3 Dec - Science - Imp Concept - 1511844465
3 Dec - Science - Imp Concept - 1511844465
3 Dec - Science - Imp Concept - 1511844465
Science
(Important Concepts)
#GrowWithGreen
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Types of Chemical Reactions
Reaction Definition Example
NaHCO 3 +HCl → NaCl + H2 O + CO 2
● Acids react with bases to give salt and water. This reaction is called as neutralization
reaction.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl +H 2 O
● Acids react with metals oxides to give salt and water.
CuO + H2 SO 4 → CuSO 4 + H2 O
Chemical Properties of Bases
● Reaction with Metals Certain reactive metals such as Zinc, Aluminium, and Tin react
with alkali solutions on heating and hydrogen gas is evolved.
2NaOH + Zn → Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2
● Reaction with acids Bases react with acids to form salt and water.
KOH +HCl → KCl +H 2 O
● Reaction with Non metallic oxides – These oxides are generally acidic in nature. They
react with bases to form salt and water.
2NaOH + CO 2 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
Some Important Chemical Compounds
Bleaching Powder Baking Soda Washing Soda Plaster of Paris
(CaOCO 2 ) (NaHCO 3 ) (Na 2 CO 3 .10H 2 O) (CaSO 4 . 1/2 H 2 O)
3. It can be used as a 2. It is used for making
cleaning agent for statues, models and other
domestic purposes. decorative materials.
Metals and NonMetals
Physical Properties of Metals and NonMetals
Properties Metals NonMetals
Chemical Properties of Metals and NonMetals
Properties Metals NonMetals
Extraction of Metals
Carbon and Its Compounds
Versatile Nature of Carbon
Three important properties of carbon atoms that enable them to form such large
number of compounds are:
● Catenation: Property of carbon atom to form bond with other atoms of carbon is known
as catenation.
● Tetravalency: Having a valency of 4, carbon atom is capable of bonding with atoms of
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and other elements.
● Small size : The smaller size of carbon atom enables nucleus to hold the shared pair of
electrons strongly, making carbon compounds very stable.
Important Chemical Reactions of Carbon Compounds
● Addition Reaction:
Formation of larger molecules by addition of more radicals is known as addition
reaction. For example: ethene is converted into ethane when heated with the catalyst
nickel.
CH2=CH2 + H2 + (Nickel catalyst) ⇨ CH3−CH3
Hydrogenation Reaction: Hydrogen is added to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of
nickel to yield saturated hydrocarbons. In this reaction, nickel acts as a catalyst.
● Substitution Reaction:
Replacement of a functional group or any atom by another atom or functional group is
known as substitution reaction. Substitution reactions are single displacement
reactions.
CH4 + Cl2 + Sunlight ⇨ CH3Cl + HCl
● Combustion Reaction:
Carbon and carbon compounds gives carbon dioxide, vapor, heat and light on burning
in air.
CH4 + 2O2 ⇨ CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light
CH3C2OH + O2 ⇨ CO2 + H2O + Heat + Light
● Oxidation:
The gain of oxygen and loss of hydrogen is known as oxidation. I n oxidation reaction,
carbon compounds are oxidized in the presence of oxygen.
In these reactions, alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate act as
oxidizing agents and convert alcohol to acids i.e., add oxygen to the starting material.
Important Carbon Compounds
➔ Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH)
➔ Ethanoic Acid (CH 3 COOH)
Life Processes
Digestion in Humans
Organ Gland Enzyme/Juice Functions
● Trypsin → Converts Proteins to
Amino acids
● Lipase → Converts Fats into
Fatty acids &
Glycerol
Differences Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
It occurs in the presence of O2. It occurs in absence of O2.
It involves the exchange of gases between an Exchange of gases is absent.
organism and outside environment.
It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. It occurs only in cytoplasm.
It always releases CO 2 and H 2 O. End products may vary (ethanol in bacteria,
lactic acid in muscle cells).
It yields 38 ATP. It yields 2 ATP.
Double Circulation
● The right auricle contracts and passes the deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle.
● The r ight ventricle contracts and passes the deoxygenated blood into the two pulmonary
arteries, which pumps it to the lungs where the blood is oxygenated.
● From the lungs, the pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left atrium of
the heart.
● The left atrium contracts and the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle.
● The blood passes to aorta from the left ventricle.
● The aorta gives rise to many arteries that distribute the oxygenated blood to all the
regions of the body.
● Since the blood goes twice through the heart, it is known as d
ouble circulation.
How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Differences Between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
It involves two parents. It involves a single parent.
Special sex organs are required. It does not require special sex organs.
It involves meiosis and fusion of gametes. It does not involve meiosis and gametic
fusion, instead, mitosis occurs.
Zygote formation takes place. No zygote formation takes place.
Offspring exhibit genetic variation from Offspring are genetically similar to parents.
either of the two parents.
Reproduction in Plants
Reproduction in Humans
Reproductive Health
Heredity and Evolution
Light Reflection and Refraction
Human Eye and Colourful World
Electricity
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current