MANUAL ON INDUSTRIAL

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

FOR AUTHORITIES IN LOW AND
MIDDLE INCOME ECONOMIES

• Table of contents, preface, how to use the manual, acronyms,

glossary, interesting links, list of figures and tables

1
Table of contents Page
• Table of contents, Preface, How to use the manual, acronyms, glossary,
Intersting links, List of figures and tables .......................................................................... 1

• Preface ..................................................................................................................... 12

• How to use this manual .......................................................................................... 14

• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................... 15

• Glossary .................................................................................................................. 19

• Definitions as per European Framework Directive on Waste 2008/98/EC ........... 30

• Some intersting Internet links ................................................................................ 32

• List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 35

• List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 40

• Module 1 .................................................................................................................. 43

• Hazardous Waste Generation, a summary ............................................................ 43

• Basic Policy Principles of Adequate Waste Management.................................... 43

• Waste types and hazardous waste generation - Summary .................................. 44

1.1. Main types of hazardous waste ........................................................................................... 45

1.1.1. Healthcare waste (HCW) 45

1.1.2. Industrial hazardous waste 47

1.2. Hazardous waste generation ............................................................................................... 50

• Basic Policy Principles with Relevance for Adequate Management of Hazardous

Waste 55

2.1. The Precautionary Principle ................................................................................................ 55

2.2. The ‘Duty of Care’ Principle ................................................................................................. 55

2.3. The ‘Polluter Pays’ Principle: .............................................................................................. 56

2.4. The Cooperative Principle ................................................................................................... 57

2.5. The Principle of the ‘Waste Management Hierarchy’: ....................................................... 57

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 2.5.1. Life Cycle Thinking and Assessment 59

2.6. The Principle of ‘Extended Producer Responsibility’: ...................................................... 60

2.7. The Principle of ‘Waste Management Self-sufficiency’: ................................................... 61

2.8. The Proximity Principle: ....................................................................................................... 61

2.9. The Principle of ‘Best Available Technique’ (BAT): .......................................................... 62

2.10. Lessons learnt of German International Cooperation in the Field of Waste

Management ................................................................................................................... 63

2.11. Adequate Management of Hazardous Waste ................................................................... 67

2.12. Necessary obligations for waste management infrastructure (waste collection and
treatment facilities) ......................................................................................................... 68

2.13. Obligations and standards for waste treatment facilities .............................................. 69

2.14. Obstacles in relation to the establishment of HWM Systems and approaches for
possible solutions........................................................................................................... 69

2.15. Where is your country in relation to an adequate Hazardous Waste Management

System? ........................................................................................................................... 71

• ........................................................................................................................................... 75

• Module 2 .................................................................................................................. 75

• Legal Frame ............................................................................................................. 75

• International Agreements ....................................................................................... 75

• EU waste legislation ............................................................................................... 75

Main international conventions dealing with hazardous chemicals and wastes and their legal
repercussions .................................................................................................................... 76

3.1. Main Actors of International Conventions ......................................................................... 76

3.2. Multilateral environmental agreements dealing with hazardous chemicals and OECD
council decision C (2001)107 on waste ........................................................................ 77

3.2.1. Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of HW and their Disposal 78
3.2.2. Rotterdam Convention (PIC Convention) 82
3.2.3. Stockholm Convention (POP Convention) 83
3.2.4. OECD Decision on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Wastes 85

3.3. Legal Assistance from BC secretariat and OECD ............................................................. 86

3.3.1. Basic principles of waste legislation to be considered (Basel Convention) 87

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 3.3.2. Additional aspect to be considered (OECD) in waste legislation, implementation and enforcement
88

• European Union Legal Framework for Hazardous Waste Management .............. 93

4.1. European Union’s Policy on Hazardous Waste Management.......................................... 93

4.1.1. Key regulators and enforcing agencies of the European Hazardous Waste System 96
4.1.2. Systemic prerequisites 96

4.2. Definition of Waste and Classification of Hazardous Waste in the European Union .... 97

4.2.1. Definitions of Waste 97

4.2.2. Distinguishing Waste from Non-Waste 98
4.2.3. Classification of Hazardous Waste 102
4.2.4. Background and Structure of the European Waste List 104

4.3. Classification of Hazardous Waste according to the European Waste List ................. 108

4.3.1. How to Find a Waste Code in the EWL 108

4.3.2. Hazardous characteristics that render wastes hazardous 110
4.3.3. Hazardous characteristics and Threshold Levels for Dangerous Substances 113
4.3.4. Establishing the Hazardous – Non-hazardous Nature of a Waste when the Waste Composition is
known 115
4.3.5. Establishing the Hazardous – Non-hazardous Nature of a Waste via Analytical Chemical
Investigation 118
4.3.6. Determination of Hazardous Properties by Direct Testing 122

• ......................................................................................................................................... 125

• Module 3 ................................................................................................................ 125

• Guidance, training, education, and capacity building for waste generators and
waste transporters: .......................................................................................................... 125

• On-site Hazardous Waste Management .............................................................. 125

• Preparation for transport of dangerous goods ................................................... 125

• Control of hazardous waste transport ................................................................. 125

5.1. On-site identification, separation, management, temporary storage and preparation

for transportation of Hazardous Waste ...................................................................... 128

5.1.1. Identification and quantification128

5.1.2. Principle of On-site Waste Inspections 128
5.1.2.1. Case Study: Closing the Gap between Declared and Actual Hazardous Waste Generation by On-
site Waste Investigations 133
5.1. 2. Separation 137

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 5.1.3. Management138

5.2. Internal HW Collection and temporary Storage ............................................................... 143

5.2.1. Hazardous waste service providers 144

5.3. Waste Acceptance Procedure ........................................................................................... 148

5.4. Special Transport Vehicles for hazardous waste ............................................................ 148

5.5. Preconditions for Transport to the Hazardous Waste Treatment and disposal facilities151

5.5.1. Duties of the Hazardous Waste Producer 151

5.5.2. Duties of the Hazardous Waste Transporter – General Personnel 151
5.5.3. Special requirements of Hazardous Waste Transporter regarding driver qualification and Vehicles
153
5.5.4. Transport of dangerous goods (TDG) 154
5.5.5. Labeling system for HW vehicles UN-Number /(ADR Numbers 156
5.5.6. Classification of Hazardous Waste according to the Regulations for Dangerous Goods 159
5.5.7. Transport Emergency Card 160

• Control for Hazardous Waste Transport ............................................................. 162

6.1. Preliminary Remarks .......................................................................................................... 162

6.2. Certificate of Proper Waste Management of Waste in Germany ................................... 163

6.2.1. The “Record of Proper Waste Management” (RPWM) Procedure 163

• Form “Cover sheet for records of proper waste management” ........................ 170

• Form “Declaration of Responsibility” .................................................................. 172

• Form „Declaration Analysis“ (DA) ....................................................................... 174

• Form „Declaration of Acceptance“ ...................................................................... 177

6.3. Case Study: The ‘Solid Waste Management Information System’ (SWMIS) of Zhejiang,
China .............................................................................................................................. 179

6.3.1. Background 179

6.3.2. Features of the ‘Solid Waste Management Information System’ 180
6.3.3. How does it work? 180
6.3.4. Benefits 185
6.3.5. Status 185
6.3.6. Challenges and Lessons Learned 186

6.4. Monitoring and Control of On-Site Hazardous Waste Management ............................. 186

• ......................................................................................................................................... 190

• Module 4 ................................................................................................................ 191

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• Allocation of hazardous waste to treatment and disposal facilities .................. 191

• Generalities about Chemical Physical Biological Treatment (CPT) facilities ... 191

• Allocation of Hazardous Waste to Recovery and Disposal Options ................. 192

7.1. Allocation Criteria ......................................................................................................... 194

7.1.1. Recycling 194

7.1.2. Other recovery - Energy recovery/use as a fuel 194
7.1.3. Other recovery - back filling 195
7.1.4. Chemical/physical and biological treatment (CPT) 195
7.1.5. Landfill disposal 196
7.1.6. Incineration 196
7.1.7. Underground disposal (High-safety above-ground disposal) 196

7.2. Regulating Hazardous Waste Acceptance in the Licenses of the Facilities........... 197

7.2.1. Application of Positive and Negative Lists for Facility Licensing 197
7.2.2. Prescription of Specific Limit Values for Waste Acceptance 199
7.2.3. Licensing and Ensuring Compliance with License Conditions 201

7.3. Chemical Analysis of Hazardous Waste ..................................................................... 202

7.3.1. Sampling 202

7.3.2. Objective and Methods of Testing 203

7.4. Recovery and Disposal Codes .......................................................................................... 207

• Generalities about Chemical / Physical Biological Treatment of HW for Disposal210

8.1. General Chemical / Physical Biological Treatment of HW for Disposal........................ 210

8.2. Scale of CPT plants – Economy of scale ......................................................................... 217

• Cost assessment from the Sino – German cooperation project in Zhejiang,

China for a CPT plant ....................................................................................................... 219

8.3. Clarification of terms: Stabilization – Solidification – Chemical-physical treatment .. 223

• ......................................................................................................................................... 227

• Module 5 ................................................................................................................ 227

• Practical aspects of implementation and enforcement ...................................... 227

• Permitting and inspection (HW Incinerators and landfills) ................................ 227

• Practical aspects of Implementation and Enforcement...................................... 228

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 9.1. Basic principles and procedures of implementation and enforcement of legal
objectives ....................................................................................................................... 228

9.2. Main actors .......................................................................................................................... 231

9.3. Practical aspects: responsibilities and duties of main actors ....................................... 233

9.3.1. Responsibilities and duties of the competent authorities 233

9.3.2. Responsibilities and duties of the waste producer 239
9.3.3. Responsibilities and duties of the waste collector/transporter 240
9.3.4. Responsibilities and duties of operators of waste treatment facilities 240

• Permitting and inspection/control (HW incinerators and landfills) ................... 241

Basic principles and questions related to waste management authorization / permitting 243

Register for waste treatment activities ......................................................................................... 244

Basic principles and questions to be answered in waste management controlling 245

• Module 6a .............................................................................................................. 251

• Incinerators and Air Pollution Control................................................................. 251

• Hazardous Waste Incineration and Air Pollution Control .................................. 252

Hazardous Waste Incineration 252

• 10.1 Process .......................................................................................................... 252

• 10.2 Available incineration techniques................................................................ 253

• 10.3 Rotary kiln incineration technique ............................................................... 253

• ......................................................................................................................................... 255

10.3.1. Volume measurement and inspection of the input 256

10.3.2. Temporary storage of waste 256
10.3.3. Waste pretreatment 258
10.3.4. Feeding devices 258
10.3.5. Incinerators 259
10.3.6. Energy production 262
10.3.7. Chimney and flue gas cleaning 262

• 10.4. Air Pollution Control .................................................................................... 265

10.4.1 Cyclone filter 266

10.4.2. Electrostatic precipitator 267
10.4.3. Fabric filters 269

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Gas scrubbing process ............................................................................................271

10.4.4. Dry gas scrubbing 272

10.4.5. Wet-gas scrubbing 272
10.4.6. Semi-dry scrubbing 272
10.4.7. Activated carbon technology / process air stream 274
10.4.8. Activated carbon technology / fixed bed reactor 275
10.4.9. Oxidation 275

Deposition of nitrogen oxides (NOx) ......................................................................277

10.4.10. SCR process 278

10.4.11. SNCR process 279
10.4.12. Deposition of heavy metals 280
10.4.13. Performance of the emission control modules in comparison 280
10.4.14. Combination of modules 280
10.4.15. Flue gas cleaning costs 282
10. 4.16. Wastewater treatment and discharge 285
10.4. 17. Temporary storage of ash, slag, etc 285
10.4.18. Infrastructure Facilities 286

• 10.5. Operational problems .................................................................................. 286

• 10.6. Total costs details ........................................................................................ 287

10.6.1. Economy of scale 288

• 10.7 Conclusion HWI............................................................................................. 293

• Module 6b .............................................................................................................. 299

• Co-processing: a hazardous waste incineration option..................................... 299

• 10.8. Co-Processing .............................................................................................. 300

10.8.1 Co-processing in cement industry 300

Conclusion ................................................................................................................304

• Module 7 ................................................................................................................ 307

• Hazardous waste landfills and underground disposal of HW ............................ 307

• Above-ground Landfill Sites for Hazardous Waste Disposal ............................. 308

11.1. The Multi barrier Concept ............................................................................................ 310

11.2. Quality of hazardous waste to be disposed on landfill sites .................................. 311

11.3. Acceptance Procedures for Hazardous Waste Landfills .......................................... 315

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 11.3.1. Defining acceptance criteria 315
11.3.2. Basic characterization 316
11.3.3. Compliance testing 317
11.3.4. On-site verification 317

11.4. Geological Barrier ......................................................................................................... 319

11.5. Technical Barriers ......................................................................................................... 321

11.5.1. Design 321

11.5.2. Liner Systems 323
11.5.3. Mineral Liners 324
11.5.4. Geo-membranes 324
11.5.5. Composite Liners 325
11.5.6. Asphalt Concrete Liners 329
11.5.7. Geo-synthetic Clay Liners 330

11.6. Leachate Drainage and Collection .................................................................................. 331

11.7. Landfill Gas Drainage ....................................................................................................... 333

11.8. Reference Design for Sealing and Leachate Collection System ................................. 333

11.9. Quality Assurance (QA) ................................................................................................... 333

11.9.1. Suitability testing prior to the beginning of the construction 334

11.9.2. Quality assurance measures during the construction of the sealing system 336

11.10. Operation ....................................................................................................................... 336

11.10.1. Leachate Minimization 339

11.10.2. Leachate Treatment 340

11.11. Monitoring and Control ................................................................................................ 341

11.11.1. Elements for control and monitoring procedures 342

11.12. Life Phases of a Landfill Site ....................................................................................... 345

11.13. Economical Aspects ..................................................................................................... 346

11.14. Case Study: Observations on Chinese Hazardous Waste Landfill Sites ................ 349

• Underground Disposal of Hazardous Waste ....................................................... 354

• ......................................................................................................................................... 361

• Module 8 ................................................................................................................ 361

• Waste Management Planning ............................................................................... 361

• Waste Management Plans .................................................................................... 362

General aspects of WMP..........................................................................................362

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 13.1. Planning Principles and Procedures .......................................................................... 371

13.2. Assessment of Current Hazardous Waste Generation ............................................. 373

13.2.1. Information collection 374

13.2.2. Estimation of Hazardous Waste Generation from Direct Data 374
13.2.3. Estimation of Hazardous Waste Generation from Secondary Data 376
13.2.4. Estimation of Hazardous Waste Generation by Conducting a Representative Sample Survey of
Waste Producers 380

13.3. Forecast of Future Hazardous Waste Generation ..................................................... 381

13.3.1. Factors influencing Hazardous Waste Generation 381

13.3.2. Prognosis of Actual and Reported Future Hazardous Waste Generation 382

13.4. Determination of the Future Disposal Capacity......................................................... 383

13.4.1. Estimation of Recovery and Disposal Capacity Required for Primary Wastes 384
13.4.2. Estimation of Secondary Waste Generation 388

13.5. Options for the Future Hazardous Waste Management Infrastructure ................... 390

12.5.1. Considerations with regard to Scale, Capacity and Location of the Disposal Facilities 390
13.5.2. Evaluation of Infrastructure Options 392
13.5.3. Ownership / Operator Models for the Future Hazardous Waste Management System 393

13.6. Advanced Waste Management Planning ........................................................................ 394

13.6.1 Decoupling Waste Growth from Economic Growth 394

13.6.2 Curbing Greenhouse Emissions Arising from Waste Management 397

13.7. Case Study, Example from China: Developing a Hazardous Waste Management
Infrastructure Plan (HWMIP) for the Province Zhejiang ............................................ 400

13.7.1. Taking stock of the present situation 401

13.7.2. Prognosis of Future HW Generation 403
13.7.3 Assessment of Future Treatment and Disposal Capacity Needs 404
13.7.4. Four Alternatives for the Potential Future Infrastructure for HW Treatment & Disposal in
Zhejiang Province407
13.7.5. Results 409
13.7.6 Impact 412

• Module 9 ................................................................................................................ 415

• Factors contributing for a success of a HWM system, a summary ................... 415

• Factors Contributing to the Success of Hazardous Waste Management in a

Country ............................................................................................................................. 416

14.1 Strategic Area “Regulation and Planning” ................................................................. 417

14.2 Strategic Area “Effective Enforcement, Education and Training” ........................... 420

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14.3 Institutional and Organizational Set-up ...................................................................... 421

14.4 Strategic Area “Prevention, Recycling and Recovery”............................................. 425

14.5 Strategic Area “Treatment and Disposal” .................................................................. 427

14.6 Strategic Area “Segregation, Collection, Storage and On-site Treatment” ............ 429

14.7 Strategic Area “Financial Instruments” ...................................................................... 430

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 • Preface
With this manual GIZ addresses primarily competent authorities in low and middle income
economies envisaging to establish a hazardous waste (HW) management system or to
improve an existing system. It provides basic principles and key information on how to
establish and apply a hazardous waste management system in a country or a region.

The manual shall serve as a basic reference document for all departments involved and all
levels of authorities to achieve a multiplier effect and overall awareness of the importance of
taking proper actions as an administrative body. The countries concerned might have
different needs and start at different levels to set up or improve their waste management
system.

The manual gives an overview on key issues related to legal requirements and practical
procedures pertaining to environmentally sound HW management, taking into account and
referring to requirements, recommendation and guidelines provided by Basel Convention and
OECD where relevant and providing provisions and procedures from the European Union as
model examples in particular.

This manual is a kind of compendium of relevant existing hazardous waste data divided in 9
thematic modules namely:

Module 1: Hazardous waste generation- summary and basic policy principles of adequate
waste management

Module 2: Legal Frame, International agreements and EU waste legislation

Module 3: Guidance, training, education, capacity building for waste generators and
transporters. On-site HWM, preparation for transport of dangerous goods and control of
hazardous waste transport

Module 4: Allocation of hazardous waste to treatment and disposal facilities (with two
supplements)

Module 5: Practical aspects of implementation and enforcement / Permitting and Inspection

(HW incinerators and landfills)

Module 6a: Incinerators and Air Pollution Control

Module 6b: Co-processing: a hazardous waste incineration option

Module 7: HW Landfills and underground disposal of HW

Module 8: Waste management planning (with one supplement)

12
Module 9: Factors contributing to the success of a hazardous waste management system in
a country, a summary.

But the manual should also serve as ready information tool for the private sector, local
consultants, students, journalists and NGOs in low and middle income economies on the
salient features of an efficient hazardous waste management system.

Hazardous waste is an unavoidable by-product of industrial processes. Therefore,

management of hazardous waste is indispensable. Sound hazardous waste management
will prevent harm to the environment and human health by detoxification, safe incineration or
safe disposal of dangerous substances. For this purpose, all stakeholders, including small
and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) have to get involved with hazardous waste
management. However, the integration of SMEs into a sound hazardous waste management
system in a specific country remains a big challenge.

Competent authorities should play a key role in supporting actively SMEs to adhere integrally
to a waste management system.

With this manual we also want to change the perspective of HWM. The management of
hazardous waste should be seen more as a resource efficiency activity (with emphasis in
avoidance/substitution, reuse, recycle) in the frame of a circular economy rather than only
the management of hazardous and non hazardous wastes. The field of recycling and
pretreatment of wastes (secondary raw materials) is developing very fast and is creating new
green jobs in countries where this approach is been implemented. In Germany already in
2009 by using secondary raw materials 13% of the needed raw materials by the local
industry could be covered with secondary raw materials1.

Examples and technical information illustrate the implementation of hazardous waste

management at the example of EU Member States, in particular Germany. Throughout the
text some examples of a project carried out by the German International Cooperation in
China are given. These case studies show the practical implementation of the information
and knowledge laid down in the manual.

Also examples and best practices from different low, middle and high income economies
dealing with the management of six major hazardous wastes types (industrial waste, e-
waste, hospital waste, PCB waste, asbestos waste and lead batteries waste) are presented
in a separate document.

1
2010 Study of The Cologne Institute for Economic Research http://www.bde-berlin.org/wp-
content/pdf/2010/20100909_iw_studie.pdf

13
 • How to use this manual
Hazardous waste management is a large and complex subject. The manual is meant to
provide the fundamental information, but does not claim to be complete. However, the
manual provides reference to additional sources if more detailed information is desired.

The glossary contains the definitions of the main terms used, which can be used as a quick
guide of these most useful definitions. However, in the majority of the cases the terms used
are described and explained in the text or a reference is given.

Where appropriate, the main statements made in the chapters and important definitions are
highlighted in boxes. Thus, quick readers may refer to the boxes for a short outline of the
main points of the respective chapter.

The structure of the manual permits its use according to the need of the reader. If only a
quick overview is needed, the reader can refer to the summary box at the end of each
chapter.

In order to facilitate the acquisition of further information references include hyperlinks (the
respective text appears in blue and underlined), which can be used to retrieve further
information from the World Wide Web.

Both in drafting legislation and in establishing the corresponding enforcement system keep in
mind the practicability and efficiency of envisaged measures and the provisions. It is
recommendable to take a stepwise approach, starting from more basic requirements to a
sophisticated system and from more simple treatment to the higher end of what is technically
possible. Nevertheless legislation and enforcement should be organized in a way to ensure
and promote constant improvement, expansion and further development of the system.

In addition, please be aware that hazardous waste is only a part of the waste generated by
societies and that a comprehensive waste management system also needs to address any
other waste streams, namely municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, sewage sludges and
construction and demolition waste.

The majority of the recommendations provided in this manual can be applied in principle also
for these other waste streams. In addition, the mentioned waste streams are more and more
contaminated with hazardous compounds as new products with other materials than just
natural ones are increasingly used also in households and commerce or construction.

14
 • List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADR: accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises
dangereuses par route = European agreement concerning the international
carriage of dangerous goods by road

ANC: Acid Neutralization Capacity

AOX: Adsorbable Organic Halogen Compounds

AFR: Alternative fuels and raw materials

APC: Air Pollution Control

BAT: Best Available Technology

BMZ: German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

BOO: Build Own and Operate

BOOT: Build Own Operate and Transfer

BOT: Build Own and Transfer

BREFs: Best Available Techniques Reference Documents

BS EN ISO: British Standards (BS) European Standards (EN) International Organisation

for Standards (ISO)

BTEX: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes

C: Confirmation (Behördliche Bestätigung, BB)

°C: Degree Celsius

C&D wastes: construction and demolition wastes

CEC: North American Commission for Environment Cooperation

CEN: Comité Européen de Normalisation = European Committee for

Standardization

CN: Consignment Note (Entsorgungsnachweis)

CPT: Chemical/ physical and biological treatment

CS: Cover Sheet

DAc: Declaration of Acceptance

DAn: Declaration Analysis (Deklarationsanalyse)

DOC: Dissolved Organic Carbon

15
DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide

DN: Diameter Nominal, international standard for internal pipe diameters, e.g. DN
300 = (Pipe with an) internal diameter of 300 mm.

DR: Declaration of Responsibility

ECJRC: European Commission Joint Research Center

EECZ: Environmental-oriented Enterprise Consultancy Zhejiang

EIT: Economies in transition

ELV: End of life vehicle (= scrapped cars)

EN : European Norm

EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

EPB : Environmental Protection Bureau, China

ESM: Environmentally Sound Management

EU: European Union

EWL: European Waste List

Fig.: Figure

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

GSB: Sonderabfallentsorgung Bayern GmbH (Bavaria Hazardous Waste Disposal

Corporation)

GHS: Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

H-criteria: Hazardous Criteria, Hazardous properties of waste

HCW: Healthcare waste

HCWM: Healthcare waste management

HIM GmbH: Hessische Industriemüll GmbH (HW Disposal Corporation in the state of
Hesse)

Hs: Gross Calorific Value

HWI: Hazardous Waste Incineration

HWL: Hazardous Waste Landfill

HWM: Hazardous Waste Management

HWMIP: Hazardous Waste Management Infrastructure Plan

16
IBC: intermediate bulk container

IPPC: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

IT: Information technology

kN/m2: kilo Newton per square meter (1 kN/m2 = 1000 Pascal)

KJ/kg: Kilojoule per kilogram

LDC: Less developed countries

LRMC: Long run marginal costs

L/S: Liquid to Solid Ratio

LOI: Loss of Ignition

MEAs: Multilateral environmental agreements

Mg: Megagram = (1000 kg = 1 metric ton)

MJ: mega Joule

µS/cm: micro Siemens per centimeter

MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet

MSW: Municipal Solid Waste

NACE: Nomenclature of economic activities in the CE

NOx: Nitrogen Oxides

OECD: Organisation for Economical Co-operation and Development

OsWI’s: On site waste investigations

PAH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls

PCDD: Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin

PCDF: Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans

PCP: Pentachlorphenol

PIC: Prior Informed Consent

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

POP: Persistent Organic Pollutant

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

17
REACH: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

RPWM: Record of Proper Waste Management

SEPA: State Environmental Protection Agency, China (today Ministry of environment

(MEP)

SMEs: Small and Medium scale Enterprises

SDS: Safety Data Sheet

SSE: small size enterprise

SSL: Software Site License

SWMIS: Solid Waste Management Information System

TCDD: Tetra chlor benzodioxin

TCLP: Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

TDG: transport of dangerous Goods

TDS: Total amount of Dissolved Substances

TFS: transfrontalier shipment notification document

TOC: Total Organic Carbon

TSCA: Toxic substances control act

UGL: Underground Landfill

UN/ADR: United Nations/European agreement concerning the international carriage of

dangerous goods by road

UNCED: United Nations Conference on Environment and development

UNECE: United Nations economic Commission for Europe

US: United States

VHHC: Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons

VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds

WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development

WEEE: waste electric electronic equipment

WHO: World Health Organization

WMO: Waste management officer

ZSWMSC: Zhejiang Solid waste Management and Supervision Center

18
 • Glossary
Absolute entries

Absolute entries are entries of waste categories in the European Waste List which are
considered as “absolute” hazardous regardless of any threshold concentrations

BAT

'BAT` stands for Best Available Techniques. In the sense of EU IPPC legislation (namely
Directive 2008/1/EC), “Best Available Techniques “means the most effective and advanced
stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the
practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for emission
limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce
emissions and the impact on the environment as a whole:

- 'techniques` shall include both the technology used and the way in which the installation is
designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned

- 'available` techniques shall mean those developed on a scale which allows implementation
in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking
into consideration the costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or
produced inside the Member State in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to
the operator

- 'best` shall mean most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the
environment as a whole

Biological treatment

Destruction or degradation of a hazardous compound by microbes, e.g. PAH degradation by

bacteria, chromium (VI) reduction by bacteria with the help of organic substances (molasses
or oils)

BREFs

'BREFs` stand for Best Available Technique Reference Documents. Best Available
Techniques Reference Documents (BREFs) are provided by Technical Working Groups for
various industrial branches, e.g. for waste treatment industries, waste incineration, surface

19
treatment of metals and plastics or tanning of hides and skins2. The Technical Working
Groups include national experts and representatives from industry and environmental
organizations. The information provided in the BREFs is focused on applied and emerging
processes and techniques of a specific industrial branch and their performance as well as on
the techniques to consider in the determination of Best Available Techniques. This
information supports the evaluation of what is technically and economically achievable in
terms of best environmental performance within waste management facilities. The European
IPPC Bureau (see below) is in charge of the drawing up of BREFs

Chemical treatment

Destruction or change of a hazardous compound by a chemical reaction, e.g. reduction of

chromium (VI) or oxidation of cyanide

Chemical Physical and Biological treatment (CPT)

Chemical/physical and biological treatment (CPT) can lead to a change in waste quality as
well as be considered as a treatment and disposal process. As a rule, waste from CPT is
assigned to a different waste code, if it is shipped to a subsequent treatment process (e.g.
disposal to landfill, incinerator or to a waste oil redistillation plant). Therefore the allocation to
a CPT plant is only the first step in a sequence of several treatment-, recovery- or disposal
operations

Circular economy

In the sense of avoidance and usage of wastes, also now as closed substance cycle

Cleaner Production

Cleaner Production is the Manufacturing in which waste minimization and prevention

practices are continuously applied. These practices include (1) conservation of raw materials
and energy, (2) elimination of toxic inputs, and (3) reduction in toxic outputs3

Co-incineration

Often means the same as co-processing, exactly: only the energy potential of a waste is of
interest and not the mineral components, e.g. organic chemicals for Portland cement
production or light-weight fraction from the shredder in a blast furnace for pig iron production

2
All BREF’s can be retrieved at http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/.
3
Business Dictionary
20
Co-processing

Uses industrial by-products or other waste materials that are unable to be recycled, by
incorporating the energy potential and mineral components of wastes into the manufacture of
an essential product, the wastes are totally destroyed, e.g. during Portland cement
production

Design for Environment (DfE)

Design for Environment (DfE) or Ecodesign are methods supporting product developers in
reducing the total environmental impact of a product early in the product development
process. This includes reducing resource consumption as well as emissions and waste. New
EU directives such as WEEE and RoHS introduce the concept of ecodesign. A sound life
cycle based Ecodesign can potentially enable to provide reliable decision support at a largely
reduced effort for performing the study (Source: ECJRC)

Design for recycling (DfR)

Design for recycling is a method that implies the following requirements of a product: easy to
dismantle, easy to obtain 'clean' material-fractions, that can be recycled (e.g. iron and copper
should be easy to separate), easy to remove parts/components, that must be treated
separately, use as few different materials as possible, mark the materials/polymers in order
to sort them correct, avoid surface treatment in order to keep the materials 'clean' (Source:
Danish EPA Eco Design Guide)

Eco-efficiency

Joint analysis of the environmental and economic implications of a product or technology,

aiming to support choosing the method for production, service, disposal or recovery that
makes most ecological and economic sense, ensuring optimum conservation of resources,
minimum emissions and waste generation at a low overall cost (Source: ECJRC)

Ecotoxicity potential

Potential environmental toxicity of residues, leachate, or volatile gases to the biocoenosis of

plants and animals. Ecotoxic substances alter the composition of the species of ecosystems,
destabilizing it thereby and additionally threatening sensitive species in their existence
(Source: EC Joint Research Center)

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)

21
Process of identifying and evaluating the adverse effects on the environment caused by a
chemical substance. Often implied in the way, that an environmental exposure to the
chemical is predicted and compared to a predicted no-effect concentration, supplying risk
ratios for different environmental media (Source: ECJRC)

External costs

Cost not included in the market price of the goods and services being produced, but caused
by e.g. emissions and damages these cause to goods and to the environment, which costs of
repair or compensation are borne by the society in general (Source: ECJRC)

Environmentally sound management (ESM)

Taking all practicable steps to ensure that hazardous wastes or other wastes are managed in
a manner which will protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects
which may result from such wastes ESM of Waste” has always been referred to in most
OECD Council Acts related to trans-boundary movements of wastes, as well as in other
international, regional and/or national regulations, where it is one of the underlying principles
of waste management policies. In these earlier OECD Acts, “environmentally sound
management of waste” was considered to be a basic condition for allowing or prohibiting an
export/import of waste within, as well as outside, the OECD area. However, it was also
recognized that the scope and level of ESM varies greatly from one Member country to
another. Lack of a clear definition and common understanding of ESM has led to challenges
for the practical implementation of ESM instruments. Less stringent environmental controls,
safety levels or human health standards (usually implying the lower cost options) in some
countries have also created the potential for exporters, importers or waste managers to direct
shipments of wastes destined for recovery to OECD countries and/or waste management
facilities having lower waste management standards

Flash point

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air
near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material

Flue gas

is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying
exhaust gases from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator. Quite often, the
flue gas refers to the combustion exhaust gas produced at power plants. Its composition
depends on what is being burned, but it will usually consist of mostly nitrogen (typically more
than two-thirds) derived from the combustion air, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor as
22
well as excess oxygen (also derived from the combustion air). It further contains a small
percentage of a number of pollutants, such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, and sulfur oxides (source: Wikipedia)

Green Procurement

A procurement process which takes into account environmental elements when buying
products and services. To prevent a mere shifting of burdens of environmental damages
among life cycle phases or among environmental problems, an effective Green Procurement
should be based on a life cycle thinking or life cycle assessment (Source: ECJRC)

Green Public Procurement (GPP)

A procurement process carried out by public purchasers to take into account environmental
elements when buying products and services. See also Green Procurement (Source:
ECJRC)

Greenhouse effect

Warming of the atmosphere due to the reduction in outgoing long wave heat radiation
resulting from their absorption by gases such as Carbon dioxide, Methane, etc (Source:
ECJRC)

GHS

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) “address

classification of chemicals by types of hazard and propose harmonized hazard
communication elements, including labels and safety data sheets. It aims at ensuring that
information on physical hazards and toxicity from chemicals is available in order to enhance
the protection of human health and the environment during the management, transport and
use of these chemicals. The GHS also provides a basis for harmonization of rules and
regulations on chemicals at national, regional and worldwide level, an important factor also
for trade facilitation”4

The Globally Harmonized System for chemicals will be implemented in the EU in stages
between 2009 and 2015. Between these periods the labeling and packaging of dangerous
substances and preparations will change significantly. New GHS symbols must be used from
specific dates, but may also be used voluntarily from January 2009. Also the material safety
data sheet format and content according to GHS will be implemented in stages and will take

4
UNECE, 2009b
23
years to be available worldwide. In 2015 the EU chemical Risk Phrases will be replaced by
GHS Hazard Statements

GHS Hazard statements

The development of the Globally Harmonized System of classification and labeling of

chemicals (GHS) has been initiated by the UNCED Agenda 215, Chapter 19, Rio de Janeiro
1992. GHS hazard statements are statements developed as part of the Globally Harmonized
System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals with regard to the hazards, risks and the
ability of chemical substances and mixtures to cause harm to the human health and the
environment. Each statement is designated a code consisting of the starting letter H and
followed by a number of three digits. In addition, the European Legislation provides
supplemental hazard statements which are marked with EUH and a three digit number. The
GHS hazard statements are supposed to replace the R-Phrases (see below) by 2015. The
translation between the classifications is laid down in the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008

GHS Symbol

The GHS (see above) symbol is part of the pictograms for hazard classes inside a red
diamond. Each pictogram is defined by its color, symbol and the general format. Symbols
may be exploding bomb, flame, gas cylinder, etc

Ground-level landfill

Disposal/land filling of hazardous waste near the surface, e.g. in a former clay-pit with
technical protection layers

Hazardous waste

Wastes that because of their chemical reactivity, toxicity, explosiveness, corrosiveness,

radioactivity or other characteristics, constitutes a risk to human health or the environment
(Source: ECJRC)

Human toxicity potential (HTP)

The degree to which a chemical substance elicits a deleterious or adverse effect upon the
biological system of human exposed to the substance over a designated time period
(Source: ECJRC)

H-criteria/ Hazardous characteristics

5
UNCED, 1992
24
The Waste Framework Directive provides a framework for the classification of waste. A
waste is considered hazardous when one of the fourteen specifically defined parameters in
Annex III signifying the hazardous characteristics (e.g. explosive, flammable, toxic, etc.) of a
substance or mixture is fulfilled. Each parameter, which is also referred to as H-criteria, is
designated a code consisting of the letter H and an index number (e.g. H1 explosive, H2
oxidizing etc.)

Incineration

Burning of waste, e.g. hazardous waste in a rotary kiln with appropriate and approved
emission control

IPPC

IPPC is the abbreviation for `Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control´ and refers to the
Directive 2008/01/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008
concerning integrated pollution prevention and control, also called the `IPPC Directive`. The
IPPC Directive, which applies within the EU, sets down the ground rules of the permit
procedure for industrial installations of particular environmental relevance. It aims at
prevention and reduction of the emissions into the air, water and soil, as well as of the waste
during the operation and following closure. To this end the industrial installations are urged to
use Best Available Techniques (BAT, see above)

Integrated product policy (IPP)

Approach founded on the consideration of the impacts of products throughout their life-cycle
to improve the environmental performance of products in a cost-effective way. (Source:
ECJRC)

Internalization of externalities

Incorporation of an externality into the market decision making process through pricing or
regulatory interventions. For example, internalization is achieved by charging polluters with
the damage costs of the pollution generated by them, in accordance with the "polluter pays
principle" (Source: ECJRC)

ISO 14000

A series of standards emitted or being prepared by the International Standards Organization

(ISO), covering a number of environmental topics (Source: ECJRC)

25
ISO 14001

ISO standard on Environmental Management System, EMS that can be adopted by any
organization (Source: ECJRC)

ISO 14040

ISO standard on Environmental Management System, EMS, concerning Life Cycle

Assessment of products and processes. ISO 14040 is a framework for the standards ISO
14041, ISO 14042, and ISO 14043 that concerns the specific phases of an LCA. (The ISO
standards 14041, 14042, and 14043 are integrated, harmonized, and replaced in 2006 by
ISO 14044) (Source: ECJRC)

Kyoto Protocol

International treaty that was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties
(COP) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 in Kyoto,
Japan. It contains legally binding commitments, in addition to those included in the UNFCCC.
Countries included in Annex B of the Protocol (most OECD countries and EITs) agreed to
reduce their anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs,
and SF6) by at least 5 % below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012 (Source:
ECJRC)

Life cycle

Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material extraction,
through production of materials and intermediates, parts to products, through product use or
service operation to recycling and/or final disposal (Source: ECJRC)

Life cycle thinking (LCT)

The concept of Life Cycle Thinking integrates existing consumption and production strategies
towards a more coherent policy making and in industry, employing a bundle of life cycle
based approaches and tools. By considering the whole life cycle, the shifting of problems
from one life cycle stage to another, from one geographic area to another and from one
environmental medium or protection target to another is avoided (Source: ECJRC)

Material flow analysis (MFA)

An evaluation method which assesses the efficiency of use of materials using information
from material flow accounting. Material flow analysis helps to identify waste of natural

26
resources and other materials in the economy which would otherwise go unnoticed in
conventional economic monitoring systems (Source: Eurostat)

Material recovery

Restoration of materials found in the waste stream to a beneficial use which may be for
purposes other than the original use (Source: ECJRC)

Leachate

Is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants generated by Infiltration of

precipitation water into the waste body; or by settling of waste with high water content (e.g.
effluent treatment sludge), thus forming “press water”, or the reaction of water with waste
followed by mobilization and uptake of water soluble pollutants. Leachate is internationally
considered as “Hazardous Waste”, NOT as wastewater!

MSDS

The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) shall enable the employer to determine whether any
hazardous chemical agents are present at the workplace. It provides information which helps
to assess any risk to the health and safety of workers arising from the use of hazardous
chemical substances and to take respective control measures. The MSDS contains physical-
chemical and toxicological characteristics detailed in 16 sections, specific effects
endangering human health and the environmental condition. In Europe when you buy a
chemical substance it is mandatory to deliver its complete MSDS according to the GHS
scheme for MSDSs

Manifest

Shipping document that travels with hazardous wastes from the point of generation, through
transportation, to the final disposal facility, creating a ‘cradle-to-grave’ tracking of the
hazardous waste

Mirror entries

Mirror entries are entries of waste categories in the European Waste List which are only
considered hazardous if dangerous substances are present above the threshold
concentrations

Physical treatment

27
Improving the physical property of the waste, e.g. the strength of sludge by adding cement to
make it suitable for land filling

Recovery

Any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing
other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfill a particular function, or waste
being prepared to fulfill that function, in the plant or in the wider economy

Recycling

(1) A resource recovery method involving the collection and treatment of a waste product for
use as raw material in the manufacture of the same or a similar product. (2) The EU waste
strategy distinguishes between: reuse meant as a material reuse without any structural
changes in materials; recycling meant as a material recycling, only, and with a reference to
structural changes in products; and recovery meant as an energy recovery only (Source:
ECJRC)

R-Phrases (short for Risk Phrases)/Signal Word/ Hazard Statement

Risk Phrases are phrases formulated on the nature of special risks attributed to dangerous
substances and preparations. They concern the chemicals’ ability to cause harm to human
health and the environment. Each phrase is designated a code starting with the letter R and
followed by a number. The list of R-Phrases has been consolidated in different European
languages in the Commission Directive 2001/59/EC. In the course of the GHS development
the R-Phrases have been replaced by the hazard statements (see above)

Solidification

Physical treatment/stabilization (chemical treatment)

Stakeholder

An institution, organization, or group that has some interest in a particular sector, product, or
system Source (ECJRC)

Standard (normal)-m³air

One m³ dry air under defined temperature and pressure conditions

Sustainable material management

28
Sustainable Materials Management is an approach to promote sustainable materials use,
integrating actions targeted at reducing negative environmental impacts and preserving
natural capital throughout the life-cycle of materials, taking into account economic efficiency
and social equity

Thermal treatment

Often means the same as incineration; can also include the melting down of hazardous
substances (e.g. asbestos) to destroy the hazardous substances, gasification and pyrolysis
as well as plasma processes

Underground landfill

Disposal/land filling of hazardous waste in a salt dome or other geological formation without
the penetration of ground water

Waste (management) hierarchy

List of waste management strategies arranged in order of preference, with waste prevention
being the most desirable option and disposal the least preferred approach. Departing from
such hierarchy may be necessary for specific waste streams when justified for reasons of,
inter alia, technical feasibility, economic viability and environmental protection

Waste management

Approach based on three principles (EU):

1) Waste prevention: As a key factor the amount of generated waste should be reduced
2) Recycling and reuse: If waste cannot be prevented, as many of the materials as possible
should be recovered, preferably by recycling.
3) Improving final disposal and monitoring: Where possible, waste that cannot be recycled or
reused should be safely incinerated, with landfill only used as a last resort

29
 • Definitions as per European Framework Directive on Waste 2008/98/EC

1. ‘waste’ means any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required
to discard;

2. ‘hazardous waste’ means waste which displays one or more of the hazardous properties
listed in Annex III of Directive 2008/98/EC

3. ‘waste oils’ means any mineral or synthetic lubrication or industrial oils which have
become unfit for the use for which they were originally intended, such as used combustion
engine oils and gearbox oils, lubricating oils, oils for turbines and hydraulic oils;

4. ‘bio-waste’ means biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from
households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises and comparable waste from food
processing plants;

5. ‘waste producer’ means anyone whose activities produce waste (original waste producer)
or anyone who carries out pre-processing, mixing or other operations resulting in a change in
the nature or composition of this waste;

6. ‘waste holder’ means the waste producer or the natural or legal person who is in
possession of the waste;

7. ‘dealer’ means any undertaking which acts in the role of principal to purchase and
subsequently sell waste, including such dealers who do not take physical possession of the
waste;

8. ‘broker’ means any undertaking arranging the recovery or disposal of waste on behalf of
others, including such brokers who do not take physical possession of the waste;

9. ‘waste management’ means the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste,
including the supervision of such operations and the after-care of disposal sites, and
including actions taken as a dealer or broker;

10. ‘collection’ means the gathering of waste, including the preliminary sorting and
preliminary storage of waste for the purposes of transport to a waste treatment facility;

11. ‘separate collection’ means the collection where a waste stream is kept separately by
type and nature so as to facilitate a specific treatment;

12. ‘prevention’ means measures taken before a substance, material or product has
become waste, that reduces:

(a) the quantity of waste, including through the re-use of products or the extension of the life
span of products;

(b) the adverse impacts of the generated waste on the environment and human health; or
30
(c) the content of harmful substances in materials and products;

13. ‘re-use’ means any operation by which products or components that are not waste are
used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived;

14. ‘treatment’ means recovery or disposal operations, including preparation prior to

recovery or disposal;

15. ‘recovery’ means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful
purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfill a
particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfill that function, in the plant or in the wider
economy.;

16. ‘preparing for re-use’ means checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operations, by
which products or components of products that have become waste are prepared so that
they can be re-used without any other pre-processing;

17. ‘recycling’ means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into
products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the
reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing
into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations;

18. ‘regeneration of waste oils’ means any recycling operation whereby base oils can be
produced by refining waste oils, in particular by removing the contaminants, the oxidation
products and the additives contained in such oils;

19. ‘disposal’ means any operation which is not recovery even where the operation has as a
secondary consequence the reclamation of substances or energy.

20. ‘best available techniques’ means best available techniques as defined in Article 2(11)
of Directive 96/61/EC. See also glossary.

31
 • Some intersting Internet links
Artisanal mining:
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/wwf_solutions/extra
ctives/artisanal_mining/

Bifa Environmental Institute, eBegleitschein Portal: www.ebegleitschein.de

Brownfield’s Revitalization Act: http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/

Business Dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com"

Co-processing: http://www.coprocem.com/trainingkit/pages/coprocessing.html

Consist Business Information Technology: www.consist-itu.de

Electronic waste processing: http://www.no-waste-technology.com/en/recycling/electronic-

waste-processing/

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work: http://osha.europa.eu

European Commission. 2009. Environment. Waste:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.htm

European Committee for Standardization: http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/homepage.htm

European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Bureau:

http://eippcb.jrc.es/index.html

EU guidance and practical manual on permitting and inspection of waste management

operations:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/inspections.htm

Extended Producer Responsibility: A Guidance Manual for Governments:

http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34395_2405199_1_1_1_1,00.html

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(Germany). 1996. Ordinance on Transport Licences of 10 September 1996.
http://www.bmu.de/english/waste_management/downloads/doc/3235.php

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(Germany). 2002. Ordinance on Landfills and Long-Term Storage Facilities of 24 July 2002.
http://www.bmu.de/english/waste_management/doc/4343.php

32
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(Germany). 2006. Ordinance on Waste Recovery and Disposal Records of 20 October 2006.
http://www.bmu.de/english/waste_management/downloads/doc/3237.php

Global Partnership on Waste Management (GPWM):

http://www.unep.org/ietc/ourwork/wastemanagement/globalpartnershiponwastemanagement/
tabid/56257/default.aspx

Japan (chemical management center): http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/index.html

Life-cycle Assessment:http://www.coprocem.com/trainingkit/pages/module8.html

Ministry for the Environment and Transport Baden-Wuerttemberg. 2003. How to apply
the European Waste List 2001/118/EC. Stuttgart/Fellbach. http://www.um.baden-
wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/3105/english?command=downloadContent&filename=english

OECD. 2003. Technical Guidance for the Environmentally Sound Management of Specific
Waste Streams: Used and Scrap Personal Computers.
http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2001doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT000009E2/$FILE/JT00139462.PDF

OECD. 2007. Guidance Manual for the Implementation of the OECD Recommendation
C(2004)100 on Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) of Waste.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/31/39559085.pdf

Promoting Resource Efficiency in SMEs: www.unep.fr/scp/presme/pdf/PRE-

SME_handbook.pdf
REACH: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/reach/index_en.htm

Sewage sludge: http://www.sludgenews.org/about/

The Environment Agency (UK): http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk

TSCA: http://www.ehso.com/tsca.htm

The story of Stuff: www.storyofstuff.com

Training resource pack for hazardous waste management in developing economies,

2002:
The training resource pack is a set of training materials available as electronic files. The
subjects cover the full range of topics in hazardous waste management from prevention to
treatment and disposal as well as regulatory aspects, support services and development of
national strategies
www.unep.fr/shared/publications/cdrom/3128/index.htm

33
UNCED. 1992. Agenda 21. Rio de Janeiro.
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_00.shtml

UNECE. 2009a. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous

Goods by Road (ADR).
http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr2009/09ContentsE.html

UNECE. 2009b. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

(GHS). About the GHS. http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html

UNECE. 2009c. UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. 16th ed.

http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev16/16files_e.html

UNSD. 2009. Environmental Indicators, Waste, Hazardous Waste Generation. 2009.

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/hazardous.htm

U.S. Government Printing Office: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr/

Vital Waste Graphics:

Aims to give policymakers, experts, media professionals, teachers and students a
comprehensive overview of relevant waste-related issues, causes, effects, as well as
possible solutions. Vital Waste Graphics is based on the most recent data received by the
Basel Convention Secretariat.
http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2851.aspx

World Business Council for Sustainable Development: http://www.wbcsd.org/

34
 • List of Figures
Fig. 1 Worldwide generation of hazardous waste -USA and Russia generate the greatest amounts of
hazardous waste- (UNSD, 2009) 51

Fig. 2 Total and hazardous waste in Germany, 1999-2007 (Federal Statistical Office, 2009) 51

Fig. 3 Estim. of the total and industrial hazardous waste increase in Vietnam (Based on World Bank,
MONRE, SIDA, 2004) 52

Fig. 4: Desirable hierarchy of waste handling options in relation to sustainability as seen from the EU
perspective 58

Fig. 5: Phases of waste management development (Source BMZ Resource waste, 2012) 64

Fig. 6: Overview of countries that have ratified the BC as per 2009. Afghanistan, USA, Haiti and other
African and Asian countries have not yet ratified the BC. 80

Fig. 7: Overview of the key legal documents in EU Waste Management Policy 94

Fig. 8: Differentiation of “Waste” according to German Waste Law 98

Fig. 9: Decision tree for distinguishing waste from by-products according to criteria laid down in EU
Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC 100

Fig. 10: Procedure for differentiating hazardous from non-hazardous waste in general 103

Fig. 11: The structure of the EWL coding system 105

Fig. 12: Procedure for differentiating between hazardous and non-hazardous waste during EWL
classification 110

Fig. 13: Discrepancy between no’s of hazardous waste streams reported and found (On-site waste
investigation campaign Zhejiang, 17 enterprises investigated, 2007) 135

Fig. 14: HWM Methods applied by the enterprises (On-site waste investigation campaign Zhejiang, 17
enterprises investigated, 2007) 136

Fig. 15: right: Sample of a hazardous waste label and left: TDG pictogram indicating flammability 139

Fig. 16: Samples of containers, 60-litre polyethylene canisters 140

Fig. 17: Samples of containers, 200-litre steel drums 140

Fig. 18: Separation of incompatible wastes/materials 141

Fig. 19: Sample of IBCs, containers for liquids of 600 up to about 1000 liters volume 142
3
Fig. 20: Sample of skip, 5 to 10 m steel skips for solids 142

Fig. 21: HW Storage facilities 142

Fig. 22 left: IBC for acids and caustic liquids waste. Right: IBC for solid and pasty waste 144

Fig. 23 left: IBC for liquid organic waste. Right: IBC for waste oil 145

Fig. 24 Left: Management of IBC. Right: IBC containers can be stacked. 145

Fig. 25: Containers are equipped with a collision protection guard 145

Fig. 26: Example of filled and closed polyethylene drums 146

Fig. 27: Example of filled and closed steel drums 147

35
Fig. 28: Preparing HW for transport 147

Fig. 29: Suction tanker trucks (Source of pictures: Assmann GmbH, Im Brühl 90, D-74348
Lauffen/Neckar, Germany, www.assmann-sonderfahrzeuge.de) 149

Fig. 30: Suction tanker truck (Source of picture: E. Schultes, HIM GmbH) 149

Fig. 31: Suction tanker truck (Source of picture: E. Schultes, HIM GmbH) 150
3
Fig. 32: Dump truck with tipping container for bulk solid waste (5 - 8 m ) 150
3
Fig. 33: Dump truck with flat tipping container for bulk solid waste (approx. 15 m ), suitable e.g. for
filter cake; container can be placed under a chamber filter press. 150

Fig. 34: Labeling of vehicles transporting hazardous wastes 158

Fig. 35: Example of an orange plate with ADR and UN numbers 158

Fig. 36: Examples of hazard diamonds used for transport of dangerous goods 159

Fig. 37: Left: Safe transport of HW; Right: Unsafe transport of HW 161

Fig. 38: Traffic accidents with /hazardous waste (or dangerous goods) can have severe environmental
impacts and cause high remediation costs 162

Fig. 39: Information Flow of the ‘Record of Proper Waste Management’ application procedure 166

Fig. 40: The ‘Collective Record of Proper Waste Management’ 167

Fig. 41 Proof of completed waste management operations in the form of sextuplicate consignment
note 168

Fig. 42: Zhejiang Province in China and its eleven city districts 179

Fig. 43: Information flow between stakeholders during transfer plan application in Zhejiang, China.
Paper based communication can be abandoned once the electronic signature has gained
legal recognition. 183

Fig. 44: Electronic format of the Transfer Plan: Excerpt of the page for waste-specific data from the
waste producer’s “Declaration of Responsibility” (English demo-version) 184

Fig. 45: Poorly managed hazardous waste landfill site belonging to a refinery in Asia. Backing-up of
leachate causes hydraulic pressure on the liner and enhances risks of groundwater pollution.
See problems associated with pit design in section 11.5 187

Fig. 46: Recovery and Disposal options for (hazardous) waste according to EU five-step waste
hierarchy 193

Fig. 47 Examples for preparation of the eluate (overhead room shaker; gentle overhead movement for
waste analysis) 206

Fig. 48: Percolation test; water is pumped upstream through waste material (black) in a column, and
collected and analyzed at a certain L/S-ratio (e.g. 0.1 or 2.0) 206

Fig. 49: Process scheme of a chemical-physical treatment plant with two treatment sections (organic
and inorganic) 215

Fig. 50: Chemical / Physical Treatment Plant of HIM GmbH at Kassel, Germany (Total capacity =
31,000 t/a; thereof 25,000 t/a capacity for oil emulsion treatment) 223

36
Fig. 51: Different types of residues from physico-chemical treatment containing dangerous substances,
disposed on an above-ground hazardous waste landfill 224

Fig. 52: Organization of waste management by allocation of responsibilities 230

Fig. 53: Involved authorities and services for waste management planning and related tasks 232

Fig. 54 Major priorities (?) and potential deficits (-) in waste management permitting 243

Fig. 55: Major priorities (?) and potential deficits (-) in waste management control 246

Fig. 56: Planning measures to assure effective control [inspired by: Doing the Right Things II_2008]247

Fig. 57: Rotary kiln of the hazardous waste incineration plant in Schwabach (Germany) 254

Fig. 58: Scheme of a rotary kiln incinerator (source: INDAVER at http://www.indaver.be/Rotary-

kiln.1728.0.html?&L=0 ) 255

Fig. 59: Cross section through a rotary kiln for the incineration of hazardous waste, 258

Fig. 60: section through a rotary kiln 260

Fig. 61: Scheme of a rotary kiln combined with a secondary combustion chamber and feeding
systems. (1100 °C and 2 sec are needed if hazardous wastes with a content of more than 1 %
of halogenated organic substances, expressed as chlorine, are incinerated) 261

Fig. 62: Air flow profile of a cyclone filter (left taken from , and right taken from) 267

Fig. 63: Operating principle of an electrostatic precipitator, taken from: 268

Fig. 64: Structure of an electrostatic precipitator, taken from 268

Fig. 65: Schematic view of a fabric filter, taken from: 270

Fig. 66: Schematic view of a semi-dry flue gas cleaning, taken from 273

Fig. 67: Comparison of different methods for dust deposition in mg per standard-m ³. Numbers in
brackets from reference 274

Fig. 68: Schematic view of the entrained-phase absorption process before the dust deposition; HOK =
(abbreviation from the German word Herdofenkoks) 275

Fig. 69: Schematic structure of a SCR-reactor, taken from: 278

Fig. 70: Combination of several modules for the purification of exhaust gases for a HWI plant in
Germany , ZWS = Circulating fluidized bed reactor, “Sorbalit” is a sorbent (lime as reagent and
carbon as surface-active substance). 281

Fig. 71: Ashes and slags produced from hazardous waste incineration 286

Fig. 72: Hazardous Waste Incinerator of HIM GmbH at Biebesheim, Germany (Capacity: 2x 50,000 t/a)292

Fig. 73: Scheme of the hazardous waste incineration plant of AVG, Hamburg (Capacity: 2x 44,000 t/a)295

Fig. 74: Example of a scheme of an air pollution control system Source: K.H.Decker 296

Fig. 75: Discharge of acid resins into a sludge ”lagoon” in Germany, 1968 308

Fig. 76: Leachate from a landfill containing only mineral wastes (left) and leachate from a landfill
containing a high amount of organic wastes 309

Fig. 77: Barriers for pollution retention from landfill sites 311

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Fig. 78: Testing probe for measuring the vane shear strength of sludge 314

Fig. 79: Waste sampling for on-site verification at the delivery station of a hazardous waste landfill in
Germany 318

Fig. 80: Reference samples of hazardous waste consignments accepted for disposal at a hazardous
waste landfill site 319

Fig. 81: Principal design types of landfills 321

Fig. 82: CAD (Computer-aided design) drawing of longitudinal – and cross sections of a “slope design”
landfill 322

Fig. 83: Composite sealing system: Base- and cover liner, Germany 326

Fig. 84: Cross section: Base and cover liner 327

Fig. 85: Placement of a mineral base liner on a slope during extension works at a hazardous waste
landfill site in Germany 328

Fig. 86: Placement of a geo-membrane liner on a slope during extension works at a hazardous waste
landfill site in Germany 328

Fig. 87: Placement of the sealing layer of an asphalt concrete liner during extension works on a
hazardous waste landfill in Switzerland: Small picture: Cylindrical core sample drawn from an
asphalt concrete liner for quality testing (diameter approx.12 cm). The foundation- and sealing
layers are clearly visible 330

Fig. 88: Leachate drainage and collection system: Cross section and perspective view; leachate
collection pipe, cross section 332

Fig. 90: Longitudinal cross section and lay-out views of cell development during landfill disposal [199]
(The first cell to be developeds the red-shaded cell, the second cell the brown-shaded-cell,
and so on) 338

Fig. 91: Intermediate cover and temporary surface liner at hazardous waste landfill site Billigheim in
Germany 339

Fig. 92: Roofing constructions at hazardous waste landfill site Rondershagen, Germany. Total
3 2
capacity: 960,000 m ; roofed area = 45,000 m (2010) 339

Fig. 93: Lecheate collection tanks with two-stage reverse osmosis treatment plant 341

Fig. 94: Life phases of a landfill site 345

3
Fig. 95:Hazardous Waste Landfill Site Billigheim in Germany (Total capacity: 930,000 m , delivery: 20-
40,000 t/a, tentative end of disposal phase: 2025) 348

Fig. 96: Hazardous waste landfill site in Ningbo. Since landfill disposal is more expensive than
incineration, the landfill does not receive much hazardous waste for disposal 350

Fig. 97: Hazardous waste landfill site in Taizhou. Initial development of the entire site area requires
higher investment and increases disposal costs, compared to progressive site development351

Fig. 98: Geological barrier of an underground disposal facility in Germany 355

Fig. 99: Disposal of hazardous waste packed in big bags (IBC) in underground disposal site Herfa-
Neurode in Germany 356
38
Fig. 100 Steps of escalation) 368

Fig. 101: Steps during elaboration of a hazardous waste management plan 373

Fig. 102: Hazardous waste generation in Europe in kg per capita 378

Fig. 103: Generation and material flow of secondary wastes 384

Fig. 104: Categorization and allocation of forecasted HW from primary sources to recovery and
disposal options 386

Fig. 105: Recycling, incineration and landfilling of MSW in EU Member States and other European
countries, 2007 387

Fig. 106:Sankey diagram showing quantities and flow of primary and secondary hazardous wastes of
a hazardous waste management scenario (secondary wastes shaded red) 390

Fig. 107 left: Hazardous waste transfer station (capacity = 20,000 t/a), right: HW transfer station
combined with chemical/physical treatment plant (capacity = 30,000 t/a), both in Bavaria,
Germany 391

Fig. 108: Views of the hazardous waste treatment plant of the GSB in Ebenhausen (Germany),
where around 85% of the stockholders are public, while around 15% are private 394

Fig. 109: Decoupling waste growth and economic growth, Germany, 2002-2008 (Source: German
Federal Statistical Office, 2009) 396

Fig. 110: Recovery rates of main waste fractions, Germany, 2000-2007 (Source: German
Federal Statistical Office, 2009) 396

Fig. 111: Gas engine modules fuelled by landfill gas at a landfill site in Busan, South Korea
(Commissioned 2003, electrical output: 6,348 kW) 399

Fig. 112: Share of Zhejiang’s 11 Cities in industrial hazardous waste generation in 2004 according
to official data (total HW generation: 378,000 t/a) 401

Fig. 113: Prognosis of future HW Declaration in Zhejiang Province 404

Fig. 114: Shares of hazardous waste recycling/recovery in percent of total primary hazardous
waste generation (left figure) and in absolute numbers (right figure) for 2004 (baseline
scenario) and for 2010 and 2020 (anticipated) 405

Fig. 115: Alternative 1 (Decentralized infrastructure: All 11 cities equipped with one CPT plant,
incinerator and landfill site) Alternative 4 (Centralized infrastructure: All 11 cities grouped into
3 clusters and each cluster equipped with one centralized landfill site and incinerator, while
every city has yet one CPT plant) 408

Fig. 116: Successful implementation of a hazardous waste management plan requires

simultaneous action of the stakeholders in different strategic areas 416

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 • List of Tables
Table 1: Waste management development phases. The chronological sequence and the temporal
length of each phase may vary from region to region depending on the environmental policy
and the economic conditions of the respective area 66
69
Table 2: Compilation of criteria used in OECD countries for distinguishing waste from non-waste 100

Table 3: The 20 Chapters of the EWL 106

Table 4: Four-step procedure for assigning waste to a EWL entry 109

Table 5: Fifteen characteristics that render wastes hazardous according to WFD 2008/98/EC 112

Table 6: Categories of Danger, Risk-Phrases, and hazard threshold limits of dangerous substances
with respect to hazardous properties of waste 114

Table 7: Methodology for allocating a waste to the hazardous or non-hazardous part of a mirror entry117

Table 8: Derived orientation values to distinguish between hazardous and non-hazardous wastes 120

Table 9: Derived orientation values for distinguishing between hazardous and non-hazardous waste
acc. to H15 121

Table 10: UN classes for dangerous goods. Clicking in each pictogram will enlarge it. Source: UN
Transport regulations Chapter 2.0.1 Classes, divisions, packing groups 154

Table 11: Key players and their role during the ‘Record of Proper Waste Management’ procedure 164

Table 12: Overview of forms included in the ‘Record of Proper Waste Management’ dossier 164

Table 13: User groups and their access to system functions of the ‘Solid Waste Management
Information System’ 184

Table 14: Excerpt of a positive list (waste acceptance catalogue) of a HW disposal facility
(chemical/physical treatment (first raw:CPT) and HW incineration (second raw:HWI), x =
permitted for acceptance) 198

Table 15: Unit level operations for chemical-physical treatment and their effect on pollutants 213

Table 16: “Economy of Scale” effect for chemical-pysical treatment plants of different capacities
(based on estimated local costs, China, 2007. 1RMB ≈ 0.1€) 218

Table 17: Responsibilities of competent authorities 231

Table 18: Main private sector actors* and specification of responsibilities for each actor involved in
(hazardous and non-hazardous) waste management which has to be reflected in relevant
legal framework 233

Table 19: Examples for the determination of a conditioning framework for delivered hazardous waste257

Table 20: Selection of typical pollutant concentrations in the raw gas from hazardous waste
incinerators in Europe (EU) and Germany (G) and their clean gas emission threshold 263

Table 21: Comparison of three different dust filter systems. Source: 270

Table 22: Comparison of different procedural principles for dioxin removal in waste incineration plants
(supplemented by); Mg refers to a ton of waste, Mg / h = Mg per hour, burning waste gases for
1 Mg household waste in 7,000 standard-m ³ (norm-m³) 276
40
Table 23: Investment costs of several system components for the purification of exhaust gases for two
lines and 200.000 Mg waste per year (1999) 282

Table 24: Procedural comparison and economic efficiency analysis for the four different options of the
purification of exhaust gases of waste incineration plants In the table the following
abbreviations have been used: RG-condensing = condensation of flue gas; NH3 Stripper =
Step that strips surplus ammonia; DaGaVo = prewarming of raw gases with low pressure
vapor; Slip= Loss because of the breakthrough into the clean gas 283

Table 25 “Economy of Scale” effect for hazardous waste incinerators of different capacities (based on
estimated local costs, China, 2007. 1RMB ≈ 0.1€) 288

Table 26: Staff costs as part of the fixed operating costs of Incinerators 290

Table 27: Fuel consumption as part of the fixed operating costs of incinerators 291

Table 28: Limit emission values in different permits and regulations in Austria, Switzerland and
Germany for wastes used for co-processing in cement plants. 302

Table 29: Limit emission values according to the Directive 2000/76/EC incineration of waste (Daily
3 3
average 10% O2, all values in mg/m dioxins and furnans in ng/m ) that have to be observed
for waste combustion in cement plants 303

Table 30: Allocation criteria for municipal and hazardous waste landfill disposal, Germany 312

Table 31: Cost items for landfill development 346

Table 32: Estimation of “Economy of Scale” effect for hazardous waste landfill disposal (based on
actual local costs, China, 2007. 1RMB ≈ 0.1€) 348

Table 33: Acceptance criteria for hazardous waste in an underground disposal facility 357

Table 34: Waste generation coefficients in selected manufacturing industry sectors (kg / employee /
year) 379

Table 35: EUROSTAT data explorer for compilation of sector specific hazardous waste generation
coefficients 379

Table 36: Effects that influence future hazardous waste generation 381

Table 37: Generation, recycling/recovery, disposal, discharge and storage of HW in Zhejiang’s 11

Cities according to HW declaration data 2004 402

Table 38: Influencing factors affecting hazardous waste declaration in Zhejiang 403

Table 39: Estimated capacities for chemical/physical treatment, incineration and landfill of primary
and secondary hazardous waste required in Zhejiang in 2010 and 2020 (Assumption: 50%
and 45% of primary hazardous waste generated will be absorbed by recycling & recovery in
2010 and 2020 respectively) 406

Table 40 Investment requirements for the four alternatives 409

Table 41 Total annual operation costs for the four alternatives including capital-, variable & fixed
operating- and additional transport costs in 2010 and 2020 410

41
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Authors: Jochen Vida, Adi Heindl, Ulrike Potzel, Peter Schagerl, Franziska Frölich, Ferdinand Zotz, Anke Joas, Uwe Lahl and Alberto Camacho

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