Animals - Use As Example Only

Animals (also referred to as metazoa) are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological
kingdomAnimalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen,

are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula,
during embryonic development. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of
which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million animal species
in total. Animals range in length from 8.5 millionths of a metre to 33.6 metres (110 ft). They
have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The
kingdom Animalia includes humans, but in colloquial use the term animal often refers only to non-
human animals. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology.
Most living animal species are in the Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally
symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes—in which many groups
of invertebrates are found, such as nematodes, arthropods, and molluscs—and the deuterostomes,
containing both the echinoderms as well as the chordates, the latter containing the vertebrates. Life
forms interpreted as early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian.
Many modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as marine speciesduring
the Cambrian explosion, which began around 542 million years ago. 6,331 groups of genes common
to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that
lived 650 million years ago.
Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus created
the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae,
which Jean-Baptiste Lamarckexpanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the
animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa(synonymous for Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-
celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of
animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at
demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between animal taxa.
Humans make use of many other animal species, such as for food (including meat, milk, and eggs),
for materials (such as leather and wool), and also as pets, and for transports, as working animals.
Dogs have been used in hunting, while many terrestrial and aquatic animals were hunted for sports.
Non-human animals have appeared in art from the earliest times and are featured in mythology and
religion.
Etymology
The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living
being.[1] The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.[2] In colloquial usage,
as a consequence of anthropocentrism, the term animal is sometimes used nonscientifically to refer
only to non-human animals.[3][4][5][6]
Characteristics
Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early embryo (1) develop into a hollow ball or blastula (2).
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals
are eukaryotic and multicellular,[7][8] unlike bacteria, which are prokaryotic, and unlike protists, which
are eukaryotic but unicellular. Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients[9] animals
are heterotrophic,[8][10] feeding on organic material and digesting it internally.[11] With very few
exceptions, animals respire aerobically.[12] All animals are motile[13] (able to spontaneously move their
bodies) during at least part of their life cycle, but some animals, such as sponges, corals, mussels,
and barnacles, later become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic developmentthat is unique
to most animals,[14] allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs.
Structure
All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed
of collagen and elastic glycoproteins.[15] During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a
relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the
formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such
as shells, bones, and spicules.[16] In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily
algae, plants, and fungi) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.
[17]
Animal cells uniquely possess the cell junctions called tight junctions, gap junctions,
and desmosomes.[18]
With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and placozoans—animal bodies are differentiated
into tissues.[19] These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit
signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal digestive chamber with either
one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).[20]
Reproduction and development
Sexual reproduction is nearly universal in animals, such as these dragonflies.

See also: Sexual reproduction § Animals, and Asexual reproduction § Examples in animals
Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction.[21] They
produce haploid gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger,
non-motile gametes are ova.[22] These fuse to form zygotes,[23] which develop via mitosis into a hollow
sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed,
and develop into a new sponge.[24] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated
rearrangement.[25] It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber and two
separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[26] In most cases, a third germ
layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.[27] These germ layers then differentiate to form
tissues and organs.[28]
Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads
to inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of
harmful recessive traits.[29][30] Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close
inbreeding.[31] In some species, such as the splendid fairywren (Malurus splendens), females benefit
by mating with multiple males, thus producing more offspring of higher genetic quality.[32]
Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the
parent. This may take place through fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians;
or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, such as in aphids.[33][34]
Ecology
Predators, such as this ultramarine flycatcher(Ficedula superciliaris), feed on other animals.
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on how they obtain or consume organic
material, including carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores,[35] and parasites.[36] Interactions
between animals form complex food webs. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is
a consumer-resource interaction where a predator feeds on another organism (called its prey).
[37]
Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race between predator
and prey, resulting in various anti-predator adaptations.[38][39] Almost all multicellular predators are
animals.[40] Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed
on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process,[41] but the adults primarily consume nectar
from flowers.[42] Other animals may have very specific feeding behaviours, such as hawksbill sea
turtles primarily eating sponges.[43]
Hydrothermal vent mussels and shrimps

Most animals rely on the biomass and energy produced by plants through photosynthesis.
Herbivores eat plant material directly, while carnivores, and other animals on higher trophic
levels typically acquire it indirectly by eating other animals. Animals
oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules to unlock the chemical energy of
molecular oxygen,[44] which allows the animal to grow and to sustain biological processes such
as locomotion.[45][46][47] Animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea
floor consume organic matter of archaea and bacteria produced in these locations
through chemosynthesis (by oxidizing inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide).[48]
Animals originally evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time
as land plants, probably between 510–471 million years ago during the Late Cambrian or
Early Ordovician.[49] Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalikstarted to move on to land in the
late Devonian, about 375 million years ago.[50][51] Animals occupy virtually all of earth's habitats and
microhabitats, including salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests,
pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of animals, plants, fungi and rocks.[52] Animals are however
not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C
(122 °F).[53] Only very few species of animals (mostly nematodes) inhabit the most extreme cold
deserts of continental Antarctica.[54]
Diversity
The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived.
Largest and smallest

Further information: Largest organisms and Smallest organisms
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to at
least 190 tonnes and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long.[55][56][57] The largest extant terrestrial
animal is the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes[55] and
measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.[55] The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived
were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed as much as
73 tonnes.[58] Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the
Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 µm,[59] and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no
more than 8.5 µm when fully grown.[60]
Numbers and habitats

The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the animal groups with
the largest numbers of species,[61] along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water,[62] and
marine),[63] and free-living or parasitic ways of life.[64] Species estimates shown here are based on
numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various
means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of
nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode
species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[65] Using patterns within
the taxonomichierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was
calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.[66][67][a]

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Animals (also referred to as metazoa) are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological

kingdomAnimalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen,

Reproduction and development

Sexual reproduction is nearly universal in animals, such as these dragonflies.

Hydrothermal vent mussels and shrimps

The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived.

Largest and smallest

Numbers and habitats

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