Biohydrogen Production Using Cyanobacteria: Kaitlyn Baab Cluster 1: Biotechnology COSMOS 2009, UC Davis
Biohydrogen Production Using Cyanobacteria: Kaitlyn Baab Cluster 1: Biotechnology COSMOS 2009, UC Davis
Biohydrogen Production Using Cyanobacteria: Kaitlyn Baab Cluster 1: Biotechnology COSMOS 2009, UC Davis
Using Cyanobacteria
Kaitlyn Baab
Cluster 1: Biotechnology
COSMOS 2009, UC Davis
The Problem
Figure 1
Depletion of Fossil Fuels
Today, fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) supply over 80%
of the world’s energy needs
Fossil fuels are being depleted much faster than they are
being formed
Eventually we will run out of fossil fuels
Global Pollution
Burning of fossil fuels leads to emission of green house
gases (i.e. carbon dioxide) which causes global warming
Global Warming‐ increase in Earth’s average
temperature leading to rising sea levels
The Solution
Find an alternative energy source!!!
Figure 2
Figure 4
Figure 3
Hydrogen
Figure 5
A renewable energy source
Non‐polluting, non‐greenhouse gas emitting
The most abundant element, but cannot be captured from
most sources
Can be used with fuel cells and other similar technologies to
produce energy
However, “hydrogen is only as good as the energy used to
make it”‐ NREL
Today, most of the hydrogen produced uses steam
reformation of methane and fossil fuels
We need to find a clean, cost effective way to produce
hydrogen!!!
Biohydrogen
The production of hydrogen using microorganisms
These organisms produce H2 from renewable energy
sources such as sunlight
Some of these organisms include green algae and
cyanobacteria
Average of 10% solar conversion efficiency
Adapted from U.S.
Department of Energy
Cyanobacteria
Also known as blue‐green algae
Prokaryotes (lack nucleus and internal organelles)
Unicellular, filamentous, free‐living, or colonies
Use carbon dioxide as carbon source & produce ATP and
oxygen through photosynthesis
Under certain conditions they use energy to produce
hydrogen gas
Figure 6
Why Cyanobacteria?
They have very simple nutritional requirements
They need:
Air (for CO2 and N2)
Water (for electrons)
Light (for energy)
Mineral Salts
Figure 7
Enzymes Responsible for Hydrogen
Production
Enzymes:
1. Nitrogenase‐ produces hydrogen during nitrogen
fixation
2. Uptake Hydrogenase‐ recycles the hydrogen
produced
3. Bidirectional Hydrogenase‐ hydrogen production and
consumption
Some cyanobacteria use nitrogenase/uptake
hydrogenase or bidirectional hydrogenase and some
use both
Nitrogenase and Uptake Hydrogenase
N2 ATP is required
Sensitive to
Nitrogenase NH3 oxygen
H2 produced is
taken up by
uptake
hydrogenase
Used only by
2H+ + 2e‐ Uptake Hydrogenase H2
nitrogen fixing
bacteria
Adapted from Filipe Pinto
Bidirectional Hydrogenase
Adapted from Filipe Pinto
ATP requirement is lower than for nitrogenase
Sensitive to oxygen
Hydrogen uptake when hydrogen partial pressure is high
Used by both nitrogen fixing and non‐nitrogen fixing
bacteria
Current Obstacles Associated with
Cyanobacteria
Overall low production of hydrogen
Oxygen inhibition in nitrogenase and
hydrogenase
Hydrogen consumption by uptake
hydrogenase
Figure 8
Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133
A strain of cyanobacteria Figure 10
Nitrogen fixing bacteria with
vegetative and heterocyst cells
Filamentous bacteria has
vegetative cells
(photosynthesis) and
heterocyst cells (nitrogen
fixing)
Produces hydrogen only
through nitrogenase
This strain is unique because it
does not contain bidirectional
hydrogenase
NHM5 Mutant
What it is‐
A genetically engineered form of Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133
with no uptake hydrogenase
Genetically engineered in 2002 by Lindberg et al.
How they created it‐
Created a non‐working uptake hydrogenase (hupL‐) by taking an
uptake hydrogenase gene (hupL) and interrupting it using
neomycin resistance (npt)
Neomycin resistance gene was used both to interrupt hupL and
to select for correctly transformed cells
Inserted hupL‐ into plasmid and put this plasmid into Ecoli cells
Transferred the plasmid into Nostoc
The hupL‐ gene was inserted into the genome of the cyanobacteria
NHM5 Mutant
N2
Will hydrogen production efficiency increase
in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme
ATCC 29133 if a gene for uptake hydrogenase
is knocked out while the gene for bidirectional
hydrogenase is inserted into the
cyanobacterium?
Figure 9
My Experiment
Use a similar system to that of Lindberg et al.
Create an uptake hydrogenase deficient Nostoc strain, but in
addition to inserting hupL‐ also insert a gene for bidirectional
hydrogenase
▪ Take the bidirectional hydrogenase from cyanobacterium
Synechocystis PCC 6803
▪ Coded for by the hox operon (not one gene, but many
subunits)
Figure 11
Materials
Bidirectional hydrogenase gene from
Synechocystis PCC 6803
Designed primers
pRneoK plasmid from E. coli
E. coli cells
Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133
Photobioreactor
Gas chromatograph
Method
Step 1: Take hox locus from Synechocystis
PCC 6803 and insert it into pRneoK plasmid
Step 2: Insert plasmid into E. coli
Step 3:Transfer plasmid from E. coli cells to
Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133
Step 4: Cultivate cyanobacteria
Step 5:Measure hydrogen production
Protocol
Figure 12
Step 1: Take hox locus
(bidirectional hydrogenase)
from Synechocystis PCC 6803
and insert it into plasmid
pRneoK
▪ Use designed primers and
PCR to amplify the hox locus
including promoter hox locus
▪ Plasmid includes the will be
antibiotic resistance gene inserted
neomycin to select for here
transformed cells
▪ Use standard recombinant
DNA techniques to insert
gene into plasmid
Protocol
Figure 13
Step 2: Insert
plasmid into E. coli
▪ Use electroporation
(electric shock)
▪ Grow E. coli cells in LB
media with neomycin
(to select for
transformed cells)
Protocol
Figure 14
Step 3: Transfer plasmid from
E. coli cells to Nostoc
▪ Using tri‐parental mating according
to the protocol of Cohen et al.
(1994) Figure 15
E. coli with plasmid, E. coli
capable of conjugation, and
cyanobacteria
▪ Antibiotic resistance and sucrose
sensitivity will select for
transformed Nostoc
▪ Homologous recombination‐
exchanges genetic materials from
plasmid and genome because have
similar flanking sequences
Protocol
Figure 16
Step 4: Cultivate cyanobacteria
▪ Pick colonies of transformed Nostoc
punctiforme ATCC 29133 with
bidirectional gene from plate
Isolate DNA and check for construct with
PCR
▪ Grow Nostoc punctiforme ATCC
29133 in photobioreactor
Photobioreactor‐a bubble column
reactor, the medium is continually mixed
& air is bubbled through
Also, test the controls (wild type of
Nostoc and Nostoc without
hydrogenase) in the same environment
Protocol
Step 5: Measure hydrogen
production Figure 17
▪ Measure hydrogen
production with a gas
chromatograph
If hydrogen production in
Nostoc with bidirectional
hydrogenase is greater than
the Nostoc without
hydrogenase then we know
it worked!!
Potential Problems
Oxygen could inhibit the production of hydrogen
▪ Potential solution: try to grow in anaerobic environment
or change culture conditions
Bidirectional could uptake hydrogen instead of produce
hydrogen
▪ Potential solution: pump gas out of chamber to keep
partial pressure of hydrogen low
Cohen MF, Wallis JG, Campbell EL, Meeks JC. Transposon mutagenesis of Nostoc
sp. strain ATCC 29133, a 7lamentous cyanobacterium with multiple cellular
diEerentiation alternatives. Microbiology 1994;140:3233–40.
Dutta, Debajyoti, et al. “Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria.” Microbial Cell
Factories (Dec. 2005). 14 July 2009
<http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/4/1/36>.
“Fossil Fuels.” Solcomhouse. 29 July 2009
<http://www.solcomhouse.com/fossilfuels.htm>.
Lindberg, Pia, et al. “A hydrogen‐producing, hydrogenase‐free mutant strain of
Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
27.11‐12 (2002): 1291‐1296.
Oliveira, Paulo. Regulation of the Cyanobacterial Bidirectional Hydrogenase. Diss.
Uppsala University. N.p.: n.p., 2008. 29 July 2009 <http://uu.diva‐
portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A172145>.
Pinto, Fernando A. Lopes. “Method Implementation and Technique Development
for Studies with Cyanobacteria.” Repositorium. 19 July 2009
<http://hdl.handle.net/1822/4815>.
U.S. Department of Energy. Photobiological Production of Hydrogen. N.p.:
National Renewable Energy Labratory, 2007.
Bibliography (Images)
Figure1:<http://blog.lib.umn.edu/ellis271/arch1701/bigstockphoto_Global_Warming_21754
0%203.jpg>
Figure 2: < http://darylkelley.com/hemphillpark/wp‐
content/uploads/wpsc/product_images/wind%20energy‐3.jpg>
Figure 3: <http://indolinkenglish.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/solar‐energy.jpg>
Figure4:http://www.originenergy.com.au/files/ClydeHydroPowerStation_update3.jpg>
Figure5:<http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_301/1219244985TM5z1G.jpg>
Figure 6: <http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/proceuc/c27x11cyanobacteria.jpg>
Figure7:<http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/img/environment/cyanobacteria220805.jpg>
Figure8: <http://user.uni‐frankfurt.de/~schauder/cyanos/image9.jpg>
Figure9:< <http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/4815?locale=en>
Figure10:http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_188/1190683943Ge3P8U.jpg>
Figure 11: <http://uu.diva‐portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A172145>
Figure12:<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V3F‐46SNHYR‐
R&_user=4421&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrI
d=968479764&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000059598&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_user
id=4421&md5=55452763b8679d049b07f8cfd5abd486>
Figure 13: <http://jakst.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/e‐coli1.jpg>
Figure14:<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bacterial_Conjuga
tion_en.png/350px‐Bacterial_Conjugation_en.png>
Figure 15: <http://www.genebridges.com/img/crossover.gif>
Figure 16: <http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/4815?locale=en>
Figure 17: <http://www.2itech.com.au/images/Acme6000GC.jpg>