4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma

Laws of Indices
4.1 Hukum Indeks Textbook
pg. 90 – 95

SMART Notes

d.
1. Indices / Indeks: 2. Laws of indices / Hukum Indeks:
•  a0 = 1 •  (am)n = amn
1

Bh
•  a–m = m , a ≠ 0 •  am × an = am + n
a •  am ÷ an = am – n
1
n
•  a n = √a • (ab)n = an × bn
m
= √am = 1 √a2
1 ab 2 an
n n n m n
•  a •  = , b ≠ 0

.
bn

dn
1. Simplify each of the following using laws of indices. PL 3

S
Mempermudahkah setiap yang berikut dengan menggunakan hukum indeks.    

Example
gi
(i) a5 × a–2 (ii) 2(5p) ÷ 8(52q) × 30
= a5 + (–2) am × an = am + n
= 2 (5p – 2q) × 1 am ÷ an = am – n
an
8 a0 = 1
= a5 – 2
= a3 = 1 (5p – 2q)
4
l
Pe

1 2 3

1 49 2 ÷ 21 2 (c) 2a3b4 × 5ab2

4
(a) (32)4 × 9 3 ÷ 81 3 (b) 2

1 2 3 = 2 × 5 × a3 × a × b4 × b2
= 38 × (32) 3 ÷ (34) 3 4 3 = (2 × 5)a3 + 1 × b4 + 2
1 2 1 2 ÷ 2
4
=
n

2
3
8
3
9 3 = 10a4b6
= 38 × 3 ÷ 3
2 3÷ 2 4
1 2 1 2
ta

8+ 2 – 8 =
=3 3 3 3 3
= 36 2 3–4
= 1 2
bi

3
2 –1 or  3
= 1 2
r

3 2
ne
Pe

1
(d) 21m3n2 ÷ 1 m5n (e) 4p q ×3 6pq (f) 2p + 3 – 4
5 2 3 p

3 3p q4 1 2
9
2

1
= 2p × 23 – (2 2) 2
2 p
= 21m n 1 2
3 2

1 m5n = 4 × 6 p5 + 1 – 3q2 + 3 – 4
1 2 3
3 1 1
3 1
= 63m3 – 5n2 – 1 = 8p q
3 p
3 1 2
= 8(2 ) – 2 2 (22p) 2
= 63m–2n
= 8(2p) – 1 (2p) 1 2
= 63n 3
m2 1
= 8 – 1 3
(2p) 2
= 23 (2p)
3

49 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

2. Determine the value of x in each of the following equations. PL 4

Tentukan nilai x dalam setiap persamaan berikut.

Example 1 1
(a) 2 × 5x = 2
2x = 64 625
2x = 26 Compare the powers of both sides of 5x = 625–1
the equation when the bases are the 5x = (54)–1
x=6 same.
Bandingkan kuasa kedua-dua belah 5x = 5–4
persamaan apabila asasnya adalah sama. x = –4

(b) (23 – 5x)(8x – 4) = 1 (c) 9x – 3 = 81

(23 – 5x)[(23)x – 4] = 20
9x – 3 = 92
(23 – 5x)(23x – 12) = 20 x – 3 = 2

d.
23 – 5x +(3x – 12) = 20 x = 5
2–9 – 2x = 20
–9 – 2x = 0

Bh
2x = –9
x = – 9
2

.
dn
3. Solve each of the following problems.  PL 5   Daily Application

S
Selesaikan setiap masalah berikut.
Example
gi
A sample of radioactive material with an initial mass of 250 g decay from time to time such that its mass is
halved every hour. Determine its mass after 10 hours in the form of k a where k, a, b and p are integers.
1 2
p
an

b
Satu sampel bahan radioaktif dengan jisim permulaan 250 g mereput dari semasa ke semasa, dengan jisimnya diseparuhkan setiap
a p
1 2
l

jam. Tentukan jisimnya selepas 10 jam dalam bentuk k dengan keadaan k, a, b dan p ialah integer. HOTS Applying
b
Pe

After 1 hour, mass = 250 × 1 1 2

2
n

After 2 hours, mass = 250 × 1 × 1 = 250 1 1 2

2

2 2 2
ta

1
1 2
10
After 10 hours, mass = 250
2
bi

Amoeba is a unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape. It carries out binary fission to
r

increase its number, that is, splits into two halves. In a certain colony, at the initial stage, there are 18
ne

amoebae. Find the number of amoebae in the colony after the 6th fission in the form of 2m3n where m and
n are positive integers. HOTS Applying
Ameba ialah sejenis organisma unisel yang sentiasa berubah bentuknya. Ameba menjalankan proses pembelahan dedua untuk
Pe

menambah bilangannya, iaitu membahagi kepada dua. Dalam satu koloni tertentu, didapati ada 18 ameba pada awalnya.
Cari bilangan ameba dalam koloni tersebut selepas pembelahan ke-6 dalam bentuk 2m3n dengan keadaan m dan n ialah integer
positif.

Initial stage: 18
After the 6th fission, the number of amoebae = 18 × 26 After the 1st fission: 18 × 21
= 2 × 9 × 26 After the 2nd fission: 18 × 2 × 2 = 18 × 22
= 21 + 6 × 32
= 2732

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 50

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 

Laws of Surds
4.2 Hukum Surd Textbook
pg. 96 – 108

SMART Notes
3
1. Rational numbers are the numbers that can be 5. √4 is read as “surd 4 order 3”.
a 3
√4 disebut sebagai “surd 4 peringkat 3”.
expressed in fractional form where a and b are
b
integers and b ≠ 0.
Nombor nisbah ialah nombor yang boleh diungkapkan 6. Laws of surds:
a Hukum surd:
dalam bentuk pecahan dengan keadaan a dan b ialah
b
integer dan b ≠ 0. •  √a × √b = √ab
2. Irrational numbers are the numbers that cannot be a
•  √a ÷ √b =
expressed in fractional form. b

d.
Nombor tak nisbah ialah nombor yang tidak boleh for a . 0 and b . 0
diungkapkan dalam bentuk pecahan.
untuk a . 0 dan b . 0

Bh
3. Below are some examples:
Berikut adalah beberapa contoh: 7. Conjugate surd of a + √b is a – √b, similarly
a – √b is a + √b. A rational number is obtained
Rational number Irrational number when the conjugate pair is multiplied.
Nombor nisbah Nombor tak nisbah Surd konjugat bagi a + √b ialah a – √b, sama juga a – √b

.
dn
2 ialah a + √b. Satu nombor nisbah diperoleh apabila mendarab
–2 = – π = 3.14159265… dengan surd konjugat.
1
(a + √b )(a – √b ) = a2 – b
1 e = 2.71828182…
2 (Euler number/ nombor

S
8. To simplify an expression involving surd as denominator,
Euler) rationalising the denominator by multiplying the
5 j = 1.61803398… numerator and denominator with conjugate surd. For
1.25 =
gi
4 (golden ratio/ nisbah example,
(terminating decimal/ Bagi mempermudahkan ungkapan yang melibatkan surd
keemasan)
an
sebagai penyebut, menisbahkan penyebut tersebut dengan
perpuluhan berakhir)
mendarabkan pengangka dan penyebut dengan surd konjugat.
1 √2 = 1.41421356… Misalnya,
0.333… =
3 1 m√a
l

(recurring decimal/ •  ×
m√a m√a
Pe

perpuluhan berulang)
1 m√a – n√b 
3 •  ×
√4 = 2 √4 = 1.58740105… m√a + n√b m√a – n√b
1  m√a + n√b 
4. From the examples, root of a number can be either • 
n

×
rational or irrational. An irrational number in the form m√a – n√b m√a + n√b
ta

of root is called surd.

Daripada contoh-contoh yang diberi, punca kuasa suatu
nombor boleh menghasilkan nombor nisbah atau nombor
bi

tak nisbah. Suatu nombor tak nisbah dalam bentuk punca

kuasa dikenali sebagai surd.
r
ne

4. Convert the following recurring decimals to fractional form in its lowest term. PL 1
Tukarkan perpuluhan berulang berikut kepada bentuk pecahan termudah.
Pe

Example
0.8888…

Let x = 0.8888… —— 1 Multiply with a suitable

integer so that the For the decimals in the two equations
1 × 10: 10x = 8.888… —— 2 recurring decimal part can (1 and 2), the digits after the decimal
point must be the same.
2 – 1: 9x = 8 be eliminated.
Bagi perpuluhan dalam dua persamaan
itu (1 dan 2), digit-digit selepas titik
x = 8 perpuluhan mesti sama.
9
Hence, 0.8888… = 8 .
9

51 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

(a) 2.333… (b) 0.1666…

Let x = 2.333… —————— 1 Let x = 0.1666… ——————— 1

1 × 10: 10x = 23.33… —— 2 1 × 10: 10x = 1.666… ——— 2
2 – 1: 9x = 21 1 × 100: 100x = 16.66… ——— 3
3 – 2: 90x = 15
x = 21
9 x = 15
90
= 7 or 2 1
3 3 = 1  
Hence, 2.333… =  or 2 1
7 6
3 3 Hence, 0.1666… = 1
6

d.
(c) 0.001111… (d) 0.141414…

Bh
Let x = 0.001111… —————— 1 Let x = 0.141414… ———————— 1
1 × 100: 100x = 0.1111… —— 2 1 × 100: 100x = 14.1414… ——— 2
1 × 1 000: 1 000x = 1.111… —— 3 2 – 1: 99x = 14
3 – 2: 900x = 1
x = 14

.
x = 1 99

dn

900
Hence, 0.141414… = 14
Hence, 0.001111… = 1 99
900

S
gi
5. Determine whether each of the following is a surd or not. Give your reason.  PL 1
Tentukan sama ada setiap yang berikut ialah surd atau bukan. Beri alasan anda.
an

Example

(i) 3
√81 = 4.32674… (ii) √9 = 3
l

Not all the roots are surds.

Pe

Surd. Its value is a non-recurring Not a surd. Its value Tidak semua punca kuasa

decimal. is an integer. ialah surd.

n

(a) √72 (b) √81

(c) – 121 (d)
3 2
25 7
ta

= 8.48528… =9
Surd. Its value is Not a surd. Its value = – 11 = –2.2 = 0.65863…
a non-recurring is an integer. 5
bi

decimal. Not a surd. Its value Surd. Its value is

is a terminating a non-recurring
r

decimal. decimal.
ne

6. Write each of the following as single surd.  PL 2

Pe

Tulis setiap yang berikut sebagai surd tunggal.

Example
(i) √3 × √7 = √3 × 7 √a × √b = √ab (ii) √20 ÷ √10 = 20 √a ÷ √b =
a
= √21 10 b

= √2

(a) √14 × √5 (b) √2 × √27 (c) √126 ÷ √3 √56 × √3

(d)
= √14 × 5 = √2 × 27
= 126 √7
= √70 = √54 3
= 56 × 3
= √42 7
= √24

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 52

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 

7. Simplify each of the following.  PL 2

Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.
Example
(i) √12 = √2 × 2 × 3 (ii) 5√18 = 5 × √2 × 3 × 3
= 2√3 n√a and n√a are different.
= 5 × 3 × √2
n√a dan n√a adalah berbeza. = 15√2

(a) √208 (b) 2√72 (c) 3

√24
3
= √2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 13 = 2 × √2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = √2 × 2 × 2 × 3
3
= 2 × 2 × √13 = 2 × 2 × 3 × √2 = 2 × √3

d.
3
= 4√13 = 12√2 = 2 √3

Bh
8. Simplify the following expressions.  PL 3

.
dn
Permudahkan ungkapan berikut.

Example (a) 7√2 – 3√2

3√5 + 4√5 = (7 – 3)√2

S
= (3 + 4)√5 3√5 and 4√5 are similar surds. = 4√2
= 7√5 Factorisation is carried out
with √5 as the common factor.
gi
3√5 dan 4√5 ialah surd serupa.
Pemfaktoran dilakukan dengan
√5 sebagai faktor sepunya.
an

(b) √12 – √75 + √108 (c) √2 + √3 + √12 – √48

l

= √4 × 3 – √25 × 3 + √36 × 3 = √2 + √3 + √4 × 3 – √16 × 3

Pe

= 2√3 – 5√3 + 6√3 = √2 + √3 + 2√3 – 4√3

= (2 – 5 + 6)√3 = √2 + (1 + 2 – 4)√3
= 3√3 = √2 – √3
n
ta

(d) √18 + √8 – √2 (e) 3√10 – √5 × √2

bi

3 = 3√10 – √5 × 2
= √9 × 2 + √4 × 2 – √2 = 3√10 – √10
3
r

= (3 – 1)√10
3√2
ne

= + 2√2 – √2 = 2√10
3
= √2 + 2√2 – √2
= (1 + 2 – 1)√2
Pe

= 2√2

(f) √5(8 – √5) (g) (1 + 2√3)(7 – 4√3)

= 8√5 – √5 × 5 = (1)(7) – (1)(4√3) + (2√3)(7) – (2√3)(4√3)
= 8√5 – 5 = 7 – 4√3 + 14√3 – 24
= 10√3 – 17

53 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

9. Simplify the following expressions by rationalising the denominators.  PL 3

Permudahkan ungkapan berikut dengan menisbahkan penyebut.

Example 2 2
(a) =
2 2 √3 √12 √4 × 3
= × Multiply with same surd
√3 √3 √3 as the denominator. 2
=
= 2√3 2√3
3 1 √3
= ×
√3 √3
= √3
3

d.
3 3 2√3 √6 6
(b) = × (c) =
2√3 2√3 2√3 √10 10

Bh
3 × 2 × √3 3
= =
2 × 2 × √3 × √3 5
6√3 √3
= =

.
12 √5

dn
√3 √3 √5
= = ×
2 √5 √5

S
√15
=
5
gi
an
10. Simplify the following expressions by rationalising the denominators using conjugate surds.  PL 3
Permudahkan ungkapan berikut dengan menisbahkan penyebut melalui surd konjugat.

Example
l

7 7 2 + 3√2
Pe

(a) = ×
5 5 2 – √3 2 – 3√2 2 – 3√2 2 + 3√2
= ×
2 + √3 2 + √3 2 – √3 7(2 + 3√2)
= 2
5(2 – √3) 2 – (3√2)2
= 2
n

2 – (√3)2 (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
= 7(2 + 3√2)
5(2 – √3) 4 – 18
ta

=
4–3
= 7(2 + 3√2)
= 5(2 – √3) –14
bi

2 – √3 is conjugate surd
for 2 + √3. 2 + 3√2
2 – √3 ialah surd konjugat =
bagi 2 + √3. –2
r

= – 2 + 3√2
ne

2
Pe

√3 √3 √5 + √3 3√2 – √3 3√2 – √3 2√2 + √3

(b) = × (c) = ×
√5 – √3 √5 – √3 √5 + √3 2√2 – √3 2√2 – √3 2√2 + √3
√3(√5 + √3) (3√2 – √3)(2√2 + √3)
= =
(√5)2 – (√3)2 (2√2)2 – (√3)2
√3(√5 + √3) (3√2)(2√2) + (3√2)(√3) – (√3)(2√2) – (√3) (√3)
= =
5–3 (2√2)2 – (√3)2
√15 + √9) 6 × 2 + 3 × √6 – 2 × √6 – 3
= =
2 4×2–3

√15 + 3 12 + 3 √6 – 2 √6 – 3
= =
2 8–3
9 + √6
=
5

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 54

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 

11. Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.  PL 4

Solve each of the following.

Example 1 1–m
Given m = and n = , express the following
1 1 √2 1+m
Given p = and q = , simplify the following expressions in the simplest form.
3 – √2 3 + √2
expressions by rationalising the denominators. 1 1–m
Diberi m = dan n = , ungkapkan ungkapan berikut
1 1 √2 1+m
Diberi p = dan q = , permudahkan ungkapan
3 – √2 3 + √2 dalam bentuk yang paling ringkas.
berikut dengan menisbahkan penyebut. (i) n
(i) p + q (ii) n + 1
(ii) p – q n
1 1 1
(i) p + q = + 1–
3 – √2 3 + √2 √2

d.
(i) n =
(3 + √2) (3 – √2) 1
= + 1+
(3 – √2)(3 + √2) (3 + √2)(3 – √2) √2

Bh
(3 + √2) + (3 – √2) 1 1
=
32 – (√2)2
= 11–
√2 2 1
÷ 1+
√2 2
3 + √2 + 3 – √2 √2 – 1 √2 + 1
= = ÷

.
9–2 √2 √2

dn
= 6 √2 – 1 √2
= ×
7 √2 √2 + 1
√2 – 1 √2 – 1

S
1 1 = ×
(ii) p – q = – √2 + 1 √2 – 1
3 – √2 3 + √2
(√2 – 1)2
(3 + √2) (3 – √2)
gi =
= – (√2)2 – 12
(3 – √2)(3 + √2) (3 + √2)(3 – √2)
2 – 2√2 + 1
an
(3 + √2) – (3 – √2) =
= 2–1
32 – (√2)2 = 3 – 2√2
3 + √2 – 3 + √2
l

=
9–2
Pe

1
= 2√2 (ii) n + 1 = (3 – 2√2) +
7 n 3 – 2√2
1 3 + 2√2
= (3 – 2√2) + ×
n

3 – 2√2 3 + 2√2
3 + 2√2
ta

= (3 – 2√2) +
9–8
= (3 – 2√2) + (3 + 2√2)
bi

=6
r
ne

12. Selesaikan masalah berikut.  PL 5

Solve the following problems.
Pe

Example
A square has an area of 216 m2. Write the length, in m, of the side of the square in surd form in its simplest
form. HOTS Applying
Sebuah segi empat sama mempunyai luas 216 m2. Tulis panjang, dalam m, sisi segi empat sama tersebut dalam bentuk surd yang
paling ringkas.

The length of the side = √216

= √2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
= 2 × 3 × √2 × 3
= 6√6 m

55 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

(a) A (b)

125 cm

B 500 cm C

The diagram shows a right-angled triangle ABC.  14 – 2  m

Calculate HOTS Applying
Rajah di atas menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut tegak. The diagram shows a cuboid with a square base.
Hitung The volume of the cuboid is 32(4 – √7)  m3.
(i) the perimeter, in cm, of the triangle, Without using a calculator, find the height of
perimeter, dalam cm, segi tiga itu, the cuboid, in m. HOTS Applying
(ii) the area, in cm2, of the triangle. Rajah di atas menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi

d.
luas, dalam cm , segi tiga itu.
2 empat sama. Isi padu kuboid tersebut ialah 32(4 – √7 ) m3.
Tanpa menggunakan kalkulator, cari tinggi kuboid tersebut,
dalam m.

Bh
(i) AC = (√125)2 + (√500)2

= √125 + 500 Let h = height of the cuboid
= √625
Volume of cuboid = Area of base × Height

.
= 25 cm

dn
32(4 – √7) = (√14 – √2)2 × h
Perimeter
32(4 – √7)
= √125 + √500 + 25 h =

S
(√14 – √2)2
= √5 × 5 × 5 + √2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 + 25
32(4 – √7)
=
gi
= 5√5 + 10√5 + 25
14 – 2√28 + 2
= (15√5 + 25) cm
32(4 – √7)
=
an

1 × √125 × √500 16 – 2√4 × 7

(ii) Area = 32(4 – √7)
2 =
1 × 5√5 × 10√5 16 – 4√7
l

=
Pe

2 32(4 – √7)
=
= 1 × 50 × 5 4(4 – √7)
2 = 8
= 125 cm2
n
ta
r bi
ne
Pe

Laws of Logarithms
4.3 Hukum Logaritma
Textbook
pg. 109 – 121

SMART Notes

1. Equation in the form of index and logarithm: 2. Logarithms/ Logaritma:

Persamaan dalam bentuk indeks dan bentuk logaritma: •  loga ax = x
N = ax  ⇔  loga N = x •  loga 1 = 0
where a . 0, a ≠ 1
•  loga a = 1
dengan keadaan a . 0, a ≠ 1
Verify/Mengesahkan
loga ax = x, loga 1 = 0,
loga a = 1
INFO

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 56

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 

3. The diagram shows the graphs of exponential and 5. Laws of logarithms/ Hukum logaritma:
logarithmic functions. • loga xy = loga x + loga y
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf fungsi eksponen dan
x
fungsi logaritma. • loga = loga x – loga y
y
y y = ax
• loga xn = n loga x for any real number n
y=x untuk sebarang nombor nyata n

y = loga x where a, x and y are positive numbers and a ≠ 1

(0, 1)
dengan keadaan a, x dan y ialah nombor positif dan a ≠ 1

x 6. Change of base of logarithms:

(1, 0)
Penukaran asas logaritma:
logc b
• loga b = log a

d.
c

We can see that the exponential and logarithmic 1

• loga b =
functions are reflection of one another in the straight logb a

Bh
line y = x. The exponential and logarithmic functions where a, b and c are positive numbers, a ≠ 1 and
are inverse functions of one another. c ≠ 1
Kita dapat lihat bahawa fungsi eksponen dan fungsi logaritma dengan keadaan a, b dan c ialah nombor positif, a ≠ 1 dan
berpantulan pada garis lurus y = x. Fungsi eksponen dan c ≠ 1

.
dn
fungsi logaritma adalah fungsi songsang antara satu sama lain.
7. lg = log10 (common logarithms) and ln = loge (natural
4. The logarithms of negative numbers and of zero are logarithms) where e is a constant.
undefined. lg = log10 (logaritma biasa) dan ln = loge (logaritma jati) dengan

S
Logaritma bagi nombor negatif dan sifar adalah tak tertakrif. keadaan e ialah pemalar.
gi
13. Convert the following equations in the form of index to the form of logarithm or vice versa. 
an
PL 1

Tukarkan persamaan dalam bentuk indeks kepada persamaan dalam bentuk logaritma atau sebaliknya.
Example
l
Pe

(i) 103 = 1 000 ax = N

(ii) log2 64 = 6
log10 1 000 = 3 26 = 64
loga N = x
n

1
(a) 3–4 = 1 (b) 4
= 2
1 81 2 2
(c) log7 1 = –2 (d) loga x = y
ta

81 9 49 ay = x
log3 1 = –4 log 4   2 = 1 1 2 7–2 = 1
81 81 9 2 49
r bi
ne

14. Use a calculator to determine the value of each of the following.  PL 1

Gunakan kalkulator untuk menentukan nilai bagi setiap yang berikut.
Pe

Example (a) 1og10 5 (b) 1og10 0.5

log10 23 = 0.6990 = –0.3010
= 1.3617

(c) 1og10 240 (d) 1og10 0.0781

Press / Tekan = 2.3802 = –1.1073
log 2 3 =

1.361727836
(e) log10 21 2 = log10 4
1 2 (f) log10 1 1 2 1
1125 2
2 3
= log10
3 9 5

= –0.3522
= –2.0969

57 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

15. Use a calculator to determine the value x.  PL 1

Gunakan kalkulator untuk menentukan nilai x.

Example (a) 1og10 x = 2.831 (b) 1og10 x = 0.0842

log10 x = 1.23 x = antilog 2.831 x = antilog 0.0842
x = antilog 1.23 x = 677.6 x = 1.214
x = 16.98

Press / Tekan (c) 1og10 x = 3 (d) 1og10 x = –1.45

SHIFT 10x 1 · 2 3 = x = antilog 3 x = antilog (–1.45)
16.98243652 x = 1  000 x = 0.03548

d.
Bh
16. Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following.  PL 2
Tanpa menggunakan kalkulator, cari nilai bagi setiap yang berikut.
Example (a) log2 256 (b) log3 1
27

.
log2 32

dn
Let log2 32 = x
Let log2 256 = x Let log3 1 = x
2x = 256 27
2x = 32 2x = 28 3x = 1
Since the bases are 27
2x = 25  

S
the same, equate x = 8
3x = 3–3
x = 5 the indices.
x = –3
gi
(c) log15 1 (d) log8 √8 (e) log√3 9 (f) log 1 0.25
an
2

Let log15 1 = x Let log8 √8 = x Let log√3 9 = x Let log 1 0.25 = x

2
15x = 1 8x = √8 (√3) = 9 x
l

1 12 2 = 0.25
x

Pe

15x = 150 1
8 = 8
x 2 (√3) = (√3) x 4
x = 0
x = 1 x = 4
1 12 2 = 14
x

2
n

1 12 2 = 1 12 2
x 2

ta

x = 2
bi

17. Determine the value of x for each of the following equations without using a calculator.  PL 2
r

Tentukan nilai x bagi setiap persamaan berikut tanpa menggunakan kalkulator.

ne

Example (a) log2 x = –3 (b) log4 x = 1

x = 2–3 2
Pe

log3 x = 4
= 1
1

x = 34 Convert to the
8 x = 4 2
form of index
= 81   = √4
= 2

(c) log 1 x = 3 (d) logx 64 = 2 (e) lg x = –4 (f) ln x = 0

3
64 = x2 log10 x = –4 loge x = 0
x = 1 1 2
3

3 82 = x2 x = 10–4 x = e0
1 x = 8 = 1   = 1
=
27 10 000
or  0.0001

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 58

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 

18. Express each of the following expressions as a single logarithm.  PL 2

Ungkapkan setiap ungkapan berikut sebagai logaritma tunggal.
Example
log5 4 – 2 log5 4 + 1 log5 64
2 1
= log5 4 – log5 42 + log5 (82) 2 • Make sure the bases of logarithms are the same
Pastikan asas logaritma adalah sama
= log5 4 – log5 16 + log5 8
• Ensure that the coefficients of logarithmic terms are 1
= log5 4 × 8
1 2 before laws of logarithms is applied
16 Pastikan pekali setiap sebutan logaritma ialah 1 sebelum
hukum logaritma digunakan
= log5 2

d.
(a) 2 + log10 4 (b) log3 9 + log3 12 (c) logx p + 3 logx q – 1 logx r
= 2 × 1 + log10 4 4 5 3
1
9 12

Bh
= 2 log10 10 + log10 4 = log3
41×
5 2 = logx p + logx q3 – logx r 3
= log10 102 + log10 4 pq3
= log10 (102)(4) = log3 27 = logx 1
5 r3
= log10 400

.
dn
(d) 3 loga x + 4 loga y – loga x2y (e) loga m + 3 loga n – loga mn (f) 1 log2 m – 3 log2 n + 2 log2 q

S
= loga x3 + loga y4 – loga x2y = loga m + loga n3 – loga mn 2 1
= log2 m 2 – log2 n3 + log2 q2
= loga x ×2 y = loga mn
3 4 3
1 2 1 2
xy
gi
mn
= log2 q √m
2

= loga xy3
= loga n2
n31 2
l an
Pe

19. Evaluate the following expressions.  PL 3

Nilaikan ungkapan berikut.

Example (a) 2 log2 4 + log2 5 – log2 10 (b) log4 24 – log4 3 + log4 2

n

log3 18 + log3 4 – 3 log3 2 = log2 42 + log2 5 – log2 10 4

3
1 2
ta

= log3 18 + log3 4 – log3 23 = log4 24 ÷ ×2

= log2 16 × 5
1 2 4
10
= log3 18 × 4
1 2 = log4 24 × 4 × 2
1 2
bi

8 = log2 8
3
= log3 9 = log2 23 = log4 64
r

= log3 32
= 3 log2 2 = log4 43
ne

= 2 log3 3 log3 3 = 1

=3
= 3 log4 4
=2

=3
Pe

(c) 1 + 1  log7 196 – log7 14 (d) 2 logx xy – 2 logx y + 3

(e) 1 logx x – logx 4
x3
2 2 y
1 = 2(logx x + logx y) – 2 logx y + 3 √y
= 1 + log7 (142) 2 – log7 14 = 2 logx x + 2 logx y – 2 logx y + 3 1 1
= (logx x –  logx y)
= 1 + log7 14 – log7 14 2 2
=2+3
 – 1 (3 logx x – logx y)
=1 =5 4
= (1) – 1  logx y – 3 (1)
1
2 4 4
 + 1  logx y
4
=– 1
4

59 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

20. Evaluate each of the following. State the answer correct to 4 significant figures.  PL 3
Nilaikan setiap yang berikut. Nyatakan jawapan betul kepada 4 angka bererti.

Example (a) log3 14 (b) log15 0.06 (c) log0.7 9

log5 2 log10 14 log10 0.06 log10 9
= = =
log10 2 Can also log10 3 log10 15 log10 0.7
= ln 2
log10 5 use
ln 5 = 2.402 = –1.039 = –6.160
= 0.4307

21. Evaluate the following without using a calculator.  PL 3

Tentukan nilai berikut tanpa menggunakan kalkulator.

d.
Example (a) log9 27 (b) log8 4 (c) log81 243
log64 4 log3 27 log2 4 log3 243

Bh
= = =
log4 4 log3 9 log2 8 log3 81
=
log4 64 log3 33 log2 22 log3 35
= = =
1 log3 32 log2 23 log3 34
=

.
log4 64

dn
3 log3 3 2 log2 2 5 log3 3
= = =
= 1 2 log3 3 3 log2 2 4 log3 3
log4 43 3(1) 2(1) 5(1)
= = =

S
= 1 2(1) 3(1) 4(1)
3 log4 4 log4 4 = 1 3 2 5
= = =
gi
1 2 3 4
=
3
an

22. Given log2 x = m and log2 y = n, express each of the following in terms of m and n.  PL 3
Diberi log2 x = m dan log2 y = n, ungkapkan setiap berikut dalam sebutan m dan n.
l
Pe

Example 1
(a) log2 3xy = log2 x + log2 y3 – log2 2 3
3

√2
log2 x = log2 x2 – log2 y
2

y = log2 x + 3 log2 y – 1 log2 2

3
n

= 2 log2 x – log2 y
= 2m – n = m + 3n – 1
ta

3
bi

1
log2 4x
(b) log2 34x4 = log2 2­2 + log2 x – log2 (y4) 3 (c) logxy 4x =
√y log2 xy
= 2 log2 2 + log2 x – 4 log2 y
r

log2 22 + log2 x
3 =
ne

4 log2 x + log2 y
=2+m– n
3
= 2+m
m+n
Pe

1
log2 x2y8
(d) log2 2√xy2 = log2 2 + log2 (xy2) 2 (e) log16 x2y8 =
log2 16
= 1 + 1 log2 (xy2) log2 x2 + log2 y8
2 =
log2 24
= 1 + 1 (log2 x + log2 y2)
2 2 log2 x + 8 log2 y
=
= 1 + 1 (log2 x) + 1 (2 log2 y) 4
2 2
1 = 1 m + 2n
=1+ m+n 2
2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 60

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 

23. Solve the following problems.  PL 4   Daily Application

Selesaikan masalah berikut.

Example
The total savings, RMs, of Encik Zaidi after n years is given by the formula s = 20 000(1.032)n.
Jumlah simpanan, RMs, Encik Zaidi selepas n tahun diberi oleh rumus s = 20 000(1.032)n. HOTS Applying

(i) Convert the given formula to an equation in the form of logarithm.

Tukarkan rumus yang diberi kepada persamaan dalam bentuk logaritma.
(ii) After how many years does Encik Zaidi’s total savings exceed RM30 000 for the first time?
Selepas berapa tahunkah jumlah simpanan Encik Zaidi akan melebihi RM30 000 buat pertama kalinya?

(i) s = 20 000(1.032)n Alternative Method

s
= (1.032)n N = ax s = 20 000(1.032)n

d.
20 000
s log10 s = log10 20 000(1.032)n
log1.032 =n loga N = x log10 s = log10 20 000 + n log10 1.032
20 000

Bh
(ii) 20 000(1.032)n . 30 000
n . log1.032 30 000

.
20 000

dn
n . log1.032 1.5
log10 1.5
n .
log10 1.032

S
n . 12.87 gi
After 13 years, Encik Zaidi’s total savings exceeds RM30 000 for the first time.
an
Given that the world population can be estimated by using the formula P = 6.9(1.010)t, where t is the
number of years after 2019 and P is the world population in billions of people. HOTS Applying
Diberi populasi dunia boleh dianggarkan dengan rumus P = 6.9(1.010)t, dengan keadaan t ialah bilangan tahun selepas 2019 dan
l
Pe

P ialah populasi dunia dalam bilion.

(i) Convert the given formula to an equation in the form of logarithm.
Tukarkan rumus yang diberi kepada persamaan dalam bentuk logaritma.
(ii) Estimate / Anggarkan
n

(a) the population in the year 2030,

ta

populasi pada tahun 2030,

(b) by what year will the population be double of that in 2019.
pada tahun apa populasi akan dua kali ganda populasi pada 2019.
bi

(i) P = 6.9(1.010)t Double of that in 2019,

r

2 × 6.9 = 6.9(1.010)t
ne

log10 P = log10 6.9(1.010)t

13.8 = 6.9(1.010)t
log10 P = log10 6.9 + t log10 1.010
(1.010)t = 13.8
6.9
Pe

=2
(ii) (a) t = 2030 – 2019 = 11 years
t log10 1.010 = log10 2
P = 6.9(1.010)11 = 7.698 billion
log10 2
\ The population in the year 2030 t =
log10 1.010
is 7.698 billion.

= 69.66
(b) In the year 2019
≈ 70
P2019 = 6.9(1.010)0
= 6.9 2019 + 70 = 2089

t = 0 as it starts on that year, that is 2019 \ In the year 2089, the population
will be double of that in 2019.

61 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

Applications of Indices, Surds and Logarithms

4.4 Aplikasi Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma Textbook
pg. 122 – 123

26. Solve each of the following. TP 5   Daily Application

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.

Example (a)
pH value is defined as pH = –log10 [H+] where [H+] A B

is the concentration of hydrogen ions. Liquid A has Area

Luas
the concentration of hydrogen ions of 1 × 10–5 moles 8 cm2
per litre. Determine pH value of liquid A and hence
D C
state whether it is acidic or alkaline. HOTS Evaluating
Nilai pH ditakrifkan sebagai pH = –log10 [H+] dengan keadaan The diagram shows a square ABCD with an

d.
[H ] ialah kepekatan ion hidrogen. Cecair A mempunyai kepekatan
+ area of 8 cm2. Determine the perimeter, in cm,
ion hidrogen 1 × 10–5 mol per liter. Tentukan nilai pH cecair A of the square ABCD. Write your answer in surd

Bh
dan seterusnya nyatakan adakah cecair A berasid atau beralkali. form. HOTS Applying
Rajah di atas menunjukkan sebuah segi empat sama yang
mempunyai luas 8 cm2. Tentukan perimeter, dalam cm,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
segi empat sama ABCD itu. Tulis jawapan anda dalam

.
dn
Acidic Alkaline bentuk surd.
Berasid Neutral Beralkali
Let its side is x cm.
pH = –log10 (1 × 10–5) x2 = 8
=
=
–(log10 1 + log10 10–5)
–[log10 1 + (–5) log10 10]

S
x = √8
= √4 × 2
gi
= –[0 + (–5)] = 2√2
= 5
an
Perimeter = 4 × 2√2
Hence, liquid A is acidic. = 8√2 cm
l
Pe

(b) A bacterial colony B with the initial mass of (c) Ahmad deposited RM3  500 in a fixed deposit
2 picogram (pg) will increase every day, that is account with interest rate of 5% per annum
3 times the mass of the previous day. Find the and compounded yearly. Determine the number
time, in the nearest day, that will be taken by of years taken for his account to become
n

Financial
the bacterial colony B to become 15 pg. RM5 431.20. Literacy
ta

HOTS Analysing Ahmad menyimpan RM3  500 dalam akaun simpanan tetap

Suatu koloni bakteria B dengan jisim asal 2 pikogram (pg) dengan kadar faedah 5% setahun dan dikompaun setiap
akan bertambah setiap hari, iaitu 3 kali jisimnya pada hari tahun. Tentukan tempoh, dalam tahun, yang diambil untuk
bi

sebelumnya. Cari masa, dalam hari yang terhampir, yang amaun dalam akaunnya menjadi RM5 431.20.
akan diambil oleh koloni bakteria B untuk menjadi 15 pg.
r

MV = P 1 + r
1 2
nt

ne

Let its mass after t days is m pg. n

Thus, m = 2(3)t
5 431.20 = 3 500 1 + 0.05
1 2
(1)t

If m = 15 pg, 15 = 2(3)t 1
Pe

15 = 3t 5  431.20 = 1.05t
3  500
2
15 5  431.20
log10
2
= log10 3t ln 13  500 2
= ln 1.05t
log10 7.5 = t log10 3 ln 5  431.20 – ln 3  500 = t ln 1.05
log10 7.5
t = t = ln 5  431.20 – ln 3 500
log10 3 ln 1.05
= 9
= 1.834
It takes 9 years.
It takes 2 days.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 62

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms 

SPM Practice 4
8. (a) Given S = logt R, state the conditions of t.
Paper 1 SPM
2018
Diberi S = logt R, nyatakan syarat-syarat bagi t.
[1]
1. Given logx 2 = p and logx 7 = q, express log7 4x3 in terms 3
of p and q. (b) Given log2 x = , express y in terms of x.
SPM
2015
logxy 2
Diberi logx 2 = p dan logx 7 = q, ungkapkan log7 4x3 dalam Diberi log2 x = 3 , ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
sebutan p dan q. logxy 2
[3]
[3] Ans: (a)  t > 0 and t ≠ 1
2p + 3 2
Ans: –—
q (b) 
y = x  3

d.
2. Given 23x = m, 2y = n and 23x + y = 5 + 8x, express m in 9. Simplify:

Bh
SPM terms of n. Permudahkan:
2015
Diberi 23x = m, 2y = n dan 23x + y = 5 + 8x, ungkapkan m dalam √27 – 4√5 – √20 + 5√3
sebutan n. [2]
[3] Ans:  8√3 – 6√5

.
5

dn
Ans:  m =
n–1
10. Determine the value of x for each of the following equations.
Tentukan nilai x dalam setiap persamaan berikut.
3. Given 2n = 3m = 6p, express p in terms of m and n.

S
(a) 2x = 64
SPM Diberi 2n = 3m = 6p, ungkapkan p dalam sebutan m dan n. 2
2016
(b) 2 × 5x =
[3] 625
mn
gi [4]
Ans: Ans: (a)  x = 6
m+ n
(b)  x = –4
an

4. Given logp 5 = q, express p in terms of q. 11. Evaluate:

SPM
Diberi logp 5 = q, ungkapkan p dalam sebutan q. Nilaikan:
l

2016
log6 64 – log6 36 + 2 log2 8
Pe

(a) logp 125

(b) log5 25p3 [3]
[4] Ans:  8
Ans: (a)  3q
n

2q + 3 12. Given log2 3 = a and log2 5 = b, express the following in

(b) 
q
ta

terms of a and b.
Diberi log2 3 = a dan log2 5 = b, ungkapkan berikut dalam
sebutan a dan b.
bi

16p+3
4
5. Given = 1, express h in terms of p. log2 25 – log2 √3 +log2 60
64h – 2
SPM
[3]
Diberi 16h – 2 = 1, ungkapkan h dalam sebutan p.
p+3
2017
3
r

64 Ans:  3b + a+2
[3] 4
ne

2
Ans: h = p + 4
3 13. Simplify the expression by rationalising the denominator.
Permudahkan ungkapan dengan menisbahkan penyebut.
Pe

6. Solve the equation: 3√7

SPM
2017
Selesaikan persamaan: 2√3 – √7 [3]
loga 256 – log√a 2a = 1 6√21 + 21
Ans: 
[3] 5
Ans: a = 4
14. Convert the equation in the form of index to the form of
logarithm and vice versa.
7. Given 2m + 2m = 2n, express m in terms of n. Tukarkan persamaan dalam bentuk indeks kepada bentuk
SPM
2018
Diberi 2m + 2m = 2n, ungkapkan m dalam sebutan n. logaritma dan sebaliknya.
[2] (a) 103 = 1 000 (b) log2 64 = 6
Ans:  m = n – 1 [2]
Ans:  (a) log10 1 000 = 3
(b) 26 = 64

63 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

HOTS Challenge
1. If RM5 000 is deposited in a fixed deposit account with an interest rate of 6% per annum and compounded yearly, determine
the amount in the account after 8 years.   HOTS Applying
Jika RM5 000 disimpan dalam suatu akaun simpanan tetap dengan kadar faedah 6% setahun dan berkompaun secara tahunan, tentukan
amaun dalam akaun tersebut selepas 8 tahun.
Answer Guide
Use formula to find the matured value after 8 years.
Gunakan rumus untuk mencari nilai matang selepas 8 tahun.

Ans: RM7 969.24

d.
Bh
2. Richter scale, R, is a logarithmic function used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes. HOTS Applying

Skala Richter, R, ialah satu fungsi logaritma yang digunakan untuk mengukur magnitud gempa bumi.

.
A
1A 2

dn
R = log10
0
where/ dengan keadaan
A = the measure of the amplitude of the earthquake wave/ ukuran amplitud gelombang gempa bumi

S
A0 = the amplitude of the smallest detectable wave/ amplitud gelombang terkecil yang dapat dikesan
gi
An earthquake is measured with a wave amplitude 390 times as great as A0. Using the Richter scale, determine the magnitude
of this earthquake, correct to one decimal place.
Amplitud gelombang bagi suatu gempa bumi diukur sebagai 390 kali A0. Dengan menggunakan skala Richter, tentukan magnitud gempa
an
bumi tersebut, betul kepada satu tempat perpuluhan.
Answer Guide
l

Substitute the value of A into the given function.

Pe

Gantikan nilai A ke dalam fungsi yang diberikan.

Ans: 2.6
n
ta

3. Given a and b are positive numbers, show that √a + √b = a + 2√ab + b and hence simplify 6 + 2√5 .   HOTS Evaluating

Diberi a dan b ialah nombor positif, tunjukkan bahawa √a + √b = a + 2√ab + b dan seterusnya ringkaskan 6 + 2√5 .
bi

Answer Guide
r

Square both sides of the equation to show it. Then, compare the like terms between 6 + 2√5 and a + 2√ab + b .
ne

Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah persamaan tersebut untuk menunjukkannya. Kemudian, bandingkan sebutan sepunya di antara
6 + 2√5 dan a + 2√ab + b .
Pe

Ans: 1 + √5

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 64

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Answers 

CHAPTER 4  Indices, Surds and Logarithms 5. 16p + 3 = 1

64h – 2
SPM Practice 2 4(p + 3)
= 20
Paper 1 26(h – 2)
logx 4x3 24(p + 3) – 6(h – 2) = 20
1. log7 4x3 = 4p + 12 – 6h + 12 = 0
logx 7
6h = 4p + 24
logx 4 + logx x3
=
q h = 2  p + 4
3
logx 22 + 3 logx x
= 6. loga 256 – log√a 2a = 1

d.
q
2 logx 2 + 3 loga 2a
= loga 256 – = loga a
loga √a 

Bh
q
2p + 3 loga 2a
= loga 256 – = loga a
q 1 log a
2
a

loga 256 – 2 loga 2a = loga a

.
2. 23x + y = 5 + 8x loga 256 – loga (2a)2 = loga

dn
a
(23x)(2y) = 5 + 8x
mn = 5 + 23x loga 2562 = loga a
4a
mn = 5 + m 256
mn – m = 5 = a

S
4a2
m(n – 1) = 5 64 = a3
m = 5 a = 4
gi
n–1

3. From 2n = 3m, 7. 2m + 2m = 2n
an
n log10 2 = m log10 3 2(2m) = 2n
21 + m = 2n
From 3m = 6p, 1 + m = n
m log10 3 = p log10 6 m = n – 1
l
Pe

m log10 3 = p(log10 2 + log10 3)

m log10 3 8. (a) t > 0 and t ≠ 1
p =
log10 2 + log10 3 3
(b) log2 x =
m log10 3 logxy 2
n

=
m log10 3 3
+ log10 3 log2 x =
1
ta

n
log2 xy
m log10 3
= log2 x = 3 log2 xy
bi

log10 3 m + 1 1 2 log2 x = 3(log2 x + log2 y)

n log2 x = 3 log2 x + 3 log2 y
m
= 3 log2 x – log2 x = -3 log2 y
r

m+n
1 2 2 log2 x = -3 log2 y
ne

n
mn – 2 log2 x = log2 y
= 3 – 2
m+n log2 x 3 = log2 y
Pe

– 2
4. (a) logp 125 = logp 53 y = x 3

= 3 logp 5
= 3q 9. √27 – 4√5 – √20 + 5√3
= √9 × 3 – 4√5 – √4 × 5 + 5√3
logp 25p3 = 3√3 – 4√5 – 2√5 + 5√3
(b) log5 25p3 =
logp 5 = 8√3 – 6√5
logp 25 + logp p3
= 10. (a) 2x = 64
logp 5
2x = 26
logp 52 + 3 logp p
= x = 6
logp 5
2
2 logp 5 + 3 (b) 2 × 5x =
= 625
q 2 × 5x = 2 × (54)–1
2q + 3 5x = 5–4
= x = – 4
q

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   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Answers

11. log6 64 – log6 36 + 2 log2 8 3. √­

a + √­ b = √­
a + 2√­
ab  + b
= 4 log6 6 – log6 62 + 2 log2 23
b = √­
2 2
 a + √­
√­   a + 2√­
ab  + b 
= 4 – 2 log6 6 + 2(3 log2 2) 2 2
= 4 – 2 + 6 √­
a  + 2 √­
a √­b  + √­
b  = a + 2√­
ab  + b
= 8 a + 2√­
ab  + b = a + 2√­
ab  + b (shown)

12. log2 25 – log2 √­

4
3  + log2 60 Compare √ ­ 6 + 2√­ 5  with √­ a + 2√­
ab  + b,
1 a + b = 6 ..........................a
= log2 52 – log2 3 + log2 (22 × 3 × 5)
4
ab = 5 ...............................b
= 2 log2 5 – 1 log2 3 + log2 22 + log2 3 + log2 5 From a, b = 6 – a ……. c
4
= 2b – 1 a + 2 log2 2 + a + b Substitute c into b,
4 a(6 – a) = 5
= 3b + 3 a + 2 6a – a2 = 5
4
a – 6a + 5 = 0
2

(a – 1)(a – 5) = 0

d.
3­√ 
­7 3­√ 
­7 2­√ ­3 + √­
7 a = 1 or a = 5
13. = ×
 2­√ 
­3 – √­7  2­√ 
­3 – √­7  2­√ 
­3 + √­7 Substitute a = 1 into b,

Bh
­7 (2­√ 
3­√  7)
­3 + √­ b = 6 – 1
=
 (2­√ 
­3 ) – (√ ­7 ) = 5
2 2
­
Substitute a = 5 into c,
= 6­√ 
­7 × 3 + 3 × 7
b = 6 – 5
12 – 7

.
= 1

dn
= 6­√ ­
2
 1 + 21
5 Hence, √ ­
6 + 2√­
5  = √­
1 + √­
5 = 1 + √­
5

S
14. (a) 103 = 1 000
log10 1 000 = 3
gi
(b) log2 64 = 6
26 = 64
an

HOTS Challenge
l
Pe

1. Amount r nt
= 5 000(1 + 0.06)8 MV = P 1 + n 
= RM7 969.24
n

2. A = 390A0
A
R = log10 A 
ta

390A0
= log10  
bi

A0
= log10 390
= 2.6
r
ne
Pe

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