School of Engineering

Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department

FALL 2019 CHEN 321

EXPERIMENT 4
Flow through an orifice

Group members

Victor Shanaa Abdirahman Mohammed Chowdhury

Experiment performed on Flow through an orifice

Submitted on 8/09/2019

Name: Reeves Nayagam - 2016002446

Instructor: Engr. Nazik Abdullahi Mohamed Ahmed Abdulla

Table of Content
s

Introduction..........................................................................................................................1

Objectives of Performing the Experiment...........................................................................1

Theory..................................................................................................................................1

Equipment........................................................................................................................2

Experimental procedures.................................................................................................3

Safety...............................................................................................................................4

Results.............................................................................................................................5

Discussions......................................................................................................................6

Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................................................10

Introduction

The flow through an orifice is one of the important experiments in the fluid mechanics, it shows

how the flow is affected when the fluid flows through all different types of shapes or sizes of

orifices. We also find the coefficient of velocity of the orifice.

Objectives of Performing the Experiment

 To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices.

Theory

From the application of Bernoulli's Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a steady,
incompressible, frictionless flow):

The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contract (narrowest diameter) is

𝑉𝑖 = √2𝑔ℎ

Where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.

The actual velocity is 𝑉 = 𝐶𝒗√𝟐𝒈𝒉

 Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and,
therefore Cv < 1

Cv can be determined from the trajectory of the jet using the following argument: Neglecting
the effect of air resistance, the horizontal component of the jet velocity can be assumed to
remain constant so that in time, t, the horizontal distance travelled,

X = vt

Because of the action of gravity, the fluid also acquires a downward vertical (y-direction)
component of velocity. Hence, after the same time, t, (i.e. after travelling a distance x) the jet
will have a y displacement given by

y
t=√ 2
g

yields the result:

Cv=x / 2 √ yh

Equipment’s Required:

 Hydraulics Bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume collection

 Orifice and Jet Apparatus
 A stopwatch to allow us to determine the flow rate of water
 An adjustable overflow pipe is provided adjacent to the header tank to allow changes in the
head.
 Two orifice plates of differing diameters
 A piece of paper is attached to the backboard, and the needles are adjusted to follow the
profile of the water jet.

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Experimental procedures

 Position the overflow tube to give a high head. Note the value of the head. The jet trajectory
is obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical backboard to follow the profile of
the jet.

 Release the securing screw for each needle in turn and move the needle until its point is just
immediately above the jet and re-tighten the screw.

 Attach a sheet of paper to the backboard between the needle and board and secure it in
place with the clamp provided so that its upper edge is horizontal.

 Mark the location of the top of each needle on the paper.

 Note the horizontal distance from the plane of the orifice (taken as x = 0) to the co-ordinate
point marking the position of the first needle. This first co-ordinate point should be close
enough to the orifice to treat it as having the value y = 0. Thus, y displacements are
measured relative to this position.

 Estimate the likely experimental errors in each of the quantities measured.

 Repeat this test for a low reservoir head.

 Then repeat the above procedure for the second orifice.

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 Safety

1. While the second group was working, they did not pay attention to the water flowing

from the orifice (they did not turn off the equipment), so it made a water puddle on the

floor. We should always double check our equipment before leaving it.

2. Always know all the knobs in apparatus before handling the equipment.

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 Orifice Horizontal Vertical (𝒚𝒉)𝟎.𝟓 (𝒎)
Head h
Diameter d Distance Distance y
(m)
(m) x (m) (m)
1 0.003 3.9 0.05 0.173 0.249
2 0.003 3.9 0.10 0.164 0.242
3 0.003 3.9 0.15 0.152 0.233
4 0.003 3.9 0.20 0.135 0.220
5 0.003 3.9 0.25 0.114 0.202
6 0.003 3.9 0.30 0.092 0.181
7 0.003 3.9 0.35 0.067 0.155
Results :
Head Level
x y sqrt(yh) 0.39
Head Level – 390 0.05 0.173 0.260
0.1 0.164 0.253
0.15 0.152 0.243
0.2 0.135 0.229
0.25 0.114 0.211

S q rt(y h )
0.3 0.092 0.189
3mm 390 Head Level 0.35 0.067 0.162

0.280
Slope -0.3571429
0.260
0.260 0.253
0.243
0.240 0.229

0.220 0.211

0.200 0.189
Sqrt(yh)

0.180
0.162
0.160

0.140

0.120

0.100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 x 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

3mm, Coefficient of velocity = -0.1785

Discussion:

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The main objective of the experiment was to determine the coefficient of velocity of two small
orifices, by using trajectory of a jet of water issuing the one of the given orifices under steady
state conditions. We keep the head constant using the overflow pipe at a certain, in our
experiment we used two 360 and 390 head levels for both 3mm and 6mm orifices.

We observed that as the jet of water came out of the orifice, it took at distinct water profile like
downward parabola. To study this, we fixed needles to mark the trajectory on the sheet of paper
placed above it, we noticed that when we lowered the head level the speed of the water coming
out decreased.

After obtaining all the values, we found that the slope of the graph was negative and coefficient
of velocity which is slope over 2 is also negative. The reason for this is that the speed is of the
water flowing is decreasing as it flows, and the downward slope of the graph is an indication of
the decline in energy and speed, while calculating the Cv we neglect the effect of air resistance,
the horizontal component of the jet velocity can be assumed to remain constant.

We got the y distance from the needles, then with the constant horizontal component, we
multiplied the head level with the variable y with this equation (yh)0.5 then we plotted these
values on excel using the appropriate scales and we calculated the slope using the in-built slope
function in excel. (The excels files are attached along with the data)

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Head Level – 390 Head Level
x y sqrt(yh) 0.39
0.05 0.174 0.260
0.1 0.165 0.254
0.15 0.153 0.244
0.2 0.139 0.233
0.25 0.1215 0.218
0.3 0.09 0.187
O H V (𝒚𝒉 0.35 0.074 0.170
H
r o e )𝟎.𝟓
e
i r r (𝒎)
Slope -0.343929
a
f i t
d
i z i
c h o c
e n a
( t l
D m a
i ) l D
a i
m D s
e i t
t s a
e t n
r a c
n e
d c
e y
( x
m (
) ( m
m )
)
1 0.006 3.9 0.05 0.174 0.260
2 0.006 3.9 0.10 0.165 0.254
3 0.006 3.9 0.15 0.153 0.244
4 0.006 3.9 0.20 0.139 0.233
5 0.006 3.9 0.25 0.1215 0.218
6 0.006 3.9 0.30 0.09 0.187
7 0.006 3.9 0.35 0.074 0.170

6mm, Coefficient of velocity = - 0.1719

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 6mm 390 Head Level
0.280
0.260
0.260 0.254
0.244
0.240 0.233
0.218
0.220
SQRT(yh)

0.200 0.187
0.180 0.170

0.160

0.140

0.120

0.100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
X

Excel Sheet is data linked and attached.

Head Level – 360, 3mm

x Sqrt(yh) Head 360
0.05 0.246
Coefficient of velocity = - 1.4983 0.10 0.241 Orifice 3mm
0.15 0.231
0.20 0.218
0.25 0.201
0.30 0.18
0.35 0.15
Slope -2.9966

Orifice Horizontal Vertical (𝒚𝒉)𝟎.𝟓 (𝒎)

Head 3mm Radius Orifice, 360Distance
Head Level
Diameter
0.26 Distance
h (m)
d (m) 0.25 x (m) y (m)
0.24 0.24
1 0.003 3.6 0.05
0.23 0.171 0.246
2 0.003
0.22 3.6 0.10 0.22 0.162 0.241
3 0.003
0.2
3.6 0.15 0.149
0.2 0.231
4 0.003 3.6 0.20 0.133 0.218
Sqrt(yh)

0.18 0.18
5 0.003 3.6 0.25 0.113 0.201
6 0.003
0.16 3.6 0.30 0.091 0.180
8
7 0.003 3.6 0.35 0.063 0.15
0.150
0.14

0.12

0.1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
x
Head level – 360, 6mm
x Sqrt(yh) Head 360
Excel sheet is data linked and attached. 0.05 0.258
0.10 0.252 Orifice 6mm
0.15 0.242
Coefficient of velocity = - 0.151 0.20 0.23
0.25 0.215
0.30 0.192
0.35 0.166

Slope -0.3021
Orifice Horizontal Vertical (𝒚𝒉)𝟎.𝟓 (𝒎)
Head h
Diameter Distance Distance
(m)
d (m) x (m) y (m)
1 0.006 3.6 0.05 0.171 0.258
2 0.006 3.6 0.10 0.163 0.252
3 0.006 3.6 0.15 0.151 0.242
4 0.006 3.6 0.20 0.136 0.230
5 0.006 3.6 0.25 0.119 0.215
6 0.006 3.6 0.30 0.0955 0.192
7 0.006 3.6 0.35 0.071 0.166

0.28
6mm 360 Head level
0.26 0.26
0.25
0.24 0.24
0.23
0.22 0.22
Sqrt(yh)

0.2
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
x

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Conclusions and Recommendations

The experiment was executed perfectly, we plotted 4 graphs for 2 different orifices and 2

different head levels. We found that the coefficient of velocity was negative, and the slope of the

graph was negative (Downward slope).

We could love to use a different shape of orifice instead of traditional circle such as triangle,

hexagon etc.

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