Emerging Technology Course -I/II

Waste Management
Module 5
Prepared by
Vineeth Kumar P K,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of ECE,
SVCE-Bangalore-562157
Phone no: 9746738675
12/12/2023 Email:vineethkumar.pk_eee@svcengg.edu.in
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Syllabus Content
Identification and classification of hazardous
waste, hazardous waste treatment, pollution
prevention and wasteminimization, hazardous
wastes management in India. E-waste recycling.

8 Hours

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What is hazardous waste?
• A hazardous waste is a waste with properties
that make it dangerous or capable of having a
harmful effect on human health or the
environment.

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Identification and classification of
hazardous waste
• Hazardous waste cause adverse health effects on
the ecosystem and human beings.
• The nature of hazardous waste:
- Non-degradable or persistent in nature
- biologically magnified
- Highly toxic and even lethal at very low
concentrations
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Identification and classification of
hazardous waste Secondary material: materials,
spent materials, sludges,
byproducts, commercial chemical
products and scrap metals (6
categories).

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Identification and classification of
hazardous waste
Identification procedure
- List provided by the government
- Characteristics such as ignitibility, corrosively,
reactivity and toxicity of the substance.

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Identification and classification of
hazardous waste
Classification
• F-list
• K-list
• P and U lists

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Identification and classification of
hazardous waste
Classification
• F-list
-Non-specific sources
-Metal treatment baths and sludges.
-code numbers: benzene (F005), carbon tetrachloride
(F001), cresylic acid (F004), methyl ethyl ketone (F005),
methylene chloride (F001), trichloroethane (F001),
toluene (F005), & trichloroethylene (F001)
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Identification and classification of
hazardous waste
Classification
• K-list
-K-list contains hazardous wastes generated by
specific industrial processes.
-wood preservation, pigment production, chemical
production, petroleum refining, iron and steel
production, explosive manufacturing and pesticide
production
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Identification and classification of
hazardous waste
• P and U lists
-Discarded commercial chemical products, off-
specification chemicals, container residues and residues
from the spillage of materials
-Pure grades of the chemical, any technical grades of the
chemical that are produced or marketed, and all
formulations in which the chemical is the sole active
ingredient.
-Eg: pesticide
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Characteristics of hazardous waste
• Ignitability
-Identification Number D001
-Naphtha, lacquer thinner, epoxy resins,
adhesives and oil based paints are all examples
of ignitable hazardous wastes.

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Characteristics of hazardous waste
• Corrosivity
-Waste Identification Number D002
-A liquid waste which has a pH of less than or
equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5 is
considered to be a corrosive hazardous waste.

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Characteristics of hazardous waste
• Reactivity
-Waste Identification Number D003
-Easily react with water and oxygen
-sodium metal or wastes containing cyanides or
sulphides.

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Characteristics of hazardous waste
• Toxicity
-Waste Identification Number D004
-toxic hazardous waste
-dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals

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Classification according to the
practical point
• Radioactive substance
-Persist long period
-Half life period
-Source: Nuclear reactor

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Classification according to the
practical point
• Chemicals:
-Synthetic organics, inorganic metals, salts, acids and
bases, and flammables and explosives.
• Biomedical wastes:
-The principal sources of hazardous biological wastes are
hospitals and biological research facilities
-Hypodermic needles, bandages and out-dated drugs

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Classification according to the
practical point
• Flammable wastes
-Include organic solvents, oils, plasticisers and
organic sludges.
• Explosives
-ordnance (artillery) materials
-Similar to flammables
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Classification according to the
practical point
• Household hazardous wastes
-Household wastes such as cleaning chemicals, batteries,
nail polish etc in MSW constitute hazardous waste.
-Especially batteries contain mercury which are alkaline
which is dangerous enough to kill people.
-Generic household hazardous material include non
chlorinated organic, chlorinated organic, pesticides, latex
paint, oil based paints, waste oil, automobile battery and
household battery.
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Hazardous Waste Management
Important steps in Hazardous waste management
1. Waste generation
2. Storage and collection
3. Transfer & transport
4. Processing
5. Disposal
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Hazardous Waste Management
1. Waste generation
-hazardous waste generated within a community
and in various industries
-onsite visits
-Data inventory

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Hazardous Waste Management
1. Waste generation - sources

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Hazardous Waste Management
2. Storage and collection
- Why storage ?
• When large quantities are generated, special facilities are
used that have sufficient capacity to hold wastes
accumulated over a period of several days.
• Containers and facilities used in hazardous waste storage and
handling are selected on the basis of waste characteristics.
• Example: corrosive acids or caustic solutions are stored in
fibreglass or glass-lined containers to prevent deterioration
of metals in the container
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Hazardous Waste Management
2. Storage and collection

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Hazardous Waste Management
2. Storage and collection

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Hazardous Waste Management
3. Transfer and transport
Transportation:
• For short-haul distances, drum storage and
collection with a flatbed truck is often used.
• As hauling distances increase, the larger tank
trucks, trailers and railroad tank cars are used.
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Hazardous Waste Management
3. Transfer and transport
• Hazardous waste transfer station are quite different
from solid waste transfer station.
• Typically, hazardous wastes are not compacted.
• Liquid hazardous wastesare generally pumped from
collection vehicles and sludge or solids are reloaded
without removal from the collection containers for
transport to processing and disposal facilities.
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Hazardous Waste Management
4. Processing
-Processing of hazardous waste is done for
purposes of recovering useful materials and
preparing the wastes for disposal.
-Processing can be accomplished on-site or off-site.
-The treatment of hazardous waste can be
accomplished by physical, chemical, thermal or
biological means.
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Hazardous Waste Management
5. Disposal
-Most hazardous waste is disposed off either near the
surface or by deep burial.
Precautions:
-Possible percolation of toxic liquid waste to the ground
water
-Release of toxic or explosive vapours to the atmosphere
-Corrosion of containers with hazardous wastes.
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
• Physical treatment
• Chemical treatment
• Thermal treatment
• Biological treatment
Important question

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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Physical & chemical treatment
(a) Filtration and separation
(b) Clarification
(c) Dewatering

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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Chemical treatment
(a) Chemical precipitation
(b) Chemical oxidation and reduction (redox)
(c) Solidification and stabilisation
(d) Encapsulation
(e) Evaporation
(f) Ozonation
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Thermal treatment
(a) Incineration
(b) Pyrolysis

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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Biological treatment
(a) Land treatment
(b) Waste characteristics
(c) Soil characteristics
(d) Microorganisms
(e) Waste degradation
(f) Enzymatic systems
(g) Composting
(h) Aerobic and anaerobic treatment
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Physical treatment
Filtration and separation
-Filtration is a method for separating solid particles
from a liquid using a porous medium
-Semi permeable membrane
-Osmosis, caused by gravity, centrifugal force,
vacuum, or pressure greater than atmospheric
pressure
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Physical treatment
Clarification
-suspended solid particles less than 100 ppm
Dewatering
-slurries of typically 1% to 30 % solids by weight
-Cake filtration
-Neutralisation process
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Chemical treatment
Chemical precipitation
-Soluble substance is converted to an insoluble
form
- Use solvent
-Wastes containing arsenic, barium, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium,
silver, thallium and zinc.
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Chemical treatment
Chemical oxidation and reduction (redox)
-Redox reactions
-Treatment of metal-bearing wastes, sulphides,
cyanides and chromium and in the treatment of
many organic wastes such as phenols, pesticides
and sulphur containing compounds.
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Chemical treatment
-Improve waste handling and physical characteristics
Solidification: materials are added to the waste to produce a
solid.
Stabilisation: This refers to a process by which a waste is
converted to a more chemically stable form.
Chemical fixation: This implies the transformation of toxic
contaminants to a new non-toxic compound
Encapsulation: Coating

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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Chemical treatment
• Evaporation: Evaporation is defined as the
conversion of a liquid from a solution or slurry
into vapour.
• Ozonation: Ozone is a relatively unstable gas
consisting of three oxygen atoms per molecule
(O3) and is one of the strongest oxidising agents
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Thermal treatment
Incineration:
-burning of selected parts
-Burning in partial oxygen
Pyrolysis
-chemical decomposition or change brought about by heating
in the absence of oxygen.
-wastes are heated separating the volatile contents
-volatile components are burned under proper conditions
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Biological treatment
• Land treatment: land cultivation, land farming, land
application and sludge spreading.
• Waste characteristics: Biodegradable wastes are
suitable for land treatment.Radioactive wastes, highly
volatile, reactive, flammable liquids and inorganic
wastes such as heavy metals, acids and bases, cyanides
and ammonia are not considered for land treatment.
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Biological treatment
• Microorganisms: key groups of the
microorganisms present in the surface soil are
bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and
protozoa.
• Waste degradation: Depends on PH, and soil
temperature
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Biological treatment
• Enzymatic systems: Enzymes are complex proteins.
Enzymes capable of transforming hazardous waste
chemicals to non-toxic products can be harvested from
microorganisms grown in mass culture.
• Composting: all biological reactions converts hazardous
waste into non hazardous waste. Factors: temperature,
pH, available oxygen, moisture, and nutrient availability.
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Hazardous Waste Treatment
Biological treatment
• Aerobic and anaerobic treatment:
-In aerobic treatment, under proper conditions,
microorganisms grow.
- Anaerobic treatment is a sequential biologically
destructive process in which hydrocarbons are converted,
in the absence of free oxygen, from complex to simpler
molecules, and ultimately to carbon dioxide and
methane.
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 Pollution prevention & waste
minimization
• Management support and employee participation
• Training
• Waste audits
• Good operating practices
• Material substitution practices
• Technological modification practices
• Recycling options
• Surplus chemical waste exchange options
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 Pollution prevention & waste
minimization
• Management support and employee
participation
-Creative, progressive and responsible and
leadership
• Training
formal and on-the-job training to increase
awareness of operating practices that reduce both
solid and hazardous waste generation.
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 Pollution prevention & waste
minimization
• Waste audits
The audit programme includes the identification of
hazardous wastes and their sources, prioritisation of
various waste reduction actions to be undertaken,
evaluation of some technically, economically and
ecologically feasible approaches to waste minimisation
and pollution prevention, development of an economic
comparison of waste minimisation and pollution
prevention options and evaluation of their results.

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 Pollution prevention & waste
minimization
• Good operating practices
-Research or teaching activities and, in some
areas, changes in operating practices
-spill and leak prévention, préventive
maintenance, corrective maintenance,
material/waste tracking or inventory control and
waste stream segregation
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 Pollution prevention & waste
minimization
• Material substitution practices
-To find substitute materials, which are less
hazardous than those currently utilised.
• Technological modification practices
-Low cost to the replacement of process
equipment involving large capital expenditures.
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 Pollution prevention & waste
minimization
• Recycling options
-use/reuse and resource recovery techniques.
- 3-R concept
• Surplus chemical waste exchange options
-Inter- and intra-department chemical exchange

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 HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA
• The Indian chemical industry, which accounts for
about 13% of the total industrial production all
over the world.
• There are 13,011 industrial units located in 340
districts, out of which 11,038 units have been
granted authorization for multiple disposal
practices encompassing incineration, storage land
disposal and other disposal options.

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 HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA
• Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)
are the major sources of hazardous wastes.
• And, the States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil
Nadu generate the majority of all hazardous
wastes
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 HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA
• India is the first country that has made provisions for
the protection and improvement of environment in its
Constitution.
• The Directive Principles of State Policy of the
Constitution, Article 48-A of Chapter IV enjoins the
State to make endeavor for protection and
improvement of the environment and for safeguarding
the forest and wild life of the country

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 HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA
Important acts/Laws

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 HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA
Important acts/Laws

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 HAZARDOUS WASTES MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA
• Agencies : Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), and State Pollution Control Boards.
• Present scenario: Five states, namely Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh (70% of the hazardous waste).

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E-Waste Recycling
What is E-Waste?
• Electronic waste, commonly referred to as e-waste, refers
to discarded electronic devices that have reached the end
of their useful life.
• E-waste includes a wide range of electronic and electrical
devices, such as computers, smartphones, TVs,
refrigerators, washing machines, and more.
• Due to the rapid pace of technological advancement and
consumer electronics consumption, e-waste has become a
significant environmental concern.
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E-Waste Recycling
Significance
E-waste contains both valuable materials and
hazardous substances, making proper recycling
and disposal crucial for environmental
protection and resource conservation.

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E-Waste Recycling
Key points on E-waste Recycling
• Environmental Impact
• Resource Recovery
• Energy Savings
• Regulations and Legislation
• Collection and Sorting
• Safe Disposal of Hazardous Materials
• Formal and Informal Recycling
• Awareness and Education
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR):
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E-Waste Recycling
Key points on E-waste Recycling
• Environmental Impact:Improper disposal of e-
waste can lead to environmental pollution due
to the release of hazardous materials,
including heavy metals (lead, mercury,
cadmium), flame retardants, and other toxic
substances.
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E-Waste Recycling
• Resource Recovery:E-waste recycling is essential
for recovering valuable materials, including
precious metals like gold, silver, and copper.
• Energy Savings:Recycling e-waste requires less
energy compared to extracting and processing raw
materials. Recycling also reduces greenhouse gas
emissions associated with mining and
manufacturing.
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E-Waste Recycling
• Regulations and Legislation: Many countries
have implemented regulations and legislation
to address e-waste management. These
regulations often require manufacturers to
take responsibility for the proper recycling and
disposal of their products at the end of their
life cycle.
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E-Waste Recycling
• Collection and Sorting: E-waste recycling involves
collecting and sorting discarded electronic
devices.
• Safe Disposal of Hazardous Materials: Hazardous
components of e-waste, such as batteries and
certain electronic components, require special
handling and disposal to prevent environmental
contamination.

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E-Waste Recycling
• Formal and Informal Recycling: E-waste recycling can
be done through formal recycling facilities that adhere
to environmental and safety standards.
• Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about
the importance of proper e-waste disposal, recycling
options, and the hazards of improper disposal is
essential for promoting responsible consumer
behavior.

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E-Waste Recycling
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): EPR
programs hold manufacturers responsible for
the end-of-life management of their products.
This encourages design for recycling and
proper disposal practices.

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 Thank You

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