CE 581

Reinforced Concrete Structures

Lecture 5: Inelastic Flexural Section
Analysis

1
 Introduction
- Observations
- Flexural Behavior
- Moment-Curvature Analysis
- RC Members
- Deflection Calculations
- Cyclic Response

2
From Structure to Section

3
 Bending of Beams
Sections with y
vertical axis of M M
symmetry
z x
Pure flexure
rebar

Find relationship between moment (M) and curvature (f)

• (P=0 can be non-zero for columns) =0 (No shear distortion)

Assumptions: • M is applied about z axis
• y and z are principal axes (Iy and Iz are min and max)

4
 Plane Section Remains Plane

From column tests of Hognestad (1951)

Plane section does not remain plane

At cracks
Lap splices
Deep Beams / Walls
Strain softening regions
5
Kinematic of beam deflection:

v  : Deflection
(x)
 : Slope
(x) Beam f : Curvature
x  : radius of curvature
dv
=
dx

Consider a short length of deformed beam axis

1 d
ds =   d =
1 d  ds ds
f= +d dv
  d
ds f= f=
d dx
 
 ds dx ds
dx
dv
ds dv ( 1 ) tan  =
ds = (dx 2  d 2 ) 2 = (1  ( ) 2 ) 2 dx
dx dx
d d 2 v
(1  (tan  ) )2
=
d d 2v dx 2 dx dx 2
=
dx 1  (dv dx) 2

: Radius of a circle that is best fit to the deformed beam axis. 6

 ds =   d 1 d
f= =
 ds

d 2v dx 2 d d 2v
f= For small , ds≈dx f= =
[1  (dv dx) 2 ]3 / 2 dx dx 2

d d
y NA 
2
Plane section remains plane
d y NA
2
{Location with
NA no change in
Change in length
= fiber length}
Orijinal length
dx
2  y NA  d 2
=
dx
d
 = y NA  = yNA  f {Strain at any location
dx along depth is proportional to yNA}

7
 P
v  f   
M
Beam Kinematics Material Equilibrium
(Euler-Bernoulli) Behavior

Equilibrium Conditions
c
y Fc y NA
f y1
tendon y 2 y3 NA
Fps
rebar Fs

Strain Stress
(Concrete)

8
Equilibrium:

1) Fc  Fs = 0 (=P if there is any axial force)

  dA    dA
Ac
c c
As
s s =0


N
i =1
Fi = 0 Establishes the location of neutral axis

Note that for elastic behavior  dA =  EdA

Atr
tr
Atr
tr =0

Ef  ydAtr = 0

Neutral axis is located at the centroid for elastic behavior. (NA = CA)

9
Equilibrium:

2)  c ydAc    s ydAst = M
As

c
c : Top maximum compressive concrete strain f=
y NA

Note that for elastic behavior M =  EydAtr

Atr

M
M = EI trf f=
EI tr

A plot of M and f for selected values of c (increasing) is called

a moment curvature diagram

10
Beam Flexural Response

11
Spalling Strain

12
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Accuracy of Moment Capacity (384 Tests)

27
 Moment Capacity

Me

Md

Me : Expected Moment Capacity

Mn : Nominal Moment Capacity
Mpr : Probable Moment Capacity
Md : Design Moment Capacity 28
 Considering Confinement

Cover concrete will spall and stress will reduce to zero.

Section is divided into two zones: confined and unconfined.
Appropriate stress-strain laws are used for each region.

29
 General Procedure to obtain M-f response

1- Assume concrete strain at top fiber, c

2- Compute depth of neutral axis, c , using equilibrium

Fc (c)  Fps  Fs = 0
Note that Fps and Fs are also a function of c. Above equation is nonlinear,
Therefore, an iterative approach is well suited:
 cc
 ps =
- Assume c
c ps
 cc
- Compute Fc , Fps , Fs
- Revise c until Fc+Fs=0
s =
cs
30
3- Compute the moment at the section

4- Perform 1 – 3 for increasing values of c and plot M-f. Useful for hand
calculation, difficult to perform for arbitrary sections

Computer programs exist to calculate the response of sections

(RESPONSE 2000 is a popular program for RC and PS sections).

How do the programs work and how can you write your own?

31
Layer by layer numerical approach

c σc1

σn

σps1
σps2
Strain Stress

32
Multizone discretization

33
For each c
1) Idealize the section into a number of rectangular layers
2) Assume a depth of neutral axis, c.
3) Assume strain in each layer is constant (equal to the value at
middle of the layer)
4) Compute force in each layer Fci=bi.σi.hi
bi; layer width
hi; layer height

5) Compute steel forces at their exact location

i =1 Fci  i =1 Fsi = 0
nc ns
6) Check equilibrium :

If not revise c and perform 4 to 6.

_ _
M = y ci  i =1 Fci  y si  i =1 Fsi = 0
nc ns
7) Compute
34
1- Idealization is more accurate as the number of layer increase
at the cost of more computation.

2- Avoids complicated integration.

3- Any section can be idealized

4- Possible to use stress-strain behavior that is difficult

to integrate

35
 How do we compute concrete force, Fc and its location ?
Direct integration (Hand method)

y c Fc _
y
h f
cps
Fps

Centre of gravity of steel

 2fy fy 2 
Concrete stress at an arbitrary location y:  c = fc 
'
( ) 
c  0 0 
Concrete force: Fc =  b( y) c dy b( y) = b For rectangular section
0

For a general section

36
 c  2fy  fy  2  bf c'fc 2  fc 
Fc =  bf c'     dy Fc = 1 
0   0   0    0  3 0 

_ c
 2fy 2
f y 
2 3
y Fc =  cf c 
_ _
Location of y : y Fc =  y cb( y )dy
'
 2 dy
0  0 0 

 2f c 3
f c 
2 4
 2 fc 
'
bf c   2   3  4 
 03  0  8 0  3fc
y=c 0
_ 4 _ _
y= y=c
bf c'fc 2  fc   fc  12 0  4fc
1 1  3 
 0  3 0 

 0

Concrete crushing is observed to occur c  0.003 – 0.004

37
3) Rectangular Stress Block Parameters for Ultimate Moment
Calculation
It is sometimes time consuming to use direct integration or layer by layer approach
to calculate moment capacity. Therefore simplications are proposed to avoid
integration.
Mitchell Collins parabola
'
fc
'
k1 f c Stress block

Center of gravity

0  cu Equate the area between two curves

k2 cu so that center of gravity does not
change.

38
 '
b k1 f c

k2c
c
d h NA

Aps Fps

1)
 cu 
'  2    
2

' 
2
 3  cu 

 2   = k1k2 f c  cu
fc    d = k1 f c k 2 cu
'
fc  
'
  0   0   
0    0 3 0 0
 2 

 cu  cu 2
 = k1k 2
 0 3 0 2
 cu 4 0   cu
k2 =
   d
c
 k 
6 0  2 cu
y= 0
=  cu 1  2 
  c d  2 39
2) Resultant is at the same location:

 0  0.002  cu , 0
'
(Actually , are functions of fc )

For  cu = 0.003  k2 = 0.83, k1 = 0.90

 cu = 0.0035  k2 = 0.90, k1 = 0.81

 cu = 0.004  k2 = 1.0, k1 = 0.667
Generally a value of 0.85 is adapted for k1. (Variation of k1 does not appreciably
affect lever arm.)

k1 = 0.85 (ACI, TS 3223)

k2
ACI
0.85 TS 3223
TS 3223

f c  30
'
0.85 for 0.65
0.625
k2 =
(
0.85  0.0075 f c  30
'
) for f c  30MPa
'

'
~30 MPa 60 MPa fc
40
 Rectangular Stress Block Parameters
from Tests

𝐶𝑐 = 𝛼1 𝑓𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝛽1 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑧
0
𝑐
𝛽1 𝑐 𝑏 𝑓 (𝑐
0 𝑐
− 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
=
2 𝐶𝑐

41
Measured Moment Curvature Response

42
Effect of Longitudinal Reinforcement

43
Effect of Compression Reinforcement

44
Effect of Compression Reinforcement

45
 Reinforcement Limits
• Upper Limit: Ensure ductile response
• Lower Limit: Ensure Mcr< My

TS-500 ACI 318-14

𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.004

𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑑, 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4𝑓𝑦 𝑤

46
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48
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50
51
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55
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57
58
 -0.3

0.05

59
 Reinforcement Limits
• Upper Limit: Ensure ductile response
• Lower Limit: To eliminate creep shrinkage effects

TS-500 ACI 318-14

0.01<ρ<0.04 0.01<ρ<0.06-0.08

60
61
62
63
 600
Reinforcement 500

Stress (Mpa)
400

300

200

100

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ε (strain) Strain

Tension
c Strain

Compression
Strain

64
Concrete
Confined region
σ-ε
confined region
ε (strain) (Kent and Park)

c
fi
xi

Force=Area*σ

M moment = i =1
i = numberof layer
( fi  xi )
65
 ε σ xi
(strain) (Stress) Confined Concrete
fi
xi ei sigmai sigmai Ac Fc M arm c Mc Mc
1 0.75 0.0005 8.3328 8.3328 600 4999.70 170.75 853699.3 853699.3
2 2.25 0.0014 18.7455 18.7455 600 11247.33 172.25 1937352 1937352
3 3.75 0.0023 20.8358 20.8358 600 12501.49 173.75 2172134 2172134
4 5.25 0.0033 19.8484 19.8484 600 11909.04 175.25 2087059 2087059
5 6.75 0.0042 18.8610 18.8610 600 11316.58 176.75 2000206 2000206
6 8.25 0.0052 17.8736 17.8736 600 10724.13 178.25 1911577 1911577
7 30
9.75 0.0061 16.8861 16.8861 600 10131.68 179.75 1821170 1821170
8 11.25 0.0070 15.8987 15.8987 600 9539.23 181.25 1728985 1728985
25
9 12.75 0.0080 14.9113 14.9113 600 8946.78 182.75 1635024 1635024
10 20 14.25 0.0089 13.9239 13.9239 600 8354.33 184.25 1539285 1539285
Stress (MPa)

11 15 15.75 0.0098 12.9365 12.9365 Series1 600 7761.88 185.75 1441768 1441768
Series2
12 17.25 0.0108 11.9490 11.9490 600 7169.42 187.25 1342475 1342475
10
13 18.75 0.0117 10.9616 10.9616 600 6576.97 188.75 1241403 1241403
5
14 20.25 0.0127 9.9742 9.9742 600 5984.52 190.25 1138555 1138555
15 0 21.75 0.0136 8.9868 8.9868 600 5392.07 191.75 1033929 1033929
0.000 0.005
16 23.25 0.01450.010 0.015
7.9994 0.020
7.9994 600 4799.62 193.25 927526 927526
Strain
17 24.75 0.0155 7.0119 7.0119 600 4207.17 194.75 819345.5 819345.5
18 26.25 0.0164 6.0245 6.0245 600 3614.71 196.25 709387.6 709387.6
19 27.75 0.0173 5.0371 5.0371 600 3022.26 197.75 597652.4 597652.4
20 29.25 0.0183 4.0000 4.2167 600 2530.05 199.25 504111.8 504111.8

M moment = i =1
i = numberof layer
( fi  xi ) 66
 Concrete in ension
Tension zone xi ecti sigmaicti Acti Fct M
1 0.03 0.001 0.00001 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9985 0
2 0.004 0.00003 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9956 0
3 0.007 0.00005 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9927 0
4 0.010 0.00007 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9897 0
5 0.013 0.00009 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9868 0
6 0.016 0.00011 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9839 0
7 0.019 0.00013 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9809 0
8 0.022 0.00015 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.978 0
9 0.025 0.00017 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9751 0
10 0.029 0.028 0.00019 0.000 1.5 0.00 -227.9721 0

67
Concrete
Unconfined region
σ-ε
unconfined region
ε (strain) (Hognestad)

c
fi
xi

Force=Area*σ

M moment = i =1
i = numberof layer
( fi  xi )
68
 ε σ
(strain) (Stress) Unconfined Concrete fi xi
xi ei sigmai Acun Fc M arm c Munc Munc
1 0.05 0.0003 6.237087 4 24.95 228.05 5689.471 5689.471
2 0.15 0.001023 15.22469 4 60.90 228.15 13894.05 13894.05
3 0.25 0.001705 19.56353 4 78.25 228.25 17861.51 17861.51
4 0.35 0.002386 18.58385 4 74.34 228.35 16974.49 16974.49
5 0.45 0.003068 16.08475 4 64.34 228.45 14698.25 14698.25
6 0.55 0.003750 13.58566 4 54.34 228.55 12420.01 12420.01
7 0.65 0.004432 0 4 0.00 228.65 0 0
8 0.75 0.005114 0 4 0.00 228.75 0 0
9 0.85 0.005795 0 4 0.00 228.85 0 0
10 0.95 0.006477 0 4 0.00 228.95 0 0
11 1.05 0.007159 0 4 0.00 229.05 0 0
12 1.15 0.007841 0 4 0.00 229.15 0 0
13 1.25 0.008523 0 4 0.00 229.25 0 0
14 1.35 0.009205 0 4 0.00 229.35 0 0
15 1.45 0.009886 0 4 0.00 229.45 0 0
16 1.55 0.010568 0 4 0.00 229.55 0 0
17 1.65 0.011250 0 4 0.00 229.65 0 0
18 1.75 0.011932 0 4 0.00 229.75 0 0
19 1.85 0.012614 0 4 0.00 229.85 0 0
20 1.95 0.013295 0 4 0.00 229.95 0 0

M moment = i =1
i = numberof layer
( fi  xi ) 69
70
 Cross-sections Considered

3.15 cm 3.15 cm 5 cm

12.1 cm 12.1 cm a 20 cm
a

12.1 cm 12.1 cm 20 cm
3.15 cm 3.15 cm 5 cm

30.5 cm 30.5 cm 50 cm

TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C

71
Properties of the Test Specimens
CROSS-SECTION
Type A Type B Type C
Long.Reinf. 8-f19 8-f19 8-f34
Ties (mm/cm) 2-f6/10.8 2- 2-f10/10
fc (t/cm2) 0.285 f9.5/12.7
0.265 0.200
fy (t/cm2) 5.2 5.2 4.2
fsu (t/cm2) 7.4 7.4 5.25
sp 0.01 0.01 0.01
su 0.04 0.04 0.10
fyw (t/cm2) 4.9 4.9 4.2

72
 Experimental & Analytical
Moment - Curvature Curves

18
N = 196 t Experiment
16
Modified Sheikh & Üzümeri
14 Modified Kent & Park
Moment (t-m)

12
10
8 TYPE A
6
4
2 Sheikh's Specimen A11
0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Curvature (rad/m)

73
 Experimental & Analytical
Moment - Curvature Curves
16

14 Experiment

12 Modified Sheikh & Üzümeri

Modified Kent & Park
Moment (t-m)

10

8
N=172 t

4 TYPE B

2 Sheikh’s Specimen E8

0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Curvature (rad/m)

74
 Effect of Confinement

N =196 t, N/N0=0.27
20
18
Moment (t-m)

16
14
12
Ties: 2f 10/100
10
rs=0.019
8
6 Ties: 2f 6/106
4 Unconfined rs=0.006
2 rs=0
0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Curvature (rad/m)

75
 Interaction Diagrams
1000

900

800
D
TYPE A
Axial Force (ton)

700

600

500

400 C
300
Rectangular Stress Block, k =0.85
3
200 Rectangular Stress Block, k =1.0
3
Modified Kent & Park
100 B
A
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Moment (t-m)

76
Different Moment Capacities

77
 Effect of Axial Load
90
N/N0 = 0.14 N/N0 = 0
80 (B) (A)
70
Moment (t.m)

60
N/N0 = 0.41
50
(C)
40
30 N/N0 = 0.96
(D)
20 TYPE A
10
0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

Curvature (rad/m)
78
 Effect of Strain Hardening
80
70
60
Moment (t-m)

50
40
With strain hardening, N=0 t
30
Without strain hardening, N=0 t
20 With strain hardening, N=50 t
Without strain hardening, N=50 t
10
0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

Curvature (rad/m)
79
Effect of Tension Reinforcement
80
BEAM 30X60 cm
r'r = 0.5
60
Ties: f8/100 mm
Moment (t-m)

40

20
r = 00
r = 00

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Curvature (rad/m) 80
Effect of Compression Reinforcement
60
BEAM 30X60 cm r 'r = 1.0
r = 0.011
50
f8/100 mm r 'r = 0.50
Moment (t-m)

40
r 'r = 0.33
30

20 r 'r = 0

10

0
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
Curvature (rad/m) 81