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    Integrals and Transcendental Functions: Logarithm As An Integral

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    Fahrettin Cakir
    This document discusses integrals and transcendental functions such as logarithms. It defines the natural logarithm and Euler's number e. It describes the derivative and graph of the natural logarithm function, as well as examples of evaluating integrals involving logarithms. The document also covers derivatives and integrals involving exponential functions, separable differential equations, and asymptotic growth rates of functions.

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    Integrals and Transcendental Functions: Logarithm As An Integral

    Uploaded by

    Fahrettin Cakir
    23 views8 pages
    This document discusses integrals and transcendental functions such as logarithms. It defines the natural logarithm and Euler's number e. It describes the derivative and graph of the natural logarithm function, as well as examples of evaluating integrals involving logarithms. The document also covers derivatives and integrals involving exponential functions, separable differential equations, and asymptotic growth rates of functions.

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    week7notes

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    This document discusses integrals and transcendental functions such as logarithms. It defines the natural logarithm and Euler's number e. It describes the derivative and graph of the natural logarithm function, as well as examples of evaluating integrals involving logarithms. The document also covers derivatives and integrals involving exponential functions, separable differential equations, and asymptotic growth rates of functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views8 pages

    Integrals and Transcendental Functions: Logarithm As An Integral

    Uploaded by

    Fahrettin Cakir
    This document discusses integrals and transcendental functions such as logarithms. It defines the natural logarithm and Euler's number e. It describes the derivative and graph of the natural logarithm function, as well as examples of evaluating integrals involving logarithms. The document also covers derivatives and integrals involving exponential functions, separable differential equations, and asymptotic growth rates of functions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Integrals and Transcendental Functions

    Logarithm as an Integral

    Denition: The Natural Logarithm


    The natural logatihm is the function dened
    Z x
    1
    ln(x) = dt, x>0
    1 t

    Denition: The Euler Number e


    The number e is that number in the domain of the natural logarithm satisfying
    Z e
    1
    ln(e) = dt = 1, x>0
    1 t

    The Derivative of natural logarithm


    The function y = ln x has derivative

    By applying the chain rule, we get,

    d 1 du
    ln u = , u>0
    dx u dx

    Moreover,
    d 1
    ln |x| = , x 6= 0
    dx x
    since,

    1
    Graph and Range of natural logarithm
    The graph of y = ln x looks like the following:

    Example
    Sketch the curve y = 1/t, and shade a region under the curve whose area is
    • ln(2)
    • -ln(0.5)
    • 2

    Domain, Range, End Behavior of y = ln x

    2
    Example
    Simplify the expression and state the values of x for which your simplication is valid.
    • e− ln x
    • ln (xex )
    • 2

    The Integral
    R
    (1/u)du
    If u is a dierentiable function that is never zero, then
    Z
    1
    du = ln |u| + C
    u

    The Integrals of tan x, cot x, sec x, csc x

    Integrals of tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant

    3
    The Derivative and Integral of ex

    Derivative
    If u is any dierentiable function of x, then

    d u du
    e = eu
    dx dx
    This means that the integral is Z
    eu du = eu + C

    Derivatives and Integrals Involving loga x

    4
    Exponential Change and Separable Dierential Equations
    Exponential change

    Separable Dierential Equations: Separability, Solution

    5
    Example
    Solve the dierential equation

    dy
    = (1 + y)ex , y > −1
    dx

    Example
    Solve the dierential equation

    dy
    = −4xy 2
    dx

    6
    Relative Rates of Growth
    f grows faster than g
    Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. If

    f (x)
    lim =∞
    x→∞ g(x)

    f grows slower than g


    Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. If

    g(x)
    lim =0
    x→∞ f (x)

    f grows at the same rate as g


    Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. If

    f (x)
    lim =L
    x→∞ g(x)

    Example
    Does x2 grow faster than ln(x)?

    Order and Oh Notation

    Denition: Little-Oh
    A function f is of smaller order than g as x → ∞ if
    g(x)
    lim =0
    x→∞ f (x)

    We indicate this by writing f = o(g) (with little-oh).


    Denition: Big-Oh
    Let f (x) and g(x) be positive for x suciently large. Then f is of at most the order of g as x → ∞ if there is a positive
    integer M for which
    f (x)
    ≤M
    g(x)

    for x suciently large. We indicate this by writing f = O(g) (f is big-oh of g).

    7
    Example
    Show that ex + x2 = O (ex ) is true.

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