
8. We are loath to admit it, but we don’t know how to deal 4. Guests included show business luminaries such as Bob
with things that both attract and repulse us. Hope.
9. I have read a lot of really good posts recently about current 5. The event featured daily keynote addresses from industry
affairs and such, so I’m a bit loath to broach similar luminaries and more than 60 technical seminars.
subjects.
6. Analytical articles by legal luminaries will be a regular
10. Too often courts and child welfare professionals are loath feature of the journal.
to make a judgment as to whether a parent can truly care
7. The retreat is a weekend of tutorials from leading business
for a child.
luminaries on entrepreneurship.
8. He was followed by a number of good panels filled with
(421)LOATHE: various luminaries.
1. First of all, he loathed the sight of the woman who didn’t 9. The Europeans seem to be relying on the doubts of certain
show a trace of sensitivity on the situation. American luminaries, while those luminaries rely on lack
2. He loathes war and militarism, and despises chauvinism of support by the Europeans.
in every form. 10. Audiences at two screenings in Los Angeles, packed with
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3. I loathe these horrible roads, but I love the places they film industry luminaries, were equally receptive.
take you.
4. To know John well was to loathe him, as every
contemporary chronicle bears witness.
5. Many conservatives loathe the current president.
(424)MALICE:
6. From an early age the brothers have loathed each other.
1. He bore no malice, his aura was tinged slightly with regret,
7. They were required to remain together in the public eye, pain and longing.
but in reality loathed each other cordially.
2. I bear no malice towards anybody.
8. Kemp was loathed by all the other prisoners, who regarded
3. She recoiled inwardly at the malice in his eyes.
him as a traitor.
4. Actions done with malice have no good intention.
9. I loathe narcissism, but I approve of vanity.
5. malice is of a low stature, but it hath very long arms.
10. I loathe having to get out of bed so early on a Saturday.
6. This time, the devastation resulted not from the malice of
evil men, but from the fury of water and wind.
(422)LOFTY:
7. The predatory spirits, on the other hand, are described as
1. The autumn sky is so lofty that I feel like roaming around if they bore actual malice toward humans.
the heavens.
8. The privilege could nevertheless be defeated if actual
2. He stayed at the Four Seasons Hotel, from whose lofty malice was proved by the plaintiff.
heights he could see across New York.
9. Final exams are the most evil, satanic, malicious event

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 ever crafted by mankind. 4. The doctrine of manifest destiny was distinct from the
10. Everything conspires to bring out the worst in him as he imperialist dynamic that flourished around the turn of the
turns petty, malicious and vindictive. century.
5. The educational system is a manifest failure.
(425)MALIGN: 6. This simplistic way of looking at the world manifested
itself in the worship of mountains, water, stone, fire and
1. Men have been so maligned by our society that they are
sex.
not taken seriously when they protest.
7. Compared to the early struggles, the strikes of the 1890s
2. But he denied the army had been maligning politicians to
manifested a significantly higher level of consciousness
discredit them.
among the workers.
3. She has recently been maligned in the gossip columns of
8. Lack of confidence in the company manifested itself in a
several newspapers.
fall in the share price.
4. Much-maligned for their derivative style, the band is
9. He’s only convincing when that inner fury manifests itself.
nevertheless enduringly popular.
10. Parasitic infections manifest in different ways depending
5. We maligned him dreadfully, assuming the very worst
upon the parasite.’
about him.

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6. He had allowed himself to be maligned in the press to
protect the political people. (428)MAR:
7. A victory for the champion team Sydney has been much 1. There were two distinctive scars on his face, but they did
maligned this year. not did mar his appearance.
8. Social services must be the most maligned group of people 2 The fungus mars the appearance of infected plants, which
in today’s society. often exhibit powdery yellow dots on their foliage.
9. He did not set out to falsely malign anyone or advance 3. A bitter expression crossed his features, causing angry
some hidden political agenda. wrinkles to mar his face.
NG
10. Public relations is much maligned about its influence on 4. Her outfit seemed completely unscathed, however, without
the media. even a spec of dust to mar its pristine appearance.
5. Sadly, the text is marred by careless errors.
(426)MALADY: 6. Their wedding was marred by the death of Jenny’s mother
a week earlier.
1. Over the years, curcumin has gained much attention in
the scientific world for its benefits on maladies including 7. Electricity cables and oil pipelines mar many of the world’s
HIV, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. most beautiful landscapes.
2. Cancer has become the most threatening malady next to 8. Outbreaks of fighting and lawlessness marred the New
cardiovascular diseases. Year celebrations.
3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a new name for 9. In reality, only bags under his eyes and unshaven
an old malady. appearance marred his skin.
4. All the rose bushes seem to be suffering from the same 10. The church is currently being repainted whilst
mysterious malady. construction to the front of the Secondary School mars
its appearance somewhat.
5. But at times in history, left-handedness was thought to
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be a malady in need of curing (and in some parts of the

world still is). (429)MALIGNANT:
6. Pack medicine for common travel maladies such as diarrhea, 1. Science in the service of multi - national corporations,
headaches and allergies. becomes malignant rather than benign.
7. I find the medicine worse than the malady. 2. But nothing in law or common sense justifies these
8. He was stricken at twenty-one with a crippling malady. continued ignorant, racist or malignant attacks on genuine
refugees.
9. Salversan also proved effective against other maladies
such as yaws. 3. The malignant effects of chronic pain in children are
multifactorial and relatively unyielding without treatment.
10. He was emphatic that chickenpox was not a milder version
of smallpox and that the two were distinct maladies. 4. He developed a malignant hatred for the land of his birth.
5. A malignant attitude will turn others away from friendship.
(427)MANIFEST: 6. Biological viruses also ‘ steal ‘ virulence genes from other
viruses and become more malignant.
1. But a state of affairs where the group most subject to
being singled out for violence is uniquely not protected 7. There is a malignant form of coronary disease among
by the law is a manifest injustice. people of Asian origin.
2. Many things had changed for the better, with manifest 8. Malignant tumors are difficult to eradicate because they
confidence and increased prosperity widespread. can spread uncontrollably.
3. Their devotion to God is made manifest in ritual prayer. 9. The process by which malignant cancer cells multiply isn’t
fully understood.

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10. Malignant melanoma is the least common yet most higher.
dangerous form of skin cancer. 4. Showing considerable magnanimity, he promised to grant
to each of them half the revenues of the lands in which
(430) MARAUDER: they were his destined heirs, and a certain number of
castles to hold as their own.
1. This location afforded a natural fortress to protect it from
roving marauders and pirates in search of valuable goods. 5. Minds are conquered not by arms, but by love and
magnanimity.
2. I can hardly think of a worse fate for any society than to
be led into the future by the political class of gangsters, 6. The most unpardonable privilege that men enjoy is their
marauders, looters, and liars. magnanimity.
3. Ships of our navy have had occasional run-ins with pirates 7. The team’s manager was magnanimous in victory, and
and marauders, but war for us is like the vaguest memory. praised the losing team.
4. They were raided by roaming bands of marauders. 8. His was a perfectly balanced personality - tolerant,
truthful, perspicuous and magnanimous.
5. Is it some marauder who has made his way to my room to
plunder me? 9. His heart was kind and his affections were strong; he was
magnanimous and disinterested, simple and honest.
6. The forecastle was like an angry hive of bees aroused by

’S
some marauder. 10. The team was magnanimous in defeat.
7. If international rugby is to mean anything, trans-nations
marauders seeking higher wages really should be stopped.’ (433)MALAISE:
8. We need not look for ‘proof’ by poring over the dusty 1. The unemployment rate provides one indication of the
records of the meticulous pillagers, marauders, and savvy Japanese economic malaise.
tradesmen.’ 2. The patient began to experience malaise and pain in the
9. The pirate was a marauder who wandered about the sea upper abdomen.
looking for precious cargo to pilfer. 3. We were discussing the roots of the current economic
NG
10. As an emperor, Constantine was nothing but a marauder malaise.
who travelled the world looking for countries to invade. 4. The earliest symptoms are slight gastric disorders, loss of
appetite and general malaise, followed later by colicky
(431)MANDATORY: pains, irritation of eyelids and skin eruptions.
1. If political participation is important, why not require 5. Conversely, when a nation begins to see itself historically
mandatory voting, as in Australia or Belgium? and destroys its mythology, the result is secularization
and spiritual malaise.
2. Our task, however, is to analyse the role of company law
in providing mandatory rules to control company 6. There is a restlessness, a malaise, among the workers.
opportunism. 7. He complained of depression, headaches and malaise.
3. The most controversial aspect of the Bandit Law was its 8. Many citizens who live near the contaminated lake are
mandatory death sentence. complaining of a malaise that keeps them bedridden.
4. The minister is calling for mandatory prison sentences for 9. Can China help lift the world’s poorest region out of its
people who assault police officers. deep economic and political malaise?
5. Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs test before 10. His meditative films reflected an unease with the modern
KI

competing in the championship. world and a feeling of malaise in western society.

6. In 1991, the British government made it mandatory to wear
rear seat belts in cars.
7. The Council has made it mandatory for all nurses to attend (434)MELLOW:
a refresher course every three years.
1. she was hypnotized by the mellow tone of his voice
8. Her decision to plead guilty meant she had to receive a
2. He chose a Barbaresco wine 1995 (Italian red, naturally), a
mandatory life sentence.
wonderfully mellow and aromatic wine which, if you can
9. In October 2001, the EU Council of Ministers gave the afford it, is excellent.
commission a mandate to negotiate a revision of the
3. Peaches sold in here are generally large, juicy, sweet,
convention.
mellow, scrumptious, delicious, you get the idea.
10. The Human Rights Commission has the mandate to
4. His mellow wit and conciliatory temperament have
receive and investigate allegations of discrimination.
endeared him to all of us.
5. He hasn’t a charismatic figure or a flamboyant style, but
(432)MAGNANIMITY: he is definitely mild, modest and mellow.
1. Positive values include an instruction to be just and fair, 6. As she recalled, his voice was educated and had a
to value generosity or magnanimity, to demonstrate pleasant, mellow tone.
honesty and cooperation.
7. The mellow air brought in the feel of imminent autumn.
2. We will have to show magnanimity in victory.
8. The brickwork will mellow over the years so that it blends
3. No man loses ever on a lower level by magnanimity on a

[85]
 with the surroundings. 5. There was no prospect that the tradition-bound villagers
9. Paul’s certainly mellowed over the years. would pool their meagre resources to experiment in
collective farming.
10. She used to be very impatient, but she’s mellowed over
time. 6. The chairman predicts very meagre growth this year.
7. His parents were poor, and he received a meagre
education, but made up for it by careful self-culture.
(435)MELANCHOLY:
8. But if you have to manage on meagre resources, you will
1. Music can impart in us a feeling of melancholy and sorrow,
cope well.
rapture and euphoria.
9. Every morning he eats a meager breakfast of toast and
2. He had abandoned that deep melancholy and sadness,
coffee.
and he felt himself much lighter and unencumbered.
10. She came to this country with a fairly meager English
3. He was cold, haughty, melancholy and dull.
vocabulary, but she is learning more words every day.
4. A deep melancholy took possession of him, and gave a
dark tinge to all his views of human nature and of human
destiny. (438)MEDDLESOME:
1. The Government has become more intrusive, more

’S
5. He watched the process with an air of melancholy.
coercive, more meddlesome, and less effective.
6. He was a strange man, prone to melancholy and bouts of
drinking. 2. With troops in 70 percent of the world’s countries we are
naturally perceived as the most meddlesome of nations.
7. Melancholy Is not, as you conceive, indisposition Of
body, but the mind’s disease. 3. Her neighbors saw her as a meddlesome nuisance.
8. Typically his work is elegantly drawn, with a melancholic 4. Heaven rid him of meddlesome politicians!
air. 5. She was, after all, only one meddlesome old woman.
9. It is often suggested that endogenous or melancholic 6. Social workers are seen as meddlesome and health service
depressions are more severe forms of depression. managers as hard-hearted.
NG
10. His work often has a wistful or melancholic mood’. 7. She also warned other nations not to meddle in China’s
internal affairs.
(436)METEORIC: 8. The U.S. government has meddled in the affairs of the
Middle East far too long, always with horrendous results.
1. Doyle, 49, had a meteoric rise in the film industry.
9. Elections should be open and transparent so there is no
2. Many bodybuilders today have short meteoric careers.
opportunity for meddling.
3. His meteoric rise through the ranks was capped with the
10. You have no right to come in here meddling with my
U.S. Senate’s unanimous confirmation of his nomination
things’.
as Secretary of State.
4. The group had a meteoric rise to fame in the 70s.
(439)METAMORPHOSIS:
5. Molinari has had a run of big moments in her meteoric
political career, and this latest is fittingly pyrotechnic. 1. A close examination of the fresco reveals a series of
allusions to metamorphosis.
6. His career faded as meteorically as it grew.
2. Under the new editor, the magazine has undergone a
7. In the 1980s, a series of Rottweiler attacks squelched that
metamorphosis.
KI

breed’s popularity, after what had been a meteoric rise.

3. It took me some time to undergo the metamorphosis from
8. The rise of an automobile culture in the West, and its
teacher to lecturer.
meteoric boom after World War II, eventually led to self-
guided driving tours along nineteen miles of road in 1966. 4. Beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis in their life
cycle.
9. In mitigation his lawyer told of the 35-year-old’s meteoric
rise from a supermarket worker to a multi-millionaire 5. We have watched her metamorphosis from a shy schoolgirl
restaurant owner. into a self-confident businesswoman.
10. The company has experienced meteoric growth. 6. The class learned about how caterpillars undergo
metamorphosis to become butterflies.
7. The government has undergone political metamorphosis
(437)MEAGRE:
since this election.
1. The profligate US government, it was said, could not
8. This political metamorphosis is not the one chronicled
finance its deficits from the meager savings of its people,
this week by the mainstream press in both Mexico and the
thereby necessitating borrowing from abroad.
United States.
2. He began to drink heavily, left London in 1914, and spent
9. Moralising interpretations generally explained physical
the rest of his life roaming around Ireland, living off meagre
metamorphosis as the external manifestation of the bestial
earnings from hastily scribbled articles and stories.
nature within.
3. The prisoners existed on a meagre diet.
10. Books and movies appear to be undergoing the same kind
4. He supplements his meager income by working on of metamorphosis worldwide that is transforming the
Saturdays. music business.

[86]
 5. Morphine may be given hypodermically to mitigate the
(440)METE: pain.
1. Punishments meted out to soldiers who violated army 6. Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental
regulations. effects of burning more coal.
2. They were not interrogated, and no justice was meted out 7. Emergency funds are being provided to help mitigate the
to them. effects of the disaster.
3. The prison sentence is the toughest meted out to any of 8. We have to figure out a way to mitigate the costs.
the seven athletes who have pleaded guilty. 9. Judges and Magistrates have discretion and accept
4. Judges are meting out harsh sentences for car theft. mitigating circumstances and the limits of the law.
5. He felt he had a right to mete out physical punishment to 10. Politics is meant to mitigate the misery to which our inborn
the children. condition consigns us, not add to it.
6. The trio states that such treatment was meted out even
against mentally ill inmates. (443)MODIFY:
7. And above all else, a General should see that justice is 1. Instead of simply punishing them, the system encourages
meted out. offenders to modify their behaviour.

’S
8. So not only am I not sure who filed what complaint against 2. The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in
whom, but I won’t know if any punishment is meted out at a modified form.
all. 3. Banks have modified their traditional role and now offer
9. No punishments have been meted out to anyone as yet mortgages, pensions, and other financial services.
but an investigation is going on. 4. We all modify our speech when speaking to people in
10. On the occasions that punishment has been meted out, it authority.
is generally mild. 5. He modified the recipe by using oil instead of butter.
6. I modify small details to fit the purposes of my story.
NG
(441)MIRTH: 7. An attempt had indeed been made in 1786 to modify the
1. The sheer mirth of this Japanese puppet master injected rigidly protective legislation of the 18th century.
the audience with ecstasy. 8. The storms serve to modify the intense heat, though the
2. Laughter, joy and mirth should be considered some of our lightning and hail cause considerable damage.
most primary objectives. 9. In 1869 he sought to modify rather than to oppose the bill
3. I aspire to be recognised for quality writing, for consistent for the abolition of tests in the universities.
humor and mirth. 10. The aim of modern propaganda is no longer to modify
4. His eyes were twinkling with mirth and his lips were ideas, but to provoke action.
twisted into a sardonic smile.
5. Her impersonations of our teachers were a source of (444)MORTALITY:
considerable mirth.
1. When Hamlet banters with the gravediggers, he becomes
6. Our companions in this journey should be mirth, a clown himself, even if the subject matter is mortality.
tranquillity and enthusiasm and we will never be bored.
2. Fat people who manage to stay reasonably fit seem to
7. Her clumsy attempt to cut the cake was the cause of much have a risk of mortality little different to people of normal
KI

mirth. weight.
8. Their manic scramble was a source of considerable mirth 3. Fear gets you in touch with your own mortality; death is
to those of us cheering them on. the most potent fear.
9. The teacher tried to hide her mirth when she learned her 4. Influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality
worst student had been suspended for seven days. among nursing home residents.
10. An ounce of mirth is worth a pound of sorrow. 5. Infant and child mortality have dropped sharply, and life
expectancy has risen considerably.
(442)MITIGATE: 6. The relative contribution of cancer to overall mortality
1. It seems to have become accepted that poverty will always has been increasing in recent decades.
exist - the aim of policy is merely to mitigate its worst 7. But the lung cancer mortality rate for both men and women
effects. has seen a gradual decline since 1980.
2. Every case of slavery, however lenient its inflictions and 8. Infant mortality is much higher in the poorest areas of the
mitigated its atrocities, indicates an oppressor, the city.
oppressed, and oppression. 9. There are numerous venomous serpents, but the mortality
3. We have, long term, a great deal to gain from mitigating from snake-bite is low.
the effects of global warming. 10. Mortality from heart disease varies widely across the
4. It is unclear how to mitigate the effects of tourism on the world.
island.

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 (445)MORTIFY: own thought processes.
1. Grandma once told me I mortified my mother by saying, ‘I 8. It’s been a decade since the project was mooted and it has
always love coming to Grandma’s because it’s so clean. gone through a maze of approvals and reviews.
2. Everyone laughed at me and I was duly mortified. 9. The idea of a German market was first mooted by city
3. I am mortified that any discussions about my private life chiefs three years ago.
should come out in this way. 10. The notion of eliminating the corporate income tax has
4. The thought of the incident still mortified her. been mooted in tax circles for years.
5. As a teenager, making any mistake socially would have
mortified me. (448)MODULATE:
6. It mortified me to have to admit that I’d never actually 1. His eyes gleamed hellishly in his red face: but the voice
read the book. was rich, modulated, booming and kindly.
7. If I break a glass at someone else’s house, I’m mortified 2. The man could modulate his voice into a great variety of
beyond belief. tones, booming, hushed, lyrical, penitent, frightened.
8. I hope their parents were mortified when told their children 3. The way one modulates the voice, its pitch, tone and tenor
were involved in this type of thing. to speak to different persons is nothing but mimicry.

’S
9. She mortified her family by leaving her husband. 4. His gentle introductory tone modulates into a coach’s
10. However, I will be revenged on her somehow, and I beg pre-game pep talk.
you will give me your help in the matter, and to tell me 5. The music quickly modulates from its original key,
anything that you can think of that is likely to mortify her. changing the mood of the song.
6. Because she doesn’t modulate her voice, she sounds the
(446)MOROSE: same when she’s excited as when she’s sad.
1. His face suddenly took on a morose expression. 7. The state attempts to modulate private business’s cash
flow.
2. He was a silent morose man, not popular among his
NG
contemporaries, but “always a faithfull Man to the 8. An elected committee will meet monthly to modulate the
Company. council’s energy policy.
3. For days she was morose, and he could do nothing to 9. Our overall assessment is that there isn’t an easy solution,
cheer her up. at least in terms of modulating the immune system.
4. He became morose and withdrawn and would not talk to 10. These drugs modulate the disease process.
anyone.
5. Daniel seems very morose and gloomy. (449)MOLLIFY:
6. Plato used to say to Xenocrates the philosopher, who 1. Nature reserves were set up around the power stations to
was rough and morose, “Good Xenocrates, sacrifice to mollify local conservationists.
the Graces. 2. Most people have been mollified but there are still a few
7. A greater absurdity cannot be thought of than a morose, complainants left.
hard-hearted, covetous, proud, malicious Christian. 3. I tried to mollify her by giving her flowers.
8. A morose mood of deep melancholy has descended upon 4. I managed to calm him down by handing him my camera,
me this afternoon. just as one would do to mollify an angry child.
KI

9. She was morose, pale and reticent. 5. He tried to mollify his critics with an apology.
10. Every day he grew more morose and discontented and 6. All attempts to mollify the extremists have failed.
irritable; every day his character kept changing for the
7. The basic theory goes that electrical stimulation of the
worse.
brain could help mollify Alzheimer’s symptoms and
(447)MOOT: improve brain function.
1. It’s a moot point whether building more roads reduces 8. The investigation was undertaken to mollify pressure
traffic congestion. groups.
2. Whether the temperature rise was mainly due to the 9. I refuse to be mollified with coffee.
greenhouse effect was a moot point.
10. Brown was ready to mollify the union leaders, with whom
3. As a poet, he is now unfashionable, so it is a moot question he has a long and close association, with a pledge to
whether a play based on him can be of any current interest. continue the debate on the issue.
4. But whether the industry can absorb all the qualified
architects is a moot point.
(450)MOTIVATE:
5. If a foetus is not human, then it is not protected under the
1. Those who know him well insist that he is genuinely
law and the entire abortion debate is moot.
motivated by a desire to make people better.
6. It is a moot point whether Napoleon Bonaparte was born
2. But the fact that our civilization and our children’s futures
a subject of the King of France.
are under attack is what motivates us, more than anything,
7. It is a moot point whether hierarchies exist outside our to stand up for the cause of freedom.

[88]
3. The constant need for money to buy drugs and increase ineffectual, and the best ideology of the ‘human’ that
business also motivates dealers to find vulnerable victims present bourgeois society can muster.
who can provide quick cash. 9. Mustering all her strength, she pulled hard on the oars.
4. We may never know what motivated him to kill his wife. 10.. He mustered his energy for a final effort.
5. A good teacher has to be able to motivate her students.
6. The profit-sharing plan is designed to motivate the staff (453)MUNDANE:
to work hard.
1. They just wanted to see something exciting happen,
7. Our staff members are hard-working and highly motivated. something to break up the mundane humdrum of everyday
8. But he said he did not know if all of those killings were life.
politically motivated. 2. The next day was as boring, mundane, unexciting,
9. Socialism could only become a reality if the majority of humdrum, dull, tedious, uneventful and monotonous as
people had the desire and motivation to fight for it. usual.
10. Detectives are hoping to establish the motive for the 3. She has the happy knack of making the most mundane
murder attempt in the coming days, and will examine the report appear interesting.
possibility that it may have been drug related. 4. But underneath all the excitement lurk the mundane

’S
pressures of the daily grind.
(451)MOTLEY: 5. The truth is far more mundane and less interesting than
1. Whatever pedestrian space was left would be jammed with the story might suggest.
a motley, jostling throng of buyers. 6. It was difficult returning to our mundane life after our
2. I look at everyone and everything around me in the sea of weekend high.
motley colors vibrating in the room. 7. Humanism, in its revolt against the middle ages, was, as
3. There’s a motley assortment of old furniture in the house we have seen already, mundane, pagan, irreligious,
we’re renting now. positive.
NG
4. A motley bunch of students, ex-convicts and unemployed 8. Mundane matters such as paying bills and shopping for
artists worked together to repair the building. food do not interest her.
5. By 1998, the BJP had recognised this only too well, 9. Facts are more mundane than fantasies, but a better basis
cobbling together a motley, and ideologically disparate, for conclusions.
bunch of allies. 10. Prayer and meditation helped her put her mundane worries
6. Again, the motley views expressed over the past decade aside.
or so reflect different theoretical assumptions.
7. The public bar was often filled with a motley, but mostly (454)MAGNITUDE:
friendly, assortment of bikers and metalheads. 1. They may feel discouraged at the magnitude of the task
8. A motley crew of hapless musicians and street performers before them’.
are seen trying to cheer up citizens in what appears to be 2. We were enthusiastic about making our practice more
a breadline. evidence based but initially daunted by the potential
9. The people who turned up for the meeting were a motley magnitude of the task.
crew. 3. She listened, unable to fathom the magnitude of chaos he
KI

10. The people who travelled with us to Mexico were a motley spoke of.
crew. 4. The chief characteristic of the Amazonian forest, aside
from its magnitude, is the great diversity of genera and
species.
(452)MUSTER: 5. They don’t seem to grasp the magnitude of the problem.
1. The team will need all the strength they can muster to win 6. The magnitude of the flood was impossible to
this game. comprehend.
2. Opponents are unlikely to be able to muster enough votes 7. He said it was important to emphasise that the November
to override the veto. 14 flooding was ‘an event of extraordinary magnitude.
3. I find it hard to muster the sympathy within myself to 8. A world event of this magnitude has been sadly absent
understand his plight. from these shores since football’s World Cup of 1966 and
remember how brilliant that was.
4. However, she could not muster a good response, and so
remained silent and persistent. 9. The nation was shocked by the magnitude of the crisis.
5. Even those who despised his politics found it difficult to 10. The fullest consequences and magnitude of this shift are
muster hatred for the man. yet to be adequately noticed.
6. Finally I mustered up the courage to ask her out.
7. He replied with as much dignity as he could muster’. (455)MAINSTAY:
8. The truth is that liberal humanism is at once largely 1. Farming is the mainstay of the rural economy.

[89]
2. Visiting is a mainstay of social life, mostly within the circle 8. Religion is the most malevolent of all mind viruses.
of extended family. 9. He has the fierce, malevolent eyes of a demon, deep, red,
3. International trade was the mainstay of Macau as a free and sharklike.
port, and has been important until recently. 10. That whatever malevolent forces had been unleashed
4. Farming, herding, fishing, seafaring, commerce, and crafts could not harm me personally for this very reason.
were the historical mainstays of the economy.
5. Tourism has long been the economic mainstay of Kashmir. (458)MANIPULATE:
6. But more than being a mainstay of fashion, the T-shirt is 1. In art classes, each student explores and manipulates
an enduring medium of advertising. varied tools and mediums.
7. My mother has always been the mainstay of our family. 2. The surgeon can perform intricate procedures by using
8. Agriculture is a mainstay of the economy. joystick-like controls to manipulate the surgical
9. Farming and forestry are still the mainstay of this area instruments.
although tourism is rapidly expanding. 3. The wheelchair is designed so that it is easy to manipulate.
10. The plans were a mainstay of the amalgamation process 4. The workmen manipulated some knobs and levers.
and the beacon to guide sustainable development.

’S
5. He’s always been good at manipulating numbers in his
head.
(456)MAJESTIC: 6. She manipulated the lights to get just the effect she
1. The music he composed for her funeral is of a truly wanted.
majestic solemnity and profundity. 7. Machiavelli urged rulers to study human nature so that
2. We then went up the calm city streets with a tour guide in they could control politics by manipulating their subjects.
order to view all of the old churches and the majestic 8. Throughout her career she has very successfully
fortress. manipulated the media.
3. The majestic Montana scenery will leave you breathless. 9. The editorial was a blatant attempt to manipulate public
NG
4. The old building, seen from the Thames on summer days, opinion.
is quietly and broodingly majestic. 10. There are many other ways in which language can be
5. This lovely village is surrounded by majestic mountain used to manipulate an audience. One obvious way is to
scenery. simply lie.
6. The language of the Dutch Bible is as majestic as that of
the English version. (459)MARSHAL:
7. The centuries-old history and culture of India , majestic 1. Napoleon marshalled his forces rapidly, and this speed of
architectural monuments and museums of Delhi, Agra and assembly proved the key to victory in 1805-7.
Mumbai have a unique attractive force. 2. The fighting in the city followed reports of the rebels
8. The view across the garden valley to the Old Town, marshalling their forces in the countryside.
dominated by the majestic Castle, is extravagantly 3. They had marshalled an armada of 1,000 boats to help
theatrical. clear up the oil.
9. The majestic and magnificent culture on display in Prague 4. It is unlikely that the rebels will be able to marshal as
is quite unforgettable. much firepower as the government troops.
KI

10. No other city in the world celebrates death on quite so 5. The government marshalled its economic resources.
epic or majestic a scale as Paris.
6. She is one of those people who can marshal their thoughts
quickly and articulate them clearly.
7. In the Internet era, when facts are literally at one’s
fingertips, marshaling information is no longer enough to
(457)MALEVOLENT: constitute learning.
1. The central character is a malevolent witch out for revenge. 8. He paused for a moment as if to marshal his thoughts.
2. I could feel his malevolent gaze as I walked away. 9. Organizations are creating teams to marshal the resources
of this diverse, sometimes motley workforce.
3. I have the feeling that all the malevolent forces in the
world have turned on me. 10. A bit nervously, he sat down with pen and paper to marshal
his thoughts.
4. He had a nervous twitch which jerked at a muscle at the
corner of his thin-lipped mouth and a malevolent stare.
5. The wicked old woman gave a malevolent smile. (460)MARVEL:
6. He reveals that he has been a poor politician, a bad judge 1. The book is divided into six cantos, describing the plan of
and a malevolent individual. the city, the monuments and the technological marvels of
those days.
7. According to Islamic tradition (sunnah), marriage has been
deemed to be an essential requirement. Celibacy has been 2. He relied on his own innate genius in his lifelong quest to
regarded as a malevolent condition fraught with evils. uncover the marvels of Nature.

[90]
3. The big bang theory, evolution, plate tectonics, and other 7. As an attitude, romanticism can be described as a tendency
scientific marvels fascinated me. to favour the spiritual and oppose materialism.
4. One of the marvels of the twentieth century is the electric 8. The truth is that all of the varieties of skepticism,
alarm clock. materialism, and spiritual fervor are found in the range of
5. I don’t know where I would be without the technological tribal societies.
marvels of the twenty-first century. 9. His demagogic promises of jobs and wage increases never
6. This miniature phone is the latest technological marvel materialized.
from Japan. 10. We had been told to expect a rescue package but none
7. A new technological marvel was invented there - the had materialised.
electron microscope.
8. It’s a marvel (to me) how they’ve managed to build the (463)MEDITATE:
tunnel so quickly. 1. He meditated on the consequences of his decision.
9. The men that women marry, And why they marry them, 2. He was standing before the security guard, watching her
will always be A marvel and a mystery to the world. contemplatively, as if he was meditating the meaning of a
10. The marvel of the Bhagavad-Gita is its truly beautiful particularly meaningful painting.

’S
revelation of lifes wisdom which enables philosophy to 3. I suspect meditating on this idea might relieve me of some
blossom into religion. of my day-to-day anxiety derived from my high
expectations of my own performance.
(461)MASSACRE: 4. Too much meditating on this gave me the jitters twice
1. Civil wars in various countries added to the world war, over.
genocidal massacres, political assassinations and 5. As Maria flies to her daughter’s bedside, she meditates
monstrosities of war turned the world upside down. on her own life.
2. Nothing else can describe such brutal massacres, such 6. Silently she meditated revenge.
wanton destruction.
NG
7. I was meditating, and reached a higher state of
3. The junta is mostly known for slaughters and massacres, consciousness.
but there really is a demand for change. 8. It was here that the monk spent much of the day reading
4. Official reports on the massacre were never released, and and meditating on Scripture.
just two policemen were charged. 9. A natural endurance athlete, he spends a lot of time
5. The question remains as to why these gruesome war meditating, doing yoga, and simply focusing on breathing.
crimes and massacres were committed against the civil 10. When we meditate and clear our minds we are aligning
population? the energy fields back into balance.
6. On the 30th of November 1895 there was a massacre of
Armenians, in which several Gregorian priests and
(464)MEEK:
Protestant pastors lost their lives.
1. She seemed so very meek and mild.
7. The perpetrators of the massacre must be brought to
justice as war criminals. 2. She brought her meek little husband along.
8. The bombing of Dresden was one of the worst massacres 3. They are ultra-competitive on the field but meek and mild
in European history. and very polite off the field.
KI

9. Sometimes it was rumored that a general massacre of the 4. In his youth as a young priest in Banada he was a powerful
inhabitants was to be perpetrated by these soldiers. man in stature, but meek and mild as a child.
10. Official reports on the massacre were never released, and 5. One of the scientists said that when he fed the chemical
just two policemen were charged. to lab rats, they would become completely meek and docile.
6. From beginning to end they remained meek and respectful
in the presence of their mother and aunt.
(462)MATERIAL:
7. Steve had played games with her mind, and she had been
1. Descartes believes in a more or less natural form of
meek and submissive.
interaction between immaterial mind and material body.
8. This movie, with its violent scenes, is definitely not for
2. In familiar, romantic fashion, this culture is associated with
the meek.
spiritual rather than with material values.
9. From my perspective as an adult, they were rather gentle
3. Long before Europeans arrived, it has been suggested,
people, maybe even meek.
Australia was a prosperous land, with a high material
standard of living. 10. He was a meek, mild-mannered fellow.
4. The insects did not do any material damage to the crop’.
5. Now, physical prowess is admittedly not a material (465)MEND:
qualification for public office. 1. He also took a gun home from the safe, ostensibly to
6. Bear in mind that most material invocations for wordly mend it or repair it or something.
gains will almost inevitably carry some degree of bad luck. 2. Detached from our heads, hair can be used to mend

[91]
 garments, to darn holes in stockings. children have lost families or work at menial tasks to
3. The plumber came to mend the burst pipe. provide meager, subsistence-level support.
4. Never try to mend a broken machine without 9. The lack of confidence and education forced some to work
disconnecting it from the electricity supply. on menial tasks.
5. He can mend anything - he’s so good with his hands. 10. In Syria, the Islamic State’s Central Asian recruits are often
given menial jobs or used as cannon fodder.
6. The Supreme Court has also threatened that if the state
government does not mend its ways these cases may be
transferred to courts outside the state. (468)MILEAGE:
7. He did not mend his ways and the result of that failing 1. Most writers who display political badges, in fact, want
was catastrophic. to make mileage in the name of ideology.
8. The country’s president is seeking to mend relations with 2. Unlike his predecessor, he sees no political mileage in turf
the United States. wars, or even pursuing different legislative agendas.
9. There will be disciplinary action if you do not mend your 3. And with elections for local bodies round the corner,
ways. political parties are likely to try their best to get maximum
10. Drastic decisions should essentially be avoided unless political mileage out it.

’S
you have done everything you sincerely feel you should 4. There’s no mileage in complaining to the director - she’ll
have in order to mend the adverse situation. just ignore you.
5. The newspapers wanted to get as much mileage from the
(466)MENACE: story as they could.
1. Stray dogs should not be allowed to roam and be a menace 6. Managers are working furiously on ways to get the most
and threat to the public, especially children, the weak and mileage out of the plan.
the aged. 7. The company has gotten a lot of mileage out of a simple
2. This youth and his family are well known for stealing cars idea.
NG
and are nothing but a menace to the community. 8. They get a lot of mileage out of their donations and are
3. Although medical treatment has improved in recent times, having some amazing successes.
the disease is still a menace to many people’s health. 9. You can gain of lot of rhetorical mileage out of anecdotes
4. There was an atmosphere of menace in the city. that involve relatively small amounts of money and evoke
emotional reactions.
5. There was a sense of menace as the snow fell heavier and
the wind blew rope out across the face. 10. There is no political mileage in talking about the quantity
of funding for services when the public is increasingly
6. He was accused of unlawfully demanding money with
interested in quality.
menaces.
7. The great menace of civilization in the present is that we
offer an education with too little regard for the roots. (469)MISFIRE:
8. Faith is a gift of God, which man can neither give nor take 1. As of August, 2003, revenue was down 25% as expansion
away by promise of rewards or menace of torture. plans badly misfired.
9. There was a hint of menace in his voice that made him 2. While certain initiatives have been considered successful,
uneasy. others have seriously misfired.
KI

10. The escaped prisoners are considered a menace to society. 3. But his efforts misfired, causing huge inconvenience for
many innocent users.
4. I was worried that the plan might misfire.
(467)MENIAL:
5. Their scheme to rob the bank misfired disastrously and
1. He sought the most menial offices, and did penance for
landed them all in jail.
his sins by the severest austerities.
6. Some of their policies had misfired.
2. She performed her duties faithfully, reserving to herself
the most menial tasks. 7. In the past, some attempts to fight fire with fire have
misfired.
3. He worked his way through college by taking menial jobs
in the vacation. 8. My joy, such as it is, lies in the satisfaction that a carefully
thought out plan has wonderfully misfired.
4. immigrants to that country faced fierce prejudice and could
expect to find work only as menials 9. He concocts a pilot proposal so offensive, so bound to
misfire with test audiences, it’s sure to get him canned.
5. Even well-trained women were forced into menial labor.
10. He didn’t know that his plan had misfired.
6. His daily duties entailed preparing vegetables, doing the
dishes and the other menial tasks that no one else wanted.
7. Many refugees who were professionals in their countries (470)MISHAP:
now find themselves performing menial tasks or manual 1. A series of mishaps led to the nuclear power plant blowing
labor. up.
8. Food and shelter are the greatest problems, and many 2. The parade was very well organized and passed without

[92]
 mishap. 5. He has only a modest amount of knowledge on the subject.
3. After many delays, the launch of the space shuttle Atlantis 6. There is always more goodness in the world than there
proceeded without mishap. appears to be, because goodness is of its very nature
4. The fire was a tragic mishap that could have been modest and retiring.
prevented. 7. They live in a fairly modest house, considering their
5. After a number of mishaps she finally managed to get wealth.
back home. 8. He was kind, generous and always modest about his
6. He is perennially dogged by comic mishaps and achievements.
misfortunes, usually of his own making. 9. He was always modest about his role in the Everest
7. Despite the cheers and applause, the officers had their expedition.
share of mishaps. 10. After the first couple of hours of riding, Elizabeth had a
8. One year my great grandfather was witnessing the event suspicion that Andrew had been modest about his riding
when a mishap took place. ability.
9. It is a good start to try to deal with the difficulties around
medical mishaps. (473)MOMENTOUS:

’S
10. Although there were a few minor mishaps, none of the 1. The strategic results of his audacious decision were
pancakes stuck to the ceiling’. momentous and did much to shape the war in this region.
2. Committing troops to battle is the most momentous
(471)MOBILISE: decision any Prime Minister can make.
1. Representatives for all the main candidates are trying to 3. The prospect of a single currency may present this country
mobilize voter support. with one of the most momentous decisions in its history.
2. The government has mobilized several of the army’s top 4. My college graduation was a momentous day in my life.
combat units. 5. The revolution taking place in eastern Europe must be
NG
3. The Liberal government mobilized the Army, Navy, and counted as one of the most momentous events of this
even our own Air Force. century.
4. The nation had never mobilized an army to fight overseas, 6. I try in vain to recall how I felt about it, and what its
and it lacked naval transport capabilities. circumstances were; but it is not momentous in my
recollection.
5. In the last year the Army has mobilized and demobilized,
deployed and redeployed more than 350,000 reserve and 7. I am only too aware of my own limitations in making so
active component soldiers at Army installations. momentous a decision.
6. As young people we are encouraged to mobilise 8. The judge acknowledged he was making a momentous
ourselves. decision, and few would have wished to take his place.
7. Democracy mobilizes the citizens’ support for state- 9. At momentous times in the history of the nation we look
directed projects, and recruits their energy for state- for guidance from our leaders.
declared problems. 10. The most momentous thing in human life is the art of
8. Between 1942 and 1945, the economy grew by an annual winning the soul to good or to evil.
average of 7.7 per cent as idle resources were mobilised
KI

for military purposes. (474)MONOPOLY:

9. He said he believed there were significant resources 1. The firm has an effective monopoly on the supermarket
available in the private sector that could be mobilised to trolley advertising business in Ireland.
fight the pandemic.
2. Conservative governments commercialised a public
10. Political parties have set up booths in different districts service, broke its monopoly on stamp sales and closed
while party workers have been mobilised to lobby many hundreds of sub post offices.
residents to register.
3. Personal medical services break the monopoly of the
(472)MODEST: independently contracted general practitioner.
1. As the economy slows to very modest levels of growth, 4. Deregulation has the effect of causing many state-owned
cutting interest rates is a prime mechanism for boosting insurers to lose their monopoly on the local markets.
economic output.
5. The government is determined to protect its tobacco
2. Some people who have not had a problem with alcohol monopoly.
use may be permitted by their doctor to use a modest
6. The concept of peace is open, like freedom and justice,
amount of alcohol while taking one of the newer
with no culture having any monopoly on its definition.
antidepressants.
7. In the personal computer market, Microsoft holds a
3. Alcohol in modest amounts may have a protective effect
monopoly.
on bone density, but sustained high consumption causes
bone loss. 8. They are demanding an end to the Communist Party’s
monopoly of power.
4. The party made modest gains in the elections, but nothing
like the huge gains that were predicted. 9. Tax concessions for new companies and the end of the

[93]
 state monopoly on import-export trade were also 2. I was musing about how it could be possible for kids so
announced. young to sing about love and loss when they truly have
10. Imperialism and slavery are no white male monopoly, but never had their heart broken.
are everywhere from Egypt, Assyria, and Persia to India, 3. I began to muse about/on the possibility of starting my
China and Japan. own business.
4. I could sell the house, she mused, but then where would
(475)MONUMENTAL: I go?
1. A time of glory, gain and riches comes unexpectedly after 5. He mused on how different his life would have been, had
all the monumental efforts you have made in the past. he not met Louisa.
2. The Iliad, like the Bible and the works of Shakespeare, 6. He sat on the edge of the bank, legs dangling, eyes musing
holds a position of monumental importance in Western on the water.
culture. 7. He lay and mused in the warm sunlight.
3. The task ahead is monumental and extremely serious for 8. As I left the office today, I was musing on how much I
us and the generations to come. laughed today.
4. Darwin published his monumental work on evolution in 9. She mused for a moment, thought about what was to

’S
1859. become of her.
5. The task is a monumental one because of the size of the 10. I got to musing as to how those few years I spent
islands, their tiny population and their distance from the deliberately celibate were the happiest of my adult life.
rest of the world.
6. Tragically, their monumental efforts prove to be in vain. (478)MUTILATE:
7. Recovery will require a monumental effort from all sectors 1. He slashed her throat with a knife then mutilated her body
of society. and face.
8. In November, 1903, the Shimla Railways was a monumental 2. The bodies of the victims were mutilated beyond
event that changed Shimla for ever.
NG
recognition.
9. The Foreign Secretary opened his speech by referring to 3. The military rounded up tens of thousands of people,
the monumental events that now surround us. torturing and mutilating many of the prisoners.
10. In the cliffs around the boundaries of the city the king left 4. Police also said several of the corpses had their faces
a series of monumental inscriptions badly mutilated from the gunshot wounds.
5. According to the police the face of the slain person was
(476)MURKY: hit with a boulder and it was badly mutilated.
1. When the dead leaves rustle, the wind rattles the skeletons 6. Self-hatred apparently drove her to mutilate her own face.
of trees, and ragged clouds scud across a murky moon, 7. The sculpture was badly mutilated in the late eighteenth
there’s an ominous frisson in the air. century.
2. The picture is often dark and grainy, shadow detail is quite 8. The writer’s verdict was that his screenplay had been
murky and poor, and the colors seem slightly faded most mutilated.
of the time.
9. The fine carved screen was mutilated in the 18th century’.
3. Dark, cold and murky days are a plenty and can be
10. Mariama was the first woman in the village to stand up
KI

expected from now until Christmas and all outdoor

against the traditional practice and refused to have her
activities in gardens can be expected to cease.
daughters mutilated.
4. The river was brown and murky after the storm.
5. He was immersed in the dark murky water, surrounded
with all types of sea creatures.
6. As apartheid ended, South Africa faced thousands of dark
questions about its past, with murky answers for its future. (479)MYOPIC:
7. Among the many murky questions surrounding the killing 1. The government still has a myopic attitude to public
is the mysterious background of the assailants. spending.
8. In the murky world of seventeenth-century espionage and 2. Legal and financial issues are certainly important, but it is
plotting, casual brutality was all too common fare. myopic to stop at just these.
9. He became involved in the murky world of international 3. Their myopic refusal to act now will undoubtedly cause
drug-dealing. problems in the future.
10. I don’t want to get into the murky waters of family 4. Now the whole country is run by a myopic bourgeoisie
arguments. with a mentality that does not care for the people.
5. Employees have suffered for management’s myopic
concentration on short-term goals.
(477)MUSE:
6. But, as we know from extensive research, experience can
1. Opportunities do not wait for those who muse and pause
saddle individuals with a myopic view of their current
for deliberation.

[94]
 circumstances. (482)NULLIFY:
7. Rhinos are thick-skinned, myopic and love to wallow in 1. Contributory negligence could reduce the monetary
mud. quantification of the defendant’s liability, but it cannot
8. Most myopic children can be fitted with glasses with legally or logically nullify it.
concave lenses which will bring their vision to normal. 2. If Inland Revenue lose, then EU states can act to nullify
9. Approximately 62 million people in the United States are the decision or they can allow healthy full tax competition.
myopic (ie, nearsighted) and require eyeglasses or contact 3. And the organizations say that some 300 farms are
lenses for vision correction. remaining because they say the evictions are invalid or
10. Retinal degeneration is more common in myopic eyes but have been nullified by court orders.
it’s not exactly related to macular degeneration. 4. Judges were unwilling to nullify government decisions’.
5. The goal of the discussion was to nullify the Tariff Act of
(480)NURSE: 1832.
1. He still nursed a secret desire to try and make amends. 6. The state death penalty law was nullified in 1977.
2. In its chronic illness, her body has turned on itself, nursing 7. The election results were nullified because of voter fraud.
and feeding its own traumatic memories continually. 8. Insulin can block the release of the hormone and thereby

’S
3. Many Democratic voters have nursed feelings of anger nullify the effects of training’.
and disenfranchisement for the past four years. 9. Judges were unwilling to nullify government decisions’.
4. They nurse a belief that life has treated them unfairly, 10. All my hard work was nullified when I lost my notes.
much worse than they deserve.
5. She nursed a desire to become an actress in Bollywood (483)NOTION:
films.
1. Reductionism and the criterial theory lean heavily on the
6. Powell nursed a deep fear of public speaking and was notion of analytic or conceptual truth.
terrified when she was required to give a class
2. We see the world from different perspectives and have
NG
presentation.
different notions of what constitutes fairness.
7. She had long nursed a passion for Japanese art.
3. Chinese people seem to have more affection for, and put
8. For years he had nursed a grievance against his former more belief in, Western notions and practices.
employer.
4. We need a hierarchical rather than an egalitarian
9. He nursed an ambition to lead his own orchestra. conception of aesthetic notions.
10. For the last few days, I’ve been nursing this crazy desire 5. He rejected the notion that the sacrament of the altar was
to get as far away as I can from London. a constantly renewed sacrifice, and held it to be merely a
commemoration of the one sacrifice of Christ.
(481)NUISANCE: 6. The old notion that brevity is the essence of wit has
1. I live in Beckenham in an area populated by many foxes succumbed to the modern idea that tedium is the essence
and, yes, they do sometimes make a nuisance of of quality.
themselves. 7. Love is the emblem of eternity: it confounds all notion of
2. Bonfires are a general nuisance and serious problem for time: effaces all memory of a beginning, all fear of an end.
anyone with a respiratory condition such as asthma or 8. I have only a vague notion of what she does for a living.
KI

emphysema. 9. In the post-war period some democratic elitists detected a

3. The wheat straw is worse than a waste product - it is a major flaw in this notion of bureaucratic rationality.
great nuisance upon the bonanza farm. 10. I disagree with the notion that violence on TV causes
4. The power given to provide hospitals must be exercised acts of violence in society.
so as not to create a nuisance, and much litigation has
taken place in respect of the providing of hospitals for
(484)NEPOTISM:
smallpox.
1. Today volunteerism had been diluted by caste, religion
5. Local residents claimed that the noise was causing a public
and nepotism.
nuisance.
2. All of the aid in the world cannot penetrate political
6. Peaceful demonstrations that do not cause a public
systems which are rife with corruption and nepotism.
nuisance are a fundamental right in any truly democratic
country. 3. Corruption and nepotism remain rampant, regardless of
party in power.
7. Weeds are a nuisance to the gardener.
4. In some instances, corruption and nepotism have been
8. A nuisance may be merely a right thing in the wrong place
decentralised to the level of the local and the regional
like a pig in the parlor instead of the barnyard.
State.
9. The disruptive child was a nuisance to the class.
5. Entry to journalism was heavily influenced by nepotism.
10. It’s a real nuisance having to pick up the kids from school
6. The nepotism in which the pope indulged is especially
every day.
inexcusable.

[95]
7. Some senior executives have been accused by minority and China made it into the top 10 countries for patent
shareholders of mismanagement, nepotism, and of applications last year.
presiding over asset-stripping. 4. The actress is now focusing on her nascent singing career.
8. Jobs in the state sector are allocated by examination, but 5. A nascent nationalist movement is emerging in the
in reality the system is riddled with nepotism and clientism. Ukraine.
9. The word Nepotism is from Latin word nepos , meaning 6. In people who are not esoterically developed, the mental
nephew. and emotional bodies are in a rudimentary or nascent state.
10. The idea to hide information breeds other vices such as 7. His beard was still in its infancy; and nascent lines of
corruption and nepotism. whisker traced their modest way sparely down his cheeks.
8. Indian book retailing is also a relatively nascent industry.
(485)NEGLIGIBLE: 9. The nascent renewables industry is warning that the delay
1. The proposed route would divert a negligible amount of could put some generators out of business.
traffic from the city. 10. The bottom line will also benefit from the depreciation in
2. Publishing on the web costs a lot less than publishing on the dollar and nascent signs of firmer pricing power.
paper, although its costs are not negligible.

’S
3. Except for the negligible cost of printing the money, the (488)OPPRESS:
central bank incurs no other cost in producing it.
1. He uses stealthy means to savagely oppress the common
4. My knowledge of German is negligible. people.
5. A negligible amount of damage was done to the vehicle. 2. A group of youngsters demonstrated with great vigour,
6. Economists say raising the minimum wage would have a what it meant to stand up against the power of a foreign
negligible effect on employment rates. power that continued to oppress the people of India.
7. Managers are convinced that the strike will have a 3. And we are going to stand up for people around the world,
negligible effect. oppressed people, who want us to stand up for them.
NG
8. The bigger the crowd, the more negligible the individual. 4. The nobles were exhorted not to oppress the commons.
9. A modest or negligible rise in labor costs will not have a 5. For years now, the people have been oppressed by a
major effect on inflation, he said. ruthless dictator.
10. Expenses for maintaining the investment fund are 6. They condemned attempts by the government to oppress
negligible - just half a percentage point of profit. its citizens.
7. Since colonial times, black people in South Africa have
(486)NASTY: been oppressed by the white minority.
1. After a shower last night and a shower this morning, I can 8. He was oppressed by some secret worry.
still smell the nasty stench of the awful artificial 9. Whatever oppressive tactics the authorities use, we
concoction. should not let them stop us protesting and expressing
2. The weather was nasty, very, very stormy and a lot of our anger about their atrocities.
people were seasick. 10. The building radiated an oppressive atmosphere, loaded
3. Her stories are very nasty, full of murder and violence. with the anguish of men and women facing death.
4. Opinion polls have a nasty habit of entrenching prejudices.
KI

5. She has a nasty habit of picking on people in meetings. (489)OUTLAY:

6. In an emergency you could get out through a window, 1. In particular, hiring expertise for specific projects can
but it would be a nasty drop. reduce large salary outlays.
7. She said some really nasty things about him. 2. More than half of the annual budget outlays are transfer
payments.
8. Drivers often have a nasty habit of driving too close to
cyclists. 3. For an initial outlay of $2,000 to buy the equipment, you
can earn up to $500 a month if the product sells well.
9. You could get a nasty shock from that water heater if it
isn’t earthed properly. 4. For a relatively small outlay, you can start a home
hairdressing business.
10. I hope he’s not going to spring any nasty surprises on us
at the meeting this morning. 5. House buyers usually have a large initial outlay on carpets
and furniture.
6. When we built the factory the outlay on machinery was
(487)NASCENT:
heavy but we were able to buy all the latest equipment.
1. Economic mismanagement and poor coordination are
7. Apart from the initial outlay, dishwashers can actually
casting storm clouds over a nascent recovery.
save you money.
2. Some feel that there is a fear in Pakistan that opening
8. Data on travel money outlays are more readily available
doors to Bollywood could destroy the nascent Pakistani
than travel time expenditures, as well as being much more
film Industry.
reliable.
3. Mumbai already boasts a nascent advertising industry

[96]
9. The option of providing tax relief for receipted outlays on Europe and America, private jets, two yachts and a
childcare is also being examined by a cabinet helicopter.
subcommittee. 2. However, the interiors as they appeared after the house
10. Yet some administrators have urged a reduction in the was completed in 1902 were rich with color and opulent
current outlay for salary and benefits. materials.
3. But the real highlight of the trip was dinner, served in the
(490)OBLIQUE: opulent dining cars by candlelight on linen, with crystal,
flowers and silverware.
1. Through humour, satire, and a range of experiments with
language, the collection offers an oblique commentary on 4. The town became an opulent centre of a powerful and
Caribbean society. prosperous state.
2. The painting suggests deeply considered feeling, 5. The wealth from oil enabled him to head an opulent and
transparent and mysterious, direct and oblique. corrupt court.
3. Throughout the article the members made both direct and 6. An excessive indulgence in the pleasures of social life
oblique references to the English heritage on Long Island. constitutes the great interests of a luxuriant and opulent
age
4. She made several oblique references to the current

’S
financial situation. 7. Mysore, the famous “city of incense”...is home to some
17 palaces, of which Amba Vilas is arguably is India’s
5. It was an oblique reference to his time in prison.
most opulent.
6. He issued an oblique attack on the President.
8. opulent, civilized, and industrious nations, are greater
7. The carpets placed on the floor seemed to be an oblique consumers than poor ones, because they are infinitely
reference to the manner in which women are still walked greater producers.
all over in many parts of the world.
9. Each location and set is opulent, textured and rich,
8. Yet it is possible to approach this problem in an oblique portraying a period feel while keeping a morbid and often
manner. gothic atmosphere.
NG
9. The search engine also acts, in an oblique manner, as an 10. The day after the launch, Mara is sitting in the party’s
anti-censorship tool. opulent election campaign headquarters in the National
10. As always, my answer is rather long and rambling, and Treasury Building.
approaches the topic in a very oblique manner.
(493)OBESE:
(491)ONSLAUGHT: 1. Children were much more likely to be overweight or obese
1. The Russian army collapsed under this onslaught and if both parents were overweight or obese.
the attack was initially incredibly successful. 2. More than one billion adults across many parts of the
2. Cultural and civil liberty activists ought to unite and fight world are obese or overweight.
to resist these onslaughts on basic fundamental freedom, 3. Nearly two thirds of men and more than half of women in
he said. England are now either overweight or obese.
3. England faced a fierce onslaught from South Africa for 4. Recent research has shown poorer outcomes for
much of the match and Woodward was impressed with overweight and obese boys than for girls.
what he saw.
5. American doctors have for years observed the reliance
KI

4. Speculative onslaughts on the pound were resisted only on fast food of overweight and obese people.
at the expense of deflationary domestic policies.
6. It is estimated that more than one in five Britons is now
5. It is unlikely that his forces could withstand an enemy classed as obese and three-quarters are overweight.
onslaught for very long.
7. She was not just overweight; she was clinically obese.
6. Scotland’s onslaught on Wales in the second half of the
8. He may not be clinically obese, but he certainly needs to
match earned them a 4–1 victory.
lose a lot of weight.
7. The massive onslaught of enemy troops caught the
9. Obese people tend to have higher blood pressure than
country by surprise.
lean ones.
8. The city was in ruins after a prolonged onslaught by
10. At least 25% of Americans are considered obese.
enemy warplanes.
9. Ideas are inherently conservative. They yield not to the
attack of other ideas but to the massive onslaught of (494)OBJECTIVE:
circumstance with which they cannot contend. 1. Her prime objective now is simply to stay in power.
10. As a result of fierce Hungarian onslaughts from the north, 2. My sole objective is to make the information more widely
Bulgaria lost important territories beyond the Danube, available.
including the rich Transylvania. 3. We need someone outside the company to give us an
objective analysis.
(492)OPULENT: 4. He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of
1. He relishes an opulent lifestyle with palatial homes in his presidency.

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5. Managers should set specific performance objectives for
their teams. (497)OBSCURE:
6. But there is no longer any objective justification for the 1. His origins and parentage are obscure.
existence of competing small groups.
2. His use of obscure jargon underscored the urgent need
7. The report outlines a number of goals and objectives, all for secrecy and discretion.
of which are no doubt very laudable.
3. If the communication gap is too wide, the message is too
8. Whenever we use cryptography it is important that we obscure for people to understand.
check that it is helping us achieve our desired objectives.
4. His answers were obscure and confusing.
9. A terrorist is a person or persons who instigate violence
5. Picasso’s first exhibition received only a short mention in
upon an innocent party in order to achieve an objective
an obscure Parisian newspaper.
or goal.
6. While causes of dyslexia remain obscure, there is growing
10. Our main objective is to improve the company’s
evidence that it is neurological in nature.
productivity.
7. Everything seemed dark, obscure and terrible.
8. Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from
(495)OBLIGATORY:

’S
federal investigators.
1. Self-sufficient women and changing social rules mean
9. The debate has become obscured by conflicting
marriage is no longer obligatory.
ideological perspectives.
2. If the government enforces two legislations for two similar
10. Dense black clouds were already obscuring the 15,000-
obligatory programs, the result would be legal uncertainty,
foot peaks that loomed around us.
he said.
3. And then of course, as is apparently compulsory these
days, there’s the obligatory shock twist ending that (498)OBSOLETE:
doesn’t stand up to a moment’s scrutiny. 1. The dumping of obsolete machinery and technology in
4. The protest was the first public display of dissent by the third world, especially in India, is destabilising the
NG
women since the 1979 revolution, when the new regime very economy.
enforced obligatory veiling. 2. The meaning of traditional astrological texts is frequently
5. The ordinance made it obligatory that homeowners clear obscured by the use of archaic or obsolete terms.
the snow from the sidewalks. 3. Anything that has become obsolete must be discarded
6. It is obligatory for companies to provide details of their and replaced with some thing new and novel.
industrial processes. 4. Then war can become obsolete, as foreign to us as slavery
7. Being born in the US bestows US citizenship on the and public hangings.
offspring and eliminates the obligatory military service 5. The rate at which technology becomes obsolete continues
requirement. to increase dramatically.
8. By a law passed in 1868 attendance at school is obligatory 6. Gas lamps became obsolete when electric lighting was
on all children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. invented.
9. If you can give me a few minutes of your time I’ll be much 7. Weapons that would have been invincible twenty years
obliged. before are now vulnerable and obsolete.
10. I shall be much obliged if you would give me an 8. Politicians are always realistically maneuvering for the
KI

opportunity for an interview. next election. They are obsolete as fundamental problem-
solvers.
(496)OBSCENE: 9. The pace of technological change has already rendered
obsolete many items that few would argue amongst the
1. This poem uses obscene words to describe obscene acts
worth of preserving.
and obscene attitudes.
10. I was told my old printer is obsolete and I can’t get
2. In the raid, police found several boxes of obscene DVDs.
replacement parts.
3. Recently she has been the target of a series of obscene
phone calls.
(499)OBSTACLE:
4. They scrawled obscene messages on his car windscreen.
1. The social and cultural obstacles to accelerated economic
5. It’s the most obscene film I’ve ever seen.
growth are immense.
6. He made an obscene gesture at the driver who cut him off.
2. The riders have to clear 12 obstacles on the course within
7. Everything anachronistic is obscene. a specific time limit.
8. Thereafter, colonial censors turned their attention more 3. Resistance is the process of avoiding change and is a
closely to stamping out obscene literature. major obstacle to progress.
9. Some women might like their men to talk dirty but this was 4. Their biggest obstacle is the difficulty in finding enough
obscene filth. local craftsmen to carry out the work.
10. The way he writes about the disease that killed her is 5. This decision has removed the last obstacle to the
simply obscene.

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 hostages’ release. company.
6. Fear of change is an obstacle to progress. 2. The worst were the overly officious customs officials who
7. The greatest obstacle to economic progress has been mass are no advert for American hospitality.
unemployment. 3. I was stopped at the University gates by an officious
8. There are formidable obstacles on the road to peace. guard who asked me for my faculty card.
9. He overcame the obstacles of poverty and neglect. 4. It is, however, often imprudent and officious to try and fix
the problems and arbitrate the quarrels of strangers.
10. The great obstacle to progress is prejudice.
5. The people at the tax department were very officious, and
kept everyone waiting for hours while they checked their
(500)OBSTINATE: papers.
1. He was familiar with her obstinate behaviour, and knew 6. I got held up by an officious receptionist who wouldn’t
that any attempt to dissuade her from doing what she let me in until I’d answered all her questions.
wanted would only invoke her anger.
7. He felt shamed and humiliated by the officious treatment
2. In his prose he becomes a powerful presence, a personality he received at the hands of the pompous men at
with obstinate opinions and sardonic asides. Immigration.

’S
3. He was the most obstinate man I’ve ever met. 8. An officious little security guard approached us.
4. My parents remain as obstinate as ever. 9. But their officious inquisitiveness was not gratified.
5. He was incapable, obstinate and perfectly selfish. 10. A polite but officious clerk explained he could not board
6. So the revolt was put down, but the excessive zeal of the the aircraft as he was a ‘high-level security risk’.
soldiers and Pilate’s obstinate adherence to his policy
widened the breach between Rome and the stricter Jews.
(503)OFFSPRING:
7. Energetic, obstinate, cunning and unscrupulous, she
1. Leaving a small child at day care can be a traumatic
inherited, too, her father’s avarice and rapacity.
experience for both the parents and their offspring.
8. Invading troops met with obstinate resistance by guerrilla
NG
2. Many parents have pulled their offspring out of school
forces.
altogether, worried about the chaos on the streets.
9. An obstinate man does not hold opinions, but they hold
3. Parents expect too much from their offspring and the
him.
children are unable to meet it.
10. Vanity dies hard; in some obstinate cases it outlives the
4. Even animals chastise their offspring with a little nip of
man.
pain to teach them to behave.
5. Many species of animals gather in groups to rest or raise
(501)OFFENSIVE: their offspring.
1. His writings were deemed offensive on various grounds, 6. When fully grown up, the offspring of birds and animals
including personal, religious and political. abandon their parents, and carve out a world of their own.
2. The film provoked controversy because of its use of 7. The show is about two couples and the adventures of
offensive language, and was given an 18 rating by film their rebellious offspring.
censors.
8. The disease can be transmitted from parent to offspring.
3. Other offensive odours can come from areas such as the
9. Tom’s sister came over on Saturday with all her offspring.
KI

refrigerator, garbage bins, including indoor compost

buckets, musty drawers and even shoes. 10. Characteristics are often passed from parents to offspring.
4. For hundreds of years herbs and spices have been used
to cover up and eliminate offensive odours in the home. (504)OPTIMUM:
5. Most mattresses lose their offensive smell within a few 1. All his businesses are run to deliver optimum value and
weeks, especially in a well-ventilated bedroom. performance to shareholder and customers.
6. In planning the war, Japan set clearly aggressive, offensive 2. Physically he looks really well - his coat is black and glossy
tasks. and he’s probably about optimum weight.
7. The rapid technological development of offensive 3. It’s going to take at least six to eight months under optimum
weapons posed a serious challenge to air defenders. conditions to grow another stem cell.
8. The word ‘lady’ has connotations of refinement and 4. When they attacked him, he made optimum use of his
excessive femininity that some women find offensive. energies and floored them all.
9. Life is an offensive, directed against the repetitious 5. A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future
mechanism of the Universe. security and return on investment.
10. The BBC received a number of complaints about the 6. The optimum temperature for producing steel is around
offensive remarks made during the interview. 1200C.
7. The substances were mixed in various proportions until
(502)OFFICIOUS: an optimum was reached.
1. He’s an officious little man and widely disliked in the 8. Attention should be placed on the correct type of

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 computer furniture and also optimum lighting. 2. Costumes are cultural repositories; they are antiquated,
9. The state’s role is to gently guide the actions of each outmoded images of a nostalgised past.
individual, so that the optimum outcome for all is reached 3. Outmoded working practices are being phased out.
and sustained. 4. The government’s outmoded attitudes are dragging the
10. An early sale would allow the company to realize optimum whole country back into the nineteenth century.
value for its remaining assets. 5. The views of many of the senior professors reflect
outmoded concepts and ideas.
(505)OUTCRY: 6. Though conservatives were still attempting to thwart
1. The video sparked a national outcry last week with change, he said, central planning and other outmoded
commentators, including the Cabinet, labelling it racist. Marxist practices had been scrapped.
2. In 2004 the then 77 year-old suspension bridge was closed 7. People in positions of power continue to promote
to pedestrians, causing an outcry from local residents. outmoded ideas.
3. There was a huge public outcry following the deaths in 8. Russian army also must be furnished with brand new
May because the bus had no seatbelts. weapons instead of repair the outmoded ones.
4. The resulting media outcry prodded the military to review 9. Etiquette is outmoded, she insists, a vestigial remnant of

’S
its practices. the class-conscious past.
5. Last month the death of a little boy caused a national 10. The American teaching model is as “outdated, outmoded
outcry. and outlandish as an ox cart plodding down ,” Smith
argues.
6. The release from prison of two of the terrorists has
provoked a public outcry.
7. The closure of the local hospital has caused a huge public (508)OVERCOME:
outcry. 1. I learned to cover my pains and overcame my poverty
8. There was a great outcry about the inadequate train service with hard work and a new hope for my future.
NG
9. The outcry in the press was significant, and the resultant 2. There are occasionally plateaus or psychological barriers
investigation into the incident was extensive. to overcome in order to progress.
10. Despite an outcry, the university refused to change its 3. Many governments are trying to overcome their problems
admission policies. and some are succeeding.
4. Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class.
(506)OUTLANDISH: 5. Their resolute opposition to new working methods was
difficult to overcome.
1. All around her, pupils are wearing the kind of outlandish
clothes and hairstyles one would expect of teenagers 6. The plan was designed to help women and minorities
anywhere in Europe. overcome discrimination in the workplace.
2. They wore outlandish clothes without fear of being 7. The last four years of his life were a constant struggle to
laughed at by little boys on the bus. overcome rivals.
3. They do not think that victory requires outlandish luck, 8. I was beginning to overcome these difficulties when an
freakish circumstances, bizarrely compliant opposition. event occurred which changed everything.
4. No matter how outlandish your idea is, it must be accepted 9. The fiercest serpent may be overcome by a swarm of ants.
KI

if it holds up experimentally. 10. Truth is strong enough to overcome all human sophistries.
5. Parts of Lisa’s story sounded outlandish, and no one
would believe her. (509)OVERREACH:
6. She came to the party wearing an outlandish costume and 1. He overreached himself, living out the image of a global
blond wig. media tycoon without the substance to sustain it.
7. He arrived looking suitably outlandish, a traveler from a 2. He overreached himself, making border raids and claiming
far place, some one to be cautiously investigated. large amounts of land as his own.
8. The actress wore an outlandish dress to the awards 3. I believe some legislators have overreached themselves
ceremony. in resorting to law provisions to safeguard women’s rights.
9. Well, there was a big outlandish parrot on each side of the 4. As revolutionaries, we must take small steps of rebellion
clock, made out of something like chalk, and painted up and not overreach ourselves.
gaudy.
5. You may be misled by an apparent flash of inspiration;
10. Also his quaint pronunciation of words was such a and could overreach yourself if you act on it.
delight—and the phrases he would pick up and remember,
6. Companies that overreach themselves soon find
the most outlandish and impossible things.
themselves in debt.
7. The Church overreached itself in securing a territory that
(507)OUTMODED: would prove impossible to hold’.
1. In the early 1990s the authorities froze the project because 8. They failed not because they were too timid but because
of lack of funding and outmoded technology.

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 they overreached. inefficient.
9. Critics say the commissioner overreached his authority. 3. In some ways, monotremes are very primitive for mammals
10. Logicians sometimes prove too much by an argument, because, like reptiles and birds, they lay eggs rather than
and politicians often overreach themselves in a scheme. having live birth.
4. The nineteenth century notions of the evolution of religion
from primitive animism to polytheism to monotheism have
(510)OVERT:
been falsified in tribe after tribe all over the world.
1. Prompt treatment within the first 10 days prevents overt
5. In primitive tribes, the names of people, places and things
coronary damage in most cases.
have talismanic powers.
2. The question still remained whether treating pressure in
6. The idea of marriage is almost as old as the hills and was
overt disease prevents progression.
performed even in the most primitive of human societies
3. In fact, politicians hide their inadequacies behind the and cultures.
interviewer’s overt aggression.
7. Early settlers had to cope with very primitive living
4. When people are fearful they look to any overt power to conditions.
act for them but we must remember that we can act for
8. Twelve thousand years ago, our ancestors were primitive
ourselves.

’S
savages living in caves.
5. We believe that a more rational approach requires the
9. The conditions at the campsite were rather primitive.
reorganisation or overt restriction of services.
10. I grew up in a pretty primitive environment, without many
6. He shows no overt signs of his unhappiness.
modern conveniences.
7. It is inconceivable that a secret arm of the government
has to comply with all the overt orders of the government.
(513)PARAMOUNT:
8. Further, his instincts seemed to steer him away from overt
socialism. 1. Victory is paramount and anything that gets in the way is
deemed the enemy that must be destroyed at all costs.
9. Although there is no overt hostility, black and white
NG
students do not mix much. 2. Free trade is a principle which recognizes the paramount
importance of individual action.
10. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 3. Public hearings on important matters are paramount to
confession in open court. monitoring government.
4. It is of paramount importance to take a principled stand
against the advocates of communal hatred on all sides.
(511)OVERWHELM:
5. The role of the United States as a paramount power is
1. Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels and
somewhat comparable to Great Britain in the nineteenth
seized control of the capital.
century.
2. In 1532 the Spaniards finally overwhelmed the armies of
6. Social contact with the outside world was absolutely
Peru.
crucial to maintaining the power of paramount chiefs.
3. Our team overwhelmed the visitors by 40 points.
7. There are many priorities, but reducing the budget deficit
4. Huge waves overwhelmed the levees and 80% of New is of paramount importance.
Orleans was flooded.
8. Women’s role as mothers is of paramount importance to
5. Floodwaters overwhelmed hundreds of houses.
KI

society.
6. We were absolutely overwhelmed by the huge welcome 9. The welfare of the children must be of paramount
we received at the airport. importance.
7. The danger of feminine emotion was its tendency to 10. Islam is paramount in Turkey, Persia, Arabia and
overwhelm women, to drown them in a flood of their own Afghanistan.
sympathy and sentiment.
8. The overwhelming majority of voters supported their calls
for reform and the end of scandalous political behavior.
(514)PONDER:
9. The devastation showed the overwhelming power of the
earthquake. 1. They have long conversations, pondering the twists of
fate that separate success from failure.
10. In the November elections he won an overwhelming
victory over James. 2. The Spanish Civil War itself proved a fitting setting for a
film that ponders death and its finality.
3. I pondered the question of what clothes to wear for the
(512)PRIMITIVE:
occasion.
1. Humans who lived in the past and did not have modern
4. She sat pondering over her problem.
anatomy are often referred to as archaic or primitive.
5. He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.
2. Some social theorists such as Marx viewed slavery as a
necessary but primitive stage in the evolution of human 6. He pondered the question before he answered.
institutions despite it being inherently wasteful and 7. She sat back for a minute to ponder her next move in the

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 game. 4. The government should be playing a more prominent role
8. When in danger, ponder. When in trouble, delegate. And in promoting human rights.
when in doubt, mumble. 5. She is likely to play a prominent part in the forthcoming
9. She ponders her resolution to post regularly, and how it election campaign.
relates to her relationship with her father. 6. The shop front occupies a very prominent position on
10. The team pondered their chances of success. the main street.
7. Among other prominent buildings are the court house,
the post office and the city hall.
(515)PROVOKE:
8. The issue of passive smoking is very prominent in the
1. The decision provoked a storm of protest from civil rights
minds of almost everyone in this day and age.
organizations’.
9. Notices were placed in prominent places in their bars
2. After all, a strong leader provokes a strong reaction.
warning customers to cut out bad language.
3. The implementation of very strong environmental
10. Among the later Pythagoreans, Philolaus and Archytas
protection legislation in the USA provoked a strong
are the most prominent.
backlash.

’S
4. I view theatre as an institution that educates, stimulates,
and provokes the audience - it makes them think and feel. (518)POTENT:
5. She is also comfortable following a traditional line with 1. There is no more potent symbol of state power than the
novels that do not seek to challenge or provoke the reader. death penalty.
6. The same thing was continually provoking me: the manner 2. The remedy has a particularly potent curative effect on
in which men treated women. chronic bronchitis, coughs, and asthma due to excessive
phlegm.
7. The same thing was continually provoking me: the manner
in which men treated women. 3. Even a small dose of alcohol can have a potent effect on
a person who is tired.
8. The prospect of increased prices has already provoked
NG
an outcry. 4. The Berlin Wall was a potent symbol of the Cold War.
9. Of course, politics could and should be made more 5. This is a very potent drug and can have unpleasant side-
accessible, interesting, provocative. effects.
10. On a wide range of issues he has penned important and 6. The treaty requires them to get rid of their most potent
provocative academic articles. weapons.
7. There is no force more potent in the modern world than
stupidity fueled by greed.
(516)PARTISAN:
8. Many supermarkets now provide free buses to carry
1. The audience was very partisan, and refused to listen to
potential customers into their premises.
her speech.
9. For potential investors, the prospect of enjoying cheap
2. He is too partisan to be a referee.
beer is far more appealing.
3. He was especially concerned in promoting a non-partisan
10. The potential for future conflicts is horrific, and will remain
civil service.
so while capitalism survives.
4. Walsh was accused of everything from being a partisan
zealot to an incompetent spendthrift.
KI

(519)PESTILENCE:
5. Unlike many of his colleagues, who operate as adjuncts
of the Democratic Party, Hair wasn’t a partisan. 1. The physician’s challenge is the curing of disease,
educating the people in the laws of health, and preventing
6. Demonstrations by partisans of both sides turned
the spread of plagues and pestilences.
increasingly aggressive last week.
2. Either the folk had died in the fire, died of the pestilence,
7. Pro-independence partisans in Taiwan’s ruling party are
or fled at first breath of either.
admitting the island cannot live apart from China
3. He argues that there is clear evidence for the pestilence
8. At first the young poet was a partisan of the Revolution.
having been plague, rather than other diseases that have
9. He was rescued by some Italian partisans. been suggested such as anthrax.
10. Democratic partisans believe they smell blood in the water, 4. He was the one who released famine, pestilence and all
and their instinct is to swarm. the other evils into the world.
5. All over the world, life has been swept away, as if by some
(517)PROMINENT: murderous pestilence.
1. She was a prominent member of the city council’. 6. After years of war and pestilence, few people remained in
2. Many of the family have lived in America for several years the city.
and some of them are very prominent in business circles 7. The fear that terrorists could unleash a pestilence that
in the Chicago area. would wreak unspeakable havoc.
3. A prominent neoconservative, he was a co-founder of 8. The nature of this pestilence has been a matter of much
Project for the New American Century. controversy, and some have doubted its being truly the

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 plague. 2. Each of us observes the world and the people with whom
9. London had been ravaged by plague on many former we come in contact through a lens refracted by our own
occasions, but the pestilence that began in December 1664 upbringing, experiences and prejudices.
lives in history as “the Plague of London.” 3. Religious or racial prejudice and xenophobia are not likely
10. The woods appear With crimson blotches deeply dashed to go away as long as human nature is what it is.
and crossed, Sign of the fatal pestilence of Frost. 4. Again, I think the absolute basis of all prejudice is
ignorance and generalization.
(520)POISED: 5. However, their lives were marred by poverty and
misfortune due in large part to discrimination and prejudice.
1. In the picture, she looks entirely poised and comfortable.
6. Publicans, like everyone else in society, need to look at
2. For a brief moment, considering the embarrassing
their own prejudice, bias and behaviours.
circumstances, I was pleased with my poised response.
7. Laws against racial prejudice must be strictly enforced.
3. The company is poised to launch its new advertising
campaign. 8. The campaign aims to dispel the prejudice that AIDS is
confined to the homosexual community.
4. She watched a little white bird, poised on a branch and
fluttering its wings. 9. It seems that old prejudices are still lurking beneath the

’S
surface.
5. The man before her was poised like an animal on a hunt,
his penetrating, dark eyes pinned on her. 10. The community continues to fall victim to bigotry and
prejudice on a regular basis.
6. She seemed poised to take on the leadership of the country.
7. Couched in poised and lucid prose, The Namesake is a an
exquisite tale, full of fine and fragile humour. (523)PROSTRATE:
8. A poised and graceful swimmer, she never seemed to tire 1. I am stripped of all my honours; I am torn up by the roots
in the water. and lie prostrate on the earth..
9. His language is deceptively simple; it is not easy to 2. They found him lying prostrate on the floor.
NG
recreate his elegance and poise. 3. The police found the body in a prostrate position.
10. For a player his age, he has excellent footwork and 4. Percy was lying prostrate with his arms outstretched.
ballhandling skills, and his poise and leadership abilities 5. There was a man praying before an idol, lying prostrate’.
are well beyond his years.
6. He lay prostrate before the Lord as his body was wracked
with sobs.
(521)PLIANT: 7. Humility is the grace which lies Prostrate at God’s
1. Most readers will be familiar with the various physical footstool, self-abasing and self-disparaging, amazed at
exercises and postures of yoga, the purpose of which is God’s mercy, and abhorring its own vileness.
to make the body supple, pliant, and healthy. 8. A woman, prostrate with grief, lay wailing on the ground.
2. The dumplings were soft and pliant on one side and 9. Julie was prostrate with grief after her father’s death.
perfectly browned and crisp on the other.
10. So many women would have been hysterical and prostrate
3. Her free pliant figure was the very perfection of female with grief by this stage.
grace and beauty.
4. The true love-birds (Agapornis) may also be said to build
KI

(524)POSTERITY:
nests, for they line their nest-hole with strips of pliant
bark. 1. Special occasions are recorded for posterity by the subjects
themselves.
5. A man should endeavor to be as pliant as a reed, yet as
hard as cedar-wood. 2. Gramophone companies had made it possible to record
their work for posterity.
6. I don’t think it’s a good thing for children to be too pliant.
3. Interested in Greek as well as Ottoman and Persian culture,
7. Women were the first, the most expendable, the most pliant,
he was eager to present himself to posterity as the new
and the easiest victims.
Alexander the Great.
8. She’s proud and stubborn under that pliant exterior.
4. In those days, I never went anywhere without my trusty
9. It is good to be firm by temperament and pliant by camera, so I even recorded it for posterity.
reflection.
5. Every attempt is being made to ensure that these works of
10. The bishops were, for the most part, elegant triflers, as art are preserved for posterity.
pliant as reeds, with no fixed principles and saturated with
6. If you want your hand written words of wisdom saved for
a false humanism.
posterity use quality paper and permanent ink.
7. Posterity will remember her as a woman of courage and
(522)PREJUDICE: integrity.
1. We put up protective walls made of opinions, prejudices 8. Everything he writes is consigned to posterity.
and strategies, barriers that are built on a deep fear of
9. The treasures must be kept for posterity
being hurt.
10. To evoke posterity Is to weep on your own grave,

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 Ventriloquizing for the unborn. 6. The police department is appealing for any information
that may be pertinent to this inquiry.
(525)PREDICTION: 7. And he asked me a lot of very pertinent questions which
seemed to me more than idle curiosity.
1. Well, I can see the logic, but I simply cannot imagine the
predictions coming true. 8. He impressed the jury with his concise, pertinent answers
to the attorney’s questions.
2. Severe frost is likely over the next month or so according
to weather predictions. 9. I think it may be pertinent at this point to raise the question
of how the new department will be funded.
3. It is foolish, on the eve of the elections, to make any
predictions about the results. 10. That is the essence of science: ask an impertinent question
and you are on the way to a pertinent answer.
4. Council Tax bills could again soar over the rate of inflation,
according to early predictions.
5. A prediction, or any assertion, that cannot be defended (528)PROWESS:
might still be true, but an explanation that cannot be 1. He is agile in the field and also possesses accurate
defended is not an explanation. throwing prowess from the deep.
6. Journalists have begun making predictions about the 2. This album exposes him as an unremarkable singer, largely

’S
winner of the coming election. devoid of charisma or vocal prowess.
7. The figures and statistics are used for the prediction of 3. Her athletic prowess was demonstrated in the numerous
future economic trends. track and field trophies she won.
8. The film’s plot is predictable and the acting is mediocre. 4. He impressed judges with his business prowess and the
9. But in actuality, disambiguation is not unprincipled and commitment he has shown in fostering more than 60
random; rather, it is usually quite predictable. children.
10. In the current economic climate it is fairly predictable that 5. The American scientist was to be prized not just for
unemployment will continue to rise. intellectual prowess, but technical facility.
NG
6. Yet they have the ability, potential, talent and prowess to
go for big scores.
(526)PERPLEXITY:
7. Heroes represent individuals of exceptional prowess and
1. Confusion and perplexity characterise the political
courage.
establishment everywhere.
8. The researchers cautioned that the study only predicts
2. You can see perplexity and anger in their stance, their
the likelihood that a child will be predisposed to physical
walk, their whole demeanor.
prowess.
3. The ban has been met with a combination of anger and
9. He’s always bragging about his prowess as a cricketer.
perplexity.
10. Ghalib showed an early prowess for words and was
4. She stared at the instruction booklet in complete perplexity.
educated in the Persian, Urdu and Arabic languages,
5. Trouble and perplexity drive me to prayer, and prayer according to Google.
drives away perplexity and trouble.
6. I sat in the dim light, hushed and amazed at my own
(529)PRUDENT:
perplexity.
1. With prudent money management you can beat the
7. The voices hover and slip past one another, find peace
KI

downward trend in rates and earn a good return on your

and then tumble into more eddies of perplexity.
savings.
8. One has a look of perplexed surprise; the other, a haughty
2. It is prudent to do a Treadmill test since you are middle
indifference.
aged and your lipid profile is abnormal.
9. His face screwed up into a perplexed expression.
3. Be prudent and avoid a negative person who can instigate
10. The students looked perplexed, so the teacher tried to a confrontation at work.
explain once again.
4. Both countries continue to spend far more on arms than
is prudent or necessary.
(527)PERTINENT: 5. It’s always prudent to read a contract carefully before
1. There are many pertinent quotes in the article, but you signing it.
really need to read it in its entirety. 6. I told him I thought it would be prudent for both of us to
2. It is pertinent that all parties involved in the peace process keep our conversation between ourselves.
remain engaged. 7. The high commissioner, true to his reputation as a prudent
3. We have tried to study all the pertinent factors that have statesman and astute politician, showed great skill in
a direct or indirect bearing on such costs. dealing with the situation.
4. The study, so pertinent in its timing, demonstrates that 8. Knowledge of birth control is essentially moral. Its general,
asylum seekers are also victims. though prudent, practice must lead to a higher individuality
5. There are also some implications pertinent to both and ultimately to a cleaner race.
researchers and professionals. 9. Not in vain oaths should prudent men believe, But put

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 their trust in actions. on a rampage of pillage and terrorising the local
10. Prudent business men in their dealings incur risk. population.
4. There were no signs of violence or pillage.
(530)PERVADE: 5. In the war of independence it was repeatedly subjected to
pillage and slaughter by both parties in the strife, and did
1. The air was pervaded by a sickening sweet smell of burnt
not recover its losses for many years.
meat and charred wood.
6. His tenure at the Ministry of the Navy was a complete
2. People walked around with masks, to protect themselves
failure and he presided over the cultural pillage of Italy
from the intense, acrid smell of burning that pervaded the
and Egypt.
entire island of Manhattan.
7. During their forty-day pillage of Baghdad, the Mongols
3. His mind was ripped out of his personal bliss when the
destroyed arguably the most advanced collection of
smell of cigarette smoke pervaded the air and a rough
human knowledge of all times.
hand wrapped around his mouth.
8. If all episodes of pillage were as easy to explain, the UN
4. Walk into a cafe, walk into the foyer of a theatre, walk into
might not today be facing what is shaping up as the biggest
a hotel lobby, the most pervading smell is that of tobacco.
scandal in its chequered history.
5. The sense of crisis which pervaded Europe in the 1930s.

’S
9. The death toll through famine in Ukraine and Kazakhstan
6. A sense of fear pervades the entire state, with people was certainly lower than in the famines that resulted from
afraid to speak out against the atrocities of Pakistani the British pillage of Ireland and India.
terrorists.
10. He had shown no emotion of any kind, either at Philippe’s
7. His kindly humour, his great generosity, his reticence about danger, or at the fight which ended in the pillage of the
his own achievements, and his sense of fairness pervaded carriage and their expulsion from it.
his whole life.
8. Ageism is pervasive and entrenched in our society’.
(533)PROLIFIC:
9. Modern day society is replete with situations that make
1. The average working life of a bee is eight weeks during
NG
chronic stress highly pervasive.
the summer but the queen is very prolific and lays between
10. Crime is now more organised, more professional, more 2,000-3,000 eggs a day so the hives are self generating.
ruthless and more pervasive.
2. He was immensely prolific, producing more than 1,000
paintings and a great many drawings.
(531)PENSIVE: 3. Beamish is one of the best-known names in classical music,
1. There was a plethora of images and faces, that one would and Britain’s most prolific composer of concertos.
recall ‘in vacant or in pensive mood’. 4. Indian cricket has seen some of the most prolific run
2. He asked the question as if he were serious, his face scorers and bowlers.
pensive as if he were really trying to figure it out. 5. Tourism is well controlled and, as a result, the wildlife is
3. With a pensive mood, he felt as if the moon was addressing prolific but the birds and animals have become accustomed
him, and the stars enticing him to answer back. to visitors and many are quite tame.
4. She had a beautiful, quiet smile, that was enhanced by 6. Mahogany was once prolific in the tropical forests.
deep pensive brown eyes. 7. Closer planting will give you a more prolific crop.
5. Rich had become so absorbed in his pensive gazing that 8. The discovery well produced a prolific flow of 19.4 million
KI

he failed to notice his brother enter the café. cubic feet of gas from depths of almost 300 feet.
6. We were pensive as we tried to fathom what was occurring. 9. Debt is the prolific mother of folly and of crime.
7. She became withdrawn and pensive, hardly speaking to 10. In captivity tigers are prolific breeders’.
anyone.
8. He looked suddenly sombre and pensive.
(534)PROBATION:
9. When the shout startled her she had been in a pensive
1. For an initial period of probation your manager will closely
mood, gazing from the living room onto the darkening
monitor your progress.
scene outside.
2. One employee was suspended without pay for two weeks
10. He smiled to himself, for he had once again caught his
and another was put on three-month probation.
sister in a pensive mood.
3. I had a bad semester, being away from home in a new
town and with nobody around, and ended up on academic
(532)PILLAGE: probation.
1. His tenure at the Ministry of the Navy was a complete 4. I was a first year teacher, on probation, and I didn’t get
failure and he presided over the cultural pillage of Italy particularly good classes.
and Egypt.
5. To my surprise, I found a letter in the mail stating that I
2. The death penalty was prescribed for anyone caught in was on academic probation.
the act of pillage during a raid.
6. All new employees are on probation for nine months.
3. This area was patrolled by German mercenaries who went
7. As a new employee, I will be on probation for three months.

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8. Instead of firing her, they put her on probation. 3. Many people in the United States think that screening is
9. The appointment will be subject to a six-month term of a panacea, a way of warding off disease and staying
probation. healthy perhaps forever.
10. He is the new Scotland captain but he’s still on probation 4. Gene therapy will never be a panacea, but ultimately it will
as far as I’m concerned. be one method among many for helping patients with
severe genetic disease.
5. Some researchers contend that sympathetic nerve blocks
are not the panacea they are made out to be.
(535)PROHIBIT:
6. Technology is not a panacea for all our problems.
1. All ivory trafficking between nations is prohibited’.
7. There is no panacea for the country’s economic problems.
2. I think it is fine to prohibit smoking when there are no
8. The law will improve the lives of local farmers, but it is no
other options.
panacea.
3. There, for example, the Court held that drug laws can
9. Western aid will not be a panacea for the country’s
prohibit the use of the narcotic peyote in a religious
problems.
ceremony.
10. Weight loss in and of itself is probably not the panacea

’S
4. Polygynous marriages were not prohibited by colonial
you are looking for.
law.
5. The U.S. prohibits fishing sharks solely for their fins, which
are a delicacy in Asia. (538)PREDILECTION:
6. The selling and serving of alcohol will be prohibited in 1. Studying biology may yet lead to greater tolerance for the
the areas with restricted access. vast repertory of human sexual foibles, preferences, and
predilections.
7. The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco
advertisements on TV. 2. Fortunately, irrespective of my personal predilections,
secularism in India is unlikely to flourish, at least in the
8. A law has recently been passed prohibiting the
near future.
NG
consumption of alcohol in public places.
3. Certainly, the widespread predilection for the fancy and
9. Incineration has been ruled out as it is too expensive and
frivolous has its roots in decades of drab socialist
the regulatory issues involved too prohibitive.
conformity.
10. Gone are the days when game was seen as elitist because
4. Like every other institution, the Washington and political
of prohibitive prices.
press corps operate with a good number of biases and
predilections.
(536)POIGNANT: 5. Those who knew of his predilections often wondered why
1. It’s a humorous, serious, poignant, moving script, that he had not become a botanist, an entomologist, a biologist.
genuinely explores the value and meaning of education. 6. Ever since she was a child, she has had a predilection for
2. This was a moving, poignant ceremony, which gave solace spicy food.
to the parents and families. 7. The student had a predilection for some subjects and
3. The photograph awakens poignant memories of happier against others.
days. 8. Petitioner certainly was not attempting to conceal or
4. It is especially poignant that he died on the day before withhold from the Committee his own past political
KI

the wedding. associations, predilections, and preferences.

5. Several months after we first met, she tells me a revealing 9. Lacking the certainty that arises from inner, mystic
and poignant story of her first day at college. experience, we have a predilection to replace genuine
6. The moment was too poignant to be amusing. knowledge with dogma.
7. It was a poignant portrayal of the effects of a war that 10. All of her fictions are heavily influenced by scholarship
touched every aspect of society. and by the predilections of the cultivated English
intellectual and academic class of which she is a part.
8. Some of his most poignant and most enchanting letters
were written during this romantic period of his life.
9. The play follows the story of one man’s fight to save his (539)POSTHUMOUS:
land, combining poignant drama with a sense of humour. 1. In 1632, two of Shakespeare’s fellow actors published the
10. It’s a poignant, almost heartbreaking portrait of urban First Folio, a posthumous collection of his works.
American loneliness, alienation and obsession.’ 2. She was a genius and deserves a posthumous award of
some kind.
(537)PANACEA: 3. He did award posthumous medals of honor to the families
of several soldiers on 22 April 1971 and on several other
1. Stopping smoking is hard, but a variety of methods can
occasions.
help even though none is a panacea.
4. Posthumous publications are ignored unless they
2. The drugs are not a panacea but they do improve quality
constitute the first or a variant appearance of a poem.
of life and boost life expectancy.

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5. Newton was the posthumous son of an illiterate yeoman. 10. The Macedonian kings, who maintained that their Greek
6. Parliamentarians were concerned about inheritance rights ancestry traced back to Zeus, had long given homes and
in instances where a dead man’s estate or property is patronage to Greece’s most distinguished artists.
dispersed before a posthumous child is born.
7. Born in London the posthumous son of a clergyman and (542)PAUCITY:
trained by his stepfather as a bricklayer, Jonson became a 1. There is at present a paucity of evaluations of disease
mercenary, then an actor and leading playwright. management programmes.
8. She was born in 1888, a posthumous child, her father dying 2. The paucity of water and the consequent thefts are
young. beginning to weaken the social fabric in the countryside.
9. She received a posthumous award for her life of 3. There is no scheme in all these projects to solve the
philanthropy. paucity of clean, safe drinking water.
10. There were no legacies, no annuities, none of the 4. There is also a paucity of texts and supporting popular
posthumous bustle with which some of the dead prolong science literature available in Urdu.
their activities.
5. There’s still a paucity of fresh produce in the shops, very
(540)PATHETIC: little more than a few tired cabbages and exhausted apples

’S
1. From the very beginning, toddlers are made to carry heavy to be found.
burden of books and copies which really is a pathetic 6. There is a paucity of information on the ingredients of
sight. many cosmetics.
2. She sniffed sullenly, as if trying to emphasize her disdain, 7. The relative paucity of material goods owned by
but only sounded rather pathetic. Corpsmen is, in terms of transcultural perception, a
3. Anyone who is sick, or poor, or generally pathetic would complicating factor.
lack credibility as a prophet. 8. This paucity of animal life seems inconsistent with the
4. Standing, she looked down at the pathetic, toothless theory that the islands were once connected with the
creature at her feet. mainland.
NG
5. They hold the foreigners in contempt, calling them aliens 9. The paucity of humility shown by the Government in the
and capering about in a pathetic attempt to feel superior. face of such antipathy is stomach-churning.
6. After they had finished their pathetic excuse for a meal, 10. He bemoans the shortage of trained music teachers and a
they continued on their way. paucity of school music lessons.
7. The refugees were a pathetic sight - starving, frightened
and cold. (543)PENALISE:
8. I just felt pathetic, ashamed, embarrassed and ugly. 1. Those which don’t hit these targets may be penalised
9. There was something particularly pathetic and resolute in with severe fines.
her face today. 2. He was penalized early in the game for uunsportsmanlike
10. I know of nothing more despicable and pathetic than a conduct.
man who devotes all the hours of the waking day to the 3. Two students were penalized very differently for the same
making of money for money’s sake. offence.
4. The team was penalized for wasting time.
KI

(541)PATRONAGE: 5. New laws will penalize firms that continue to pollute the
1. The social respectability of science attracted the patronage environment.
of wealthy and influential figures. 6. The House of Representatives voted to penalize him for
2. Of course, philanthropy and patronage have always ethics violations.
played a primary role under capitalism, and even earlier. 7. Some religious conservatives have opposed the act, saying
3. As an artist I rely upon the support and patronage of a it unfairly penalizes people to overprotect lesser forms of
public audience; I rely upon my words and images being life.
seen as I created them. 8. The child was penalized for her untidy handwriting.
4. Private patronage was scarce and was dominated by 9. Section twenty penalizes possession of a firearm when
expatriates and a small bourgeoisie. trespassing’.
5. The artists can get their funding the old fashioned way… 10. The statutory objective is to penalise the unauthorised
through private patronage. possession of dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs.
6. The charity enjoys the patronage of many prominent local
business people.
(544)PENETRATING:
7. Our little establishment has finally been deemed worthy
1. The wooden door burst open as if a bomb exploded behind
of the bank’s patronage.
it, the sound penetrating through the already deafening
8. Japan is moving into international patronage of the arts. silence.
9. The college relied on the patronage of its wealthy 2. The horns are very penetrating and to many it is a public
graduates to expand its funds. nuisance.

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3. He was immediately distinguished by his diminutive figure, fallen into oblivion through the centuries.
extremely long white beard, and dark, penetrating eyes. 7. Oh, how foolish we are to labor for the bread that perishes.’
4. He stared at her, his piercing, penetrating gaze shooting 8. Sunlight has caused the rubber to perish.
right through her, reading her like a book.
9. Place all perishable food in the refrigerator as soon as
5. He had both the subtle mind of the metaphysician and the possible after purchase.
penetrating insight of the disillusioned moralist.
10. Ballet is the most perishable of arts’.
6. The students asked some penetrating questions.
7. Acid or chemical stain is a penetrating stain that chemically
(547)PERPETUATE:
etches the color into the concrete for a permanent marble
like finish. 1. Some of those monuments are almost a century old and
were erected to perpetuate a memory and a spirit dear to
8. In penetrative insight practice, the settled mind itself is
surviving family members.
scrupulously and silently examined to realize its true
nature. 2. The financial oligarchy wants the war to continue to
perpetuate their global wealth.
9. Much severe civilian trauma is blunt, arising from road
traffic accidents rather than from penetrative fragments 3. The book contains unsubstantiated statements

’S
and bullets, blast, and burns. perpetuating old myths and creating confusion.
10. His solemn eyes penetrated her thoughts, forcing 4. The effigies of antiquity were created to perpetuate the
unwanted emotions through her mind. memory of the deceased as he or she looked while alive.
5. Indeed inheritance under the current system only serves
to perpetuate inequality.
6. Increasing the supply of weapons will only perpetuate
(545)PENNILESS:
the violence and anarchy.
1. I was penniless and facing bankruptcy and the prospect
7. There are now 11.4 million legal permanent residents in
of being prosecuted in court for a whole range of civil and
the United States living in perpetual fear that their status
criminal offences.
NG
may be in jeopardy next.
2. Her father’s once prosperous business had fallen apart
8. The stars had disappeared and now everything looked
and they were left penniless due to their huge debts.
like it had been swallowed by perpetual darkness.
3. She and her mother were left penniless after her father
9. He did not believe in the perpetuity of military rule’.
died, the family having earlier lost their home to river
erosion. 10. Her sister, Elizabeth, wished to associate herself
throughout perpetuity with piety, education and literature.
4. She fell in love with a penniless artist.
5. I had reached their house late at night from the train station,
absolutely penniless. (548)PERSEVERANCE:
6. He had gone from being a penniless student to become a 1. Medicine is a field which requires dedication and
multimillionaire. perseverance.
7. Uncle Charlie was jobless and penniless. 2. For those endowed with qualities such as sincerity,
perseverance and competence, success is never a mirage.
8. He entered Naples as a penniless scholar.
3. Her incredible tenacity, perseverance and determination
9. This severe blow left General Grant penniless, just at the
to succeed is a commendable example to everyone.
KI

time when he was beginning to suffer acutely from the

disease which finally caused his death. 4. Tireless efforts, hard work, confidence, perseverance and
patience helped him to attain success.
10. Having lost his money he returned to Rome penniless,
and was driven to support himself by manual labour in a 5. However, it will be the determination, commitment and
mill. perseverance of the people that will make change happen.
6. Captain Benson praised his men’s courage and
perseverance in dealing with a very dangerous situation.
(546)PERISH:
7. His perseverance was rewarded: after many rejections, he
1. Malnourished children do not typically perish from hunger
finally found a job.
but when children are weak, common childhood ailments
become killers. 8. Admittedly this will be a long and painful process,
requiring patience, perseverance and a willingness to
2. But, in some cases, some of the people perished as a result
sacrifice.
of the flooding.
9. He was shivering, and began to have difficulty breathing,
3. An estimated 3.3 million people perished in the war, mainly
but he persevered.
through war-induced disease and famine.
10. Love endures all things, persevering and remaining loyal
4. Approximately 200,000 Irishmen served in World War 1
to the end.
and over 60,000 perished in the conflict.
5. Her love for him, however, had slowly perished throughout
the years of their marriage. (549)PERSIST:
6. Empires and ideologies have triumphed, perished and 1. The main effort should focus on finding a solution to the

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 conflict, rather than persisting with the current situation Sardinia, which began only in 1896, but is gaining ground.
of conflict management. 10. Scientific laws are the means, the logical tool that helps
2. The European Council encouraged both countries to interpret facts, phenomena and processes.
persist in their efforts.
3. Local authorities have the power to evict people who (552)PITFALL:
persist in their life of crime and anti-social behaviour.
1. He bought some books on self-publishing and brushed
4. We are persisting with policies that will create jobs for the up on the perils and pitfalls involved.
future.
2. Most heads of family businesses know the possible pitfalls
5. The cold weather is set to persist throughout the week. ahead but few act in anticipation.
6. If symptoms persist seek medical attention . 3. Architecture also serves as a good example domain to
7. He urged them to persist with their efforts to bring about understand the pitfalls associated with evolutionary
peace. design.
8. But the BCC and the police are firm about persisting with 4. The store fell into one of the major pitfalls of small
the system. business, borrowing from suppliers by paying bills late.
9. They are determined to persist with their campaign. 5. One of the pitfalls of ignorance is that people will also

’S
10. Philosophers are adults who persist in asking childish assume you’re stupid.
questions. 6. The pitfalls of working abroad are numerous.
7. With a kind of religious fervor he had managed to go
(550)PERSUASIVE: through the pitfalls of his youth and to remain virginal
until after his marriage.
1. Science and religion are two of the most persuasive
influences the world has ever known. 8. There’s a video that tells new students about pitfalls to
avoid.
2. They believe that praising the world’s most powerful men
is more persuasive than criticising them. 9. The competition fits in with the school’s programme of
NG
teaching, which highlights the pitfalls of using fossil fuels.
3. We weren’t shown any persuasive evidence that he had
committed the crime. 10. Recognizing the origin of the malignant tumor represents
another diagnostic pitfall.
4. Your arguments are very persuasive.
5. The judgment is not binding on the Irish courts, but will
have persuasive influence. (553)PIVOTAL:
6. We should talk to them and use any persuasive power we 1. Researchers claim the findings could be pivotal in
have at our disposal. developing anti-bullying strategies in Scottish schools.
7. He stayed in the court room for around 20 minutes until a 2. The work of Russell Bishop on the role of the teacher is
police officer arrived and persuaded him to leave. absolutely pivotal.
8. The music persuades you to move whether you want to 3. Highlighted information helps to emphasise important
or not. issues or pivotal points in a developing argument.
9. It wasn’t easy, but I persuaded him to do the right thing’. 4. She is at a pivotal point in her career.
10. He persuaded Americans to believe not only in their power 5. The Court of Appeal has a pivotal role in the English legal
but also in the righteousness of that power. system.
KI

6. The media play a pivotal role in shaping American

perceptions of events in Korea.
(551)PHENOMENON:
7. In this situation the role of the Communist Party has
1. It is assumed that normal science is sufficient for the
become pivotal.
explanation of all natural phenomena.
8. Both men were pivotal figures in the golden age of the
2. Science is itself an ideology, one that properly restricts its
Hollywood studio system.
own sphere of influence to observing and explaining
physical phenomena. 9. Japan has pivotal role in the world economy.
3. Lightning is one of the most fascinating yet beautiful 10. He sees these reforms as pivotal to our economic interests
natural weather phenomena that we see here on Earth. in Asia.
4. Experts routinely have to reassess the damage done by
natural phenomena such as earthquakes or hurricanes. (554)PLEAD:
5. Phenology is the study of recurring natural phenomena, 1. In 1951, when Rajaji expressed his inability to attend a
especially in relation to climate. Congress session at Indore, Nehru, hungry for his
6. Do you believe in the paranormal and other psychic company, pleaded with him to come.
phenomena? 2. Two weeks ago, Japan’s foreign minister pleaded with the
7. The movie eventually became a cultural phenomenon. U.N. to do more to block Pyongyang’s illicit-drug exports
to Japan.
8. Gaciers are interesting natural phenomena.
3. While the case has employment law undertones, it was
9. Emigration is a comparatively new phenomenon in

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 pleaded and presented as an oppression remedy case. 1. The Democrats decided they needed a different, more
4. Saudi officials have been pleading their country’s case to pragmatic approach in order to win.
the media. 2. As a philosopher, he was known for offering a
5. The defendant had denied the claims and pleaded the commonsense, pragmatic approach to those theoretical
road accident had caused all the injuries to the plaintiff. issues that he knew required clarity.
6. The couple went to court in October to plead poverty and 3. He praised the practical and pragmatic approach of the
beg for financial mercy. college in developing a curriculum of courses designed
to help students get on in the workplace.
7. Her voice was breaking with emotion as she pleaded for
her child’s return. 4. However, the spokesperson said the board would take a
practical and pragmatic approach to prosecutions.
8. He was kneeling on the floor pleading for mercy.
5. He was highly practical and would come up with pragmatic
9. The guards pleaded that they were only obeying orders.
solutions on various issues.
10. I went into court and I pleaded guilty to the charge of
6. In business, the pragmatic approach to problems is often
common assault.
more successful than an idealistic one.
7. His pragmatic view of public education comes from years

’S
(555)PLEDGE: of working in city schools.
1. The government pledged itself to deal with environmental 8. The decision was pragmatic so that it could be easily
problems’. extrapolated.
2. They also selflessly pledged themselves to undertake 9. We are a moderate, pragmatic people, more comfortable
great sacrifices for the cause of their country. with practice than theory.
3. Various countries pledged soldiers, bases and funds to 10. An overly pragmatic attitude is not productive on the
the war in Afghanistan. long run.
4. The Prime Minister pledged that there would be no
increase in VAT.
(558)PRECARIOUS:
NG
5. If you join the armed forces, you have to pledge allegiance
1. The strong wind almost knocked him off of his precarious
to your country.
perch on the edge of the cliff.
6. The world will be just as dangerous the day after we have
2. They crawled up a precarious rope ladder.
solemnly pledged to ignore its dangers.
3. He closes his eyes tightly and tries to wrench himself out
7. He pledged £150 million to build the theatre.
of his precarious position.
8. Japan pledged $100 million in humanitarian aid.
4. As Finance Secretary I found that the finances of the
10. As a bishop, she is pledged to uphold church law and file state were in a precarious condition.
charges against pastors who openly defy it.
5. Funding for professional athletes is based on medal
winning, which seems precarious.
(556)POMPOUS: 6. In Hungary, there have been large and angry protests by
1. Amrish Puri stars in one of the tales as a vain and pompous farmers, whose livelihoods are becoming extremely
man. precarious.
2. I was pompous, arrogant and so full of my self that I 7. Many borrowers now find themselves caught in a
KI

thought that I could do anything. precarious financial position.

3. Aristotle’s critics have pounced upon this sentence as an 8. He earned a precarious livelihood by gambling.
example of pompous obscurantism. 9. Hopes have precarious life. They are oft blighted, withered,
4. Lord Irvine has always been portrayed as a pompous and snapped sheer off In vigorous growth and turned to
arrogant.’He can sometimes sound a little pompous when rottenness.
he talks about acting. 10. Yet, for all its parliamentary numbers, the government
5. She found it difficult to talk about her achievements remains politically precarious.
without sounding pompous.
6. She winced at his pompous phraseology. (559)PREDICAMENT:
7. Technical people too often seem distant, effete, imperious, 1. His predicament allows him to spot unlikely but truthful
and even pompous. parallels between comic books and real life.
8. He’s a pompous old prig who’s totally incapable of taking 2. She started, as though she had thought she was
a joke. completely alone in her predicament.
9. They look a little deeper into the matter without being 3. She is hoping to get a loan from her bank to help her out
pompous, arrogant or patronising. of her financial predicament.
10. He is arrogant, pompous, never misses a chance to show 4. I’m in a bit of a predicament because I’ve accidentally
off his superiority, and drinks to excess. accepted two invitations to dinner on the same night.
5. I don’t know how to get out of the predicament I’m in.
(557)PRAGMATIC: 6. The decision will leave her in a predicament.

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7. Gamblers, and most civilians as well, are continually profound changes may be extremely subtle.
confronted with predicaments posed by uncertainty and 2. The most profound influence of archetypes is in their
chance. regulation of the human life cycle.
8. If everyone had followed the rules, we would not be in 3. Muscular dystrophies are genetic disorders, usually
this predicament. progressive, which can lead to profound paralysis.
9. I understood her predicament, but there was nothing I 4. Patients who are symptomatic can experience very high
could do. fever, rigors, profound hypotension, and often complain
10. It is impossible not to feel sympathy for those caught up of nausea with or without diarrhea.
in this mess - few of whom can be blamed for their 5. Most of the increased risk of infection is confined to those
predicament. with liver cirrhosis, suppressed immune systems, or
profound neutropenia.
(560)PROCLAIM: 6. Most intelligent critics of all schools who are familiar with
1. Army commanders proclaimed a state of emergency’. his literary works agree that he was one of the most
profound thinkers and learned writers of his time.
2. In its November 26 announcement, the National Bureau
of Economic Research proclaimed that the recession had 7. Quantum mechanics is one of the top two most profound

’S
begun last March. ideas in the history of physics.
3. The government’s chief scientific adviser proclaimed that 8. The invention of the contraceptive pill brought about
the epidemic was under control. profound changes in the lives of women.
4. In 380, Christianity had been proclaimed the official religion 9. Religious belief is supposed to be, not tentative or
of the eastern Empire. hedged, but a profound, and profoundly personal,
commitment.
5. On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United
Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration 10. Learning how to manage this phenomenon is a profoundly
of Human Rights. difficult task for any state.
6. She proudly proclaims that she was once in public
NG
relations for the nuclear industry. (563)PROLIFERATE:
7. Republican party members were confidently proclaiming 1. Online support and discussion groups on every disease
victory even as the first few votes came in. and health care topic have proliferated rapidly.
8. Brazil proclaimed itself independent from Portugal in 1882. 2. Operating systems, application environments and
9. His behavior proclaimed his good upbringing. hardware platforms for mobile devices are proliferating at
an alarming rate.
10. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas
Jefferson, proclaims that Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of 3. The literature on the work-family interface has proliferated
Happiness, are God given rights. in the last two decades.
4. As technology proliferated with the digital revolution, we
gradually became more accepting of being under constant
(561)PROFICIENT:
watch.
1. Though obviously very proficient at what they do, they
5. Several forms of cancer involve the inactivation of the
are also used to their own way of doing things.
apoptotic process, thus enabling the cancer cells to
2. It is fascinating to watch a complete novice become continue to proliferate.
KI

proficient in a specialised job in a mere four weeks.

6. Stem cells are precursor cells that can proliferate,
3. The singer was also proficient in music keyboard skills. differentiate, and self-renew.
4. She read Latin and Greek, was a proficient in music, and in 7. Small businesses have proliferated in the last ten years.
the sciences so far as they were then accessible.
8. Mobile and online channels continue to proliferate and
5. He devoted himself particularly to the study of the classical blur, both in how they’re delivered and how they’re
languages, and became unusually proficient in Latin received.
composition.
9. Electromagnetic radiation can only proliferate cancers
6. He received his education at Oxford where he became already present’.
proficient in law, medicine and the natural sciences.
10. Multiple variations quickly proliferate into thousands of
7. It takes a couple of years of regular driving before you different model numbers.
become proficient at it.
8. Many Egyptians are proficient in foreign languages.
(564)PROMULGATE:
9. He has become very proficient at computer programming.
1. Tunisia had promulgated a constitution in 1860, setting
10. Although he was very proficient at these jobs, he soon up a Supreme Council purporting to limit the powers of
decided to pursue higher education. the monarchy.
2. In January 1852 the new Constitution was promulgated’.
(562)PROFOUND: 3. There were only 13 states in the US when it promulgated
1. The idea of negotiation, however, implies that the most its Constitution.

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4. First, in 1983, a revision of the Catholic Church’s Code of 9. There can be no question that the church assumed itself
Canon Law was officially promulgated. capable of authoritative prophetic utterances.’
5. Additionally, the secretary of state may promulgate 10. These events function as pessimistic and prophetic
regulations interpreting ambiguous provisions of the act.’ metaphors, not optimistic of the future.
6. The Prince of Monaco was an absolute ruler until a
constitution was promulgated in 1911. (567)PROPOUND:
7. On May 4, the government promulgated draconian 1. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle propounded theories about
security measures to cope with the crisis. the nature of existence and how human beings should
8. Alabama state law allows licensure agencies to adopt and live.
promulgate rules governing professional practices. 2. We can propound the idea that entertainment is not
9. The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of optional, but a constituent element of human development.
last year. 3. In the middle of nineteenth century Karl Marx propounded
10. In 1987 and 1993, the National Cholesterol Education the theory of historical and dialectical materialism.
Program promulgated guidelines for cholesterol screening 4. It was Ptolemy who propounded the theory that the earth
and treatment. was at the centre of the universe.

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5. Her new book expands upon the theory propounded in
(565)PROPONENT: her first book.
1. He is of course one of the chief proponents of the 6. Let us propound the question whether mercy killing
libertarian view. should ever be an option.
2. As both critics and proponents of devolution have pointed 7. She continues to propound her theories about the
out, devolution is a process not an event. supernatural.
3. Of course slavery and its proponents represent utter evil 8. Philolaus was the first to propound the doctrine of the
in the novel. motion of the earth; some attribute this doctrine to
Pythagoras, but there is no evidence in support of their
NG
4. He took on proponents of women’s equality by arguing
that woman is not man’s equal but his complement. view.
5. He is one of the leading proponents of capital punishment. 9. It is very mischievous for a Court to propound views of
the law different from those taken by another Court of co-
6. First, proponents want us to believe that it will affect only
ordinate jurisdiction.
a small number of people.
10. He began to propound the idea of a ‘social monarchy’ as
7. Marie is such a proponent of water conservation that she
an alternative to Franco.
only takes a shower once a week.
8. Although the billionaire claims to be a big proponent of
AIDS research, he has not donated a single dollar to any (568)PURGE:
of the research programs. 1. Bob had helped purge Martha of the terrible guilt that had
9. Its proponents believe that if you throw enough muck haunted her.
some of it will stick. 2. The purpose of tragedy is catharsis, a powerful emotional
10. As a proponent of domestic adoptions, I urge all experience in which the audience purges the emotions of
prospective parents to adopt children within their own pity and fear.
KI

borders. 3. If we are not free when we act from desire, it seems that
the only possible path to freedom is to purge oneself of
all desires.
(566)PROPHETIC:
4. By remembering the Holocaust we are fighting the evil
1. He was a prophetic poet with an individual and social
within and purging ourselves of feelings of intolerance.
message for the age in which he lived.
5. He purged all but 26 of the central committee members.
2. His visionary voice is potentially stifled by sorrow and
grief, and he attempts to contain that dangerous erosion 6. Our family had been purged as feudal capitalists during
of his prophetic vision. land reform.
3. Much of Orwell’s writing now seems grimly prophetic. 7. Anti-Communist labor leaders were purging Communists
from unions, and the labor press was losing its
4. In retrospect, those lower-than-expected sales numbers
independence.
were a prophetic indicator of the financial trouble the
company would soon be in. 8. High-ranking officials were purged from the company
following the merger.
5. This ominous warning soon proved prophetic.
9. They voted to purge the party of ‘hostile and anti-party
6. Examining history is not like gazing into some fantasy
elements‘.
crystal ball, where what we see is prophetic in detail.
10. Party leaders have undertaken to purge the party of
7. I have tried to show how the philosopher retains his
extremists.
prophetic character.
8. The Book of Revelation gives a prophetic description of
the end of the world. (569)PROTAGONIST:

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1. The vast majority of female protagonists are unmarried 8. The buildings vary between those that are old and quaint
women at peak reproductive age. and new shopping developments.
2. Her novels introduce strong female protagonists, usually 9. Whisky-making is treated as a quaint cottage industry.
African American, and characters of many colors. 10. The writer talks about the quaint customs of the natives.
3. Key protagonists of the revolution were hunted down
and executed.
(572)QUELL:
4. The protagonists of Gordon’s fiction are children who
1. Policemen and commandos are deployed to quell riots
have been saddled with their parents’ emotional bad debts.
and to maintain law and order.
5. Milton Friedman is usually cited as the leading American
2. He disposed of his rival claimants, and quelled various
protagonist of monetarism.
rebellions that the succession crisis had spawned.
6. For most of literary history, young male protagonists are
3. Members of the 800th Military Police Brigade had to use
characterized as orphans.
lethal force several times to quell prisoner uprisings, the
7. She also wrote several novels with mixed-race report says.
protagonists.
4. The military government pledged to quell rebellion and
8. The film’s protagonist, George, considers his life a failure. unify the country by force.

’S
9. The novel’s main protagonist is an American intelligence 5. I tried to stifle the thoughts, tried to quell the overwhelming
officer’. feeling of being trapped in circumstances.
10. She was a leading protagonist in the civil rights 6. Sources said police used hundreds of tear gas canisters,
movement. rubber bullets and opened fire to quell the strikers, leaving
seven people dead.
(570) QUACK: 7. Her words did nothing to quell the anger boiling within
1. There are food faddists, and quacks in the medical field, him.
and persons who oppose fluoridation of water. 8. Police used live ammunition to quell the disturbances.
NG
2. Actually, much of the licensing and regulation is aimed at 9. An anti-government riot was promptly quelled by soldiers
protecting the public from frauds and quacks. using guns and teargas.
3. I’ve met very conscientious chiropractors in the past, but 10. After 10 days of gun battles, Federal troops were called
the field also seems to attract a number of quacks. out to quell the violence.
4. The new rule is to regularise the practice of traditional
Indian systems of medicine and to prevent quacks. (573)QUEST:
5. He despised quacks and charlatans because he admired 1. Ultimately I think that the quest for God is about searching
the power of thought and reason so profoundly. for threads of the divine in the tapestry of human
6. We should be looking at changing our lifestyles, not experience.
stuffing ourselves full of quack medicine. 2. Instead, we must persist in the quest for united action to
7. I went everywhere for treatment, tried all sorts of quacks. counter both global warming and a weaponized world.
8. Depressed by the abundance of absurd claims for quack 3. My main preoccupation has been the quest for happiness.
alternative therapies, he had set up the site as a credulity 4. Our whole society is based on the quest for knowledge.
experiment.
5. New equipment is being developed in a quest to stop
KI

9. That quack doesn’t know anything about treating heart drinking and driving.
disease.
6. Scientists announced another breakthrough in their quest
10. He describes himself as a doctor, but I feel he is a quack. for a cure for prostate cancer.
7. Nothing will stop them in their quest for truth.
(571)QUAINT: 8. The team’s quest to win a championship finally came to
1. The French names on the streets and the quaint old houses an end.
invite exploration into the history. 9. World leaders are now united in their quest for peace.
2. The town is charming and quaint, and real: more than just 10. World leaders are now united in their quest for peace.
a tourist facade of Irish life.
(574)Some people believe that to succeed in this world
3. Because as quaint as it may sound, some things are more you have to be ruthless.:
important in life than money.
1. During some of the largest emergencies of recent years
4. With media turning into little more than a gaggle of special ruthless local forces exploited aid as a tool of war.
effects, journalistic ethics may seem a bit quaint.
2. They are ruthless; murder is such a profession to them
5. His gentle courtesy and quaint speech won my heart. that they almost seem like a force of nature.
6. He lived more than seven hundred years ago in a quaint 3. Even at this young age, though, he was characteristically
little town of Italy. ruthless with himself.
7. Beware of assumptions that seem “obvious” in one 4. Every indication is that he remained ruthless in his
decade. They may become quaint in the next. treatment of men and women alike.

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5. Some people believe that to succeed in this world you 1. Enlightened moderation is the need of the hour and it
have to be ruthless. requires a resolute effort.
6. They have shown a ruthless disregard for basic human 2. He was, however, resolute in his course and understood
rights. that death was a possibility.
7. These men are ruthless terrorists and will kill anyone who 3. We were simply a resolute group of people determined to
tries to stop them. make the very best of a very bad deal.
8. Genghis Khan was a ruthless conquerer who expanded 4. Today he is much more knowledgeable and resolute when
his Mongol Empire across Asia in the 13th century. it comes to politics.
9. Macbeth is the story of a ruthless wife, Lady Macbeth, 5. Their resolute opposition to new working methods was
who persuades her husband to murder the king and take difficult to overcome.
his throne. 6. She’s utterly resolute in her refusal to apologize.
10. President Banda’s one-party government has a ruthless 7. Well, did you keep your new year’s resolution or
record, especially when dealing with political opponents. resolutions?
8. During the meeting six different resolutions were moved
(575)RATIONAL: and passed.

’S
1. Our capacity for savagery grows as rational thought is 9. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of his
overwhelmed by fear, despair, and anger. virtues.
2. The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity proved 10. The UN has never pretended to have a monopoly on the
inadequate as bases for a fully rational society. peaceful resolution of disputes.
3. But for many people, their faith isn’t based around an
irrational fervour, and it isn’t based around rational logic. (578)REPLENISH:
4. It seems to me that philosophers are often criticized for 1. Instead of spending money on replenishing the dilapidated
always demanding rational explanations. library, the university is investing in lame television
NG
5. David was usually a rational person; always able to advertisements.
maintain a sense of control. 2. Fire replenishes nutrients in soil and recycles carbon,
6. There must be some rational explanation for what benefiting forests and wildlife.
happened. 3. Since 2000, U.S. oil companies have replenished their
7. Education helps us to make rational decisions. reserves by acquiring other oil companies, many of which
8. Man, as a rational being, may act against his impulses. are headquartered in Canada.
9. He understood that the only way to rationalize slavery 4. All creatures need sleep to replenish their energies’.
was to negate the slave’s humanity.’ 5. Like a well of water, creative energy replenishes itself
10. Parliament should seek to rationalize the country’s court slowly over time.
structure. 6. Food stocks were replenished by with imports from
abroad.
(576)REBUKE: 7. In an emergency, water can be pumped from the well to
replenish the irrigation canals.
1. I haven’t read the article but have read the outrageous
reports rebuking the author. 8. The music will replenish my weary soul.
KI

2. When he was incredibly late at the beginning, the judge 9. Manufacturers are scheduling overtime work to replenish
rebuked him on that day about being late. low inventories.
3. Britain’s largest charity has rebuked Prince Charles for 10. As water migrates, it replenishes soil water around the
refusing to protect an endangered species of bird at the seed during germination and emergence.
Balmoral estate.
4. Members of the jury were sharply rebuked for speaking (579)RETORT:
to the press. 1. Republicans retorted that the amendment is necessary to
5. I was rebuked by my manager for being late. balance the budget.
6. Welfare workers were sternly rebuked by the court for 2. Who do you think you’re talking to?’ she retorted.
ignoring the woman’s plea for help. 3. Mind your own business!’ she retorted.
7. She had rebuked him for drinking too much’. 4. I’m warning you,’ her brother retorted harshly, growing
8. The father was forced to rebuke his son for the spendthrift progressively angrier.
ways he had adopted since arriving at college. 5. I opened my mouth to retort but couldn’t quite come up
9. He rebuked himself for his stupidity. with anything witty or smart or right.
10. Amnesty International rebuked the British government 6. Andra had to literally bite her tongue to hold back the
for its treatment of the refugees. sharp retort quickly forming there.
7. He was about to make a sharp retort.
(577)RESOLUTE: 8. His sharp retort made an impact.

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9. She’s always ready with a quick retort. time pay-out.
10. It was an angry retort, and I tried to control the edge in my 6. Remember if you do something world changing, you are
voice. likely to get handsomely recompensed for it.
7. That company still needs to recompense the work that
(580)REMNANT: the contractor finished last month.
1. Last night, the remnants of the terrorist army were fleeing 8. He demands no financial recompense for his trouble
under heavy American bombing. 9. If they succeed in court, they will be fully recompensed
2. There has also been a concerted effort to preserve the for their loss.
remnants of the World Trade Centre. 10. Even Alexander the Great had to recompense an Athenian
3. The discovery suggests that many other fossil bones may who was robbed on the way to Olympia.
contain well-preserved remnants of bone marrow, the
scientists say.
4. Since dealers tend to sell remnants at a discount, it’s well (583)REFRAIN:
worth the extra effort.
1. Some banks are also refraining from extending loans for
5. Willie made me beautiful dresses, even if she used leftover

’S
fear that they could harm their capital adequacy ratios.
pieces and remnants.
2. Certainly, refraining from food and drink from dawn to
6. He sat sewing patchwork cushions with all the remnants’. dusk is not easy.
7. In minutes the last remnants of life on the planet were 3. The sign on the wall said “Please refrain from smoking.
gone.
4. But for most women, it was fashionable to refrain from
8. The shop is selling remnants of cloth at half price. eating long before it became fashionable to be slender.
9. A remnant of the race exists in each of the provinces, 5. His swollen, inflamed face had become unbearable now;
while a few tribes still wander over the interior. he could neither touch it, nor refrain from touching it.
10. A tiny remnant of a big thing is better than a whole little 6. She refrained from making any comment.
NG
thing.
7. Integration, integration, integration, is her constant refrain.
8. We can’t just let him starve to death, “ is a common refrain
(581)RESPLENDENT: heard from family members.
1. This national event is about tribal and folk life in all its 9. Every vote counts” is a familiar refrain in politics.
resplendent beauty and colour in the country.
10. We have heard the usual refrain about big companies
2. The host and hostess, as well as the embassy staff, looked swallowing up small ones and limiting diversity.
resplendent in national costume.
3. The sunset was breathtaking, even more resplendent than
(584)RANDOM:
we had imagined it would be.
1. Disappointingly, the survey reveals that random violence
4. The bride was resplendent in a meringue of epic
is increasing.
proportions.
2. Some deaths may be attributed to domestic violence or
5. She looked resplendent in her green evening gown.
random crime.
6. The fields were resplendent with flowers.
3. Sometimes I just get random thoughts in my head, and
KI

7. They wear heavy and very ornate armour resplendent with these can happen at the worst possible times.
plumes and ribbons.
4. They were weighted and thought out and they weren’t
8. The night was not a dark one, for the sky was clear and random sporadic decisions.
the moon resplendent.
5. In a changing world we have become used to random acts
9. The morning’s sun rose clear and resplendent, touching of senseless violence.
the foamy waves into a network of ruby-tinted light.
6. The security guards carried out random checks on people
10. Anyone who visited the Garden in the early days would entering the building.
not recognise the place now-every inch is resplendent.
7. The company has introduced random drug testing of its
employees.
(582)RECOMPENSE: 8. We received several answers and we picked one at random.
1. America had been insisting the World Bank was 9. In science, observations are not any random facts that
recompensed through cuts in aid programmes to Africa. investigators happen to have registered.
2. In high-profile cases, the tobacco industry has recently 10. The survey was carried out among a random sample of
paid enormous amounts to recompense individuals voters.
damaged by its products.
3. He stressed that if mistakes were made the public should
(585)RAVAGE:
be recompensed.
1. Two kings lost their thrones and the country was
4. Offenders should recompense their victims.
periodically ravaged by civil war.
5. In the first year, the losses will be recompensed by a one-
2. But in an economy ravaged by two decades of war, jobs

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 are scarce. (588)RENOUNCE:
3. Rabies so ravaged the population that there were very 1. Alexander at one time had toyed with the idea of
few raccoons left. renouncing his rights to the succession and going with
4. Hurricane Ivan is also widely expected to hit the already his wife to live an idyllic life on the banks of the Rhine.
ravaged State of Florida. 2. Italy renounced all claims in 1947 and the country was
5. She has just begun chemotherapy and her immune system declared independent by a UN resolution in 1951.
is so ravaged that the most innocuous virus could kill her. 3. In 1947, Italy signed the Treaty of Paris, renouncing all its
6. Britain tried to implement various formulas to bring colonial claims.
independence to a land ravaged by violence. 4. He took an oath to absolutely entirely renounce all
7. His health was gradually ravaged by drink and drugs. allegiance to a foreign power.
8. He had endured the ravages of cancer bravely and 5. She has also received death threats and has renounced
patiently till the end. the Islamic faith.
9. Hinduism has survived the ravages of thousands of years 6. They will tell you that all religions teach us to value life, to
in spite of its own inherent weaknesses. refrain from harming others, and to renounce selfishness.
10. Every living creature, including plants, must contend with 7. Gandhi renounced the use of violence.

’S
the ravages of diseases and parasites. 8. I would renounce, therefore, the attempt to create heaven
(586)REMORSE: on earth, and focus instead on reducing the hell.
1. She felt no remorse, not even the tiniest twinge of guilt for 9. Every renunciation of instinct now becomes a dynamic
what she had just done. source of conscience and every fresh renunciation
increases the latter’s severity and intolerance.
2. When faced with the sight of the dead crocodile, the man
was filled with tremendous remorse and burst into tears. 10. The life of the Spirit required renunciation of marriage’.
3. He felt no remorse for the murders he had committed.
4. He felt a deep remorse for having neglected his family (589)RECOURSE:
NG
over the years 1. Harsh acts take away people’s right of defence in an open
5. She felt a pang of remorse for what she had done. court of law, a normal recourse in a democratic structure.
6. He has shown no remorse for his actions. 2. Violence should not be a first recourse, but that doesn’t
change the fact that some people really need to be dealt
7. Nathan’s body slumped to the ground, his eyes filled with
with.
hate and for once a bit of remorse.
3. In these terms, religion is the recourse of isolated
8. Haunted by remorse and jarred by rumors of his wife’s
individuals seeking to find a spiritual pattern and meaning
infidelities, Justin surprises himself by plunging headlong
for their lives.
into a dangerous odyssey.
4. We would prefer to have compliance without recourse to
9. The real affliction of old age is remorse.
legal action.
10. After the argument, she was filled with remorse.
5. There are zillions of ways to deal with any difficult
situation, immediate recourse to magic might not be the
(587)RUSTIC: best.
1. The unblemished charm of rustic life has been a perennial 6. We hope that recourse to the High Court will not be
KI

source of inspiration for the painter. necessary in this case.

2. The Inn offers rustic charm with all the modern 7. It is hoped that the dispute will be settled without recourse
conveniences. to litigation.
3. Bare plaster walls and terracotta floor give a rustic feel. 8. A toddler quickly learns that a tantrum is a surefire recourse
4. The tug of war is still considered a rustic sport in the when a polite request for something is met with parental
cities. indifference.
5. Never would she have guessed such a lavish home existed 9. But government and foundation grants are only a
in these rustic mountains. temporary recourse.
6. The rustic beauty of the countryside attracted many 10. When the bourgeoisie sees power slipping from its grasp,
prominent citizens to Marin County. it has recourse to fascism to maintain itself.
7. The rustic music they created has a timeless appeal, both
in its deceptive simplicity and total lack of pretension. (590)RETARD:
8. In Greece, rich aristocrats used gold and silver in life, 1. Restrictive legislation could retard the development of
while poor rustics used wooden vessels. technology and slow the growth of electronic commerce.
9. Indeed the language which Wordsworth has in mind is 2. In addition, diuretics can be effective in retarding
certainly not the real language of rustics. osteoporosis in postmenopausal patients.
10. I was reckless in my ways, dangerous and unpolished to 3. A nominally progressive tax structure to some degree
the point of being branded a rustic. retards the concentration over time of wealth among
individuals.

[116]
4. Generally, any stress condition that retards plant growth respite, separate from the traditional holidays like
may increase prussic acid levels in plants. Thanksgiving and Christmas.
5. A rise in interest rates would severely retard economic 10. Devaluation would only give the economy brief respite.
growth.
6. Research from Harvard and United Nations organisations (593)RATIFY:
has shown that the cost of corruption includes retarded
1. The Federal Government will not ratify the protocol until
development and more inequalities.
the economic impact of doing so is fully assessed.
7. Even in small amounts, lead can retard development in
2. The emergency powers were subsequently ratified in
children.
parliament by a substantial majority.
8. Animals receiving heavy doses of alcohol showed
3. Amendments to the Articles had to be ratified by the
retardation of hepatic repair.
legislature of every state.
9. Congenital retardation seems to doom many of the
4. The new contract was ratified by a majority of only 56
individual’s interests to frustration.
percent.
10. The goals of treatment include retardation of disease
5. Many countries have now ratified the UN convention on
progression’.
the rights of the child.

’S
6. A number of countries have refused to ratify the treaty.
(591)RECEDE:
7. The decision will have to be ratified by the executive board.
1. Thus the moon is slowly receding from Earth at about 4
8. The president of Nicaragua adhered to this treaty, but the
cm per year, and the rate would have been greater in the
National Congress refused to ratify it.
past.
9. In 1788, Samuel Adams was a member of the
2. Flood waters are receding in some parts of the Midwest,
Massachusetts convention to ratify the Constitution of
but still rising in others.
the United States.
3. As the boat picked up speed, the coastline receded into
10. Judges are nominated by the president and ratified by the
the distance until finally it became invisible.
NG
Senate.
4. The painful memories gradually receded in her mind.
5. Bear in mind that little annoyances do not recede with
(594)REPLETE:
time; they just become bigger annoyances.
1. The show is replete with simple, haunting images, and an
6. As fear of the Soviets receded in the 1970s, the United
evocative score pervades the physical action.
States and its NATO allies achieved a détente of their
own. 2. Certainly, the overall demeanor of the exhibit resembled
an ornate baroque cathedral, large and magnificent, replete
7. The pain receded after what seemed like an eternity, fading
with technological splendors.
to a throbbing.
3. After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete.
8. Eventually, my unhappy memories of the place receded.
4. The country’s history is replete with stories of people
9. His footsteps receded down the corridor’.
who became successful by working hard.
10. As The Island gradually receded into the distance, the
5. Her pirouettes were followed by the sultry saunter of
sun was still shining.
Maleficent, replete with sparkling horns in green and
purple.
KI

(592)RESPITE: 6. President Trump’s very first State of the Union address

1. They have no respite from routine school activities even was unusual in a number of ways — longer than most of
during holidays. those of other presidents, replete with shout-outs to
2. There are 300 hectares of parks, gardens and green areas special guests.
within the city boundaries so you’re never short of a place 7. The harbour was replete with boats.
of respite from the sightseeing. 8. For him, the city was replete with memories.
3. The combination of shade and dappled sunlight 9. Knowledge dwells In heads replete with thoughts of other
encourages people to stop and enjoy a cool, quiet respite men; Wisdom in minds attentive to their own.
from a busy day.
10. O Lord, that lends me life, Lend me a heart replete with
4. We worked for hours without respite. thankfulness!
5. During a brief respite from the king’s service he led a force
into Prussia and he was often employed on diplomatic
(595)RAMPANT:
business.
1. Indeed, by the end of 1981 inflation was rampant, reaching
6. The road works have given residents a much-needed
14.1 percent.
respite from the constant traffic.
2. One of the more insidious invasions of our privacy rights
7. The bad weather has continued without respite.
is the rampant spread of drug tests in the American
8. The refugee encampments will provide some respite from workplace.
the suffering.
3. Individuals had to learn the importance of clean hands
9. But in the middle of each semester there came a short

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 and basic personal sanitation to stop the rampant spread 6. Children still learn their times tables by rote.
of infectious disease. 7. Rote learning does not really give people any insight into
4. Online rumors and misinformation are rampant and can their subject.
spread like wildfire. 8. In general, rote teaching tends to be the preferred approach
5. Pluralism, nepotism, simony and all the other ancient in Eastern cultures; discovery learning is preferred by
abuses were more rampant than ever. Western teachers.
6. He said that he had encountered rampant prejudice in his 9. Rote learning, rote teaching, rote education are gone.
attempts to get a job. 10. Most schools are run by the state, which combines a
7. Men never do good unless necessity drives them to it; French structure with the rigid discipline and rote learning
but when they are free to choose and can do just as they of the Islamic tradition.
please, confusion and disorder become rampant.
8. Rampant inflation means that our wage increases soon (598)REMISSION:
become worth nothing.
1. Successful candidates receive free tuition in two
9. In the construction industry, optimism is rampant that 2018 instruments in addition to a 50% fee remission.
will be a good year - but in Alabama, those high hopes
2. For every two days they work the prisoners earn one day’s

’S
seem to be more modest.
remission of their sentence.
10. Council tax, on the other hand, is based on property values
3. Inadequacy of reasons should not lead to remission if the
and so can throw up all sorts of anomalies, especially at
court may confidently reach its own decision on the merits.
times of rampant house price inflation.
4. There will be absolution and remission of sins for all who
die in the service of Christ.
(596)REDUNDANT:
5. We remember that John the Baptist preached a baptism of
1. As much as 75 per cent of e-mails are made up of redundant repentance for the remission of sin.
or unwanted messages.
6. No single therapy has been proven effective at achieving
2. Dispensing with redundant staff may sound like sensible
NG
complete remission in every patient.
business practice, like cutting away dead wood.
7. However, the patient experienced a partial remission,
3. Another report, assessment and approval by City Council whereas previous chemotherapy treatments alone had had
would have been redundant and a wasteful expenditure no effect.
of time and money.
8. The party has also stressed the need for preparing a strong
4. On Friday last, 32 people that were made redundant left case for the remission of interest on agricultural loans.
the company but these redundancies had been finalised
9. You can invest in anything, you don’t need government
before the takeover.
approvals, you can remit your profits out, and there are
5. Working as a legal executive, Tony was made redundant no equity restrictions.
seven years ago after 27 years in the business.
10. Currently, the tax code encourages firms to retain earnings
6. Six months later he was made redundant by the small firm and remit income to shareholders through share
that employed him. repurchases.
7. In the sentence “She is a single unmarried woman”, the
word “unmarried” is redundant.
(599)REPUGNANT:
8. New technology often makes old skills and even whole
KI

1. But what’s meaningful to one may be repugnant to another.

communities redundant.
2. The whole idea of anyone acting as judge, jury and
9. Most of the communication in this office has become
executioner is totally repugnant to a civilized society.
redundant; it is not contributing to productivity.
3. Also repugnant to Moses was the Egyptian ideology that
10. Some modern editors have occasionally been known to
chose to enslave live men in order to build temples and
spoil the nicely turned prose of an accomplished writer
pyramids to honor dead men.
by adding clumsy or redundant phrases!
4. All the countries of the world will hopefully come together
to find a way to fight this sort of terrorism, which is
repugnant to all reasonable people.
(597)ROTE: 5. The radio host has been suspended for two weeks
1. I never learned by rote, nor have I ever believed it’s the following what he himself calls ‘repugnant, repulsive and
way to learn. horrible’ remarks.
2. The educational system emphasizes rote learning and 6. The idea of cheating in an exam is morally repugnant to
memorization, rather than analytical thinking. me.
3. Obedience, rote memorisation, and neatness are enshrined 7. A by-law must not be repugnant to the general law of the
as somehow intellectual achievements. country’.
4. Subsequent studies have found that concept maps 8. Cannibalism seems repugnant to us.
facilitated meaningful learning as opposed to rote learning. 9. Sometimes an interpretation can even transform an
5. You are merely reciting facts you learned by rote. experience of art from repugnance to appreciation and

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 understanding. 3. Aaron had been so cool and composed a moment ago, as
10. Sometimes an interpretation can even transform an if nothing in the world could ruffle him.
experience of art from repugnance to appreciation and 4. He’s easily ruffled by criticism.
understanding. 5. He ruffled some people with his constant complaining.
6. My refusal to let him ruffle me infuriated him.
(600)RETROSPECT: 7. They think this high profile meeting in London will ruffle
1. The play is a retrospect, an incomplete remembrance of a his feathers.
summer some 40 years past, trivia recalled, major events 8. It’s this snobbish attitude toward work place interaction
trivialized. that ruffles my feathers.
2. The subject of this research was a retrospect of events, 9. David ruffled a few feathers when he suggested cutting
which happened during the thirties and first half of the the teachers’ salaries.
forties (20th century).
10. I felt that I’d ruffled his feathers up enough for the day, or
3. As economists and traders would agree, the most accurate at the very least a few hours.
insight into trends is viewed in retrospect.
4. Of course teenage ennui is deliciously enjoyable - but

’S
(603)ROUSE:
only in retrospect.
1. A shaft of light moved across my eyes, rousing me from
5. In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the
deep slumber.
beginning.
2. She was roused from a deep sleep by a hand on her
6. I’m sure my university days seem happier in retrospect
shoulder.
than they really were.
3. Lily found him asleep, but he roused when she came in.
7. in retrospect, we should have saved more money for
college. 4. Philosophy exists ‘to rouse, to startle the human spirit to
a life of constant and eager observation.
8. In retrospect, each of the steps toward this abyss seemed
irrevocable, and yet they had all been so small! 5. Once the enemy camp was roused, they would move on
NG
the castle.
9. I believe that no endeavor that is worthwhile is simple in
prospect; if it is right, it will be simple in retrospect. 6. We quarrelled, like any couple in love and we both had
terrible tempers when we were roused.
10. Looking back at my junior high years, most of the things
that felt like a big deal at the time seem trivial in retrospect.’ 7. Above all, they had been roused to anger by a recent
decision of the Court to nationalize the railways.
8. He was silent for some moments, and felt his hackles stir
(601)RUIN:
at the dread her words roused.
1. The castle was ruined when dynamite was used to
9. His rousing speech did wonders on the spirit and
demolish one of the corner towers.
enthusiasm of the men, for a few hours.
2. He says the soldiers systematically demolished the village
10. Here is another rousing reminder of the glorious dance
and ruined the surrounding land.
styles that swept across west Africa in the 1960s and
3. Businesses and houses were ruined as torrential rain 1970s.
caused water levels to rise to record levels.
4. Ineffective strategic management can bankrupt companies
(604)ROGUE:
KI

and ruin the careers of chief executives.

1. After a brief apprenticeship to a surgeon, and accompanied
5. His parents were working on a billion dollar assignment,
by an old schoolfellow, the innocent man travels to
when John sabotaged everything, and ruined their
London, where he encounters various rogues.
reputations.
2. He is so convincingly cocky you want to slap him for
6. We do not want to see our bio-diversity destroyed and
being such a rogue.
our farmers ruined because of corporate bio-terrorism.
3. He plays John Smith, an English rogue and explorer who
7. The 700-year-old Muslim fort was in ruins, but the promise
comes to the shores of America in chains.
was made that it would be repaired and restored.
4. The film describes the hunting down of a rogue elephant
8. The economy was in ruins after the war.
in Assam.
9. A modern extension on the old building would ruin its
5. Poor quality paving work by rogue traders has left
architectural integrity.
homeowners facing massive repair bills.
10. It greatly pains me that my grandfather’s estate has been
6. Many of the vagabonds were rogues and cheaters of
left to go to rack and ruin.
various kinds, and formed a subcommunity on the fringes
of official society
(602)RUFFLE: 7. I wouldn’t buy a car from a rogue like him.
1. Great champions are often ruffled, sometimes shaken, but 8. He hacked into data and ran rogue programs.
never spooked.
9. He was a fiddler, and consequently a rogue.
2. He was easily ruffled, which led to tension headaches
10. He was a rogue who had nothing but contempt for people
and high blood pressure.

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 who made their living honestly. 6. The theist and the scientist are rival interpreters of nature,
the one retreats as the other advances.
(605)ROBUST: 7. No computer can rival a human brain for complexity.
1. Mid-summer plantings of short-season tomato cultivars 8. The ’90s was an era of growth and prosperity rivalling the
can provide vigorous, robust plants from which to harvest first Gold Rush of 1849.
high-quality fruit. 9. As we got older, our rivalry went from just being
2. Happily most employees are sufficiently robust to competitive to becoming extremely violent.
withstand the stress of a heavy workload. 10. Their rivalry had been one of friendly competition and
3. She is a pleasantly robust woman of modest means, challenging each other to go to the extreme.
patriotic in convictions, guileless in manner.
4. He recommends new buildings should be more robust to (608)RIOT:
deal with extreme weather events, such as hurricanes. 1. An informant told them that the riot was between the peace
5. To create an effective and healthy workplace, the bureau and a group of politicians.
administrative tower was designed as a robust loft. 2. Police disbanded the riots and detained an estimated forty
6. The country’s political system has continued to be robust students but to date no charges have been filed.

’S
in spite of its economic problems’. 3. However, economic inequality has remained a pressing
7. We have had a very robust debate this afternoon, and I problem and has lead to riots and violent outbreaks.
encourage that. 3. Inner-city riots erupted when a local man was shot by
8. His robust physique counts for much in the modern game. police.
9. She has a robust attitude to children, and knows how to 4. A lot of property was damaged in the recent riots.
deal with them. 5. A city market is a riot of enticing smells, textures, and
10. The camel is of a more robust and compact breed than the colors, an abundance of beautiful fruits and vegetables.
tall beast used in India, and is more carefully tended. 6. Vegas airport is a throbbing, pulsating riot of noise and
NG
colour.
(606)ROARING: 7. The tearaway runs riot, swears and abuses, causes criminal
1. Last year, his CD became a roaring success and saw the damage and ridicules the elderly.
sagging career of another superstar being revived. 8. The fight to bring the law up-to-date and stop cyber
2. From a Protestant fundamentalist point of view the church criminals running riot is severely hampered by the lack of
has become a roaring success. understanding of the scope of the problem.
3. The party was a roaring success. 9. In Shakespeare’s day, his plays were considered riotous
and bawdy.
4. The promoter is confident the Pennington’s bill will be a
roaring success. 10. For example, not permitting drunken, violent or riotous
behaviour is in the 1927 Liquor Act - it has just never been
5. The food sellers were doing a roaring trade in spiced
enforced.
sausages.
6. All the usual entertainments - roundabouts and other such
things - were there to entice children, and they seemed to (609)RIGID:
be doing a roaring trade. 1. The man sat calmly in the rigid plastic chair, his hands
KI

7. The roaring mining town attracted job seekers eager to paced lightly on the cheap desk in front of him.
share in the boom. 2. The door is made from galvanized steel with a rigid frame.
8. Get out of my way!’ he roared. 3. Her mind was completely void of emotions and her body
9. The audience roared their approval during his performance was rigid.
and as the results were announced on Saturday night. 4. After a long moment, her shoulders, which had been rigid
10. The group of creatures all roared loudly, baring their sharp with tension, suddenly slumped.
teeth. 5. They are setting up rigid control processes with high
levels of IT security.
(607)RIVAL: 6. Hospital routines for nurses are very rigid.
1. He assassinated a rival gang leader and spent 10 years in 7. The inclusion of a rigid rule against capital controls in a
prison for it. trade agreement makes things even worse.
2. The company is facing stiff competition from rivals that 8. She was also notorious for her rude comments and rigid
have launched new products such as DVD players and opinions on style.
televisions. 9. We were disappointed that they insisted on such a rigid
3. She has no rivals as a female rock singer. interpretation of the rules.
4. The airline admitted being involved in a dirty tricks 10. When knowledge becomes rigid, it stops living.
campaign to win customers from their rival.
5. They beat several other rivals for the contract. (610)RIGHTEOUS:

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1. Dualism is a tool of oppressors, fundamentalists and the council.
morally righteous. 9. Kathie was warned by the police officer that the driver’s
2. Your hatred of the poor is just bigotry, sir, however you bureau will revoke her license if she gets another speeding
try to dress it as righteous indignation. ticket.
3. I’ve shared tears and anger, thoughtfulness and righteous 10. On October 9, 2003 the Respondent revoked that offer
indignation. and the litigation proceeded.
4. He was regarded as a righteous and holy man.
5. A righteous man can be trusted to act honorably regardless (613)REVERT:
of the circumstances. 1. Death then is a returning or reverting to the former state -
6. He was full of righteous indignation. dust - of the ground.
7. He stood up for what he knew was right and died a 2. He reverted to smoking heavily.
righteous person’. 3. When they divorced, she reverted to using her maiden
8. If a man aspires towards a righteous life, his first act of name.
abstinence is from injury to animals. 4. Why does the conversation have to revert to money every
9. Victory in battle was conferred on the righteous’. five minutes?

’S
10. But an opposition leader capable of righteous anger is 5. In modified forms of plants there is frequently a tendency
essential for any democratic legislature. to “ sport “ or revert to parental or ancestral characteristics.
6. He ignored her words by reverting to the former subject.
(611)RIDDLE: 7. [if the automobile is replaced by public trans port] the
1. Many riddles were embedded in rhymes, playfully social structure of cities will revert to the ecological pattern
disguising answers in metaphors and analogies. of 1880.
2. A prize that I will get if, and only if, I solve the secret 8. In the event of the building ceasing to become a school,
riddle. ownership would revert to the Church.
NG
3. She was pleased at herself as if she had just figured out a 9. If you revert to your old eating habits, you’ll gain weight
riddle. again.
4. Rob’s words echoed through my brain, and they sounded 10. Sensing her uneasiness, Joseph reverted to their
like some cryptic riddle. discussion about the weather.
5. A set of hypotheses has been suggested to explain this
exceptional riddle of fish reproduction, but as yet they (614)RETALIATE:
remain untested. 1. Cecil watched his opponent warily, ready to retaliate at
6. Understanding exactly what capital is unlocks the riddle the merest hint of an attack.
of the market system. 2. I had expected them to immediately retaliate with nasty
7. Through Christ and in Christ, the riddles of sorrow and comments.
death grow meaningful. 3. A company can be ordered to pay substantial damages,
8. This article is riddled with errors. including back pay, for retaliating against whistle-blowers.
9. No one was fatally injured, despite the car being riddled 4. The tiger only learned to avoid people when their abilities
with bullets. to retaliate increased over the last two centuries.
KI

10. The team produced another disappointing performance 5. If someone insults you, don’t retaliate as it only makes
riddled with errors. the situation worse.
6. The demonstrators threw rocks at the police, who
(612)REVOKE: retaliated by firing blanks into the crowd.
1. The orders were revoked and he was re-sentenced for 7. The terrorists retaliated against the government with a
both offences, receiving three months for the assault and bomb attack.
a month for the theft. 8. After the company announced plans to reduce benefits,
2. But when parents fail to provide continuity of care, the the union threatened to retaliate by calling for a strike.
state revokes or curtails their parental prerogatives. 9. Israel launched the latest operation in retaliation against
3. There is also a warning that tax authorities will not be able an attack on an Israeli convoy in which a total of 13 Israeli
to revoke already signed deals. soldiers were killed.
4. The men appealed and the sentence was revoked’. 10. During the Cold War, NATO’s strongest deterrent against
Soviet aggression was the threat of nuclear retaliation.
5. The authorities have revoked their original decision to
allow development of this rural area.
6. Their privileges were revoked after they misbehaved. (615)RESUME:
7. The government revoked his licence. 1. In 1933 he returned to Chicago and resumed his schooling,
graduating in 1936.
8. He boldly contradicted the legate’s theological statements,
refused to revoke anything and appealed to a future 2. After suffering from ill health, he resumed his career as a

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 barrister in 1919. 8. After hours of argument, they resolved against taking
3. He glared incredulously while I resumed what I had been legal action.
doing: drinking coffee. 9. The committee resolved to override the veto.
4. He stopped to take a sip of water and then resumed 10. She resolved to quit smoking.
speaking.
5. The company expects to resume production of the vehicle (618)RESENT:
again after a two-month hiatus.
1. She bitterly resented her father’s new wife.
6. Words that are saturated with lies or atrocity do not easily
2. We resent these insinuations that we are not capable of
resume life.
leading the company forward.
7. With the restoration of the Long Parliament in 1660 he
3. I resent it that my job is starting to encroach on my family
resumed his seat, and was elected to the Convention
life.
Parliament the same year.
4. He resented his boss for making him work late.
8. Please resume your seats, as the performance will continue
in two minutes. 5. He resents the way his ideas have been hijacked by others
in the department.
9. She will be resuming her position at the company.

’S
6. Most of the population resents the rich foreigners, even
10. They are expected to resume the search early today.
though their living depends on tourism.
7. If we’re an arrogant nation, they’ll resent us; if we’re a
(616)RESTRAIN: humble nation, but strong, they’ll welcome us.
1. The government had worked hard to restrain price rises 8. They are already resentful of paying so many other
for the campaigning period. government imposed duties on everyday life.
2. The National Recovery Administration reinvigorated 9. She was resentful of anybody’s attempts to interfere in
industry by restraining competitive forces and raising her work.
prices.
10. She soon became resentful of her entrapment within a
NG
3. Younger children may strike their older siblings, while working-class community where she never felt at home.
older siblings are restrained from hitting back.
4. You should try to restrain your ambitions and be more
(619)REPRIMAND:
realistic.
1. The accountancy firm was reprimanded regarding its audit
5. When he started fighting, it took four police officers to
of that company.
restrain him.
2. Officials were reprimanded for poor work.
6. Emotional possession refers to experiences wherein
impulses which are ordinarily restrained are strongly 3. She was reprimanded by her teacher for biting another
stimulated. girl.
7. The restrained editing style heightens the intensity and 3. The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his
allows greater scrutiny of the characters. duty.
8. His voice hardened with barely restrained control. 4. The police officers were officially reprimanded for their
behaviour.
9. Society’s methodical and systemic ideals stand challenged
wherever individual freedom is put under any restraint. 5. The foreman reprimanded the workers severely for not
KI

following safety procedures.

10. Throughout all of her songs, the same common feeling
came through; loss of freedom, restraint, dominance, 6. He was severely reprimanded for his unsuitable behaviour.
sorrow. 7. The prince publicly reprimand a few of the Saudi staff to
ensure the message gets across to them all.
(617)RESOLVE: 8. where she never felt at home.’
1. Sometimes, the most vexed problems are resolved through
simple solutions. (619)REPRIMAND:
2. Following the action, the education secretary promised 1. The accountancy firm was reprimanded regarding its audit
to resolve the problem within two weeks. of that company.
3. It is a big concern but we are working very hard on a 2. Officials were reprimanded for poor work.
solution to try and resolve the matter before it goes to 3. She was reprimanded by her teacher for biting another
court. girl.
4. The service aims to give customers the knowledge, tools 3. The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his
and confidence to resolve consumer problems themselves. duty.
5. The couple resolved their differences and made an effort 4. The police officers were officially reprimanded for their
to get along. behaviour.
6. The president is predisposed towards negotiation and 5. The foreman reprimanded the workers severely for not
favours a peaceful way of resolving the crisis. following safety procedures.
7. She resolved that she would never speak to him again. 6. He was severely reprimanded for his unsuitable behaviour.

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7. The prince publicly reprimand a few of the Saudi staff to 1. This brand new property is now an exact replica of the
ensure the message gets across to them all. original building, with just the addition of a small entrance
8. A Northampton company was reprimanded by the porch.
Advertising Standards Authority after it used scare tactics 2. The ship is an exact replica of the original Golden Hind.
to sell anti-radiation mobile phone products. 3. A replica of the space shuttle is parked at the center’s
9. Macomb reprimanded the assistant, who eventually entrance.
resigned. 4. As with any living or replica plant material, there is an
10. Last year, a major accountancy firm was reprimanded by average lifespan for plants.
the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland for 5. The entrance leads visitors to a delightful replica of Santa’s
carrying out a sub-standard audit. Village at the North Pole.
6. The statutes were for the most part a replica of those of
(620)REPRIEVE: New College, members of which were, equally with
1. Shoppers will get a temporary reprieve from the new sales members of Magdalen, declared to be eligible for the
tax. presidency.
2. He accepted the death sentence and refused to appeal for 7. In replicating his art, and offering the replica as art, the

’S
a reprieve. atom of the original artwork was split.
3. The president can grant reprieves and pardons (except in 8. It might be impractical to replicate Eastern culture in the
the case of impeachment). west.
4. Local officials were prolific too in petitioning central 9. In the days before xerox machines, a carbon copy was the
government for pardons and reprieves for the condemned. best way of replicating a piece of writing.
5. He was sentenced to death but was granted a last-minute 10. This vaccine induces protective immunity but does not
reprieve. allow the virus to replicate - copy itself - or pass from bird
to bird.
6. The injection provided a temporary reprieve from the pain.
NG
7. Fortunately, I received a reprieve because my boss had a
nervous breakdown before he could implement his plan. (623)REPARATION:
8. According to some reports, the Government plans to limit 1. the courts required a convicted offender to make financial
the reprieve for some pits to just two years. reparation to his victim
9. The U.S. Supreme Court voted against granting Smith a 2. The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations and
reprieve. restrictions on Germany’.
10. He has faced numerous anxious moments over the years, 3. By 1924, after German default on reparations and tax
spending time in immigration detention centres and increases, the economic situation was ripe for stabilization.
winning last-minute reprieves. 4. The company had to make reparation to those who
suffered ill health as a result of chemical pollution.
(621)REPRESS: 5. Offenders must make reparation for their crimes through
community service.
1. The rebels dispersed and by the end of June the revolt
had been repressed with ferocity everywhere. 6. The cure lies in identifying the disturbed relationship,
making such reparation as seems appropriate, and so
2. The nation-wide railway strike of 1974 was repressed
restoring peace and tranquillity.
KI

violently, foreshadowing things to come the following year.

7. A commission will gather demands for reparations from
3. The Soviet domination of Central Asia was catastrophic -
companies and individuals.
during Stalin’s rule in particular, the traditional way of life
of its people was brutally repressed if not destroyed. 8. They’ve offered no apologies and seem to have no
thoughts of reparation.
4. The thought that he had killed his brother was so terrible
that he repressed it 9. Murder is a unique crime for which we can never make
reparation.
5. He repressed a sudden desire to cry.
10. The Austrian government just authorized the payment of
6. He had long ago repressed the painful memories of his
18.2 million euros in reparations to the Jewish community
childhood.
of Vienna.
7. The police were widely criticized for their role in repressing
the protest movement.
(624)RENOVATE:
8. When I consider the dead and their families, I cannot
repress my mental agony. 1. The damage caused by the landslides has left the newly
renovated house structurally damaged, and condemned.
9. People are fed up with regimes that are repressive and
have failed to deliver prosperity. 2. She said the planning officials stressed that by retaining
and renovating the existing cottage its historical essence
10. The US has long held out a promise of freedom to people
is retained.
living half-suffocated lives in repressive societies.
3. Before they move in the property is completely renovated,
including a new bathroom, kitchen and central heating.
(622)REPLICA:

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4. City officials expect to completely renovate the interior of (627)RELINQUISH:
the building, which suffers from mold and water damage. 1. He relinquished his managerial role to become chief
5. The house has been carefully renovated by its current executive.
owners, who are now embarking on another restoration 2. France has been reluctant to relinquish the remaining
project. pieces of its colonial empire.
6. He renovates old houses and sells them at a profit. 3. It was only in 1801 that the British monarchy formally
7. There were about 500 construction workers renovating relinquished its claim to the French throne.
the tower when the fire broke out. 4. He has lived in the U.S.A. since 1966 but he has never
8. It’s an old factory that has been renovated as office space. relinquished his Canadian citizenship.
9. They spent thousands renovating the house. 5. The real fascists must be the ones who keep trying to
10. The property has been extensively renovated over the prevent individuals from freely relinquishing their rights
past three years but many of the original features remain. and the rights of others for the good of the state.
6. Robert relinquished his claim in return for Henry’s
territories in Normandy and a large annuity.
(625)RELUCTANT:
7. She relinquished control of the family investments to her

’S
1. Courts are rightly reluctant to judge what statements in
son.
political ads are merely misleading.
8. No one wants to relinquish power once they have it.
2. Still, counterterrorism agencies remain reluctant to share
sensitive information or cooperate on prosecutions. 9. Truth will ever be unpalatable to those who are determined
not to relinquish error.
3. In the past, companies were reluctant to share information
with suppliers. 10. Slowly, states are beginning to relinquish control of their
energy industries.
4. Today, many ordinary people are still reluctant to talk about
politics.
5. Government officials always seem so reluctant to define (628)REITERATE:
NG
qualifications for recipients of social welfare. 1. Advertisements will also appear in the national press this
6. But investors are reluctant to take on long-term risk given week and the local press next week reiterating this public
the uncertainties over the economy. health message.
7. Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their 2. Officials at Sligo General Hospital are reiterating an
children. apology to a patient who received the wrong medication
on being discharged.
8. The United Nations was reluctant to get its forces
embroiled in civil war. 3. And mortgage brokers are now reiterating the basic premise
that any loans will affect the size of a mortgage a lender
9. The government is understandably reluctant to do
will allow.
anything which might spoil the harmonious relations
between the country’s ethnic groups. 4. India lacks in ‘improved coaching techniques’ and
facilities, she reiterates.
10. She persuaded her reluctant husband to take a trip to
Florida with her. 5. The government has reiterated its refusal to compromise
with terrorists.
6. She reiterated that she had never seen him before.
(626)REMISS:
KI

7. The President reiterated his support for the treaty.

1. The private sector is also often remiss when it comes to
service. 8. The UK government continually reiterates its commitment
to halting the brain drain.
2. The council itself was remiss in not having had the
building listed. 9. She reiterated that the government would remain steadfast
in its support.
3. Although our news media are very remiss in educating
the public on the great economic tragedy now unfolding, 10. The emphasis on technical skill was reiterated again and
they do unwittingly disclose some frightening facts. again in the Kennedy household.
4. You have been remiss in your duties.
5. She was extremely remiss in performing the tasks. (629)RECTIFY:
6. It would be remiss of me if I did not share with you the 1. Mistakes made now cannot be rectified later.
vital role God has played in my recovery. 2. I am determined to take whatever action is necessary to
7. It was remiss of the social services not to notify the police. rectify the situation.
8. They were remiss to ignore the small, but growing 3. Every effort is made to rectify any errors before the book
contingency of users. is printed.
9. It was remiss of me to forget to give you the message. 4. I did my best to rectify the situation, but the damage was
already done.
10. And really, we don’t know what happened, and I’d be
remiss to even speculate about what did happen. 5. Any defects found have to be rectified without delay.
6. We apologise for the delay and are doing everything we

[124]
 can to rectify the situation. took place during the country’s freedom struggle, in which
7. The hotel management promised to rectify the problem. he took an active part.
8. If I was wrong, I should think it more honourable to 2. Laura tired to recollect the past week in her mind.
acknowledge and rectify any error that I should have 3. She recollected her childhood memory of an encounter
committed, than to justify and defend it. with a poisonous snake.
9. A concerted effort must be made to rectify the situation. 4. She suddenly recollected (that) she had left her jacket in
10. A spokeswoman for the city council said they were taking the restaurant.
steps to rectifying the situation. 5. The events were so dreadful that even now it is painful to
recollect them.
(630)REDEEM: 6. He does not recollect seeing her at the party.
1. He was an hour late, but he redeemed himself in her eyes 7. She is less able to recall events of fifteen years ago than
by giving her a huge bunch of flowers. most of us are to recollect our childhood.
2. She took me to see a really dull film, the only redeeming 8. I recognize his face but I can’t seem to recollect much
feature of which (= the only thing which prevented it from about him.
being completely bad) was the soundtrack. 9. She spoke with warmth when she recollected the doctor

’S
3. A poor game was redeemed in the second half by a superb who had treated her.
performance from Anthony Edwards. 10. I do not recollect of ever seeing my mother by the light of
4. The hotel had a single redeeming feature – it was cheap. day.
5. The company redeemed some of its stock.
6. He had realized the mistake he had made and wanted to (633)RECAPITULATE:
redeem himself. 1. We understood your point, there’s no need to recapitulate.
7. It’s a movie that tosses around notions of racism, evil and 2. It is now necessary first to recapitulate the chief points in
redemption. the problem, and then to attempt to explain them by a
NG
8. When we rebuke or expose an evil, we have the duty to comparison of the myths of various races.
hope for the redemption, not the condemnation, of the 3. Let us begin by briefly recapitulating the novel’s plot.
sinner. 4. The conclusion recapitulates and summarizes the main
9. The African people are looking to their leaders for the findings of the work.
redemption of the continent from what has plagued it for 5. The story of the Union has been told on several occasions
so long. and there is no need to recapitulate it.
10. Every soul can be saved, and everyone is capable of 6. Participants recapitulated their major arguments and group
redemption. discussions highlighted recurring themes and issues.
7. He began to recapitulate his argument with care.
(631)RECONCILE: 8. There are other significant discrepancies between police
1. It is sometimes difficult to reconcile science and religion. and media reports and the known facts, but there is no
2. They were finally reconciled with each other, after not need to recapitulate those here.
speaking for nearly five years. 9. There would be little point in recapitulating this excellent
3. Bevan tried to reconcile British socialism with a wider and very readable review.
KI

international vision. 10. I won’t try to recapitulate his entire argument.

4. The most powerful culture is that which reconciles the
goals of the individual with those of the collective. (634)REALM:
5. Yet this wave of social legislation could not easily be 1. Her interests are in the realm of practical politics.
reconciled with the tenets of classical liberalism.
2. It is true that mathematical laws, if they exist, must exist in
6. It can be difficult to reconcile your ideals with reality. a quasi-Platonic realm of pure thought.
7. China’s leaders believed that immediate democratization, 3. Feminism exists outside the realm of political
instead of serving to reconcile the conflicts of interest instrumentality, as an idea.
created by economic change, might instead exacerbate
4. Behind the scenes negotiations mean there is no move
them.
that is beyond the realms of possibility.
8. And when his first wife Patricia died of cancer, aged 47,
5. It was not beyond the realms of possibility that New
Carter was also reconciled with his daughter.
Zealand could have beaten Australia and qualified for
9. The king and the archbishop were publicly reconciled. Athens.
10. It takes a profound hypocrisy to try to reconcile for others 6. Their minds are so circumscribed by exterior manners and
things that you can’t reconcile for yourself. traditional interests that they are blind to any other realm
of existence.
(632)RECOLLECT: 7. Let a king recall that it is better to improve his realm than
1. At the ripe age of 96, he recollects the historic events that to increase his territory.

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8. We do not hold the belief that this earth is a realm of 7. In 1992 South Africa’s anti-apartheid struggle was raging.
misery where man is doomed to destruction. 8. It’s World AIDS Day, a time to remember that in some
9. In fact, we are now in the realm of complex payment, where countries today a plague is raging on a scale not seen
payment is in a foreign currency and there is a string of since the Middle Ages.
banks. 9. I sauntered through the upstairs hall, reluctant to go out
10. The matter was hotly debated in all the towns of the realm. into the raging blizzard outside.
10. The stream could become a raging torrent in wet weather.
(635)RATIONALE:
1. But other reasons and rationales exist for adopting and (638)RADICAL:
strengthening an historical perspective. 1. Thailand combined the introduction of universal access
2. I can never understand the rationale behind some of the to subsidised health care with a radical shift in funding
things that women do these days. away from urban hospitals to primary care.
3. Economic theory provides numerous rationales for 2. There have been radical changes in the regulation of air
government involvement in health. travel, from a newly federalized security system to tighter
4. There are several reasons and rationales for guaranteeing restrictions on what items can be brought onto a plane.

’S
the freedom of expression. 3. Iceland displays some radical cultural differences with its
5. A fair process requires publicity about the reasons and temporary American inhabitants.
rationales that play a part in decisions. 4. Since independence, an emergent class structure has
6. I don’t understand the rationale for these restrictions. become apparent in urban sectors with radical differences
in wealth between the rich and poor.
7. He tried to explain the scientific rationale behind his work.
5. The more radical Jewish political activists have been
8. The rationale for using this teaching method is to
involved in unions and socialism.
encourage student confidence.
6. Moore’s law is not concerned with radical new
9. One might well ask how important the element of criminal
technologies that could have a dramatic effect.
NG
damage is to the rationale of the aggravated offence.
7. The feeling among the grassroots of the Party is that the
10. The rationale behind the changes is not at all evident.
leaders are not radical enough.
8. We need to make some radical changes to our operating
(636)RAIL: procedures.
1. He railed at human fickleness. 9. The enormous power given by electricity has radically
2. The paper constantly railed against complacency and transformed all our lives.
demanded firmer action against the old order. 10. The growth of the world wide web has radically changed
3. He rails against the ‘dictatorship of relativism. the way information is received.
4. He complained in Parliament that the MP had railed at him
on the phone and had called him a ‘scoundrel. (639)SKIRMISH:
5. Ironically, the point Williams was railing against was that 1. Relations with Israel have long been contentious and
all human behavior is selfishly motivated. border skirmishes are fought periodically between the two
6. He railed against the injustices of the system. nations.
KI

7. Consumers rail against the way companies fix prices. 2. They do not seek a decisive battle, and they prefer to
8. The legislators, of course, know better than to rail against engage in raids, skirmishes, and ambushes.
evolution. 3. A skirmish broke out after troops ran across a boat
9. I’d cursed him and railed at him. belonging to the rebels.
10. All presidents rail against the press. It goes with the turf. 4. Occasional skirmishes continued over the border during
the 1980s, with over 1,000 people being killed.
5. The young soldier was killed in a skirmish with government
(637)RAGE:
troops.
1. Alex is extremely intelligent with a propensity for fits of
6. There was a short skirmish between the two of them over
anger and uncontrollable rage.
who would pay for the meal.
2. They’re calm and rational at times, but they may explode
7. Skirmishes continue to break out in the US over science
into inappropriate anger or rage at some perceived rejection
education in public schools.
or criticism.
8. Other than the budget skirmishes, there just doesn’t seem
3. Her sudden towering rages were terrifying.
to be much going on.
4. She ran from the house in a terrible rage, her arms flailing
9. Individual skirmishes flickered and stuttered in the
in the air.
distance.
5. Richens was 17 when he flew into a rage and stabbed
10. He did not hesitate to skirmish with the Confederates now,
another teenager.
for his position was a strong one.
6. Her parents raged at each other, as they often did in the
middle of the night.

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 (640)SLANDER: audiences spellbound.
1. One simple reason is that giving credence to honest reports 8. A spellbinding orator and a man of great charisma, he was
can open the door to malicious slanders of every kind. able to whip up crowds with his fervent speeches about
2. Such slanders are nothing more or less than Social Racism the colonial exploitation of his country.
- the belief that certain people are ‘trash’ because of an 9. Full of poetic prose, this spellbinding story has a decidedly
accident of birth. dark and human side, like so many fairy tales.
3. I think, though, that we should all promise not to sue, 10. The book tells a spellbinding story of a man with
however vile the slanders and libels might become. eccentricities that went well beyond a fascination with
4. She regarded his comment as a slander on her good rocketry and included a penchant for the occult.
reputation.
5. Can a teacher sue a principal for slander for making critical (643)SUBTLE:
remarks about his or her teaching techniques? 1. The play’s message is perhaps too subtle to be
6. Courts in some states treat slander and libel differently. understood by young children.
7. When we are cursed, we bless; when we are persecuted, 2. The room was painted a subtle shade of pink.
we endure it; when we are slandered, we answer kindly. 3. Her conversation sparkled with her own subtle blend of

’S
8. She was accused of slandering her former boss. wit and charm.
9. He slandered his fellow soldiers, calling them 4. The directors managed to secure a good deal for the
indiscriminate killers and comparing them to Genghis company with a bit of subtle manoeuvring.
Kahn. 5. The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they
10. When Vajpayee prevented them from violating court are often ignored.
orders on the Babri Masjid site, they started slandering 6. That was not an impossible ideal but it did require a subtle
him in public. mind to grasp it.
7. She read and brooded over philosophical problems; her
NG
(641)STARK: mind was subtle, but her judgements were sometimes
1. At the riverside, hawthorns, oaks, beeches and other trees uncertain.
stand stark and bare. 8. These strategic dilemmas are supported with some subtle
2. The kitchen and bathroom are stark white, very simple and clever tactical dynamics.
and linear, but it creates a nice balance. 9. We noticed some deterioration in her speech, but it was
3. Architects are proposing to soften the buildings’ stark very subtle.
functional appearance using metal, glass and canopies. 10. Now the tobacco industry is going for the slightly more
4. His self-sacrifice and idealism are also in stark contrast to subtle form of advertising which is sponsorship.
the corruption and cynicism evident in modern Ireland.
5. Traditionally the life of a soldier involves long stretches (644)SHUN:
of boredom punctuated by brief and seemingly unending 1. At the same time, India shuns international scrutiny and
moments of stark terror. thereby denies international humanitarian access to
6. In the suburbs the spacious houses stand in stark contrast internally displaced.
to the slums of the city’s poor. 2. Also a divorced woman was shunned by society and
KI

7. His criticism of the movie stands in stark contrast to the treated as an outcast.
praise it has received from others. 3. She has shunned publicity since she retired from acting.
8. The extreme poverty of the local people is in stark contrast 4. After the trial he was shunned by friends and family alike.
to the wealth of the tourists.
5. However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun
9. The children were splashing in the river, stark naked. it and call it hard names.
10. The stark reality is that we are operating at a huge loss. 6. Victims of the disease found themselves shunned by
society.
(642)SPELLBOUND: 7. Throughout his career Smith was extremely reticent about
1. The children listened to the story spellbound. his personal affairs and shunned publicity.
2. King Lear’ still holds audiences spellbound. 8. After his divorce he found himself being shunned by many
of his former friends.
3. Millions of Japanese listened spellbound as they heard
the Emperor speak in public for the first time. 9. Throughout the film, we see how society shuns them as
unclean and useless.
4. The audience was left spellbound by the skills and
techniques shown. 10. They are likely shunned by the elitists of the profession.
5. Mark had adored his grandparents and would listen
spellbound to their stories for hours on end. (645)SUBMERGE:
6. He was in awe of her; she held him spellbound. 1. Her claim for damages was still under consideration by
7. Her deliverance of her stories will once again have her City Hall when yesterday morning’s flood waters

[127]
 submerged her home. 4. Yet the real battle for England is hoping its cricket revival
2. The road was impassable and parts were submerged in 2ft is not going to be torn to shreds in this game by a rampant
of water. Aussie team who simply refuse to show any mercy to the
old enemy.
3. Low agricultural lands are now submerged in water due to
heavy rains, which will dry out in Autumn and will generate 5. There’s still a shred of hope that a peace agreement can
another picturesque view. be reached.
4. The little boy was submerged under the water when the 6. There isn’t a shred of evidence to support her accusation.
crews got there. 7. The report has left the CEO’s reputation in shreds.
5. The submarine submerged when enemy planes were 8. He struggled to retain a shred of his dignity.
sighted. 9. Even in England, where Lisa was born, there has been
6. The purpose was to decrease the floods which sometimes hardly a shred of coverage about her murder,’ she said.
threaten to entirely submerge the city. 10. My shirt was in shreds when I took it out of the washer.
7. After boiling the broccoli, submerge it in ice water to stop
the cooking process.
(648)SULLEN:
8. She’s a marvelous actress who submerges herself totally

’S
1. She’s childish, sullen, moody and volatile, prone to
in her roles.
outbursts of jealousy, weeping, rage and laughter.
9. The tensions submerged earlier in the campaign now came
2. The Dutch of the 19th century were portrayed as gloomy
to the fore’.
and sullen preachers and educators.
10. The few public tributes to Nat Turner in the mainstream
3. I shrink into myself and become sullen and
black press of the late 1950s submerged the armed
uncommunicative.
rebellion within a narrative of nonviolent protest.
4. His daughters stared back at him with an expression of
sullen resentment.
(646)SPURN:
5. She looked up at the sullen sky and shuddered.
NG
1. If America spurns global agreements on climate change,
6. Starvation gave a gaunt menace to their sullen anger -
the whole planet is more vulnerable.
and they were angry, he could not doubt it.
2. He spurns the notion that modernization as such is the
7. Outside the fine rain had abated, leaving it its wake a
ticket to emancipation and happiness.
sullen spring sky of pencil grey.
3. Ellis plays the part of the young lover spurned by his
8. The offenders lapsed into a sullen silence.
mistress.
9. The sullen shades of night soon overspread the whole
4. When she spurned his advances, he started to stalk her.
hemisphere, and the earth seemed to gasp after the
5. The rates they offered were so low, though, that investors hovering moisture.
spurned them.
10. Mounting the pulpit they appealed for calm and secured
6. One should never spurn a penitent criminal: in his despair a sullen silence.
he may become twice as much a criminal as before.
7. He spoke gruffly, as if afraid that his invitation would be
(649)SEMBLANCE:
spurned.
1. The only option left now for the devastated Democratic
8. Arun is a sensitive young man from the capital who spurns
party is to rally together and show some semblance of a
KI

a comfortable inheritance and takes a job teaching in a

united front.
rural elementary school, in the very heartland of the
insurgency. 2. The trick here is meticulous preparation in order to avoid
the intrusion of any semblance of reality.
9. He has heightened his isolation by spurning diplomatic
initiatives from African neighbours and launching a 3. Change produces anxiety - especially a postmodern
crackdown on local media. change in which all semblances of certainty have been
removed.
10. In spurning the invitation by Government to discuss the
matter, the union leaders have lost an opportunity to find 4. The donors may enjoy better control over the economic
an answer to their grievances without causing disruption affairs of the country in the absence of any semblance of
to the system.’ fiscal system.
5. He was executed without even the semblance of a fair
trial.
(647)SHRED:
6. Our people are denied even the semblance of political
1. We want the British constitution torn to shreds and
power, electing careerist politicians who allegedly
reformulated in the interests of working people.
represent our interests.
2. Most cities had been leveled, economies were shattered,
7. The city has now returned to some semblance of normality
resources completely depleted, and societies torn to
after last night’s celebrations.
shreds.
8. Can amnesia run so deeply as to eliminate all traces of any
3. The policeman noted that there were multiple pieces of
sort of memories, semblances thereof, or feelings thereof?
the curtains torn to shreds.
9. Truly dramatic explanations must, however, bear some

[128]
 semblance of reality. 4. Certain federal employees are forbidden to solicit campaign
10. Like anything else of importance (goodness, funds.
understanding, God), adoration (or love, as we might as 5. School officials have been soliciting ideas from parents.
well call it) is plagued by false semblances. 6. The newspaper’s editors want to solicit opinions from
readers.
(650)SURMISE: 7. A ridiculous and doomed attempt to solicit someone to
1. Perhaps, some surmised, the police operation was not commit a crime, for example, is still criminal solicitation; a
really meant to keep order at all. pitifully executed attempt at fraud is still fraud.
2. The police surmise (that) the robbers have fled the country. 8. she was always solicitous about the welfare of her
students
3. When she came in, he didn’t look up, so she surmised
that he was in a bad mood. 9. And the manager was most solicitous, arranging for a car
and reliable driver for our trip to Hampi, 11 km away.
4. We sat still in the desolate space for several hours before
we surmised that evidently we were free to go. 10. However, ultimately it might be argued that neither her
self-imposed privations nor apparent solicitude qualifies
5. Probably helping some official move, he surmised as he
as a genuine ordeal.
became absorbed in the activity.

’S
6. He surmised that he had discovered one of the illegal
streets. (653)SINGULAR:
7. In another pocket he came across what he surmised in the 1. She grew up to be a lady of singular beauty and was much
dark were pennies, erroneously, however, as it turned out. sought after.
8. As an educationist, her surmise is that literacy had failed 2. He was a singular man with an astonishing career, but at
to free women from their predicament of subordination. the same time, as the author notes, he was ‘an opportunist
without a detailed blueprint.
9. Perhaps it is the educated surmise that in large cities the
rat population equals or exceeds the human. 3. We are constantly delighted and surprised with the
singular beauty, humor, and depth of these cultural
NG
10. He blends surmise, fact and hypothesis with impressive
artifacts.
ease, resisting the temptation to sink into melodrama.
4. He showed a singular lack of skill in painting.
5. He had a singular appearance.
(651)SPONTANEOUS:
6. They are reputed persons of a singular, wayward, and
1. His editorial vision was flawless, spontaneous and always
eccentric character.
laser-sharp.
7. He never strayed from the sinister, sensitive steps that
2. The film did indeed cause several bouts of spontaneous
marked his strange and singular songwriting path.
applause during the screening I saw.
8. Every Italian artist and man of letters in an age of singular
3. His jokes seemed spontaneous, but were in fact carefully
intellectual brilliancy tasted or hoped to taste of his
prepared beforehand.
bounty.
4. Sometimes spontaneous events worked out better than
9. Despite natural disasters, despite environmental anxieties,
well-planned ones.
despite the dangers from terrorists, we live in singularly
5. Success is not the result of spontaneous combustion. fortunate times.
You must first set yourself on fire.
KI

10. You have singularly failed to live up to your promises.

6. I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion
recollected in tranquility. (654)STUPENDOUS:
7. Sarah is the free spirit black sheep of a rich family who is 1. We climbed the mountain for stupendous views of the
known for her impulsive, spontaneous personality. west coast.
8. We had no plans to do it - it was a spontaneous thing. 2. He ran up stupendous debts through his extravagant
lifestyle.
9. Some spontaneous abortions, apparently, ‘can be seen
as a woman’s reproductive organs unconsciously deciding 3. I noticed out the window an absolutely stupendous view
not to go ahead with this pregnancy. over Westminster.
10. The audience broke into spontaneous applause’. 4. The report finds that the cost of these disparities is
stupendous.
5. By walking perhaps twenty yards further there’s a
(652)SOLICIT:
stupendous view over the Bristol Channel.
1. It is illegal for public officials to solicit gifts or money in
6. The advance publicity has been stupendous, and the first
exchange for favours.
issue is alleged to have sold out straight away.
2. The governor sent two officials to Mexico City to solicit
7. The towers were jammed together so tightly, he could feel
aid from the president.
the mass and stupendous weight.
3. Historians and critics are solicited for opinions by the
8. Perhaps he had never possessed the necessary egoism,
auction houses.
and was secretly relieved no longer having to be publicly

[129]
 stupendous. with her mother.
9. This stupendous novel keeps you gripped to the end. 3. They preferred to get killed because they did not want to
10. All are but parts of one stupendous whole, whose body, be severed from their roots.
nature is, and God the soul. 4. The US severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961.
5. Activists are asking the government to sever all diplomatic
(655)SUBSIDE: relations with the country.
1. The police are hoping that the violence will soon subside. 6. When the bullet goes through the temple in a certain way,
it just severs the optic nerve.
2. As the pain in my foot subsided, I was able to walk the
short distance to the car. 7. Legend tells us that after her head was finally severed
from her body, Mary’s lips continued to move in prayer.
3. The pains in his head had subsided, but he still felt dizzy
and sick. 8. Metal Powder Cutting is an oxygen-cutting process which
severs metals through the use of powder, such as iron, to
4. When the floods subsided, the streets were littered with
facilitate cutting.
bodies.
9. The knife severed an artery and he bled to death.
5. After his anger had subsided, he was able to look at things
10. Her foot was severed from her leg in a car accident.

’S
rationally.
6. They soon subsided into a bout of laughter while tears of
mirth glistened in their eyes. (658)SINISTER:
7. Rehabilitation and repairing of the infrastructure damages 1. Not to be overlooked in the controversy were the paranoid
would be another huge task when the water subsides. prognosticators who saw grand conspiracies and sinister
8. The problem of tunnel collapse will cause the land above plots everywhere.
the tunnel to subside especially when the excavation is 2. There is a worrying conviction growing in this community
carried out at shallow depth and in weak and soft soils. that something sinister is happening in our justice system.
9. After the heavy rains, part of the road subsided. 3. The ruined house had a sinister appearance.
NG
10. On the other hand, many old houses subsided, whose 4. Credit card fraud attracts sinister people who use the
grounds are even lower than that of streets. money to fund criminal activity such as terrorism.
5. His face had a sinister, troubled expression; but an
(656)SUNDRY: enigmatical smile played perpetually around his lips.
1. Sundry distant relatives, most of whom I hardly recognized, 6. There was a moment of sinister silence, then a
turned up for my brother’s wedding. multitudinous stirring of the leaves.
2. There will also be an outdoor pool, fitness center, sundry 7. Her dark eyes and evil laugh made her seem sinister.
shop, Wi-Fi access and business center. 8. The movie relies too much on sinister background music
3. He makes films about animals, plants and sundry other to create the suspense that the plot sorely lacks.
subjects. 9. There was something sinister about him that she found
4. They manufacture clothing and sundry other products disturbing.
made from hemp. 10. A long scar ran across one cheek and drew the corner of
5. The establishment of a national asylum had been strongly his mouth up in a sinister curl.
urged by sundry persons and medical societies since the
KI

late 1880s. (659)SURPASS:

6. Sundry experiments have been made to adapt esparto for 1. The divorce rate among Korean Americans has reached
use in the coarser textile fabrics. and is possibly surpassing the national average.
7. These are adjoining castles built from the eleventh to 2. Companies in the midst of their seasons are meeting or
thirteenth centuries by sundry lords of Merle. surpassing their sales goals for the majority of their
8. Over the past five years, the firm researched the amount it individual productions.
spends on various and sundry expenses and came up 3. His time for the 100 metres surpassed the previous world
with a percentage of the overall cost of the project. record by one hundredth of a second.
9. She could ring for food and drink, laundry and sundry 4. The eagles comprise many species, but none to surpass
services. the golden eagle of Europe.
10. Moreover many products are extremely expensive and 5. The epidemic is predicted to surpass the country’s medical
attractive for sundry unauthorised uses. capability soon because it is spreading so rapidly.
6. In 15 years, China will likely surpass the U.S. as the world’s
(657)SEVER: largest market.
1. Divorce often strains and sometimes even completely 7. Stewart has surpassed himself with his latest novel.
severs the child’s relationship with at least one parent, 8. True heroism is remarkably sober, very undramatic. It is
often the father. not the urge to surpass all others at whatever cost, but
2. After an unhappy childhood, Catherine severed all contact the urge to serve others at whatever cost

[130]
9. Many people know the story of Padmini, the queen of 3. He scoffed at college, saying that he’d made a lot of money
Chittaur, whose surpassing beauty led Alauddin Khilji, and he hadn’t even bothered to finish college.
the Sultan of Delhi, to wage a ruthless war. 4. At first I scoffed at the notion.
10. The flower has large, hanging blooms of surpassing 5. The tone of the writer is that of person who can but scoff
beauty. at current fashion.
6. I baked a huge cake this morning, and the kids scoffed the
(660)SUBSTANTIAL: lot.
1. The robbers then ransacked the premises and stole £3,000 7. So, instead of eating a roll of Munchies I would scoff a
worth of cigarettes and a substantial amount of cash. handful of blueberries.
2. The joint police operation recovered a substantial amount 8. He scoffed the rest of his appetizer as Wendy made her
of cash from the properties and several items were sent way to the kitchen.
for forensic examination. 9. I left three pies in the fridge and someone’s scoffed the
3. The first meal of the day should be substantial. lot!
4. Lunch, at midday, is most often a snack in urban areas, 10. He can scoff a cannelloni faster than you can drink a pint’.
but remains a substantial meal in rural centers.

’S
5. She inherited a substantial fortune from her grandmother. (663)STAGNANT:
6. The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in 1. According to experts, stagnant water may become
the emission of greenhouse gases by the UK. breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
7. Only the buildings that were constructed of more 2. If your water has been stagnant for some time, treat it
substantial materials survived the earthquake. before you drink it.
8. The staff and technical advisory group agreed that new 3. Although soybean is injured in flooded fields, it can thrive
construction should play a substantial role in the first- in stagnant, oxygen-deficient water in the glasshouse.
year housing goals.
4. Plants can’t breathe if their roots are immersed in stagnant
NG
9. You could make substantial monthly savings on your water.
mortgage.
5. Mass movements are often a factor in the awakening of
10. The police have been ordered to pay substantial damages stagnant societies.
to the families of the two dead boys.
6. As there are still no signs of improvement in the stagnant
economy, job insecurity continues to aggravate.
(661)SALVAGE: 7. Complacency is the deadly enemy of spiritual progress.
1. After the fraud scandal he had to make great efforts to The contented soul is the stagnant soul.
salvage his reputation. 8. The body politic is stagnant, its membership mediocre
2. It was a desperate attempt to salvage the situation. and undeservedly self-satisfied.
3. They managed to salvage only a few of their belongings 9. The growth of recent years has relied on the public sector
from the fire. and the consumer, while manufacturing has stagnated.
4. The fire had destroyed most of the building, but we 10. Trade deficit has risen, exports have almost stagnated
managed to salvage a few valuable items. and inflation has gone out of control.
5. They stood clutching the possessions they had salvaged
KI

from their homes. (664)SOLACE:

6. Japan has conveyed its desire to salvage the ship from 1. I see religion as only a way of asking unanswerable
where it lies in the East China sea, but China has yet to questions, of sharing the joy of a community of quest,
agree to the request. and solacing one another in our ignorance.
7. A number of attempts were made to salvage the ship but 2. The soundlessness of nature impressed and solaced her’.
when they failed she was dispersed using explosives.
3. They sat in silence, solacing themselves in each other’s
8. But the full concept of salvation in the New Testament is tears.
deliverance from our present sins.
4. Music was a great solace to me.
9. God is an unexplainable thought introduced into religious
5. Unable to surrender wealth and power, the people of
texts so that people would be good human beings as an
California can instead find spiritual solace in their worship
exchange for salvation.
of technology.
10. There are many who believe in salvation by works, and
6. After the death of her son, Val found solace in the church.
not by faith alone in Christ alone.
7. I found solace in writing when my father died.
8. Clearly she had found solace in its silence and calm, silvery
(662)SCOFF:
light.
1. Years ago people would have scoffed at the idea that cars
9. In her church and its affairs she found her only solace.
would be built by robots.
10. Corrupt men are always liars. Lies are their instruments,
2. The critics scoffed at his paintings.
their pleasure, their solace. In time they come to believe

[131]
 their lies, or rather to half-believe them. and inviting.
5. After months of solitude at sea it felt strange to be in
(665)SLOTH: company.
1. He should overcome his natural sloth and complacency. 6. He enjoyed the peace and solitude of the woods.
2. The original ‘Seven Deadly Sins’ are commonly regarded 7. We have in prospect eight months of solitude, clinging to
as greed, gluttony, envy, sloth, pride, lust and wrath. the edge of the world’s coldest, remotest continent.
search news 8. He spent his free time in solitude, reading or walking in
3. I firmly believe that sloth and indolence are much kinder the hills.
to the environment than greed and ambition. 9. It’s time for him to have a chance in solitude and privacy
4. Their lack of mathematical acumen is taken by parents to reconnect with his family.
and teachers as evidence of laziness, of sloth. 10. She savoured her few hours of freedom and solitude’.
5. The report criticizes the government’s sloth in tackling
environmental problems. (668)SEDITION:
6. Cynicism is only intellectual sloth. 1. The aspect of sedition that deals with inciting violence

’S
7. Once again the drawbacks to living a life of laziness and and lawlessness is more appropriately part of public order
sloth became apparent. law.
8. In the triumph of Royalist counter-revolution Milton saw 2. Military officials initially told the press that he might face
the dangers of political passivity, of ideological sloth. charges of espionage and sedition, even treason.
9. The law was against loitering, though it may as well have 3. The most revealing aspect of the new legislation concerns
been against idleness and sloth. the provisions regarding sedition.
10. However, I was by now committed to a day of gluttony 4. During disputes, he and other government ministers have
and sloth, and so spent the afternoon eating chocolate churned out statements that all but equate strikes with
and watching ‘reality’ tv. sedition.
NG
5. The security laws ban treason, sedition, subversion and
(666)SUCCUMB: the theft of state secrets.
1. We cannot merely give up and succumb to despair. 6. In March 1848, authorities charged several leading
nationalists with sedition.
2. Young people who feel good about themselves are less
likely to succumb to negative pressure. 7. On her return she was imprisoned for sedition, a charge
arising from articles published in her newspaper during
3. Do not succumb to the temptation of jumping into
her absence.
impulsive and sensational outbursts of heavy workouts.
8. Government officials charged him with sedition.
4. The town finally succumbed last week after being
pounded with heavy artillery for more than two months. 9. Crime, and even sedition, festered in the crowded streets.
5. We can not, we will not succumb to the dark impulses that 10. The extended geographical jurisdiction for offences is
lurk in the far regions of the soul everywhere. being used here not just to cover sedition, but also treason.
6. About 400,000 Americans succumb each year to smoking-
related illnesses. (669)SPURIOUS:
7. Despite the efforts of local people to save her life, the girl 1. No wonder they generate so many spurious results that
KI

succumbed to injuries. are never replicated.

8. Thousands of cows have succumbed to the disease in 2. Many in the press predicted that the FDA’s actions would
the past few months. open the floodgates to a torrent of spurious claims.
9. I was determined not to succumb to the virus. 3. Subsequent investigation revealed that these claims were
10. In fact, one out of every 2.4 women succumbs to heart spurious.
disease, making it the leading cause of death among 4. Some of the arguments in favour of shutting the factory
women. are questionable and others downright spurious.
5. He demolished the Opposition’s spurious arguments.
6. A jury has rejected the spurious claim that the police
(667)SOLITUDE: created evidence.
1. Happiness is solitude, thinks the hermit who lives alone 7. Market pundits will come up with all sort of spurious
on his island. reasons why shares may or may not continue to climb.
2. Bachelorhood has long taught me that solitude is not 8. I could find all sorts of spurious reasons why I needed to
loneliness. continue smoking.
3. A lyrical, a scholarly, a fastidious mind might have used 9. This authorisation could, of course, be spurious and be
seclusion and solitude to perfect its powers. disguising condoned truancy.
4. The rugged landscape and mountains provide a wealth of 10. Because the novel is written mainly in dialogue, a spurious
opportunities for peace and solitude and the water is clear impression was given that it would be easy to adapt.

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 minorities.
(670)SALUTARY: 5. In other words, being a working mom is normal too - yet
1. There is no physiological system in the body which these moms often feel guilty about what they do because
doesn’t get the salutary effect of sound and soothing it doesn’t fit the stereotyped ideal.
sleep. 6. Listeners seem to have stereotyped ideas.
2. He had been remanded in custody for a short period of 7. Accusations of stereotyped characterizations have
time and that had had a salutary effect upon him. occasionally dogged the 1957 Broadway show.
3. A rise in joblessness could cancel out the strong euro’s 8. The film is weakened by its stereotyped characters.
salutary effect on consumer spending. 9. Character is the result of a system of stereotyped
4. The accident should be a salutary lesson to be more principles.
careful. 10. He said the medical profession needs to change its
5. The low interest rates should have a salutary effect on stereotyped image of the typical eating disorder patient.
business
6. The war could have a salutary effect on other countries in (673)SEGREGATE:
the region.

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1. One of the key principles in corporate governance practice
7. It was a new and salutary experience to be in the minority. is to properly segregate the powers for decision-making,
8. The Crabb incident is a salutary reminder that one should execution and independent monitoring and challenge.
never believe anything a government says about an 2. The key to good recycling practice is to ensure that all
incident involving intelligence. recyclable materials are segregated correctly.
9. Only a moral education based on free inner discipline can 3. I strongly believe that it is anti-social to segregate
bring to bear a salutary action and lead to a true morality. children’s entertainment away from their family as a
10. Thought and theory must precede all salutary action; yet separate category.
action is nobler in itself than either thought or theory. 4. The securities laws now provide that a firm must segregate
NG
(671)SATIRICAL: its customers’ moneys and hold them in a separate client
1. The gray eyes held a glint of something more than humor, account.
but his lips twisted into a satirical smile. 5. Blacks were segregated in churches, schools, and colleges.
2. I’m thinking of becoming a book reviewer or a satirical 6. Employment opportunities in segregated or partially
writer, or maybe a sociological analyst or an entertainment segregated settings will continue under the new
specialist. legislation.
3. They soon acquired a satirical and disrespectful tone 7. The effect of non-secular, religious and segregated
which made the authorities uneasy. education is very destructive on the society as a whole,
4. Her play was a cruel satire on life in the 80s. and on our children’s happy, normal life, and upbringing.’
5. she laughed continually; her laugh was satirical, and so 8. The coffee room had been segregated into smoking and
was the habitual expression of her arched and haughty non-smoking areas.
lip. 9. Washington was segregated and governed by
6. Alexander, the younger brother, was sickly, clever, fond congressional committee.
of books and drawing, and full of satirical remarks. 10. Black men fought in racially segregated units in the Civil
KI

7. His exquisite satirical songs, in an easy and elegant but War, first with African American officers and then, after
still manly and splendid language, have raised much 1863, with white officers
discussion.
8. She writes satirical sketches for a magazine. (674)SYMBIOSIS:
9. He cast his satirical eye over subjects from assassinations 1. The establishment of symbiosis is the result of a complex
to riots. series of interactions between the symbiont and the host
10. He had an infectious sense of humour, and recently plant.
scripted an amusing and satirical pantomime. 2. We see how plants and animals live together in symbiosis;
as we breathe out carbon dioxide the plants take it and
give us back oxygen.
3. An ancient, pure relative of these related symbioses of
(672)STEREOTYPED:
bacteria and yeasts is the tea-fungus called Kombucha.
1. Her dissertation examined the role of social identity on
4. A less common example of symbiosis occurs when a hermit
performance of a positively stereotyped task.
crab lives on another species.
2. The strikers are far from the stereotyped image of upper
5. The classical examples of symbiosis are the lichens, in
crust BBC presenters.
which a fungus is associated with an alga or a
3. Viperid snakes are noted for their stereotyped behavioral cyanobacterium.
adaptations to avoid counterattacks by rodents.
6. Each species of green plant may form a mycorhiza with
4. The mass media are hindered by a narrow view of gender, two or three different Fungi, and a single species of
and by limited, stereotyped representations of ethnic

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 Fungus may enter into symbiosis with several green plants. 2. Venetian art is so supple, sensual, lavish with colour: and
7. Raisins and walnuts form a symbiosis that makes an so anarchic with the rules of genre.
indelible mark on so many recipes. 3. He has written incisive lyrics, narratives, meditations and
8. The conflict between mind and machine might be resolved satires in verse that is both commanding and supple.
at last in the eternal truce of complete symbiosis. 4. The gloves were made of very supple leather.
9. Life is not found in atoms or molecules or genes as such, 5. I’m not supple enough to touch the floor.
but in organization; not in symbiosis but in synthesis. 6. It’s a supple, elastically acrobatic form of dance, an Afro-
10. The fact of little transfer of words from one language to Brazilian fusion developed over hundreds of years in both
another does not mean there cannot have been long-term regions.
symbiosis of speakers of different languages. 7. I find his poems endlessly approachable, wonderfully
communicative and perfectly inexhaustible: stately, supple,
(675)SWARM: personal and resourceful.
1. Africanised bees typically attack in swarms that are 8. Well, you should have regular pedicures and use creams
between three and four times the size of European honey and powders on your feet to keep the skin supple and
bee swarms, which causes a greater number of stings. prevent infection and odour.

’S
2. Back in the US, the Pentagon has announced that it has 9. Keeping skin soft and supple during the coldest time of
trained honey bees to sniff out and swarm to explosives year isn’t an easy feat, and who wants to hold dry hands?
instead of flowers. 10. He was tall and supple, with a pale complexion, large nose,
3. From schools of fish to a swarm of ants, animals exhibit full lips, jet-black eyes, and jet-black hair, brushed high
extraordinary collective behaviour. and usually rumpled into a curly tangle.
4. A swarm of birds hopped from the nearby rooftops and
sped off into the air. (678)SUPERSEDE:
5. A British aerospace company is now working on a top 1. In the commercial world new technologies supersede the
secret flight system which could allow a pilot to control old.
NG
swarms of unmanned planes from the air. 2. Most of the old road has been superseded by the great
6. The dead sheep was covered with swarms of flies. interstate highways.
7. Swarms of tourists jostled through the square. 3. Their map has since been superseded by photographic
8. The police and paramilitary forces arrived and the club atlases.
field swarmed with khaki-clad security personnel and 4. Iron began to supersede bronze for tool making about
curious onlookers. 3000 years ago.
9. Within minutes the area was swarming with officers. 5. In current pedagogic fashion, behaviourist practices have
10. The Tower of London was swarming with tourists. been largely superseded by cognitive and communicative
perspectives on learning.
6. It is unlikely that scientific thinking will ever entirely
(676)SUSCEPTIBLE:
supersede superstition and religion.
1. Patients with liver disease may be susceptible to infection’.
7. This model has recently been superseded by a newer
2. A vitamin deficiency can cause normal body functions to version made of recycled polyethylene.
break down and render a person susceptible to disease.
KI

8. Steam trains were gradually superseded by diesel engines.

3. Children most susceptible to bone plate disturbances are
9. And the wisdom of old age will supersede the passion of
those with poor muscle development.
our youth.
4. People who exercise regularly are less susceptible to minor
10. The court ruled that thelaw was superseded by a 1985
viral illnesses, such as colds and flu.
statute.
5. He was a cheerful, gregarious man, as endlessly curious
as a cat, highly emotional and susceptible.
(679)SUPERFICIAL:
6. Among particularly susceptible children, the disease can
develop very fast. 1. Latent infection is seen as the scabby, superficial lesions
on roots.
7. Soil on the mountain slopes is very susceptible to erosion.
2. I was in two major car accidents, which left me with
8. My temper is not very susceptible of enthusiasm, and the
superficial scars that I will carry the rest of my life.
enthusiasm which I do not feel I have ever scorned to
affect. 3. They were treated for smoke inhalation and superficial
burns.
9. The facts are susceptible of other explanations.
4. Most of the problems are superficial and have no real
10. The problem is not susceptible of a simple solution’.
substance.
5. He had only the most superficial knowledge of foreign
(677)SUPPLE: countries.
1. The regular practice of certain postures and breathing 6. Before reading the book I only had a superficial knowledge
exercises, make the body strong, supple and more healthy. of his life and career.

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7. I actually found all of the characters tremendously (682)SUBDUE:
superficial and predictable in a lot of ways. 1. Underdevelopment is the process by which capitalist
8. I only have a superficial knowledge of French. forces expand to subdue and impoverish the Third World.
9. There are superficial similarities between the two cars, 2. During the training, she learnt to deliver several punches
but really they’re very different in terms of performance. and elbow blows so quickly they would subdue an
10. Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws. aggressor before he knew what hit him.
3. According to sacred lore, most of Bhutan’s gods were
subdued by early Buddhist saints.
(680)SUBSIST:
4. Breathing deeply, I tried to subdue the gnawing feeling
1. The prisoners were subsisting on a diet of bread and water.
deep in my stomach.
2. The author’s right to royalties shall subsist for the term of
5. The main aim of the wars of new generation is to subdue
the copyright.
other countries.
3. Old people often have to subsist on very low incomes.
6. The settler population and government forces used
4. Indeed, many top athletes and even body-builders subsist extreme levels of violence to subdue the native Mexicans.
on a vegetarian diet.
7. The fire burned for eight hours before the fire crews could

’S
5. Many of the soldiers had to subsist on insects and roots. subdue it.
6. Ramachari and his family subsisted on the income that he 8. The troops were finally able to subdue the rebel forces
was able to generate from making farming implements for after many days of fighting.
the farmers who lived around him in the village.
9. She smiled, in a subtle, subdued manner, her elfin features
7. I joined a hunger strike at Northwestern and subsisted on bore a look that was regal, majestic, aristocratic.
liquids for almost a week, but went off it when I almost
10. The subdued lighting and highly evocative performances
fainted.
created a powerful and moving atmosphere that was
8 The principle that there is a perpetual tendency in the sustained throughout the evening.
race of man to increase beyond the means of subsistence
NG
is usually attributed to Malthus.
(683)STRICTURE:
9. The means of subsistence were practically the same as
those of to-day, except that cattle-raising was more 1. The strictures of the United Nations have failed to have
general. any effect on the warring factions.
10. As world population increases and structural 2. However, I am also convinced that my stricture about the
unemployment grows, more people find themselves in hermeneutic circle is and must be self-referential.
poverty and without available means of subsistence. 3. Understanding the historicity of Adorno’s strictures and
imperatives is an unavoidable task for critical theory and
aesthetics today.
(681)SUBSTANCE:
4. He has some severe but convincing strictures on the
1. There is no substance in the allegation.
impoverished and distorted contribution of feminist
2. Hydrogen bonding, which joins water molecule to water studies to his subject.
molecule, is responsible for other properties that make
5. Muslims use much less silver because of strictures
water a unique substance.
imposed by the Koran, which seems odd considering the
3. We told police that we had seen people smoking illegal lunar symbolism inherent in Islam.
KI

substances, and they told us they would investigate.

6. The point is that Labour politicians see no reason to
4. Proteins compose much of the actual substance of the impose upon themselves the strictures against offensive
body. language they demand be observed by others.
5. Numerology teaches that the entire Universe, both 7. Significantly, ministers are to impose new strictures on
thoughts or ideas and physical substance is a police and social workers.
manifestation of positive and negative forces.
8. Both sides in this political ‘debate’ between conservatism
6. The substance of his book was the history of allegorical and liberalism stress personal freedom for themselves
love literature. while piously imposing strictures on others.
7. He came across as someone who knew who he was and 9. You are released from restrictions and strictures that may
was comfortable with himself - a strong, centred man of have been binding for some time.
substance.
10. Your goals are hindered by financial strictures.
8. In the later nineteenth century a full figure had been a
mark of beauty for woman and a sign of health, wealth,
and substance for men. (684)STREAMLINE:
9. Memory is the storehouse in which the substance of our 1. The company streamlined its operations by removing
knowledge is treasured up. whole layers of management.
10. Plutonium 238 is one of the most toxic substances known 2. He said he would like to see worldwide aid distribution
to man. facilities streamlined, and possibly increased in number.
3. The focus of this initiative is to streamline hiring processes

[135]
 and increase hiring flexibility. 9. The government has taken adequate care to protect the
4. Regional and domestic services will be realigned and labour interests stipulating attractive compensation
streamlined to provide an improved and more cost package when retrenched.
effective service. 10. International rules stipulate the number of foreign
5. The cost-cutting measures include streamlining entrants.
administrative procedures in the company.
6. Leading organizations use software to streamline their (687)STIFLE:
workflow. 1. We should be encouraging new ideas, not stifling them.
7. The company announced it was to streamline its 2. I tried as much as possible, but I couldn’t stifle the giggles
operations and close down three factories in the UK. that escaped after that.
8. Apple is going to streamline its operations and concentrate 3. Jake shot a look at them and they abruptly stopped, trying
development efforts on the Internet and multimedia. to stifle their laughter.
9. The government is once again attempting to streamline 4. She stifled a yawn as the boss read out the sales figures.
the health care service in order to pay for tax cuts.
5. Indications of tangible progress in the late 1930s were
10. The organization has been streamlined to reduce stifled by the constraints of war.

’S
bureaucracy.
6. In spite of the seriousness of the situation, Dean was
forced to stifle a chuckle.
(685)STRANGLEHOLD: 7. The malfunction of enterprises stifled the growth of
1. Japan is caught in a stranglehold of bad debt and deflation. innovative designers.
2. The two major companies have been tightening their 8. The president, elected last year in a controversial ballot,
stranglehold on the beer market. has stifled dissent.
3. For years, two giant recording companies have had a 9. The public service in Scotland is stifling private enterprise.
stranglehold on the CD market. 10. Julia stifles a gasp and puts a hand over her mouth,
NG
4. Government forces have tightened their stranglehold on remaining silent.
the region.
5. The troops are tightening their stranglehold on the city. (688)STERN:
6. The United States couldn’t do enough to put a 1. He was my mother’s favorite brother and our least favorite
stranglehold around Afghanistan. Uncle; he was too stern, too serious, too strict.
7. The stranglehold placed on the regional economy by cuts 2. Adam’s relaxed yet stern expression was deeply unsettling.
to services together with delays to modernisation could
3. Journalists received a stern warning not to go anywhere
be catastrophic.
near the battleship.
8. In France, supermarkets have less of a stranglehold on
4. From within the universities there were stern voices of
food supplies.
anti-vocationalism and resistance to public demands for
9. In the 1970s and 1980s, the only way to breach the responsiveness, strengthening the impression.
stranglehold of the state was to move to the West or the
5. The army post’s stern commander always had the utmost
Gulf countries, where Indian entrepreneurs excelled.
respect of those who served under him.
10. Caught in an economic stranglehold, the Punjab farmer is
6. Israel had a stern warning for politicians not willing to
KI

sinking deeper into debt with every passing year.

help change gun laws.
7. We were released with a very stern warning about
(686)STIPULATE: controlled substances, but no charges were laid.
1. She agreed to buy the car, but stipulated racing tyres and 8. Alex shot her a stern look and she made a face.
a turbo-powered engine.
9. He said stern measures would be taken against the killers.
2. The law stipulates that new cars must have seat belts for
10. His stern objection to secret loans has struck a hard and
the driver and every passenger.
unexpected blow.
3. Laws stipulate the maximum interest rate that banks can
charge.
(689)STERILE:
4. The regulations stipulate that everything has to comply
to the relevant safety standards. 1. Radiotherapy has left her permanently sterile.
5. The cease-fire was stipulated by the treaty. 2. Sterile couples sometimes choose to adopt needy children.
6. The decision stipulated that gold traders must adhere to 3. One of the side effects of the drug could be to make men
the state-set gold price, and deposit their earnings in the sterile.
State Bank. 4. According to the magazine report, new varieties of
7. We have signed a contract which stipulates when the bananas cannot be easily produced as the plant is a sterile
project must be completed. mutant.
8. If the contract stipulates eight bank holidays can be taken 5. Fruiting plants are immediately recognizable by the unique
as paid leave in addition to holidays, June 3 will not count. bright blue color of their drupes, but sterile shrubs are

[136]
 very nondescript and easily overlooked. 7. I don’t mind her going on a sensible diet just as long as
6. The corporations are also working to ensure GM crops she doesn’t starve herself.
are sterile, so farmers are forced to buy new seeds from 8. The government was the chief agency that offered work
them each year. for the poor and saved them from starvation.
7. Scientists now suspect that the harsh atmosphere made 9. We are pretty sure that hundreds of thousands of people
the soil sterile. died of starvation during those years.
8. Peace and prosperity, public virtue, victory, everything is 10. Twenty million people face starvation unless a vast
in the vigor of the laws. Outside of the laws everything is emergency aid programme is launched.
sterile and dead.
9. When our words lose the ability to convey an ethical (692)STALWART:
connotation they become sterile and worthless.
1. She has been a stalwart supporter of the party for many
10. Discussions are sometimes abusive and unpleasant, and years.
often sterile and unproductive, with most people adhering
2. He is also a stalwart Mayo supporter, who never misses a
rigidly to their long-entrenched prejudices.
match from start of the season to the end.
3. Her stalwart support has seen her raise more than a

’S
(690)STEADFAST: thousand pound every year for the society.
1. It is unfortunate and painful to see the fall of a dream city 4. Nonetheless, she was also a strong advocate of growth
that earned a steadfast place in the international arena. and had been a well-respected voice on the council with
2. The steadfast and stubborn denial of guilt leads to the her own stalwart supporters in the business community.
complete inability to recognise actual innocence. 5. In August 1894, a stalwart supporter carried into the
3. His papacy was an intriguing mix of the warm and humane Parliament a ‘monster’ petition in favour of women’s
with steadfast readings of scripture and church doctrine. suffrage.
4. Members of this new commission should be chosen from 6. The stalwarts of the Hunterston Cycle Club are taking to
honest, steadfast and impeccable people. the road again in the name of charity.
NG
5. I truly believe that a country where the people hold 7. However, if policies are changed, party stalwarts will
steadfast to their dreams will some day see them come to complain that traditional principles are being forgotten.
fruition. 8. the stalwart soldiers in the army of Alexander the Great,
6. The group remained steadfast in its support for the new who willingly followed him to the ends of the known world.
system, even when it was criticized in the newspapers. 9. The party stalwarts toe the presidential line and shout
7. As a politician, you have to show resilience - the ability to down those who disagree.
remain steadfast in your beliefs. 10. I should say that I’m a stalwart supporter of free software
8. As a sign, Taurus is fixed, an astrological quality that and of open access to the scholarly and scientific literature.
reflects Taurus’s steadfast, loyal nature.
9. Mr Trump, by contrast, seems to hold a steadfast belief (693)SPURT:
that protectionism works.
1. Late in the race he put on a spurt and reached second
10. This steadfast faith in autocratic methods and the place.
exaggerated fear of revolutionary principles were shown
2. Growth spurts and increased eating are normal between
in foreign as well as in home affairs.
KI

two and four months of age.

3. During adolescence, it is natural to gain weight as you
(691)STARVE: prepare for puberty or a sudden growth spurt.
1. While some were executed, others, malnourished and 4. Many autistic children seem to go through developmental
starving, were forced to carry out labour beyond their spurts between ages 5 and 13.
physical capabilities.
5. The company enjoyed a growth spurt between 1995 and
2. In 1869, a 12-year-old called Sarah Jacob starved to death 1998 when its turnover almost doubled to •1m.
in a Welsh farmhouse, under the eye of doctors and nurses
6. The sudden spurt in alcohol consumption during the
who were watching her around the clock.
festive season is a disturbing trend.
3. A prisoner has starved to death after fasting for seven
7. Personal computers were about to revolutionize the
months, becoming the 48th person to die in hunger strikes
business world, and the tech industry was beginning its
protesting against changes to Turkey’s prison system.
phenomenal growth spurt.
4. My great-grandfather and his 26 year old daughter had
8. Well, after an initial upward spurt the shares have in fact
been executed; his 34 year old son had frozen and starved
shed 97% of their value.
to death in the Arctic gold mines of Kolyma.
9. The whale sent one final spurt into the air and disappeared.
5. Of course, some Africans are starving and many are
chronically poor, sick and hungry. 10. There was a sudden spurt of activity in the housing
market.
6. Whole communities starved to death during the long
drought.
(694)SPLENDOUR:

[137]
1. They bought a decaying 16th-century manor house and 5. Facial masks soothe delicate skin, and some basic
restored it to its original splendour. ingredients like yogurt, honey and applesauce work well.
2. We marvelled at the splendour of the scenery. 6. In China, it is often recommended to apply cooled black
3. The palace has now been restored to its original splendour. tea to the skin to soothe sunburn.
4. Arabian art, according to Streisand, has always been one 7. If your gums hurt after brushing, apply ice to soothe the
of great wonder, splendour, and beauty. pain.
5. His triumph outdid in splendour all those that went before 8. Creams that contain camomile lotion, steroid cream, or
it. anaesthetic can soothe the pain of a bite, as can an
antihistamine tablet.
6. The magnificence and splendor of the city is at its peak
during this season. 9. The lush green of post monsoons was soothing to the
eyes.
7. The Queen’s building itself has a magnificence and a
splendour that befits its reputation. 10. Some of the old Turkish bath houses are still operating
and are as aesthetically pleasing as they are physically
8. We were led through the fairy-lit splendour of the centre.
soothing.
9. The parade showcased the nation’s cultural legacy with
pomp, colour and splendour.

’S
(697)SOLEMN:
10. He stared up at the magnificent splendor of a truly Roman
city, its grand architecture and its air of power and 1. His expression changed from a cheery smile to a solemn
determination. frown.
2. I wouldn’t have agreed to it, but he had sounded so
serious and so solemn that I had said yes before I could
(695)SPARSE:
stop myself.
1. For the earliest inhabitants of Southern France, practising
3. She watched him with her deep eyes, then a small smile
a hunter-gatherer way of life, the natural resources were
broke her solemn face.
abundant and more than adequate for a sparse population.
4. He then turned to stare at her, and Usagi realized that he
NG
2. The homogenous and sparse population was replaced by
had never looked that solemn and serious when he was
the restless diversity, sprawl and cacophony of one of
with her before.
the fastest growing places in America.
5. Everyone stood respectfully, and looked solemn
3. The French population of this vast region was sparse,
throughout the funeral service.
however, reaching only 85,000 in the 1760s.
6. Everyone stood respectfully, and looked solemn
4. Harmony Hills had a very sparse population; there were
throughout the funeral service.
only a few thousand people in our community.
7. He wore a very solemn expression on his face.
5. Agriculture in the south will suffer as underground water
is exhausted and already sparse summer rain disappears. 8. All I gave was my solemn word.
6. Many districts are fertile, but some, particularly those in 9. From early days the taking of solemn religious oaths was
the south-eastern part of the province, do not produce regarded as an essential part of the political and social
sufficient grain for the requirements of the sparse order.
population. 10. An exaggerated and solemn respect always indicates a
7. William Shakespeare’s life is somewhat of a mystery to loss of faith .
KI

scholars due to the fact that most information that is known

is very scattered and sparse. (698)SNUB:
8. However, sunshine was a sparse commodity and we found 1. I think she felt snubbed because Anthony hadn’t bothered
the short, dark winter days of these latitudes very to introduce himself.
depressing at first.
2. High-schoolers will often snub anyone they feel is different
9. Moments later they found themselves in a sparsely filled or strange.
auditorium to make their presentation.
3. When the college invited him to speak, he was snubbed
10. Outside, large frame houses present darkened facades by students who felt his policies were unfair to minorities.
along a sparsely trafficked street.
4. They snubbed his invitation to a meeting of foreign
(696)SOOTHE: ministers at the UN in New York.
1. I need something warm to calm my nerves, soothe my 5. Rosanna felt snubbed when she wasn’t invited to the
agitation. wedding.
2. The fish in the aquarium act as a sedative to quiet and 6. They deliberately snubbed the meeting.
soothe the irritation of the long wait.
7. He snubbed her in public and made her feel an idiot.
3. Big, beautiful showy flowers have a tranquil effect that
8. The Government has consistently snubbed his requests
soothes you at the end of a long day.
for an official inquiry into the affair.
4. She let her mind focus on the sound of the waves and the
9. For the next several weeks, Grandma refused to speak to
birds, listening as the music they made soothed her nerves
Mother, openly snubbing her not only in public but in her
and calmed her mind.
own backyard as well.

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10. The occupation authorities have urged them to surrender 3. The research is an attempt to move away from simplistic
their arms voluntarily, but reportedly many have snubbed polarisation and address the more complex issues.
the request. 4. Quantum mechanics contradicts the notion of real only if
one takes a naive, simplistic view of reality.
(699)SLUMP: 5. He treated us as children, he told us a simplistic fairy
1. Shortly afterwards wool prices slumped, and British story laced with cheap flattery.
depositors began to withdraw funds from the colonial 6. They have a simplistic point of view about the war.
banks. 7. They argue that Marx’s class analysis is too simplistic to
2. The milk price had slumped from £1.75 a kilogramme of account adequately for the complexity of social inequality.
milk solids to £1 a kilogramme. 8. It would be simplistic to suggest that the Bible promotes
3. Some experts are warning that prices could slump by up male domination.
to 30%. 9. His interpretation of the theory was too simplistic.
4. When growth slowed, and share prices slumped, they 10. He believes that this simplistic art form came into being
were unable to raise money for further expansion. only to develop the aesthetic sense.
5. As commodities such as coffee or soya flooded into the

’S
world market, prices slumped, causing more economic
(702)SHUDDER:
chaos.
1. His name was virtually unknown to the rest of society,
6. Banks in Europe and the US are reporting lower earnings
but the horror stories that had been created by him made
as slumping stock prices reduce income.
even grown men shudder to think about.
7. The world was mired in economic slump, which brought
2. Most people shudder at the thought of positive eugenics.
with it mass unemployment and wage cuts.
3. Each time he would shudder with fear and with sickness
8. With the economy pulling out of a shallow slump, pre-
from the drugs, and he would swear to change.
election unemployment topped out at a mere 5.7%.
4. The sight of so much blood made him shudder.
9. After the Wall Street crash, which led to a worldwide slump
NG
in economic growth, the world reverted to protectionism. 5. I heard a massive explosion and the ground shuddered
beneath me.
10. The post-war slump sent the unemployment figures to
twice the expected level. 6. I don’t like to think about getting close to him - it makes
me shudder.
7. She shuddered at the thought that she could have been
(700)SLASH:
killed.
1. AN 18-year-old woman who threatened a police officer
8. This idea horrified her, made her shudder, blush, and feel
with a kitchen knife began to slash her own wrists with
such a rush of anger and pride as she had never experienced
the weapon.
before.
2. I drew my sword and slashed at all the enemies in my way
9. I shudder at the concept of a world tamed.
as I ran to the top.
10. I have never started a fight in my life but I have finished a
3. As soon as he stepped into the galley, I kicked the sword
few... sometimes I shudder when I think about what I have
out of his hand and slashed at him with my knife.
done.
4. We hacked and slashed our way through the forest until
KI

we reached a huge opening.

(703)SHORTCOMING:
5. These were the first casualties of that bloody war, and
they did not even have time to draw their swords before 1. He is frank about what he sees as the shortcomings of his
the knives slashed across their throats. great predecessors.
6. The museum was broken into last night and several 2. Unless we are prepared to accept our shortcomings we
paintings were slashed. will never improve our condition.
7. He was slashed across the chest three times and stabbed. 3. The November floods highlighted many shortcomings in
the existing flood defences of our region.
8. American car manufacturers have started slashing prices
in an effort to stimulate sales. 4. Whatever his shortcomings as a husband, he was a good
father to his children.
9. Since 1993 the company has cut 65,000 jobs and slashed
costs by £3 billion. 5. Peter was painfully aware of his own shortcomings.
10. Congress has slashed the budget for programs to help 6. The report suggested that there were severe shortcomings
poor families. in police tactics.
7. He bravely acknowledged his own personal shortcomings.
(701)SIMPLISTIC: 8. The main shortcoming of this camera is that it uses up
batteries quickly.
1. It is simplistic to treat strategic choice just as the logical
comparison of strategic options. 9. Film observers say that the industry needs to sit up and
discuss its shortcomings.
2. Drug misuse is too complex a problem to be solved with a
simplistic, zero tolerance approach. 10. He is so forthright about his shortcomings, it’s hard to

[139]
 chastise him. from college.
5. He secluded himself in his room to study for the exam.
(704)SHIVER: 6. They secluded the garden from the rest of the property.
1. She had already piled all the cloaks onto him and he was 7. I secluded myself up here for a life of study and meditation.
still shivering violently. 8. Someone could have phoned him to suggest a very private
2. I began to feel my strength and stamina ebbing and talk at a secluded place in the woods.
shivered uncontrollably from the cold whenever we took 9. They drove to a secluded spot in the country to have
a break for water. their picnic.
3. Arthur shivered involuntarily as he came out of the 10. we stayed in a secluded resort, far away from the regular
building. tourist crowds
4. I shivered in the cold air, my feet numb from the wet grass.
5. He could see something moving there, shaking, and (707)SCOT-FREE:
shivering in fear.
1. Although they admitted to kidnapping the students, they
6. He was cold, thin and tall, wiry and cold, and his austere managed to find enough excuses to get off scot-free.
black eyes gave one the shivers the minute they met his

’S
2. It is outlandish that index funds with very similar portfolio
eyes.
mixes and investing strategies can get off scot-free for
7. By the time she’d fully rinsed the lather off of her body, charging higher fees.
the shivers had become completely uncontrollable.
3. The case must be pleaded by advocates of the aggrieved
8. With a shiver of dread the boy arose and went along the party, otherwise the culprits of this heinous crime would
road toward town. go scot-free.
9. She trailed with a shiver, wanting to make sure her sister 4. So the evildoers get off scot-free while good people get
was truly safe before leaving. dumped on.
10. She felt a shiver of apprehension. 5. Jockeys should never get off scot-free when they make
NG
mistakes, but the recent calls for jockeys to be banned for
(705)SHED: months for dropping their hands is quite nonsensical.
1. Trees shed leaves from October to February; new leaves 6. The court let her off scot-free.
appear between February and April. 7. Others who were guilty were being allowed to get off scot-
2. Australia is the place where the trees don’t shed their free.
leaves, they shed their bark, and some mammals lay eggs. 8. The car was badly damaged in the accident, but the driver
3. If there is a lack of ground water, trees will shed their fruit escaped scot-free.
early. 9. In a press statement, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari said inhuman
4. They ran down to the water, shedding clothes as they act of burning the bodies of JSQM leader was the most
went. heinous crime stressing that those committed it must not
go scot-free at any cost.
5. I’m going on a diet to see if I can shed a few pounds.
10. If a party has billions of dollars at its disposal, it does not
6. Psychotherapy helped him to shed some of his inhibitions.
mean that it can stage terrorist attacks here or there scot-
7. The male crabs shed their shells twice a year, in autumn free.
and spring.
KI

8. The setting sun shed little light in the damp cavern, and it
(708)SCORN:
cast eerie shadows upon the rock walls.
1. The Security Council was disdained and scorned as
9. Everywhere revolutions are painful yet fruitful gestations
irrelevant.
of a people: they shed blood but create light, they eliminate
men but elaborate ideas. 2. They find that they are continuously judged and scorned
by peers and adults when they wear their uniform.
10. How odd it is that we so often weep for each other’s
distresses, when we shed not a tear for our own! 3. It’s not so long since he was scorned by the scientific
establishment after claiming he could produce a map of
the human genome faster than anyone else.
(706)SECLUDE:
4. The foreign minister was particularly scorned for going to
1. In contrast, a wall with high windows in India secludes the opera on Sunday night and not turning up for work
the family from the stranger’s gaze. until 31 hours after the earthquake.
2. When he was secluded he became closer to nature, 5. She scorns his gallant language, and constantly rebuffs
because it was the only life around him. his advances.
3. The government has a legitimate, compelling interest in 6. While scorned by most critics, the TV show attracted as
secluding these men and denying them access to the many as 60 million US viewers between 1962 and 1971.
outside world.
7. He scorned the government’s record in dealing with crime.
4. My family somewhat secludes itself from the rest of the
8. In fact, the only laughter he had heard from her was either
town, and I’ve only kept in touch with a handful of friends
scornful or sarcastic, and was usually directed at him.

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9. The opposition were scornful of the Prime Minister’s such a system than outside it.
proposal. 3. The debate about the depletion of the ozone layer has
10. His criticisms and scornful attitude angered a lot of been so far hampered by a scarcity of data.
viewers. 4. Moreover, they suffer from a scarcity of books, and from
pedagogical methods that rely on the memorization of
(709)SCEPTRE: class lectures.
1. Room after room of the Armoury reveals incredible riches, 5. The world is entering a period of protein scarcity, the
including the imperial crown, mace and sceptre of the report says.
Tsars. 6. The scarcity of medical supplies was becoming critical.
2. In her left hand she carries the sceptre of state; in her 7. Through the resultant scarcity of labor, much land fell out
right the orb. of cultivation.
3. The whole of Syria was brought under the Seleucid 8. With jobs so scarce, many young people have nothing to
sceptre, together with Cilicia, by Antiochus III. do.
4. To him it appeared as a sceptre, not as a sword, and 9. Coastal land resources are scarce because of high demand
perhaps he took this as a sign. and low supply.

’S
5. Barbarossa’s own depiction shows imperial regalia of orb 10. They saw their families and communities through difficult
and sceptre. times, when money was scarce and the demands of rural
6. To him it appeared as a sceptre, not as a sword, and life were very demanding.
perhaps he took this as a sign.
7. Each was swathed in robes of black, and all carried the (712)SCANT:
sceptre that befitted their station. 1. With scant regard for human life or political consequences,
8. As an act of humility, before a mass to which she had employing violence as their sole instrument of persuasion,
invited the poor, she gave the royal scepter to the most they slaughtered innocent people indiscriminately.
indigent and had the royal crown placed on his head.
NG
2. In the scant amount of light from the street lights, I was
9. Cast by your icy crown and sceptre, and let the sunlight able to make out his face, not exactly clearly, but enough
of love fall softly on your heart. to know who it was.
10. I succeeded a man of the most sublime genius that ever 3. So far they’ve paid scant attention to the rebel’s scheme.
upheld the sceptre of France. 4. The limited information provided on this test was scant
and imprecise, and I found it of no assistance.
(710)SCEPTIC: 5. There is scant evidence of strong economic growth to
1. At first, the idea of bringing the Internet to print received come.
much criticism from skeptics. 6. The sands and clays found here are fine and soft, and as
2. Cynics and sceptics raised uncomfortable questions, and there is scant vegetation to protect the hillsides they are
found serious flaws with the script. easily eroded by the rains.
3. Once again, the people proved all the skeptics, all the 7. They produce goods with scant regard for quality.
doubters, all the detractors, wrong, that democracy can 8. The desert ecosystem poses difficult problems - the forest
work in this part of the world. area is scanty with poor growth of vegetation.
KI

4. Already skeptics are questioning whether the initial 9. A thong is not a piece of scanty swimwear, as in America,
budget for the space plan is sufficient. but a fine example of Australian footwear.
5. Good journalists should be outsiders, questioners, 10. No food, no clogs and their poor bodies barely covered
sceptics, empathisers. with scanty clothing, how can they give their minds to
6. Sceptics argued that the rise in prices was temporary. their lessons?
7. Most people now accept this theory, but there are a few
sceptics. (713)SAVAGE:
8. I’m a bit sceptical about his chances of success. 1. The two combatants charged at each other with weapons
9. We live in a world that is rightly suspicious of offers that drawn and fought like savage beasts.
seem too good to be true; we are often skeptical and even 2. They say that music soothes the savage beast, but it can
cynical. also make the sick feel better.
10. A very interesting study claims that skeptical consumers 3. He looked very much like a savage creature, with his wild,
are more easily won with emotion. shaggy black hair and infuriated and crazed grin.
4. The actor has launched a savage attack on Hollywood -
(711)SCARCITY: saying the film industry is full of racists.
1. In general, beech nuts have been regarded as food for 5. In war, they were savage and cruel; for war always makes
humans in times of famine or scarcity. men so.
2. In a market economy it is as easy to fall as to rise, but in 6. Women are often subjected to a savage and unexpected
periods of scarcity and famine, easier to survive within attack of the maternal instinct in their late thirties and

[141]
 sometimes those who have chosen not to have children partisan conflict.
come to regret it.
7. The government has announced savage cuts in spending. (716)SACRED:
8. The coast was lashed by savage storms. 1. The Hindu marriage is solemnised before the sacred fire.
9. He wrote savage satires about people he didn’t like. 2. The heron is sacred to the Muses and is related to
10. Some people argue that capital punishment is a savage priesthood.
act and must be abolished in every state. 3. I read in my book that in ancient Greece ivy was sacred to
Dionysus, the Olympian vintner who was one of the gods.
(714)SARCASTIC: 4. Twilight is sacred to Shiva, as the transition point between
1. Unable to give a sarcastic comment, she settled with sun and moon.
glaring at him. 5. The sacred and secular stories of South Asian music propel
2. Her voice has an amused tone, and I know she’s trying to it along the path of diaspora.
be sarcastic and make me feel bad. 6. The museum itself has been designed to merge with the
3. A burglar who stole presents from a York family has been local architecture and contains artifacts that are both
sacred and secular.

’S
sent a sarcastic message of thanks for ruining their
Christmas. 7. Judaism is the official Israeli religion, and the Torah is the
4. I tried to think of a nasty sarcastic comment to make him most sacred text.
leave me alone, but none came to mind. 8. Many ancient churches and cathedrals in the British Isles,
5. Nick and I spend most of the waking hours of the day for example, are built on sites that were originally sacred
bickering, sniping, and being sarcastic with one another. to pagans.
6. He smiled that long, slow, sarcastic smile, but he didn’t 9. Islam’s most sacred shrine is at Mecca in Saudi Arabia.
retaliate. 10. Human life is sacred.
7. Her eyes, beautiful and sarcastic, told that she understood
NG
exactly what was going on. (717)TEEM:
8. He can’t help making sarcastic comments. 1. The streets of Saigon teem with people, noises, and smells
9. His sarcastic comment brought her out of her reverie like like no other city in Asia.
a bucket of cold water. 2. Streets that once teemed with activity were now more silent
10. I was tired of holding a grudge that was only causing me than a graveyard.
to be bitter and sarcastic. 3. I drove down streets that once teemed with life and now
are ruined wastelands.
(715)SALIENT: 4. In the deep sea, where it’s too dark for photosynthesis,
1. The salient feature of these policies is not their racism per the water teems with crabs, fish, jellyfish, mollusks, and
se but their carefully calculated divisiveness. other life-forms.
2. The idea is to provide an opportunity to the manufacturers 5. The religious press in the first decade of pentecostal
to explain the salient features of their products to the history teems with blistering attacks on the new movement.
consumers. 6. A drop of water teems with microorganisms.
3. Their didactic import encompasses salient aspects of 7. The forest below him seethed and teemed with life.
KI

Buddhist doctrine, especially the traditional notion of 8. She walked through the teeming streets’.
human transience.
9. It was the start of the new semester, and the campus was
4. Diversity of values, what philosophers calls the ‘fact of teeming with students.
pluralism’, is the salient feature of modern societies in the
10. She walked home through the teeming rain.
West.
5. Moore’s preoccupation with faith and with religion,
particularly with Catholicism, is a salient feature of his
work.
6. The second most salient feature of primary forest indicated
by habitat classification freelists was humidity. (718)TAPER:
7. And there are many such places in Karnataka which have 1. The impact of the dollar’s depreciation started to taper
salient features to be developed into potential centres of off’.
growth.
2. The dynamic boom in global investing and bank lending
8. The article presented the salient facts of the dispute clearly that fueled far-flung industrialization during the nineties
and concisely. has tapered off dramatically.
9. The most salient committees, in our experience, are ones 3. My book reading has tapered off since discovering
responsible for capital budgeting, strategic planning, and weblogs.
compensation.
4. Oil inventories typically grow at this time of year as
10. The most salient feature of American political life is gasoline demand tapers off and refiners briefly shut down

[142]
 to perform maintenance.
5. Yes as countries become more industrialized their (721)TIDINGS:
population growth tapers off. 1. The sad tidings were received with a sense of total
6. Individuals should gradually taper off caffeine. disbelief.
7. Profits may be tapering off in the near future. 2. It has been a pleasure to bring the good tidings to our
8. Towards sunset, the rain began to taper off. public.
9. Her voice tapered off as she realized everyone was 3. Recent days brought tidings of an official invitation to
listening. Paris.
10. Spending has tapered off from £844 million to £557 million. 4. Such economic tidings, environmentalists hope, will push
India to finally rise above its fractious politics and fragile
institutions to tackle endemic pollution.
(719)TARDY:
5. Former President Barack Obama got in the Christmas spirit
1. The company is responsible for the tardy roll-out of over the weekend, sending good tidings to his Twitter
broadband services in Britain according to a report out followers in the form of an Obama family photo.
today.
6. For some, the holiday season is filled with tidings of

’S
2. The unions make a strong accusation that companies have comfort and joy.
been tardy when it comes to financial participation.
7. The fortune-teller would hardly relay bad tidings, for who
3. Although the president said he would return to the Gulf would be generous, learning of coming sorrows?
Coast tomorrow, his initial response was deemed tardy
8. Dissension between the Peshawar politicians and the
and inadequate by many observers.
resistance commanders brings glad tidings to Kabul.
4. A bankrupt political system has been a convenient peg
9. He hated always being the bearer of bad tidings.
on which to hang the blame for a consistently tardy
response to humanitarian need. 10. Then I too broke into glad tidings and joy to the world
with the crowds of believers around me.
5. The High Court judge recently criticised the tardy process
NG
and said taxpayers were footing the bill, including legal
costs in successful claims. (722)TARRY:
6. Dinner was somewhat delayed on account of David’s 1. Nations come and go and have since the beginning of
rather tardy arrival. time and if the Lord tarries will continue to come and go
7. We apologize for our tardy response to your letter. forever.
8. Murder may pass unpunish’d for a time, But tardy justice 2. One of our great poets has well and finely said that freedom
will overtake the crime. is not a gift that tarries long in the hands of cowards.
9. That payment chain had few provisions to ensure timely 3. The boys were older now; she could tarry a bit, and not
payments, which led to millions of tardy payments. get home until four.
10. They have not erected to themselves colossal statues 4. Upon seeing the sun beginning to sink in the sky, we
upon pedestals of human bones, to provoke and insult realized we had tarried too long on the summit of the
the tardy hand of heavenly retribution. mountain.
5. O let us be married! Too long we have tarried!
(720)TAINT: 6. Two old boys tarried on the street corner discussing cattle.
KI

1. He’s smart and energetic and he’s never been tainted by 7. The sun was just up, the king and the court were all on
corruption or scandal. hand to see me off and wish me luck; so it wouldn’t be
etiquette for me to tarry.
2. The words were like poison, sinking beneath my skin and
tainting me. 8. He that will have a cake out of the wheat must tarry the
grinding.
3. His reputation was permanently tainted by the financial
scandal. 9. But thou shouldst not tarry here for thine own sake.
4. A tendency toward conceitedness taints that athlete’s 10. Ariana looked into Darren’s eyes and said calmly, ‘I’ve
status as a role model. tarried here far too long.
5. His reputation was tainted by allegations of illegal activity.
6. They said that the elections had been tainted by (723)TRIVIAL:
corruption. 1. Very often qualitative studies seem to be full of apparently
7. He has been tainted by his contact with criminals. trivial details.
8. His administration was tainted by scandal’. 2. Newspapers always mix the trivial with the important, for
the very good reason that trivia can be entertaining.
9. His continued presence in government taints it with the
noxious smell of cronyism. 3. But it is sad that the media has been highlighting trivial
events while ignoring important health issues.
10. The market has been tainted with poor quality products,
dismal performance and overwhelming disappointment. 4. Possibly they see the offence as too trivial to pursue.
5. A plethora of issues, both important as well as trivial,

[143]
 have had an effect on the public opinion.
6. I don’t know why he gets so upset about something so (726)THRIFTY:
trivial. 1. If people tend to be thrifty and to save their money, there
7. Sexual harassment in the workplace is not a trivial matter. is no guarantee that the money saved will be invested to
8. Getting computers to understand human language is not further the economic prosperity of the country.
a trivial problem. 2. People who save see others as wasteful while people who
9. The ugliness of the ideological lies in its legitimating the spend see others as thrifty.
pursuit of the trivial. 3. They have shown themselves to be industrious, thrifty
10. She has been suffering from a series of trivial illnesses. and lawabiding.
4. They are a thrifty and industrious people, prolific and
devoted to their offspring, good-humoured, quick-
(724)TURBULENT:
tempered and impressionable.
1. He displayed great energy in facing the difficulties of a
5. The emigrants were very kindly received, and many of
turbulent situation, but was unsuccessful.
them became thrifty and prosperous farmers.
2. This has been a turbulent week for the administration.
6. Cutting taxes on savings may persuade Americans to be

’S
3. This capital city of Kashmir also stands out as the most more thrifty.
physical manifestation of the turbulent history of the
7. There are many good books on the subject of being thrifty
region.
and stretching your resources.
4. He has had a turbulent political career.
8. He was a hardworking, frugal and thrifty man who was
5. Change has become a constant in the turbulent economy saving to buy a small cottage from his employer.
of deregulation and global competition.
9. My mother taught me to be thrifty.
6. We would do well to ponder the anguish of those turbulent
10. Critics fear that adhoc boards, neither accountable nor
years.
thrifty, will proliferate.
7. The sixties were a turbulent period in American history.
NG
8. Immigration in this country has always been a turbulent
(727)THRIVE:
issue, from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 to Japanese
internment camps in the 1940s to Mexican Repatriation in 1. His monopoly, they say, was threatening to kill off any
the 1930s. semblance of competition in a discipline that used to thrive
on it.
9. It is high time to abandon the mainstream and take to the
turbulent waters of truly dynamic analysis. 2. That human minds thrive on aesthetics is a curse when
trying to comprehend new surroundings.
10. The July Monarchy was a turbulent time in French history.
3. The fanatics who buy into the al-Qaeda ideology thrive
on anger and hate.
(725)TERMINATE:
4. If truth must be an exile from the mainstream of politics, let
1. For decades, budgets have been slashed and visionary it thrive on the margins.
programmes terminated in favour of more pragmatic goals.
5. His business thrived in the years before the war.
2. It was argued that to determine a case is to decide, resolve,
6. The red algae thrives in places where the concentration
conclude, end, terminate or finish an argument.
of oxygen is very less.
KI

3. The Company’s customers may terminate most service

7. Most herbs need direct sun all day in order to thrive.
contracts for a variety of reasons, either immediately or
upon notice of a future date. 8. It is widely claimed that although slavery was officially
abolished 200 years ago, it is still thriving today.
4. This train will terminate at the next stop - passengers who
wish to continue should change trains. 9. In my biased view, as long as there is pecan pie, there will
be a thriving pecan industry in the United States.
5. The owner could call in his land and terminate the relation
at any time, for any reason, or for none at all. 10. The village hall, built in 1912, is a busy and thriving place.
6. You have to terminate the program before the computer
will shut down properly. (728)TRANSGRESS:
7. Before I was 21, I had already lost one friend to a terminal 1. Special courts under such proclamations tried and
disease, cancer. punished those who transgressed against the orders of
8. As a terminal assessment at the end of the project, the the military authority.
children were asked to write another story about the same 2. He transgressed the military code of honor and paid a
picture. heavy penalty.
9. She has recently returned home to care for her terminally 3. The desire to transgress the limits and limitations of human
ill mother. existence is a driving force behind all art.
10. He has an interview with the terminally ailing Queen in 4. Is it not in its nature to transgress the limits of knowledge,
Kensington Palace Gardens, and all looks hopeful. thus revealing dimensions of life beyond the reach of other
disciplines?

[144]
5. Still, I’m not sure that merely transgressing social see some clear and tangible results.
boundaries or taboos makes him any kind of trickster. 2. So, many are putting their cash into tangible assets such
6. Orton’s plays transgress accepted social norms. as real estate and gold.
7. There are legal consequences for companies that 3. To achieve tangible results, command personnel will also
transgress the rules. require training in the field of criminology.
8. He had transgressed the boundaries of good taste. 4. As a society we are far too preoccupied with measuring
9. Each continent has been transgressed by continental seas. things in terms of tangible commercial results.
10. By 9500 BC the outward flow stopped and the sea began 5. We need tangible evidence if we’re going to take legal
to transgress into the enlarged Great Belt, turning it action.
brackish very slowly. 6. Other tangible benefits include an increase in salary and
shorter working hours.
(729)TUMULTUOUS: 7. The silence of the countryside was almost tangible.
1. One of the most tumultuous rounds of cheering and 8. New revenue streams, particularly from e-commerce
applause was reserved by the delegates for a seemingly opportunities are creating tangible benefits for the core
innocuous line about tax laws. business.

’S
2. Amir Khan enters the ring to tumultuous applause from 9. She held me tightly while I cried, never saying a word, and
the massed British supporters. the sheer strength of her love was almost tangible.
3. The show played to full houses for a five-night run and 10. It was realised that our first aim should be to secure more
ended to tumultuous applause on Saturday night. tangible evidence and, if possible, further witnesses.
4. We came out of the tunnel and were greeted by tumultuous
applause. (732)TENACIOUS:
5. The former president appeared to tumultuous applause 1. They had a steadfast, tenacious grip on what they believed
and a standing ovation. should be brought to the profession.
NG
6. After the tumultuous events of 1990, Europe was 2. The state is suffering under a tenacious recession.
completely transformed. 3. Special solvents control the coalescence of the latex
7. Intensely narcissistic people often live tumultuous lives, particles into a tough, tenacious film.
as few people can tolerate them for long. 4. He has maintained, perhaps even increased, his tenacious
8. The coming academic year is likely to be tumultuous, given grip on power.
the prevailing unrest among students on various counts. 5. There has been tenacious local opposition to the new
9. The tumultuous storm was beginning to lose some of its airport.
fury. 6. Lung cancer is one of the more aggressive and tenacious
10. True love, especially first love, can be so tumultuous and forms of cancer.
passionate that it feels like a violent journey. 7. For building purposes stones were got out, dressed,
carved and sculptured with stone hammers and chisels
(730)TORRID: made of hard and tenacious rock.
1. When the summer gets torrid, its time to go on long 8. While being smart is good, working hard and being
holidays, preferably tourist packages, to places where it tenacious is even better.
KI

is much cooler and peaceful. 9. The company has a tenacious hold on the market.
2. Surely, there can’t be a more torrid time than summer. 10. They are persistent, strong-willed individuals who may
3. The thermometer ranges from below zero in the winter to become even more tenacious when faced with obstacles.
above 100 on torrid summer days when scorching winds
sandblast the canyons. (733)TRANSITORY:
4. The team had a torrid time trying to score. 1. Consumption, as well as income, has both a permanent
5. He’d been given a pretty torrid time by the nation’s voters’. and a transitory component.
6. And all the time she thought she was the only one with 2. The visible things are transitory: it is the invisible things
the torrid thoughts. that are really permanent.
7. We met and fell in love and had a torrid passionate affair. 3. In short, knowing how transitory life is, let us seize the
8. They took full advantage of the opportunity to unwind fleeting, refulgent moment.
after a torrid few weeks. 4. The things that belong to the visible realm are transitory
9. Economies in these regions are growing at a torrid pace. and impermanent.
10. Still, the idea that they could have had the kind of torrid 5. Relativism is not an attractive proposition to anyone, least
relationship that leads to murder was another matter. of all philosophers, because everything becomes so
uncertain and transitory.
6. The current weakness in gold is transitory and will
(731)TANGIBLE:
eventually produce greater profits.
1. I am very satisfied with what we have done and can really

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7. The last decade saw powerful but transitory soul.
economicchanges.
8. The happiness of the world is transitory. The less you (736)TUSSLE:
become attached to the world, the more you enjoy peace
1. They had won the seemingly impossible battle without
of mind.
even a tussle.
9. I’m not always really calm, but I try not to get taken away
2. The game progressed with players pushing vigorously to
by things that are incredibly transitory.
outdo each other in a tussle for ball possession.
10. For that one single moment, that transitory instant, I was
3. Bad management, business naivete, and outright trickery
actually delighted to see him again.
resulted in years of legal tussles and lost revenue.
4. Already, legal tussles have overshadowed the prospects
(734)TARNISH: of a better future for this prestigious venture taken up by
1. The disqualification of Greece’s two top sprinters hardly the Society.
tarnishes the Olympic gold standard as some seem to 5. After quite a tussle, I finally wrenched the letter from him.
think.
6. The tussles in the coming months between the White
2. Ibrahim, an Egyptian-American democracy activist and House and the Republican Congress will be crucial.

’S
academic, was jailed in July for tarnishing Egypt’s image
7. The suspect was arrested after a tussle with a security
abroad and misappropriating funds.
guard.
3. Only sheer audacity would enable an author to rewrite
8. During his twelve years in Congress he has tussled with
the history of a nation’s seminal figures, tarnishing the
the chemical, drug and power companies on behalf of the
name of Judaism’s noble ancestors.
ordinary person.
4. His regime was tarnished by human rights abuses.
9. The residents are still tussling over the ever-scarcer street
5. This reputation could be tarnished if adequate steps are parking.
not taken to control the rodent population.
10. They tussled and screamed right in the middle of the
6. Harassment of religion will only tarnish the orthodox
NG
cafeteria, everyone was completely silent.
church’s reputation, while steeling the resistance of
persecuted faiths.
(737)TURMOIL:
7. The scandal tarnished his reputation.
1. His behaviour was totally out of character when he was in
8. Some debt which was once considered safe was tarnished
emotional turmoil.
by the crisis.
2. The announcement came at a time when the stock markets
9. His image was tarnished by the savings and loans scandal.
around the world were in turmoil.
10. But all the gold and the glory will be tarnished if basic
3. If his ransom demands aren’t met, he’ll create armies of
rights - including free speech - are lacking.
clones to throw the world in turmoil.
4. He believes they can survive even the current turmoil
(735)TYRANNICAL: afflicting agriculture.
1. Local officials are portrayed as corrupt and tyrannical but 5. Would an American recession inevitably plunge the rest
the central leadership is described as paying serious of the globe into fresh economic turmoil?
attention to the problems.
6. The country is in a state of political turmoil.
KI

2. Cruel and tyrannical, he consciously sought to make

7. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave
himself a despot.
of selling.
3. The problem is not simply that we allow arms suppliers to
8. Beyond the political confusion, there were other factors
the poor and tyrannical to operate in this country; it is
that wrought economic turmoil in the wake of partitioning
much worse.
the country.
4. So private tyrannies become tyrannical by buying up some
9. His life has been in a constant turmoil.
of the trade policies of democratic governments.
10. The recent turmoil in the US energy market has created a
5. In the end she left home just to escape the tyrannical rule
unique opportunity for the new firm.
of her mother.
6. Every tyrant and every oppressor deserve the full wrath
of justice. (738)TUMBLE:
7. Comparisons between twentieth-century dictators and the 1. She tumbled down the steps, and got knocked
classical tyrants of Ancient Rome are alluring but unconscious.
misleading. 2. Loose chunks of grit and rubble tumbled down on them.
8. Day by day, corruption, tyranny, felony, insecurity and 3. At any moment the whole building could tumble down.
different dangers are attacking human society. 4. India tumbles on uncontrollably to becoming the diabetes
9. He was one of those school bullies who tyrannized the capital of the world.
whole playground. 5. A silver lining in the world economy can be found in the
10. We are tyrannized by verbiage and have lost our very global oil market, where prices have been tumbling in recent

[146]
 weeks. covenants.
6. The market value of wealth has tumbled, the real estate 2. The earliest documented ballads feature Robin Hood as
bubble looks set to burst, and unemployment is now rising lusty, treacherous and violent.
sharply. 3. And behind that grinning face lay a treacherous,
7. The statue came tumbling down during the riots. poisonous personality.
8. Mortgage rates tumbled to their lowest level for 25 years. 4. When the robber opened the note and read what the king
9. She’ll ring again as soon as she tumbles to what she’s had written, he realized the king had devised a treacherous
done. plan.
10. Rather oddly, Mrs Waters does not now or later tumble to 5. They were not prepared to hike over such treacherous
Tom’s identity. terrain.
6. In disposition the Australians are a bright, laughter-loving
folk, but they are treacherous, untruthful and hold human
(739)TRIUMPH:
life cheaply.
1. The Party’s third election victory was a triumph over the
7. Weather conditions in the area at the time of the incident
media class.
were described as treacherous by local emergency

’S
2. Hitler refused to accept the Allied victory as a triumph services.
with strategic dimensions.
8. As far as fidelity is concerned, there is no animal in the
3. Every day, little triumphs and major victories unfold world as treacherous as man.
throughout the country.
9. The centuries that followed were full of intrigue and
4. The signing of the agreement was a personal triumph for treachery.
the prime minister.
10. The film revolves around crimes of passion based on
5. The eradication of smallpox by vaccination was one of unrequited love, lust, treachery and revenge.
medicine’s greatest triumphs.
6. They had a feeling of triumph after finishing the project.
(742)TRASH:
NG
7. Saint Augustine’s ‘City of God’ is an allegory of the
1. The walls were torn and dirty, books were scattered
triumph of Good over Evil.
everywhere; pages ripped out and discarded like trash.
8. She won four gold medals in different events at the
2. The older fisherman can recall former days when the waters
championship and returned home triumphant.
were clear and the beaches were free of trash and discarded
9. People forgot the gloom of post-war hardships and were items.
joyful, proud and triumphant.
3. Drills, lathes, and milling machines produce metal
10. She emerged triumphant from the court after all the charges trimmings that machine shops discard as trash or melt
against her were dropped because of a lack of evidence. down for reuse.
4. I can’t believe that someone of his intelligence can read
(740)TREASON: such trash!
1. The security laws ban treason, sedition, subversion and 5. He threw a valuable drawing out, thinking it was trash.
the theft of state secrets. 6. Don’t believe the trash you read in newspapers.
2. The erstwhile British colonial rulers used the fort to try 7. The yards are overgrown and cluttered with trash.
the freedom fighters after convicting them of treason.
KI

8. Reefs near Indonesia had the highest concentration of

3. The charges include treason, conspiracy to commit plastic trash, while reefs near Australia had the lowest.
treason and being accessories to treason.
9. I don’t care how rich or accomplished a person is, if they
4. Prosecutors are demanding life sentences for five cannot show basic manners in public then they’re trash.
suspected militants charged with a crime similar to treason.
10. He finished their relationship, and told her she was trash.
5. It is the goal of all agents to bravely expose treason and
hidden crimes in order to safeguard national security.
(743)TRANSFIX:
6. Military officials initially told the press that he might face
charges of espionage and sedition, even treason. 1. And I was transfixed, almost hypnotised by the grotesque
scene in front of me.
7. Radical leaders were arrested on charges of high treason
after they held a national convention. 2. She was transfixed by that veiled emerald gaze, frozen to
the spot, unable to move.
8. Richter is accused of committing treason against the state.
3. I was transfixed with fear and the sheer beauty of the
9. The defendant was convicted of high treason and
scene.
sentenced to death.
4. But we’re simultaneously transfixed by the scale of the
10. Because even though Trump has accused Democrats of
event, excited by its uncommon nature.
treason, Trump is the real threat to our democracy.
5. Nobody else even batted an eyelid, but I was just
transfixed, with chills literally running up my spine.
(741)TREACHEROUS:
6. He was transfixed by the pain in her face’.
1. They are a treacherous people who violate oaths and

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7. The conference delegates were transfixed by her speech. 3. The liars, the traitors, the thugs, and the outlaws cannot
8. The sight of the fire transfixed the passersby. be handed the destiny of a nation like India.
9. Lena was transfixed by the gaping trough in the road. 4. They condoned actions such as assassinations, bombs
without warnings and the summary execution of informers
10. I was too transfixed on his twitch to let that happen.
and traitors.
5. My friend thinks we are traitors and sulks and snaps at us
(744)TRANQUIL: if we don’t react to situations the same way she does.
1. Nights at the marina were tranquil and there were some 6. The leaders of the rebellion were hanged as traitors.
spiders resting in their webs under the starry sky.
7. The Chinese Communist Party branded Mr Gorbachev “a
2. I strolled through the financial district, amazed by how traitor to socialism.
tranquil, clean, and pleasant it all was.
8. He was a traitor who betrayed his country by selling
3. The food was delicious, the wine imbibed with much military secrets to the enemy.
vigour and the ambience tranquil yet mellow, hearty yet
9. Trump’s belief that agents investigating his allies are
calm.
necessarily traitors is fundamentally authoritarian.
4. On the other hand the sea has an amazingly calming and
10. Jews never belong enough anywhere to avoid vilification

’S
tranquil effect when the waters are calm.
as parasites, vultures, usurers and traitors.
5. The stadium crowd exploded, temporarily breaking the
peace in the tranquil city park.
(747)TRAIT:
6. A spasm of pain crossed his normally tranquil features.
1. There will always be some distinct personality trait that
7. Parkland is a tranquil city nestled in a serene, wooded
will set them apart from one another.
environment.
2. One of her brother’s more admirable personality traits was
8. The meadow was a tranquil site, far removed from main
his general lack of prejudice.
roads of present day habitation.
3. Lying is one of the most human of traits that really
9. Efforts are being made to make life more tranquil in Japan’s
NG
distinguishes us from the rest of the animal world.
noisy and overcrowded cities.
4. Insomnia is also a common trait of anyone who uses
10. A liberal is a man or a woman or a child who looks forward
computers for more than a few hours a day.
to a better day, a more tranquil night, and a bright, infinite
future. 5. It must be common trait among women, being better at
cooking once you’re married.
6. Humility is the finest of all virtues and is the source of all
(745)TRAMPLE:
admirable character traits.
1. Some were injured as they fell down the staircase while
7. Arrogance is a very unattractive personality trait.
others were trampled in the stampede.
8. The essential trait in the moral consciousness, is the
2. There have been villagers in other parts of Zambia mauled
control of some feeling or feelings by some other feeling
by lions, trampled underfoot by elephants and hippos.
or feelings.
3. Some were trampled in the rush and others survived the
9. For example, a child may inherit certain traits from his
stampede with deep psychic scars.
parents such as height.
4. People were almost trampled as the police tried to wrangle
10. Studies of genetic variation of morphological traits in
people out of the area.
KI

natural populations of mammals are essential to

5. Eight people were trampled to death when the stadium understanding their evolution.
collapsed and the crowd rushed out onto the football
pitch.
(748)TOTALITARIAN:
6. The children were in danger of being trampled underfoot
in the crowd. 1. The Romanian Revolution was the most dramatic of a
wave of uprisings that ended totalitarian rule throughout
7. She accused the government of trampling on the needs
Eastern Europe.
and rights of the ordinary citizen.
2. It is characteristic of totalitarian regimes to try to prevent
8. He argues that Congress trampled the constitutional
private initiatives in education.
rights of legal immigrants in the new welfare reform law.
3. Once they came to power they turned to totalitarian
9. Their most cherished traditions have been trampled.
dictatorships.
10. A lay statesman ought not to trample upon the opinions
4. In some cases, a republic may be a dictatorial or totalitarian
of his Church advisers’.
state.
5. The best way to rid the world of totalitarian regimes is to
(746)TRAITOR: show their citizens what the rest of the world is really like.
1. From time to time, every spy agency falls victim to a mole, 6. Maybe years of living under totalitarian dictatorships left
a traitor, or a double agent. them no choice but to live large in whatever small ways
2. A traitor is a person who betrays someone or something, they can.
such as a friend, cause or principle. 7. The great strength of the totalitarian state is that it forces

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 those who fear it to imitate it. (751)TIMOROUS:
8. A totalitarian dictatorship cannot explain; it can only 1. There is still a strong impression that the party’s political
suppress. approach remains timorous and lacks creativity when it
9. The totalitarian political system demands complete comes to figuring out new responses to old problems.
obedience to its extensive rules regarding culture, 2. The best departments will encourage an entrepreneurship
economics, religion, and morality. of information and ideas, which in turn requires daring,
10. Religious fanaticism, like any totalitarian system, has its not conformity, and a cool-eyed rather than a timorous
violent side. attitude to risk.
3. Girls, allegedly timorous and lacking in confidence, now
outnumber boys in student government, in honor
(749)TORMENT:
societies, on school newspapers, and in debating clubs.
1. Many adults are tormented by fears that stem from
4. And we have become a surprisingly timorous nation
childhood experiences.
because we don’t ask our leaders, our politicians serious
2. On his journey, he endures numerous physical hardships questions.
and is tormented with many psychological dilemmas.
5. She was no helpless, timorous female.
3. He’s an alcoholic physician tormented by an horrific

’S
6. My dog is a little timid - especially around other dogs.
memory.
7. Sheep are generally timid and tend to flock together,
4. They will be further tormented by quarrels, hunger, thirst,
although they do not compete for rank.
disease and severe anxiety.
8. But he was an extremely timid man and all he did was to
5. Jack drinks to the nagging, festering sense of regret that
stay by her side and prevent her from going out.
torments his sleep.
9. The nation’s newspapers are usually timid in criticizing
6. But the shame and the revulsion, the eyes like a mourning
the military.
shroud, would torment his mind.
10. She’s very timid and shy when meeting strangers.
7. It should be obvious that psychologically and physically
NG
tormenting a prisoner is illegal in the United States.
8. Many times in school, kids had tormented her because of (752)THWART:
the sheltered upbringing, and she always proudly 1. The government had been able to thwart all attempts by
defended it as necessary. opposition leaders to form new parties
9. Bullies are increasingly using phones with built-in cameras 2. We wouldn’t want to do anything to thwart the Campbell
to torment their victims. government’s quest for the privatization of health care.
10. Every day I have kids tormenting me because they know 3. Officials mustered a security force of thousands in the
I live alone. area around the hall, part of an effort to thwart any attempt
at a repeat attack.
(750)TOIL: 4. But it can be said that police and intelligence work is
disrupting the terrorist networks and thwarting their plans.
1. They toil long hours in appalling conditions in machine
shops and restaurants. 5. Our holiday plans were thwarted by the airline pilots’ strike
2. Hundreds eke out a living, toiling hard throughout the 6. The army thwarted the attempt at a coup.
night. 7. She did all she could to thwart his plans.
KI

3. After all, it’s a complete waste to struggle and toil in order 8. An attempt to smuggle heroin worth £30 million into the
to accumulate possessions that you will have no use for country has been thwarted by customs officials.
in death. 9. This revolution, how-ever, was thwarted almost at once.
4. Her working hours increase, her pay is cut, and the 10. Congressional Republicans have made clear their intention
conditions under which she must toil become increasingly to thwart these efforts.
arduous.
5. Even just a century ago, U.S. industrial workers toiled ten
hours a day, six days a week and earned an average of
$375 a year.
6. Farm workers have been toiling in the 100-degree heat (753)THRUST:
over the past week. 1. He felt that fame had been thrust upon him.
7. Men. women and children spent long hours toiling in the 2. Although she does not set out to be a crusader, she
fields, whatever the weather conditions. accepts the role once it is thrust upon her.
8. After toiling away at work all week, it’s good to relax. 3. Problems arise in a relationship when guys try to thrust
9. Roger and his wife toiled round the clock for seven years their views on girls.
to make a success of their business. 4. Some friends do complain and very seriously too that I
10. The workers and peasants toil and sweat to service debts involuntarily thrust my opinions upon others and get my
owed to the international bankers and multilateral agencies. proposals accepted.
5. A young entrepreneur named Hugh Hefner thrust his

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 ambition upon the marketplace with a new magazine called and inclined to reject the testimony of eyewitnesses.
Playboy. 2. They said that this was a very simple case, that it would
6. Fatherhood had been thrust on him. only involve a fine and they would help me write the
7. She had more responsibility thrust upon her. testimony and so on.
8. Some are born weird, some achieve it, others have 3. In practice witnesses testifying in court are very often
weirdness thrust upon them. asked simply whether they confirm the testimony they
gave to the investigating judge.
9. Care must be taken not to thrust their dreams on the
children. 4. Conviction for treason needed the testimony in open court
of two witnesses to the same overt act.
10. Being a diplomat’s wife thrusts multiple roles on her and
often she has to burn the proverbial midnight oil to catch 5. At trial, there was a common theme in the testimony of the
up on unfinished work on the canvas. various plaintiffs.
6. On the other hand, there is a serious discrepancy in the
testimony of the defendant that is troublesome on the
(754)THRESHOLD:
issue of credibility.
1. She was on the threshold of a dazzling career.
7. It is testimony to her courage and persistence that she

’S
2. We are on the threshold of a new historical event: worked for so long in the face of such adversity.
Bulgaria’s accession to the European Union.
8. His blackened finger was testimony to the fact that he
3. The autobiography covers the author’s early years up to had played in pain.
the threshold of university.
9. The fact that he picked up votes right across the
4. A student on the threshold of a new life at university constituency and across the political divide is testimony
killed himself with a massive cyanide overdose because to his popularity.
of the acne that had ‘tormented’ him.
10. Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent
5. We are on the threshold of a state of social anarchy. testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify
6. His secretary earns £268 a month, well below the threshold human life.
NG
for paying tax.
7. Eighty percent of the vote was the threshold for approval (757)TERRIFIC:
of the plan.
1. The movie is terrific and really almost perfectly captures
8. He thought he was on the threshold of some awful the feeling of what it was like to sit in a theater and watch
enlightenment, an initiation of unimaginable pain. the show.
9. In 1932, the paper was on the threshold of its highest 2. The intense flavor of dried mushrooms makes them a
glory. terrific seasoning ingredient.
10. We are on the threshold of a new era in global relations. 3. The Jaguar’s sound system is terrific too, but it should
be, this is a luxury car.
(755)THRASH: 4. One of the major attractions of the day will be the hundreds
1. She was sexually exploited and if she refused to comply, of terrific children’s books for sale at very reasonable
she was thrashed. prices.
2. Once home, his father, a freedom fighter, thrashed him 5. The night was a terrific celebration of the past five years
mercilessly. and many wonderful memories were revived.
KI

3. Ravi’s father often thrashes him for neglecting studies. 6. The children built a terrific tree house.
4. The accused were armed with sharp edged weapons and 7. She’s given me some terrific ideas.
thrashed him brutally. 8. What about Trump’s repeated promises to replace
5. My poor brother used to get thrashed for all kinds of Obamacare with a terrific new plan that gives everybody
minor offences. coverage for less money?
6. In the opening match of the tournament on Saturday, 9. The actress who played the lawyer was terrific.
Germany thrashed Pakistan 6-0. 10. The last few months, we’ve had some terrific live
7. The students of St John’s College bounced back from a appearances by some great musical artist.
heavy mid-week defeat to thrash Dunnington 6-0. (758)TENOR:
8. There is plenty of time to win this game, and to thrash the 1. The tenor of his campaign will not help achieve
Spaniards too. reconciliation between political parties.
9. A spokesman for the minister said these issues would be 2. While the senator’s speech was familiar, the tenor of the
thrashed out in the coming weeks. questions afterwards was revealing.
10. It is essential that conflicting views are heard and thrashed 3. His impassioned defence of free speech changed the tenor
out’. of the debate.
4. The tenor of his remarks is clear.
(756)TESTIMONY: 5. What we were trying to capture was a moment or an
1. Experts would make jurors and trial judges overly skeptical emotional tenor instead of note-for-note perfection.

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6. I disagree not only with the substance, but also with the habits.
tenor of his article. 2. His final report was more temperate than earlier ones.
7. The tenor of his press conferences is different from that 3. They had a temperate discussion.
of past presidents.
4. Charles was temperate in his consumption of both food
8. Such moments set the tenor for the place, where a sense and drink.
of old-fashioned decorum co-exists with informality.
5. Ever since that day, she had been extremely temperate in
9. It was at this critical moment that the fundamental tenor her consumption of alcohol.
of Sephardic life began to change into its modern form.
6. As a result, British masculinity was constructed as a
10. His visit disturbed the even tenor of life in the areas of the controlled, temperate ideal type.
City through which he passed.
7. A man of a singularly disinterested and modest disposition,
he was temperate in speech and act, but zealous for the
(759)TENET: social and political reforms which were the aims of the
1. The rule of law is one of the fundamental tenets of our radicals in his day.
democracy. 8. Please be more temperate in your language.
2. One of the central tenets of this ideology is the inherent 9. No man can be brave who considers pain the greatest evil

’S
inferiority and weakness of women. of life; or temperate, who regards pleasure as the highest
3. He was no stranger to the tenets of humanist educational good.
theory. 10. His final report to the President was far more temperate
4. One of the most basic tenets of military strategy is never and balanced than the earlier memorandum.
give up the high ground.
5. One of the tenets of Christianity is forgiveness. (762)TEDIOUS:
6. The best way to combat inflation is to stick to the basic 1. Lack of a break after a long year’s tedious work will reduce
tenets of sound investing. the efficiency of teachers.
NG
7. It is a tenet of contemporary psychology that an 2. Running or researching can sometimes be hard work, very
individual’s mental health is supported by having good tedious and very competitive.
social networks. 3. Climbing down the side of the cliff looked far too tedious
8. Either you respect the basic tenets of civilised society, or and slow for his likes.
you face the consequences. 4. Machines and technology are here to make our lives easier,
9. He outlines brilliantly the basic tenets of Conservatism. not to do boring, tedious tasks for us.
10. A central tenet of organic growing is the principle of 5. Wages are low, hours are long and tedious, and
feeding the soil, not the plant. management are often brittle and abrasive.
6. The problem is I find most forms of exercise so tedious.
(760)TEMPORAL: 7. Doing all those calculations without a computer would be
1. Christianity teaches that the state is part of the divine extremely tedious.
ordering of temporal affairs. 8. He made a tedious 45-minute speech.
2. The Church did not imitate the secular rulers who thought 9. After tedious negotiations he was obliged to yield to the
only of temporal gain. demands of his enemies, and peace was made at
KI

3. Rome finally seems to have abandoned its temporal Gerstungen in 1074.

ambitions for purely spiritual aims. 10. It is absurd to divide people into good and bad. People
4. The Catholic Church struggled to assert its temporal and are either charming or tedious.
spiritual power throughout this period.
5. Each person lives in two spheres of existence - the spiritual (763)TANTAMOUNT:
and the temporal realms. 1. When he signed up for the army it was tantamount to an
6. They laid special emphasis on the separation of temporal admission that reality had intruded on his dream.
and spiritual authorities. 2. The report stated that much of what had been done to
7. Edgar ruled over the Church as well as his temporal them was tantamount to genocide.
kingdom. 3. Relegation is unthinkable and would be tantamount to
8. Our physical bodies are just a temporal, passing reality. financial melt-down.
9. All everyone wants is pleasure, money, affluence - no 4. In fact, charging people to use the road would be seen as
matter how mundane or how temporal it is. tantamount to having an admission fee for entry to the
10. The cardinal should leave temporal affairs to the town.
government. 5. The consequences could have been tantamount to a death
sentence.
(761)TEMPERATE: 6. Forcing a publisher to publish something against their
will is tantamount to censorship.
1. He was patient, self-controlled, and temperate in his

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7. Her refusal to answer was tantamount to an admission of possible.
guilt.
8. They see any criticism of the President as tantamount to (766)USURP:
treason.
1. Although part of the agreement was the rehabilitation of
9. Victory won by violence is tantamount to defeat, for it is settlers who had usurped tribal land, there is nowhere
momentary. else for them to go.
10. A simple error of judgement was tantamount to artistic 2. She usurped power from her husband and established her
suicide. rule for almost two decades.
3. Schools have usurped the role of parents in terms of
(764)TABOO: making decisions about their children.
1. There are no food taboos, although Buddhist monks may 4. Dictatorship is itself a form of corruption in which
practice vegetarianism and observe other food taboos. individuals usurp the role of institutions.
2. Both Islam and the Orthodox Christian tradition require 5. Local control is being usurped by central government.
rigorous observance of fasts and food taboos. 6. Some people have accused city council members of trying
3. Our country has substantial number of disabled people to usurp the mayor’s power.

’S
who have excelled in various walks of life, overcoming 7. Streets, created by pedestrians, were usurped by
poverty and social taboos. motorists.
4. Many people are too scared to risk pursuing a homosexual 8. This decision will usurp the powers of the commitee.
relationship, with all the social taboos attached to
9. The court of appeal has usurped the function of the jury.
homosexuality.
10. The mass media, especially television, usurped the job
5. Many in India are reluctant to talk about Aids and
the parties traditionally performed in reaching out to the
prevention because of societal taboos about discussing
people.
sex.
6. In this society there is a taboo against any sort of public
NG
display of affection. (767)UTTER:
7. As unemployment rose in 1992, redundancy ceased to be 1. The night had been a mess, an absolute, utter disaster.
a taboo subject. 2. He looked at me for a moment in utter confusion, then
8. Prostitution is in this country a taboo; people don’t like snapped his fingers as if he suddenly realised who I was.
to admit that it exsists. 3. You seem to have found a balance between absolute
9. Sex is no longer a serious taboo. Teenagers sometimes asceticism and utter hedonism.
know more about it than adults. 4. He just looked at Adam in absolute, utter disgust and
10. In many countries, adoption is a whispered subject or contempt.
entirely taboo. 5. The meeting was a complete and utter waste of time.
6. I watched in complete and utter horror as he pulled out a
(765)UNANIMOUS: gun.
1. Councillors gave their unanimous support to the bill, 7. The threatening tone in which he uttered those words
although some were concerned the wording was not tight would once have made her flinch, but she did not.
KI

enough. 8. He probably utters the word ‘hipster’ 20 times a day before

2. The members were unanimous in their praise of council breakfast.
officials for the manner in which they handed the crisis. 9. He can barely conceal his contempt when he utters the
3. The five speakers were virtually unanimous in their view words, ‘liberal intelligencia.
that the State ownership should be kept to a minimum. 10. She sat through the whole meeting without uttering a word.
4. The jury returned a unanimous verdict of guilty after a
short deliberation. (768)UTMOST:
5. After a lengthy discussion we reached a unanimous 1. Supervising, teaching and sharing of best practices for
decision on the proposal. patient care is of utmost importance.
6. The committee was not unanimous and made no report. 2. The European Union has given utmost importance to
7. The high court said juries must reach a unanimous human rights in its Constitution.
recommendation for death and judges cannot overrule 3. Good children treat their elders with utmost respect and
that. perform chores without complaint.
8. I have already mentioned the unanimous rejection of 4. I have the utmost respect for boxers, a breed who put
realism and its concern with social reality. their lives on the line each time they compete.
9. It’s also important to remember, in the context of the 5. The situation needs to be handled with the utmost care.
contest, that unanimity is not the same thing as unity.
6. Inhabitants of the war-ravaged region are experiencing
10 There is unanimity among advertisers and producers that the utmost misery imaginable.
advertising of this kind needs to be as unobtrusive as
7. My utmost respect goes to those who serve in the armed

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 forces. helped by solid gains in oil and banking stocks.
8. The British slave trade reached its utmost extension 2. The soundtrack consists of mostly upbeat dance numbers
shortly before the War of American Independence. with a few slower selections.
9. Studying should be of the utmost importance for college 3. The programme makers have promised that this new series
students, but that’s not always the case. is going to be more upbeat than the one before.
10. To acquire immunity to eloquence is of the utmost 4. Live music and a parade set an upbeat mood for the official
importance to the citizens of a democracy. opening.
5. Analysts are more upbeat about the long-term outlook
(769)UPHILL: for the economy.
1. But the battle against terrorism in Africa is an uphill one. 6. His voice held an upbeat note and natural warmth that
she liked.
2. But, for all their efforts, Ireland now face an uphill struggle
and the probability is that the fates will not be on their 7. The normally upbeat girl with raven-colored hair and gray
side. eyes appeared tired and worn down.
3. And the White House concedes it’s an uphill fight right 8. Nigerian bankers are upbeat about agent banking in
now to get public support and to get congressional Nigeria.

’S
support for that initiative. 9. The players seemed upbeat about their chances of
4. As a result, achieving any change in society is always an winning.
uphill and often thankless task. 10. The senator took an upbeat view of the Republicans’
5. It’ll be an uphill struggle to get the new proposals chances in the next election.
accepted.
6. Unless you have a goal your learning will be an uphill (772)UNWARRANTED:
struggle. 1. The rule protects against the unwarranted harassment of
7. Rehabilitation will be an uphill struggle. the accused by multiple prosecutions.
NG
8. It had been an uphill struggle to achieve what she wanted. 2. The unwarranted use of walkouts and boycotts has
9. The Opposition face an uphill struggle to win back voters. blunted their efficacy.
10. The battle was always an uphill one, but when the votes 3. Some boards of management have been found by the office
were counted, just how tough the fight was became clear. of the Auditor General to have made unwarranted
payments to principals.
4. I reiterate to the House that this bill is unnecessary,
(770)UPHEAVEL:
unwarranted, and dangerous.
1. In many European countries major political upheavals and
5. The Consumers Association of Ireland claimed the
wars since the 18th century caused dispersion of cultural
increases were unwarranted.
artefacts such as portraits throughout the world.
6. People need to be protected against such unwarranted
2. Few people believed that the Empire could continue
intrusions into their private lives by journalists.
unchanged after the upheavals of the war.
7. The trauma of the tragedy is leading people to jump to a
3. After a series of scandals and upheavals that occurred in
lot of conclusions that may prove unwarranted.
the 1980s this huge economic conglomerate totally
collapsed. 8. However, unwarranted use of antibiotics can help create
KI

drug-resistant bacteria and subject patients to nasty side

4. These internal upheavals have displaced millions of
effects, like severe diarrhea.
desperate people who cross borders searching for freedom
and protection. 9. This is an unwarranted invasion of my personal privacy.
5. It is clear from the major upheavals faced by farming in 10. It was stated that referees were coming under increasing,
recent years that agriculture is changing. unwarranted pressure in recent years.
6. Even after Napoleon had been consigned to his island
prison on Saint Helena the upheaval continued unabated. (773)UNTIRING:
7. Despite subsequent upheavals, the French have never 1. She will also be felicitated during the seminar for her
seriously considered restoring the monarchy since. untiring efforts in the field of social development, in
8. Still another possibility is that the United States is heading particular the promotion of family welfare initiatives.
into an era of political upheaval and reform. 2. They are untiring fighters for the rights of battered women.
9. The civil rights movement marked a period of social 3. He is untiring and unwavering in his dedication - he works
upheaval in the U.S. on vacation days and is there for everybody, all the time.
10. Yesterday’s coup brought further upheaval to a country 4. He had a nose for news and he was an untiring reporter,
already struggling with famine. reaching everywhere to ferret out some news.
5. After all it is infinity itself that the untiring artist wants to
(771)UPBEAT: grasp more than anything else in the world.
1. London shares ended the week in upbeat mood yesterday, 6. My father was an inspirational leader and was untiring in
his determination to ensure that the business had the best

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 shops, the best staff and the best product for its
customers,’ he said. (776)UNEARTH:
7. We’d like to thank George for his untiring efforts on our 1. There is a significant level of crime which needs to be
behalf. unearthed, investigated and prosecuted.
8. The detective’s untiring investigation of the crime finally 2. The present book breaks new ground, unearthing a
led to several arrests. treasure trove of visual delights as well as a profusion of
9. Pigs are innocent victims of a cruel, unrelenting new information.
slaughterhouse industry. 3. They have done all they can to unearth the truth’.
10. A major factor in determining the outcome was the 4. Gradually, the Chicago news media unearthed and exposed
unrelenting political opposition in the highest quarters. the truth.
5. A private detective has unearthed some fresh evidence.
(774)UNFAILING: 6. The inquiry unearthed some disturbing evidence.
1. Reading was his passion and he had a keen mind and 7. His research unearthed new information about the origins
unfailing memory. of the HIV virus.
2. That satisfaction brings us everlasting happiness is an

’S
8. I unearthed this old picture of him from a box in the
unfailing truth. basement.
3. She was a brilliant sub-editor and had an unfailing eye for 9. They unearthed evidence that he had accepted bribes.
errors of fact or style.
10. During his studies, he unearthed several new facts about
4. He occasionally visited his family, and their unfailing the history of the place.
confidence helped to keep up his courage.
5. He was a man of strong character and self-control,
(777)UNDULY:
unfailing courtesy and unswerving devotion to what he
considered the best interests of the nation. 1. I don’t want to alarm them unduly, but they do need to be
extremely careful.
NG
6. Though not a great monarch, King Humbert had, by his
unfailing generosity and personal courage, won the esteem 2. There’s no need to be unduly pessimistic about the
and affection of his people. situation.
7. She battled against cancer with unfailing good humour. 3. The Senator has been unduly influenced by a few wealthy
contributors.
8. Peter’s unfailing humour made him popular with his fellow
workers. 4. Death will come by lethal injection, rather than cyanide
gas, since gassing has been challenged in California as
9. She is known for her unfailing optimism.
unduly cruel.
10. Art matters not merely because it is the most magnificent
5. The punishment was unduly harsh.
ornament and the most nearly unfailing occupation of our
lives, but because it is life itself. 6. He appealed to firms not to increase their prices unduly.
7. I no more felt unduly concerned for the landlord’s policy
of insurance.
(775)UNETHICAL:
8. We are not unduly concerned about the small drop in
1. It is unethical to torment any creature for entertainment.
profits.
2. From an environmental point of view, I find eating meat
KI

9. My father is unduly pessimistic about life and pushes his

completely unethical.
overly negative views on everyone else.
3. There were opposing views on how to protect the public
10. Because his friends unduly influenced him, it seemed as if
from incompetent and unethical behaviour.
the boy could never make any decisions by himself.
4. Facing the dilemmas of ethical behaviour in a decidedly
unethical society is the harder choice.
(778)UNDERLINE:
5. A business school course in ethics is hardly going to
transform an unethical person into an ethical one. 1. I think that it’s important to start by underlining the
important distinction between practice at the society scale
6. It is unethical to discriminate against people because of
and at the individual scale.
their culture or gender.
2. These shocking figures underline the need for the public
7. To struggle against the tide of negativism, immorality and
to reduce, reuse and recycle.
unethical practices in the world is a difficult enterprise.
3. She gave some shocking examples to underline the
8. The most unethical of all means is the non-use of any
seriousness of the situation.
means.
4. To underline their disgust, the crowd started throwing
9. Half a dozen newspapers recently have fired reporters for
bottles at the stage.
dishonest or unethical reporting.
5. This tragic incident underlines the need for tighter safety
10. A study published last fall in Current Directions in
measures.
Psychological Science investigated whether specific
character traits predispose people to unethical behavior, 6. The accident underlines our need for better safety
especially in the workplace. procedures.

[154]
7. The debate underlined the deep divisions within the party. because of his unceasing struggle for freedom and equality.
8. The upsurge in violence merely underlines the need for (781)UNBRIDLED:
continuing peace talks. 1. When the people of first-century Jerusalem looked at Saul
9. Recent job losses underline the continued weakness of of Tarsus, they saw a man filled with unbridled spiritual
the economy. ambition.
10. Neighboring Turkey is holding Army border exercises to 2. It became more and more difficult for the whorehouses,
underline its concerns Iraqi Kurdish separatism could feed thriving as they did in an atmosphere of degradation and
insurrection on its soil. unbridled lust, to survive in such a regulatory
environment.
(779)UNDERHAND: 3. So Parliament offers no forum for considered debate and
no brake on the unbridled ambition of an unscrupulous
1. There is nothing covert or underhand about what has
Prime Minister.
been going on here.
4. There is a scene in these fantastical travel tales in which
2. I feel the whole practice of gazumping completely unfair
humans are turned into grapevines as punishment for
and underhand.
unbridled lust.
3. Surely it is the politicians that have brought politics into

’S
5. It is the unbridled individual interest of a person who
disrepute with their spin culture, deceit, half-truths and
forgets the existence of others in thinking only of his own
underhand dealings.
advantage.
4. What really angered her was the dirty, underhand way
6. In the modern view, unbridled personal freedom is the
they had tricked her.
only good to be pursued; any obstacle to it is a problem
5. He’s been involved in some underhand dealings. to be overcome.
6. The Prime Minister had been involved in underhand 7. The crowd was swept with unbridled enthusiasm.
financial deals.
8. The benefits that consumers will enjoy are dependent on
7. Her family and friends occupied no recognized station in unbridled competition within the industry; government
NG
life: they were mean, underhand people, in every way intervention will only hinder its evolution.
unworthy of her.
9. Each man lacks the stamina to confront the disastrous
8. Her family and friends occupied no recognized station in consequences of unbridled and law-breaking greed.
life: they were mean, underhand people, in every way
10. Humor is a spontaneous, wonderful bit of an outburst
unworthy of her.
that just comes. It’s unbridled, its unplanned, it’s full of
9. I would never have expected her to behave in such an suprises.
underhand way.
10. To fulfil this ambition he was prepared to go to any lengths,
(782)UNAVAILING:
no matter how underhand or devious they might be.
1. The reformist road to socialism was unavailing, but the
reformist road to a more humane capitalism doesn’t look
(780)UNCEASING: much more hopeful.
1. Because of the unceasing generosity by the people of 2. Cambridge did not grant women degrees until 1948, but in
Waterford, Christmas was made easier for more than 1,000 March 1897 Maitland delivered a superb if unavailing
families and individuals. address favoring the women’s cause.
KI

2. There’s not an ounce of intelligence in her vapid dark 3. Inquiries made of the sellers and their forwarding agents
eyes, the glossy lips, the soft words slipping off her tongue after the event were unavailing because they were either
in a relentless, unceasing confession. elusive or unco-operative or both.
3. Fashion is the sublime deformation of nature, an unceasing 4. Years of strenuous effort to prove the case have been
and repeated effort to reshape it. unavailing.
4. I am disgusted with the tactics of the Democratic Party in 5. Diplomatic efforts at peace-making have so far proved
their unceasing effort to stifle any political discussion of unavailing.
substance.
6. A law protecting the nesting birds was passed in 1621
5. Modernity requires constant and unceasing upheaval, which, to judge from its results, was unavailing.
and its absence does not bring blessed peace, but
7. Purely national solutions to problems of corporate control
withering and death.
are likely, therefore, to be unavailing.
6. The growing conflict between Europe and America has
8. American demands for an end to the North Korean nuclear
thus resulted in an unceasing intensification of social
program have proved unavailing.
polarisation on both continents.
9. All reform except a moral one will prove unavailing.
7. Cromwell’s personal character has been inevitably the
subject of unceasing controversy. 10. It is still unclear whether virtual education is really less
expensive, and attempts to assess comprehensively the
8. After a few minutes, I was plunged into unceasing activity.
effectiveness of educational programs have been
9. My own mutinous spirit has caused me unceasing grief. unavailing.
10. Gandhi became an object of widespread veneration

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 (783)UNBECOMING: 5. He is tough-talking, opinionated, downright mean, an
1. He was charged with conduct unbecoming (to) an officer. unabashed racist.
2. It was unbecoming for a university to do anything so 6. She is an unabashed supporter of the president’s policies.
crass as advertising its wares’. 7. Her iron will won international respect. Her unabashed
3. Those involved had performed acts unbecoming of femininity gained women’s. Margaret Thatcher was a lady’s
university students. lady.
4. His conduct was totally unbecoming to an officer in the 8. The unabashed stylization of the new popular poetry
British armed services. demonstrates two basic features of oral poetry.
5. Although not illegal his conduct was unbecoming for a 9. He seems unabashed by his recent defeat.
lawyer 10. She watched me with unabashed interest while I ate.
6. In the course of time, the club engaged in unbecoming
activities which have angered the community. (786)VIOLATE:
7. Frivolous talk is hurtful talk ; besides, it is unbecoming to 1. Anyone violating these regulations is expected to face a
be chatterbox. legal process and punishment.
8. It is unbecoming to go on hating an enemy like this once

’S
2. He was the quintessential intellectual maverick - a man
a conflict is over. who thrived on bending the rules and violating the
9. The following day, Pakistan followed suit by ordering three regulations.
Indian diplomats to leave for ‘behaviour unbecoming of a 3. In California, making an agreement to violate the law can
diplomat. be a misdemeanor - or a felony!
10. This behaviour is inexcusable and unbecoming of a 4. Privacy advocates say that giving the government access
registered medical practitioner. to data held by commercial third parties violates
constitutional privacy rights.
(784)UNABATED: 5. Some lawyers said that the practice of asking customers
NG
1. And so the intolerance that plagues this country continues to show a marriage certificate severely violated their human
unconfronted and unabated. rights.
2. If the property boom continues unabated during the next 6. Drivers’ rights are seen as synonymous with individual
few months, the Bank could be forced to raise rates sooner freedoms; challenging them akin to violating human rights.
rather than later. 7. Some laws are so sacred that we must willingly die rather
3. Her pain was considerably reduced but the spasms than violate them.
continued unabated. 8. They were charged with violating federal law.
4. The Economic Survey states in no uncertain terms that 9. It seems that the troops deliberately violated the ceasefire
overspending by the government continues unabated. agreement.
5. Petrol prices began to rise in 1974 and this continued almost 10. Our greatest furies spring from events which violate our
unabated through to 1981. sense of the ground of our existence.
6. For a while there was some reduction in the level of
corruption, but indiscipline continued unabated. (787)VOGUE:
7. Segregationist violence, arson, and murders of civil rights 1. His brilliant, fluid landscape sketches in oils and
KI

workers for trying to exercise constitutional rights watercolour were inspirational and he helped create a
continued unabated. vogue for ‘troubadour’ subjects.
8. All our efforts to defeat poverty and pursue sustainable 2. There was a brief vogue for black brick in the 60s, and all
development will be in vain if environmental degradation the buildings looked just like this.
and natural resource depletion continue unabated.
3. By the 1980s people were sick of chemicalised foods, and
9. During the Crimean War the political reaction continued a vogue for real bread, real beer and organic products
with unabated force. grew up.
10. In an era of electronic payments and digital currencies, 4. The 18th century experienced a vogue for ‘sympathy’ or
the amount of U.S. currency in circulation has increased fellow-feeling, explored by Scottish Enlightenment thinkers
unabated. such as David Hume and Adam Smith.
(785)UNABASHED: 5. In the 1920s, short hair for women became the vogue.
1. The hyper colors reveal text that is unabashed in 6. The postwar vogue for tearing down buildings virtually
language and meaning. destroyed the city’s architecture.
2. The unabashed display of political partisanship certainly 7. Suntanning first came into vogue in the mid-1930s.
added some spice to an otherwise lackluster campaign.
8. In the 1870s, after all, when plumpness was in vogue,
3. He was unabashed by the furore his words provoked’. physicians had encouraged people to gain weight.
4. Tammy could swim almost as well as Lisa, but Sarah 9. Three types of reverberatory practice are in vogue-the
couldn’t swim at all, confessing unabashed that she was English, Carinthian and Silesian.
afraid of the water.
10. People’s fondness for wearing black and other dark colours

[156]
 was a vogue I never really liked. reduce the independence of both the sovereign and the
subject.
(788)VOLATILE: 2. In English Common Law, ownership of land is still vested
only in the Crown.
1. Reports already indicated that sales figures were very
volatile, even when the growth was still brisk. 3. It might be thought that the easiest way to give
shareholders control over management would be to vest
2. She was a fascinating speaker who was able to explain in
the management powers in them.
the simplest of terms the huge complexities of Iraq and
the dangers of upsetting the power balance in that volatile 4. The local planning authorities are vested with powers to
region. regulate land use and development.
3. A market with large swings in price is generally considered 5. Instead, the tribunal was vested with essentially unlimited
highly volatile and, hence, unpredictable. authority to establish the parameters for its existence and
for the prosecution of cases before it.
4. All in all, this is a deeply disturbing and volatile situation
with highly uncertain outcomes. 6. They have been vested with the authority to hand over
the offenders to the police.
5. Food and fuel prices are very volatile in a war situation.
7. The Constitution vests the people with the right to
6. On the other hand, putting up with his volatile moods

’S
assembly and demonstration.
wouldn’t be exactly easy.
8. The tribunals should be vested with summary powers.
7. The protests are increasing, creating a volatile situation
in the capital. 9. The dominance often leads to a usurpation of the political
power officially vested in government.
8. He may exercise professional restraint but in his formative
years he was used to exhibiting a more volatile personality. 10. Now in bankruptcy the property of a bankrupt vests in
his trustee upon the making of the sequestration order.
9. Born in 1626 in Smyrna, Turkey, he was by all accounts a
brilliant, charismatic if emotionally volatile man.
10. Plato remarks in The Republic that bad characters are (791)VITIATE:
NG
volatile and interesting, whereas good characters are dull 1. Development programmes have been vitiated by the rise
and always the same. in population
2. Multiple entitlements vitiate demands based on prior
(789)VOLUMINOUS: existence, occupance, use and discovery.
1. Information brokers, for example, are rapidly becoming 3. He said that American military power should never again
necessary in dealing with the voluminous amounts of be vitiated by political concerns.
information on the networks. 4. Duress to the individual negotiator would, however, vitiate
2. The voluminous report has been sent to Congress. the effect of his signature.
3. The text is eminently readable and supported by detailed 5. The impact of the film was vitiated by poor acting.
citations and a voluminous index. 6. His famous compilation of norms was vitiated by a major
4. His voluminous writings on biblical criticism show him to sampling error.
have been the first liberal textual critic. 7. Strategic policy during the War was vitiated because of a
5. An invariable theme at prayer meetings and in Gandhi’s sharp division between “easterners” and “westerners”.
voluminous writings was the urgency to bring devotion 8. The state’s interest in effective crime-fighting should
KI

in accord with conduct. never vitiate the citizens’ Bill of Rights.

6. On the eve of his departure in January, 1795, he mustered 9. The contract was vitiated because one person signed
the strength for one last voluminous report on under compulsion.
government finance and outlined an ambitious future 10. Limitations imposed must be established by law and must
course. not be applied in a manner that would vitiate the rights
7. On the eve of his departure in January, 1795, he mustered guaranteed in article 18.
the strength for one last voluminous report on
government finance and outlined an ambitious future
(792)VOW:
course.
1. The rebels vowed to resist any attack by the military and
8. There was a desk in the middle of the room with
to fight on for independence.
voluminous piles of paper and notebooks.
2. Furious millionaire residents in the area have vowed to
9. His voluminous writings became scripture defining the
fight the plans.
party line and the correct view of history.
3. Councillors have vowed to continue to reduce the number
10. Despite a voluminous outpouring of books and journal
of homeless families in Southend.
articles, historians are in some senses only beginning to
catch up to certain facets of America’s Civil War. 4. Parents and governors have vowed to fight plans to shut
a school for children with severe disabilities.
5. Club bosses have vowed to work with police to keep the
(790)VEST:
gun culture out of south Essex.
1. To vest the powers of state in one man or council is to
6. The guerrillas vowed (that) they would overthrow the

[157]
 government. every day of this sopping wet month has been.
7. Tamir, one of several sons of the exiled ruler, vowed he
would liberate his country from the tyrant. (795)VIGILANT:
8. After a lengthy and painful divorce, she vowed never to 1. As a community we need to be on our guard, and remain
remarry. vigilant to try to combat this problem.
9. Police today vowed to continue their drugs and weapons 2. Also we ask all parishioners to be vigilant and keep a
clampdown near a nightclub. watchful eye on this amenity.
10. He vowed that he would die rather than surrender 3. We were warned to be vigilant and wary of those who
continue to seek dominance over others.
(793)VIVID: 4. Of course you should be vigilant with your finances and
1. The descriptions were so vivid she could almost picture budget carefully but hoarding money is not the answer.
the races that he spoke of. 5. Following the bomb scare at the airport, the staff have
2. The images were still vivid in her mind, as if she were been warned to be extra vigilant.
watching a scene of a movie over and over again. 6. The terrorist threat is still real, and the public should remain
vigilant.

’S
3. The details of that day were so vivid in Adam’s mind that
it seemed like it had happened only yesterday. 7. But he watched all public incidents with a vigilant eye,
4. The images, sounds and feelings are so vivid that the and seized every passing opportunity of exposing
mind can’t distinguish between reality and imagination. departures from sound principle in parliament and courts
of justice.
5. She had another terrible nightmare and could not shake
the vivid images from her mind. 8. Two nights before she died, there was an all-night vigil at
her bedside.
6. When people hear the name Titanic many vivid and
emotional images come to mind. 9. Some fans were seen weeping and praying for his fast
recovery while others kept vigil in a nearby church.
7. He’s one of those people with a very vivid imagination -
NG
every time he hears a noise he’s convinced it’s someone 10. Supporters of the peace movement held an all-night
breaking in. candlelit vigil outside the cathedral.
8. Her latest novel paints a very vivid portrait of the
aristocracy in the 1920s. (796)VIBRANT:
9. The book gives a vivid account of the author’s journey 1. New York City throbbed with a vibrant energy, just as it
through northern Africa. always did.
10. The image of his death remains a vivid picture in my mind 2. When I first met her she was bubbly and vibrant and full
that I often replay today. of life.
3. Tom was drawn to her by her vibrant personality.
(794)VIRTUAL: 4. The vibrant, cosmopolitan city and surrounding area of
1. We are only just in the process of developing laws that San Francisco leaves visitors spoilt for choice.
may protect our closest evolutionary relatives, the other 5. Half of Turkey’s population is under twenty and modern
hominids, from virtual extinction. Istanbul is witness to the energy and vibrant lifestyle of
2. The latest one-day action brought bus and underground this new generation.
KI

services to a virtual halt in nearly 50 cities, with the 6. All the cafes are donned in vibrant colours ranging from
exception of the capital Paris. purple to lime green and yellow.
3. The protests have been met with a virtual blackout by the 7. The sun crawls above the curvature of the land bringing
media in Detroit, which has reacted generally with fear bright and vibrant colours, seen like they were intended
and confusion. to be.
4. One day the richest among us could turn nearly immortal, 8. The painting of the Church was completed on Monday
becoming virtual Gods to the rest of us. last, it certainly looks very striking with its new vibrant
5. Despite the virtual absence of pollutants and allergens colours.
there, fully one-third of the population of about 300 are 9. Resplendent in the hues of its noble and magnificent past,
asthma sufferers. the historic city of Jaipur stands out as one of the most
6. Eastern provinces near the Pakistan border have also spectacular and culturally vibrant destinations in the
become virtual no-go areas. world.
7. Fighting and shortages have brought normal life to a virtual 10. I saw the world in black and white instead of the vibrant
standstill in the city. colors and shades I knew existed.
8. Detox diets are quite popular now, where you virtually
fast for a week to get rid of all the toxins in your body. (797)VERSED:
9. The building was virtually destroyed in the blaze, which 1. Indeed, I was struck by the fact that this elite band of
broke out late on Saturday night. composers were all well read and well versed in the other
10. Outside, everything was as damp and dreary as virtually arts.

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2. I would have liked to see a work force made up of people 6. The players anxiously awaited the verdict of the umpire.
who are not only versed academically, but in vocational 7. It took the jury 24 hours of deliberations to reach their
fields as well. verdict.
3. An educated person would be expected to be well versed 8. A conviction is in the nature of a verdict and judgment,
in both natural science and the humanities. and therefore it must be precise and certain.
4. He was a very well versed man and his warm smile was a 9. Uncertain justice by a verdict is much better than certain
trademark of his personality. injustice.
5. Whoever is versed in the jargon does not have to say 10. The California court held that peer review evidence was
what he thinks, does not even have to think it properly. inadmissible and upheld a jury verdict for the defendant.
The jargon takes over this task.
6. I’m not sufficiently versed in XML to understand what
(800)VALOUR:
you’re saying.
1. He displayed great valour, courage and determination in
7. I am well versed in classical languages.
the pursuit of his goal.
8. The air force created airborne units versed in machine-
2. In combat, individual exploits and personal valor are
gun strafing and rocket-launching operations in support
important, but team effort wins the fight.

’S
of ground troops.
3. The company honours them with a public recognition and
9. Fanatical, uncultured leaders, little versed in modern
a cash award with a silver medal of valour, certificate and
science, can not give us a solution.
a citation.
10. He is deeply versed in the archives and traditions of the
4. He was promoted to the rank of major in recognition of his
Middle Temple.
valour during the battle.
5. The better part of valour is discretion; in the which better
(798)VERITY: part I have saved my life.
1. In a world where all nonrelativistic truth has been 6. The land has a fascinating history of valour and chivalry.
abolished, the relativity principle itself is proclaimed as a
NG
7. At the summit the stamina and valour of our fighter pilots
universal verity.
remained unconquerable and supreme.
2. She has spent her life in a search for eternal verities.
8. Wherever true valour is found , true modesty will there
3. Are you sometimes concerned about the verity of what abound.
you read on the internet?
9. The national struggle could only be sustained by the
4. Their over-educated leader, Mr Mugabe, illustrates innate valour of the common people.
perfectly the verity of an ancient proverb: much learning
10. A community famed for exuberant high living suddenly
does not teach sense.
decided that austerity was the better part of valour.
5. As an art expert, my uncle is often called upon to assess
the verity of a painting before it goes up for auction.
(801)VALIANT:
6. When my daughter told me she saw a unicorn in the
backyard, I had serious doubts about the verity of her 1. Reports indicate that she made a valiant attempt to escape
statement. the fusillade of bullets but was chased and shot anyway.
7. The lawyer questioned the verity of the defendant’s alibi. 2. He was a valiant warrior and and a great hunter who roamed
over the whole earth.
KI

8. The teacher doubted the verity of the student’s excuse

for being absent. 3. We should never forget the sacrifices made during the
Second World War, nor the lives lost as part of a vital and
9. It was obvious from the jurors’ looks of disbelief they
valiant struggle.
doubted the verity of the testimony given by the witness.
4. The company has made a valiant effort in the last two
10. Every man is not a proper champion for truth, nor fit to
years to make itself more efficient.
take up the gauntlet in the cause of verity.
5. Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant
never taste of death but once.
(799)VERDICT:
6. A great deal of bomb debris still remains to be cleared, but
1. The opinion poll will reveal the public’s verdict on what valiant efforts have been made to remove refuse.
level of council tax should be set for next year.
7. She died last year after a valiant battle with cancer.
2. Voters gave their verdict on the government’s economic
8. She made a valiant effort to hold her anger in check’.
record last night by voting overwhelmingly for the
opposition. 9. I have to say we made a valiant effort - after each set back
we picked ourselves up, brushed the dirt of our knees and
3. The jury passed a verdict of guilty, with an appeal to the
skated on.
judge for clemency.
10. Despite valiant efforts, firemen were unable to save the
4. After five days of deliberations, the jury decided on a
house.
verdict of not guilty.
5. Many politicians and members of the public expressed
outrage at the verdict. (802)VACILLATE:

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1. Certainly, public opinion of the royals has vacillated so when parties began wrangling about the costings on their
much over the past couple of decades that anything is manifestos.
possible. 6. There, they wrangled, argued and debated over the form
2. Well, I usually, keep on vacillating between being a the new government would take.
hardcore realist and a hopeless romantic. 7. They had been wrangling with the authorities over parking
3. He has vacillated between contradictory approaches to spaces.
leadership: realism and idealism. 8. The various government departments are wrangling with
4. Her parents vacillated between different approaches to each other.
discipline. 9. In their last weekly meeting before the summer recess the
5. She was decisive and she did not vacillate, and once commissioners wrangled over the final wording of the
committed she intended to win. document.
6. The longer you vacillate the less time you’ll have to do 10. Men will wrangle for religion; write for it; fight for
anything worthwhile. itanything but live for it.
7. She is vacillating over whether or not to marry him.
8. A man of my age and experience ought to have known (805)WHIMSICAL:

’S
better than to vacillate in this unreasonable manner. 1. Despite his kindly, sometimes whimsical air, he was a
9. Iran and Pakistan have already sealed a bilateral deal on shrewd observer of people.
the pipeline, but India has tended to vacillate due to a 2. Ali’s whimsical rendering of this imagined place evokes
host of reasons. subtle feelings of nostalgia, and regret.
10. He vacillates between childlike bemusement and childlike 3. Often intended for children, such verse also appeals to an
trepidation. adult sense of the ridiculous or whimsical.
4. The ceiling is hung with lamps of every shape and size,
(803)WREST: from glass floats tied with rope to whimsical creations
made of seashells.
NG
1. The shareholders are planning to wrest control of the
company (away) from the current directors. 5. This album was largely whimsical and retrospective, with
2. Dravid is a quality batsman but, against the odds, not one a subtle sense of humour, even through the more serious
who can go toe-to-toe with the world’s best bowlers and numbers.
wrest the initiative from their grasp. 6. Queen Christina was not yet twenty, and took a lively if a
3. They are fighting to wrest control of the party from the somewhat whimsical interest in literary and philosophical
old leaders. culture.
4. The Democrats failed in wresting control of Congress from 7. Her whimsical and adventuresome spirit puts her so much
the Republicans. on her mettle that she makes rather a poor subject for the
psychological experimenter.
5. While he was disoriented, I wrested the gun from his grasp
and threw it far away. 8. Victims of the whimsical monsoons and fickle market prices,
these poor farmers have very little control over their
6. Jinx lunged forward, intent on grabbing her arm and
destiny.
wresting the glasses from her.
9. He had an offbeat, whimsical sense of humour.
7. There he continued to wrest from the Greeks the lands
10. The villas have whimsical spires, arched window frames
KI

which their feeble arms were no longer able to defend.

and wrought-iron decorations.
8. I managed to wrest the photograph from his grasp.
9. In that election, Democrats netted 30 seats to wrest away
a majority Republicans had held for more than a decade. (806)WAIVE:
10. He has been trying to wrest control from the central 1. His attorney has said that he waived that right to
government. confidentiality more than a year ago.
2. He said he would waive claims against the government if
the authorities agreed to this figure.
(804)WRANGLE:
3. When consumers waive subrogation rights, insurance
1. If realism is taken to mean ‘represents the world as it
companies may refuse to pay for that particular incident.
actually is’, then there is plenty of room for wrangling
over what counts in this respect. 4. He waived his rights and entered a plea of no contest.
2. Scientists have been wrangling for decades about the 5. He persuaded the delegates to waive their objections.
precise reasons why we age. 6. Some airlines will also waive fees if a servicemember can
3. Councillors from all three parties in Bolton have been present a copy of military orders or a letter from a
wrangling over political power since the local elections commander.
on May 1 left a hung council. 7. The president already has the power to waive
4. Unions and bosses have been wrangling for months within environmental rules for national security.
the company’s western division over a new pay deal. 8. These exemptions were designed to be applied in cases
5. The voting public was just getting interested in the debate where there is a compassionate need to waive the rules.

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9. The industry asked the Federal Communications language.
Commission to waive a rule that limits the amount of power 5. He has made mistakes the last few days, but they’re not
used to send a data transmission over a telephone line. nearly serious enough to warrant his dismissal.
10. The government has waived restrictions on dealing in 6. The U.S. attorney in the district can impanel a grand jury
foreign currencies. if they feel that there is evidence warranting a criminal
investigation.
(807)WAIL: 7. The Soldiers determined the boy’s illness was serious
1. Women were seen screaming and wailing at the hospital enough to warrant hospitalization.
as ambulances ferried the wounded to the emergency 8. Obviously what she did was wrong, but I don’t think it
department. warranted such a severe punishment.
2. It was pandemonium, people wailing and screaming. 9. It’s a relatively simple task that really doesn’t warrant a
3. Screaming, shrieking, wailing, she worked herself into a great deal of time being spent on it.
frenzy. 10. Of course, the generals’ categorical denial of a conspiracy
4. She wailed something in a language I couldn’t recognise simply serves to underline that the rumors are serious
and struck a pose. enough to warrant their attention.

’S
5. The women gathered around the coffin and began to wail,
as was the custom in the region. (810)WAVER:
6. But what shall I do?’ Bernard wailed. 1. His exaggerations and loyalty wavered from time to time.
7. She wailed that the vacation was ruined. 2. Though outwardly he was composed, inwardly his resolve
8. The woman began to wail for her lost child. wavered.
9. The child is wailing over its broken toy. 3. If Baptists wavered in their support of conscientious
objectors, they were unequivocal about the separation of
10. Isis was so associated with mourning in Egypt, at funeral
church and state.
services women were hired to call out loud wailing
NG
lamentations as the body was escorted to the grave. 4. He has never wavered in his support for the leader.
5. Taran’s intensity did not waver as he held her gaze.
(808)WANE: 6. Despite the changes, he did not waver from his plan to
retire.
1. As a result, the Commonwealth’s powers have waxed and
the residual ones of the states have waned. 7. He has wavered, wobbled, and wiggled about the war in
Iraq since it began.
2. By the late 70s the band’s popularity was beginning to
wane. 8. But I do admire the Queen as a woman who has done her
job well and never wavered from her commitment to her
3. About half-past eight the combat began to wane, and the
duty and her country.
last shots were fired at ten.
9. As a teenager, Arafat became closely involved in the
4. My enthusiasm for the project was waning.
struggle for Palestine and never wavered from that
5. The scandal caused her popularity to wane. commitment.
6. Predictably, there are now encouraging signs that the 10. She wavered between hesitancy and her natural
epidemic is on the wane as sales slowly begin to pick up propensity for fun.
again.
KI

7. The age-old convention of the church wedding is on the

(811)WEARY:
wane.
1. I was feeling slightly weary after the drive and the general
8. There are signs that support for the group is on the wane.
lack of sleep, but was quite pumped up.
9. His commitment to democracy and free markets has waxed
2. An older man with gray hair stepped into the room and
and waned with his political fortunes.
sank down into one of the plastic chairs with a weary
10. Alternative malt beverages have been around for decades, sigh, dropping his head into his hands.
their popularity waxing and waning among young adults.
3. She sat down with a weary sigh.
4. My head grew weary from trying to follow his arguments.
5. After the hike the two were so weary they fell asleep
immediately.
(809)WARRANT: 6. There is a generation of European directors who have
1. There is no warrant for the long-term or indefinite detention grown weary of mainstream cinema’s coy attitudes to sex.
of a non-UK national whom the Home Secretary wishes to 7. A society that has grown weary of God and politics has
remove. few talismans against disaster.
2. There can be no warrant for the cold-blooded execution 8. Our greatest hope is that humanity has grown weary of
of a surrendered terrorist. violence and is ready to listen.
3. There was no warrant for such behavior. 9. I’ve been going out with the same people to the same
4. There is in my judgment no warrant for it in the statutory places for years and I’ve just grown weary of it.

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10. People had grown weary of the fighting and saw the futility 3. The freedom struggle and his zest for social service forced
of fighting against each other. him to plunge into politics at the age of 17.
4. He approached every task with a boundless zest.
(812)ZEALOUS: 5. Napoleon applied himself with more zest to his studies, in
1. The council was extremely zealous in the application of the hope of speedily qualifying himself for the artillery.
the regulations. 6. He was a big man in every sense of the word who always
2. Now in their 50s, she and her husband are zealous lived life to the full and even during his many years of ill
promoters of the mission they began in 1981. health he never lost that zest for life.
3. Now we learn of retribution efforts aimed at those who 7. His humor added a certain zest to the performance.
tried to correct the zealous propaganda which drove this 8. I admired the cheerful zest with which grandmother went
nation into war. about keeping us warm and comfortable and well-fed.
4. He is a zealous advocate for the rights of Irish immigrants 9. The fear he had felt then now seemed to add a little zest to
and others as Chair of the Emerald Isle Immigration Centre. the story he was telling.
5. He was a zealous defender of that monastic life which was 10. Adding zest to the play will be its music, which would
beginning to take such a large place in the church of the include Indian instrumental with choreography by Vrinda

’S
4th century, and he found enthusiastic disciples among Kapur.
the Roman ladies.
6. Philip and Alexander, who sincerely admired Athenian (815)ZEALOT:
culture and courted a zealous co-operation against Persia,
1. There will never be a time for reason when religious zealots
treated the conquered city with marked favour.
believe they have control of this country.
7. A zealous soul without meekness is like a ship in a storm,
2. Creationism often conjures visions of religious zealots
in danger of wrecks. A meek soul without zeal, is like a
who believe the book of Genesis verbatim.
ship in a calm, that moves not so fast as it ought.
3. He says there have always been religious zealots, but
8. So great was their zeal that Christians would sooner die
NG
modern technology has given them a lethal capacity.
than deny the existence of their Lord and God.
4. Indeed through history there have been religious wars
9. While his zeal is unchallenged, the strength of his evidence
where zealots have perpetrated atrocities in the name of
remains uncertain.
their religion.
10. One glance at those staring eyes was enough to confirm
5. A few zealots strongly objected to the proposed sale of
that this was a man burning with missionary zeal.
alcohol at the local store.
6. The dogma is of absolutes, the lifestyle is of attempted
(813)ZENITH: purity and the zealot is subject to continuous derision.
1. American power worldwide is at its historic zenith. 7. No nation has freedom when it is run by religious zealots.
2. He cites 15 years of biology fieldwork in the rainforests of 8. When he talks about the case, he sounds less like a zealous
Central America as his educational zenith. advocate than a political zealot.
3. They were also sceptical about the World Council of 9. He was forceful but by no means a zealot.
Churches, then at its zenith of influence, and they began
10. The conversation was taking on the kind of circularity
to preach God’s free grace from their pulpits.
I’ve experienced in arguments with religious zealots.
KI

4. If technology is the height of modernity, nuclear

technology must be considered the zenith of that
technology and its highest manifestation.
5. In the 1860s, Tolstoy was at the zenith of his achievement.
6. The Roman Empire reached its zenith around the year 100.
7. Sikhism attained its zenith under the military genius of
Ranjit Singh.
8. His career is now at its zenith.
9. An unwearied pall of cloud muffled the whole expanse of
sky from zenith to horizon.
10. For me, music is the zenith in our life, the unreachable
zenith.

(814)ZEST:
1. Chris was a beautiful, hopeful person, full of zest for life,
full of caring for other people.
2. His zest for exploring new horizons made him choose
neurosurgery at a time when the specialty was unknown
in Asia.

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KI
NG
’S