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    Ultivariable Alculus: The Second-Order Partial Derivatives of F (X, Y)

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    Stephanie Park
    This worksheet discusses higher order partial derivatives of multivariable functions, including definitions of fxx, fxy, fyy, and fyx (second order partial derivatives), and introduces Clairault's theorem stating that for a function where these derivatives exist and are continuous, fxy = fyx. It provides examples of using second order partial derivatives to generate Taylor polynomial approximations of functions. Homework problems are assigned from the text.

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    Ultivariable Alculus: The Second-Order Partial Derivatives of F (X, Y)

    Uploaded by

    Stephanie Park
    20 views3 pages
    This worksheet discusses higher order partial derivatives of multivariable functions, including definitions of fxx, fxy, fyy, and fyx (second order partial derivatives), and introduces Clairault's theorem stating that for a function where these derivatives exist and are continuous, fxy = fyx. It provides examples of using second order partial derivatives to generate Taylor polynomial approximations of functions. Homework problems are assigned from the text.

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    This worksheet discusses higher order partial derivatives of multivariable functions, including definitions of fxx, fxy, fyy, and fyx (second order partial derivatives), and introduces Clairault's theorem stating that for a function where these derivatives exist and are continuous, fxy = fyx. It provides examples of using second order partial derivatives to generate Taylor polynomial approximations of functions. Homework problems are assigned from the text.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views3 pages

    Ultivariable Alculus: The Second-Order Partial Derivatives of F (X, Y)

    Uploaded by

    Stephanie Park
    This worksheet discusses higher order partial derivatives of multivariable functions, including definitions of fxx, fxy, fyy, and fyx (second order partial derivatives), and introduces Clairault's theorem stating that for a function where these derivatives exist and are continuous, fxy = fyx. It provides examples of using second order partial derivatives to generate Taylor polynomial approximations of functions. Homework problems are assigned from the text.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Multivariable Calculus

    Math 212 §2 Fall 2014 Fowler 309 MWF 11:45am - 12:40pm


    2014
    c Ron Buckmire http://faculty.oxy.edu/ron/math/212/14/

    Worksheet 11
    TITLE Second Order Partial Derivatives
    CURRENT READING McCallum, Section 14.7
    HW #6 (DUE WEDNESDAY 10/08/14)
    McCallum, Section 14.6: 4, 11, 12, 26, 34, 35, 47*.
    McCallum, Section 14.7: 6, 7, 8, 12, 19, 24, 30, 31,41*.
    McCallum, Section 14.8: 3, 12, 19*.
    McCallum, Chapter 14: 2, 14, 35, 45, 64*
    SUMMARY
    This worksheet discusses higher order partial derivatives of multivariable functions and introduces
    the concept of the mixed partial derivative.

    RECALL: second derivative


    Given an infinitely differentiable function y = f (x) its derivative f 0 (x) represents the slope of the
    graph of the function at any point and f 00 (x) represents the concavity of the graph. Also, f 0 (x)
    represents the instantaneous rate of change of f (x) at a point while f 00 (x) represents the instanta-
    neous rate of change of f 0 (x).

    The Second-Order Partial Derivatives of f (x, y)

    DEFINITION: fxx , fxy , fyy and fyx


    Given a function z = f (x, y) with continuous partial derivatives we can not only find the rate of
    change with f with respect to x and the rate of change of f with respect to y but the rate of change
    of those functions with respect to x and y also!
       
    ∂ ∂f ∂ ∂f
    = (fx )x = fxx and = (fx )y = fxy
    ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x
       
    ∂ ∂f ∂ ∂f
    = (fy )y = fyy and = (fy )x = fyx
    ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
    These expressions above are referred to as the second order partial derivatives of f (x, y)
    EXAMPLE
    McCallum, page 812, Exercise 4.
    Compute the four second-order partial derivatives of f (x, y) = e2xy

    QUESTION: Do you notice a relationship between fxy and fyx ?

    1
    Multivariable Calculus Worksheet 12 Math 212 §2 Fall 2014

    When Mixed Partial Derivatives Are Equal


    THEOREM
    (Clairault’s Theorem) If fyx and fxy are continuous at some point (a, b) found in a disc (x−a)2 +
    (y − b)2 ≤ D for some D > 0 on which f (x, y) is defined, then fxy (a, b) = fyx (a, b).
    Applications of the Second-Order Partial Derivatives
    Recall (from Worksheet #8) that the local linearization of a function f (x, y) near the point (a, b) is
    given by the tangent plane

    f (x, y) ≈ P (x, y) = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b) (1)


    Taylor Polynomial Approximations
    Note that the expression on the right hand side of (1) can be thought of as Taylor Polynomial of
    Degree 1 approximating f (x, y) near (a, b) for a function that has continuous first-order partial
    derivatives.

    We can expand this idea from (1) to improve our approximation of this function. If f (x, y) has
    continuous second-order partial derivatives we can produce a Taylor Polynomial of Degree 2 ap-
    proximating f (x, y) near (a, b):
    fxx (a, b)
    f (x, y) ≈ Q(x, y) = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b) + (x − a)2
    2
    fyy (a, b)
    +fxy (a, b)(x − a)(y − b) + (y − b)2
    2
    Exercise
    McCallum, page 811, Example 5.
    1
    Find the Taylor Polynomial of degree 2 at the point (1,2) for the function f (x, y) = .
    xy

    2
    Multivariable Calculus Worksheet 12 Math 212 §2 Fall 2014

    G ROUP W ORK
    You are told that there is a function f whose partial derivative fx (x, y) = x + 4y and
    fy (x, y) = 3x − y. Do you believe this? PROVE YOUR ANSWER!

    ∂K ∂ 2 K
    The kinetic energy of a body with mass m and velocity v is K = 12 mv 2 . Show that = K.
    ∂m ∂v 2

    The gas law for fixed mass m of an ideal gas at the absolute temperature T , pressure P and volume
    V is P V = mRT where R is the gas constant. Show that
    ∂P ∂V ∂T
    = −1
    ∂V ∂T ∂P

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