J. Chem. Eng.

Data 2000, 45, 613-617 613

Viscosities and Densities of Highly Concentrated Aqueous MOH

Solutions (M+ ) Na+, K+, Li+, Cs+, (CH3)4N+) at 25.0 °C

Pal M. Sipos,* Glenn Hefter, and Peter M. May

Chemistry Department and A.J. Parker Cooperative Research Centre for Hydrometallurgy, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia

The absolute (dynamic) viscosities (η) and densities (F) of carbonate-free aqueous tetramethylammonium
and alkali metal hydroxides have been determined up to saturation concentrations ([NaOH] e 19.l M,
[KOH] e 14.1 M, [LiOH] e 4.8 M, [CsOH] e 14.8 M, and [(CH3)4NOH] e 4.2 M) at 25.00 °C using a
Ubbelohde viscometer and a vibrating tube densitometer, respectively. The viscosities are believed to be
precise to within 0.1% and the densities to within 5 × 10-6 g cm-3. Densities of isoplethic MOH solutions
increase in the order of (CH3)4N+ < Li+ < Na+ < K+ , Cs+. Viscosities for [MOH] < 4 M solutions increase
in the reverse order, but the viscosities of CsOH solutions become extremely large at very high
concentrations. The shape of the density vs concentration function of (CH3)4NOH solutions is also quite
different when compared with the alkali metal hydroxide solutions. Density data were fitted up to the
highest concentrations using the Masson equation. Viscosity vs concentration functions are represented
in the form of a fifth-order (empirical) polynomial.

Introduction
The densities of aqueous alkaline hydroxide solutions are
available at room temperature from several primary
sources.1-6 Viscosity data relating to the same systems are,
however, rarer.7-10 These data are compiled in various
handbooks.11-13 With only a few exceptions, both density
and viscosity data are restricted to relatively low concen-
trations of the hydroxides. Perhaps the most reliable
viscosity data of more concentrated solutions were obtained
at temperatures other than 25 °C.7 Viscosities of concen-
trated aqueous hydroxide solutions at 25 °C are surpris-
ingly scarce, and serious discrepancies exist among these
data, particularly at high concentrations. This is demon-
strated in Figure 1, which shows the viscosities of aqueous
NaOH solutions from various primary literature sources. Figure 1. Dynamic viscosities, η, of aqueous NaOH solutions at
room temperature as a function the mass fraction of NaOH, w:
Experimental Section O, Klochko and Godneva;8 4, Baron and Matveeva;9 0: Baron and
Matveeva;10 b and s, this work.
Solution Preparation. Solution series, consisting of
samples usually of 100 mL total volume, were each %, Sigma-Aldrich). The approximate concentrations of the
prepared from concentrated (almost saturated) stock solu- stock solutions were the following: NaOH ≈ 20 M; KOH
tions of hydroxides by accurately weighing appropriate ≈ 14 M; LiOH ≈ 4.8 M; CsOH ≈ 15 M; (TMA)OH ≈ 4.5 M.
amounts of the stock solution directly into “A” grade The carbonate content of the stock solutions (which can be
volumetric flasks. These were then filled to the mark with extremely high in commercial samples, even of analytical
high purity, CO2-free water (Millipore MilliQ system). grade) was minimized using a range of techniques which
Buoyancy corrections were not applied during solution are described in detail elsewhere.14
preparation, and thus, the overall accuracy of the concen-
trations is ∼0.1% relative. Concentrated alkali stock solu- The concentrations of the base solutions and their
tions were prepared from analytical grade NaOH (98 mass carbonate contents were determined by high precision glass
%, Ajax Chemicals, Sydney, Australia), KOH (85 mass % electrode potentiometric titrations following the procedures
with ca. 10-15 mass % water, Ajax), LiOH‚H2O (99 mol described previously.15 For these analyses, the concentrated
%+, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI), CsOH‚ stock solutions were appropriately diluted, as described
H2O (99.5 mol %+, Sigma-Aldrich), and tetramethylam- above, to give a total hydroxide concentration [OH-] ≈ 0.1
monium hydroxide pentahydrate, (TMA)OH‚5H2O (97 mol M and made up to an ionic strength I ) 1 M (NaCl), where
%+, Sigma-Aldrich). (TMA)OH solutions were also ob- I ) 0.5∑cizi2. Aliquots (10-25 mL) of these solutions were
tained as concentrated analytical grade solutions (25 mass then titrated with standard HCl solutions (BDH Convol,
stated accuracy (0.2%) made up in the same medium. The
* Corresponding author. Fax: + 61 8 9360 6237. E-mail: sipos@ titrations were evaluated by the Gran method16 and the
chem.murdoch.edu.au. ESTA suite of computer programs17 and have an overall
10.1021/je000019h CCC: $19.00 © 2000 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 06/08/2000
614 Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2000

Table 1. Densities, G, Apparent Molar Volumes, VO, and Dynamic Viscosities, η, of Aqueous NaOH Solutions at 25.0 °C
c(NaOH) m(NaOH) Vφ
100w 100w
mol L-1 a mol kg-1 b (NaOH)c (Na2O)d F/g cm-3 cm3 mol-1 η/mPa s
1.002e 1.003 3.858 2.990 1.039 258 -2.14 1.1290
1.982e 1.986 7.358 5.702 1.077 373 -0.53 1.3837
2.968e 2.983 10.662 8.263 1.113 462 0.78 1.7270
3.949e 3.991 13.765 10.668 1.147 452 1.19 2.1993
4.955e 5.044 16.790 13.012 1.180 355 3.01 2.8361
5.939e 6.097 19.606 15.195 1.211 727 3.86 3.6772
6.925e 7.184 22.322 17.299 1.240 868 4.80 4.7692
7.960e 8.352 25.042 19.408 1.271 462 5.54 6.3355
9.003e 9.590 27.725 21.487 1.298 840 6.49 8.2121
10.000e 10.814 30.195 23.401 1.324 687 7.25 10.520
10.982e 12.079 32.576 25.246 1.348 486 8.02 13.244
12.009e 13.441 34.965 27.098 1.373 765 8.65 16.742
12.915e 14.706 37.038 28.704 1.394 764 9.23 20.195
14.034e 16.354 39.546 30.648 1.419 445 9.93 25.017
15.037e 17.911 41.740 32.349 1.441 030 10.50 29.819
15.998e 19.498 43.817 33.958 1.460 462 11.06 34.654
18.071e 23.203 48.137 37.306 1.501 627 12.11 46.252
19.102e 25.292 50.291 38.975 1.519 337 12.69 51.895
0.998f,g 0.999 3.841 2.977 1.039 028 -2.08 1.0953
2.007f,g 2.010 7.444 5.769 1.078 373 -0.53 1.3732
3.000f,g 3.015 10.763 8.341 1.114 922 0.71 1.7406
4.001f,g 4.043 13.922 10.790 1.149 474 1.90 2.2320
5.003f,g 5.097 16.934 13.124 1.181 616 3.11 2.8733
a Concentration expressed in mol of solute/L of solution. b Concentration expressed in mol of solute/kg of solvent. c Concentration expressed

in mass fraction of M′OH. d Concentration expressed in mass fraction of M′2O. e Viscosity determination with a IC type tube; efflux time
for water is (31.98 ( 0.04) s. f Viscosity determination with a 0C type tube; efflux time for water is (321.5 ( 0.40) s. g Independent
duplication.

accuracy of 0.2% and a carbonate detection limit of 0.05 the tube was washed with distilled water and dry acetone
mol % relative. and then dried with compressed air. The period of the air-
Density Measurements. Densities were measured using filled tube was measured to check the integrity of the
an Anton Paar DMA O2D vibrating tube density meter. cleaning procedure.
The sample tube was thermostated to (25.00 ( 0.01) °C Viscosity Measurements. Ubbelohde-type suspended-
with a Julabo F33 thermostat. The temperature of the bath level capillary viscometers (Schott-Geräte, types 53003 and
was periodically checked and adjusted using a quartz 53013 with capillary numbers 0c and Ic, respectively, and
crystal thermometer (Hewlett-Packard, model HP 2804A) capacity 15-20 mL) were used for determining solution
which was regularly recalibrated against the triple point viscosities. The viscometer tube was held in a Schott-
of water and is probably accurate to (0.02 °C. Readings Geräte AVS/S measuring stand fitted with two phototran-
from the densitometer, τ, proportional to the period of sistors and detectors. The viscometer and stand were
oscillation of the tube were taken using a measurement connected to a Schott-Geräte AVS 310 measuring unit
period of 20 s. The difference in density, ∆F, between two which allows flow times to be measured automatically to
liquid samples was determined from the relationship the nearest 0.01 s. The measuring stand and the viscometer
were kept in a transparent continuously stirred water bath.
∆F ) k(τ12 - τ22) (1) The temperature of the water bath was maintained at
(25.00 ( 0.005) °C with a locally constructed regulator unit
where τ1 and τ2 are the readings for the respective liquids. controlling a stainless steel heater with a concentrically
The proportionality constant, k, was determined on a daily located platinum resistance element (1 kΩ, Degussa, Pt-
basis from the difference in density of air and water. The RTD model GR 2141) as the temperature sensor. The
density of water was taken to be 0.997 042 9 g cm-3, and apparatus was kept in a thermostated room at (20 ( 2)
that of air, to be 0.001 185 0 g cm-3.18 Calibration param- °C, which provided an adequate heat sink for the PID
eters were accepted when τ remained stable to six signifi- temperature controller. The temperature in the immediate
cant figures; otherwise the instrument calibration was vicinity of the viscometer bulb was continuously monitored
repeated until the required reproducibility was achieved. with a Hewlett-Packard quartz crystal thermometer.
No significant change was observed in k over a period of 8 The dynamic viscosity of the solutions was determined
months indicating that the glass vibrating tube was not using:
being significantly attacked at 25 °C by the strongly caustic
solutions. (t - Θ) F
η ) η0 (2)
The samples were delivered to the dry vibrating tube (t0 - Θ0) F0
from a caustic-resistant polyethylene syringe. After filling,
the tube was carefully checked for the presence of air where η is the dynamic viscosity, F is the density, t is the
bubbles and then at least 10 min was allowed for the flow-time, Θ is the flow-time-dependent empirical correc-
sample to reach thermal equilibrium. Period measurements tion factor (the so-called Hagenbach correction), and the
were taken and repeated until stable readings were subscript 0 indicates a reference liquid (usually water). The
achieved. At least three measurements were performed on values of Θ were those provided by the viscometer manu-
each solution, and the observed τ values were then aver- facturer unless otherwise indicated.
aged. The precision of the density readings is estimated to Water (for which η0 ) 0.8904 mPa s and F0 is as above)
be ca. (5 µg/mL. After measurement of a given sample, was used for the primary calibration of the viscometers.
 Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2000 615

Table 2. Densities, G, Apparent Molar Volumes, VO, and Dynamic Viscosities, η, of Aqueous KOH Solutions at 25.0 °C
c(KOH) m(KOH) Vφ
100w 100w
mol L-1 a mol kg-1 b (KOH)c (K2O)d F/g cm-3 cm3 mol-1 η/(mPa s)
1.018f 1.029 5.457 4.581 1.046 520 7.53 0.9980
2.003f 2.047 10.302 8.648 1.091 221 9.11 1.1200
3.000f 3.106 14.840 12.457 1.134 401 10.35 1.2656
4.000f 4.204 19.087 16.022 1.175 736 11.47 1.4388
5.003f 5.352 23.095 19.387 1.215 362 12.51 1.6594
6.060f 6.622 27.092 22.741 1.255 184 13.55 1.8760
6.921f 7.724 30.237 25.381 1.284 401 14.63 2.2339
7.997f 9.110 33.827 28.395 1.326 461 14.96 2.5355
9.000e 10.496 37.066 31.114 1.362 377 15.56 2.9927
9.987e 11.959 40.157 33.709 1.395 491 16.26 3.5557
10.981e 13.510 43.118 36.194 1.429 035 16.82 4.2830
12.121e 15.494 46.507 39.039 1.462 389 17.77 5.5439
13.138e 17.253 49.189 41.291 1.498 592 17.98 6.7003
14.152e 19.200 51.861 43.534 1.531 086 18.42 8.5452
a-f See Table 1.

Table 3. Densities, G, Apparent Molar Volumes, VO, and Dynamic Viscosities, η, of Aqueous LiOH Solutions at 25.0 °C
c(LiOH) m(LiOH) Vφ
100w 100w
mol L-1 a mol kg-1 b (LiOH)c (Li2O)d F/g cm-3 cm3 mol-1 η/mPa s
0.754f 0.754 1.774 1.106 1.018110 -4.00 1.0924
1.533f 1.531 3.537 2.206 1.038184 -2.90 1.3501
2.269f 2.265 5.146 3.210 1.056117 -2.09 1.6593
3.090f 3.087 6.884 4.294 1.074996 -1.28 2.1037
3.832f 3.835 8.411 5.247 1.091121 -0.60 2.6117
4.854f 4.896 10.495 6.547 1.107717 1.15 3.3124
a-f See Table 1.

Table 4. Densities, G, Apparent Molar Volumes, VO, and Dynamic Viscosities, η, of Aqueous CsOH Solutions at 25.0 °C
c (CsOH) m (CsOH) Vφ
100w 100w
mol L-1 a mol kg-1 b (CsOH)c (Cs2O)d F/g cm-3 cm3 mol-1 η/mPa s
1.967f 2.055 23.547 22.133 1.252239 20.23 1.0606
3.899f 4.270 39.028 36.684 1.497613 21.59 1.3560
5.828f 6.769 50.364 47.339 1.734718 23.41 1.8962
7.834e 9.773 59.434 55.863 1.975979 25.03 3.0358
9.979e 13.571 67.045 63.018 2.231253 26.31 6.2607
10.918e 15.418 69.801 65.608 2.344815 26.55
11.878e 17.561 72.472 68.118 2.457005 27.08 15.2955
14.097e 23.488 77.881 73.203 2.713463 28.24 59.597
14.839e 25.722 79.406 74.636 2.801406 28.40
a-f See Table 1.

Efflux times for water from several hundred independent corresponding to t0 ) 31.98 s, i.e., (1.82 ( 0.02) s, was
runs were found to be (31.98 ( 0.04) s (Ic type) and determined using a series of NaOH solutions (4-8 M) for
(321.5 ( 0.4) s (0c type). Note that the internal reproduc- which the viscosities were measured using the slower 0c
ibility of the measurements was better than this (typically tube. For these NaOH solutions the efflux times with the
(0.02 and (0.10 s, respectively); thus, the greater overall Ic tube were high enough to use the tabulated Hagenbach
standard deviations largely reflect (long term) temperature corrections. The reproducibility of the viscosity measure-
variation in the bath. ments was found to be within 0.1% on independently
To check the stability of the viscometric system, the t0 prepared samples (see Table 1).
values were regularly determined before and after each
measurement. The viscosities of calibrations and test Results and Discussion
solutions were measured in two or three series, each The densities and dynamic viscosities of aqueous MOH
consisting of 3 to 6 consecutive runs. Measurements were solutions at 25.00 °C are presented in Tables 1-5 and
accepted when the internal reproducibility between the Figures 2 and 3. Concentrations are expressed in molarities
consecutive runs was within the values specified in the (mol/L of solution) and molalities (mol/kg of solvent) and
preceding paragraph. This level of internal reproducibility two further mass percent scales: grams of M′OH and M′2O
of the measurements indicate that no significant variations per 100 g of solution (the latter is often used in various
in the solution composition (i.e., adsorption of airborne CO2- chemical engineering contexts).
(g) or moisture) took place in the duration of the viscosi- From the data presented it is apparent that the densities
metric experiments. of isoplethic hydroxide solutions increase in the order of
For each series of measurements the capillary tube was (CH3)4N+ < Li+ < Na+ < K+ , Cs+. The viscosities at
selected so that the efflux times were roughly between 50 concentrations of < 4 M decrease in the reverse order. At
s and 1500 s. Since the flow-time of water in the faster (Ic) very high concentrations, however, the viscosities of CsOH
tube is outside this range, the Hagenbach correction solutions become extremely high. The density vs concen-
616 Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2000

Table 5. Densities, G, Apparent Molar Volumes, VO, and Dynamic Viscosities, η, of Aqueous TMAOH Solutions at 25.0 °C
(TMA+ ) (CH3)4N+)
c(TMAOH) m(TMAOH) Vφ
100w 100w
mol L-1 a mol kg-1 b (TMAOH)c (TMA2O)d F/g cm-3 cm3 mol-1 η/(mPa s)
0.398f 0.413 3.632 3.274 0.999 260 85.84 0.9869
0.806f 0.868 7.338 6.614 1.001 672 85.67 1.1130
1.210f 1.354 10.990 9.906 1.004 099 85.58 1.2891
1.580e 1.832 14.313 12.900 1.006 775 85.25 1.4672
1.990e 2.402 17.970 16.197 1.009 915 84.94 1.7494
2.402e 3.024 21.615 19.482 1.013 460 84.57 2.1273
2.796e 3.668 25.066 22.592 1.017 295 84.16 2.6603
3.376e 4.715 30.068 27.101 1.023 977 83.42 4.0777
3.781e 5.527 33.514 30.207 1.028 904 82.97 5.7266
4.196e 6.432 36.971 33.323 1.035 061 82.34 8.9269
a-f See Table 1.

Figure 3. Viscosities, η, of M′OH solutions at 25.0 °C as a function

of the molar concentration, c.

where Vφ0 is the standard partial molar volume of the

solute in the solvent (at infinite dilution) and ke is an
empirical constant. Despite its well-known theoretical
deficiencies, the Masson equation works remarkably well
as a simple method for correlating the densities of quite
concentrated solutions.11 This is usually done by combining
eqs 3 and 4 to give

F ) F0 + Rc + βc3/2 (5)

where

R ) 10-3(M - Vφ0 F0) (6)

Figure 2. Densities, F, of M′OH solutions at 25.0 °C as a function
of the molar concentration, c.
and

β ) -keF0 (7)
tration function of (CH3)4NOH solutions behaves unusually
in comparison to the other concentrated electrolytes (all
having negative deviations from linearity) covered in this Introduction of the factor 10-3 is necessary to convert
study. between the volume in conventional units of concentration
Apparent molar volumes (Vφ) were calculated using the (mol L-1) and density g cm-3. The parameters obtained
equation from a least-squares analysis for R and β are shown in
Table 6. The Masson equation gave a satisfactory descrip-
tion up to the highest concentrations for all densities of
Vφ ) (M/F) - 103(F-F0)/cF (3) the electrolytes covered in this study, with an average error
of always better than 0.1%.
where F and F0 are the densities of the solution and the Viscosity data were modeled first using the Jones-Dole
solvent, respectively, M is the molar mass of the solute, equation as recently modified by Zhang et al.:19
and c is the molarity concentration of the solution. The
corresponding data are presented in Tables 1-5. η ) η0 + Ac1/2 + Bc + Dc2 + Ec7/2 (8)
Observed density data were modeled in terms of the
Masson equation,11 which can be written as
where η and η0 are the viscosities of the solution and the
solvent, respectively, and A, B, D, and E are constants.
Vφ ) Vφ0 + ke xc (4) According to Zhang et al.19 this equation is able to describe
 Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2000 617

Table 6. Calculated Parameters (Obtained by Least-Squares Optimization) in the Numerical Expressions for the
Densities and Viscosities of Aqueous Solutions of M′OH (M′ ) Li, Na, K, Cs, TMA)
LiOH NaOH KOH CsOH TMAOH
Densitiesa
R (g cm-3 mol-1 L) 32.863 47.014 52.060 134.69 1.5090
β (g cm-3 mol-3/2 L3/2) -4.4586 -4.5044 -3.8457 -3.4250 3.5818
max deviationd 0.146 0.106 0.232 0.117 0.087
av deviatione 0.081 0.032 0.079 0.052 0.051
Viscositiesb
102A (mPa s mol-1/2 L1/2) 0.17069 0.31671 -0.17848 -1.7756 -0.74362
102B (mPa s mol-1 L) 1.9860 -11.116 29.305 176.45 158.22
102D (mPa s mol-2 L2) 11.713 7.2120 1.7770 -22.370 -54.006
104E (mPa s mol-7/2 L7/2) -20.006 11.790 7.8696 54.136 841.47
max deviationd 0.79 7.23 4.59 9.70 6.83
av deviatione 0.44 2.31 1.55 5.51 3.04
Viscositiesc
102a (mPa s mol-1 L) 21.893 20.275 8.6933 28.356 -43.446
102b (mPa s mol-2 L2) 8.7110 2.2961 1.2890 -18.395 -52.967
104d (mPa s mol-3 L3) -415.92 6.1979 1.9984 6755.3 5487.1
105e (mPa s mol-4 L4) 1535.9 89.526 8.2422 9362.0 -19.649
105f (mPa s mol-5 L5) -165.66 2.9925 1.1563 490.1 2759.9
max deviationd 0.12 1.04 1.18 3.24f 1.65
av deviatione 0.07 0.30 0.57 1.79f 0.63
a Using eq 5. b Using eq 8. c Using eq 9. d The largest difference between the observed and calculated values expressed in %. e The

average difference between the observed and calculated values expressed in %. f Point at the highest concentration of CsOH has been
omitted.

satisfactorily the viscosities of a number of strong binary (5) Herrington T. M.; Pethybridge, A. D.; Roffey, M. G. Densities of
electrolytes (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) over the entire experi- Aqueous Lithium, Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides from 25 to
75 °C at 1 atm. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1986, 31, 31-34.
mentally accessible concentration range. From the data of (6) Corti H. R.; Fernandez Prini R.; Svarc, F. Densities and Partial
Table 6, however, it is apparent that this equation is not Molar Volumes of Lithium, Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides
satisfactory with our solutions: average deviations were up to 250 °C. J. Solution Chem. 1990, 19, 793-809.
(7) Krings, W. The Viscosity and Density of Sodium Hydroxide
as much as 5.5%, with maximum deviations up to 10%. The Solutions to High Concentrations and at High Temperatures. Z.
agreement between the observed and optimized viscosities Anorg. Chem. 1948, 255, 294-299.
were most unsatisfactory at the highest concentrations. (8) Klochko M. A.; Godneva, M. M. Electrical Conductivity and
Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of NaOH and KOH. Russ. J. Inorg.
Therefore, for practicality, the data were instead fitted Chem. 1959, 4, 964-967.
using a fifth-order polynomial expression: (9) Baron, N. M.; Matveeva, R. P. Viscosity of Caustic Soda Solutions
at 25-90 °C. J. Appl. Chem. (USSR) 1967, 40, 652-655.
(10) Baron, N. M.; Matveeva, R. P. Viscosity, Density and Electrical
η ) η0 + ac + bc2 + dc3 + ec4 + fc5 (9) Conductivity of Aqueous NaOH Solutions at Low Temperatures.
Zh. Prikl. Khim. 1969, 42, 2128-2131.
(11) Söhnel, O.; Novotný, P. Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic
This equation is able to describe almost all the electro- Substances; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1986.
(12) Zaytsev, I. D.; Aseyev, G. G. Properties of Aqueous Solutions of
lytes over the entire concentration range with a satisfactory Electrolytes; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1992.
average error of e 0.6% (Table 6). The only exception is (13) Lobo, V. M. M.; Quarisma, J. L. Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions;
the CsOH-H2O system. The irregular behavior of the latter Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1989.
(14) Sipos, P.; Hefter, G. T.; May, P. M. Carbonate Removal from
is most likely to be associated with the sudden and sharp Concentrated Hydroxide Solutions. Analyst (London) 2000, 125,
upturn of the η vs c(CsOH) function at > 5 M concentra- 955-958.
tions. (15) Kron, I.; Marshall, S. L.; May, P. M.; Hefter, G. T.; Konigsberger,
E. The Ionic Product of Water in Highly Concentrated Aqueous
Electrolyte Solutions. Monatsh. Chem. 1995, 126, 819-837.
Acknowledgment (16) Gran, G. Determination of the Equivalence Point in Potentio-
metric Titrations. Analyst (London) 1952, 77, 661-671.
The authors thank Leonie Hughes, Mark Schibeci, and (17) May, P. M.; Murray, K.; Williams, D. R. The Use of Glass
Rick Cricelli for assisting in the measurements and Dr. Electrodes for the Determination of Formation Constants-III.
Andrew Stanley for helpful discussions. Optimization for Titration Data: The ESTA Library of Computer
Programs. Talanta 1988, 35, 825-830.
(18) Zhang, H.-L.; Chen, G.-H.; Han, S.-J. Viscosity and Density of
Literature Cited H2O + NaCl + CaCl2 and H2O + KCl + CaCl2 at 298.15 K. J.
Chem. Eng. Data 1997, 42, 526-530.
(1) A° kerlöf, G.; Kegeles, G. The Density of Aqueous Solutions of (19) Weast, R. C. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th ed.;
Sodium Hydroxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 1027-1039. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
(2) Krey, J. Vapour Pressure and Density of the System H2O-NaOH.
Z. Phys. Chem. (Munich) 1972, 81, 252-273.
Received for review January 19, 2000. Accepted March 29, 2000.
(3) Hershey, J. P.; Damesceno, R.; Millero, F. J. Densities and This work was funded by the Australian alumina industry (Alcoa
Compressibilities of Aqueous HCl and NaOH from 0 to 45 °C. World Alumina, Comalco Aluminium, Queensland Alumina, and
The Effect of Pressure on the Ionization of Water. J. Solution Worsley Alumina) through the Australian Mineral Industries
Chem. 1984, 13, 825-839. Research Association as part of the Project P507A and by the
(4) Roux, A. H.; Perron, G.; Desnoyers, J. E. Heat Capacities, Australian Government under its Cooperative Research Centres
Volumes, Expansibilities and Compressibilities of Concentrated Program.
Aqueous Solutions of LiOH, NaOH and KOH. Can. J. Chem. 1984,
62, 878-897. JE000019H