Terms in Earthquake Engineering: Temblor

TERMS IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Temblor is the shaking of the surface of the Earth

resulting from a sudden release of energy in
the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes
can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot
be felt to those violent enough to propel objects (and people)
into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities.
Landslide is defined as
the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides
are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of
soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The term "landslide"
encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads,
and flows. Landslides can be initiated in slopes already on the verge of
movement by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion,
changes in ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by
human activities, or any combination of these factors.
Phivolcs The Philippine Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service
institute of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters
that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena.
Seismology is the study of seismic waves, energy waves caused by rock suddenly
breaking apart within the earth or the slipping of tectonic plates. We know these as events as
earthquakes. They can also be caused by explosions from volcanic eruptions and testing of nuclear
bombs. Seismology also studies seismic waves deliberately induced by controlled explosions, large
trucks, and construction equipment, usually to search for underground sources of petroleum and
natural gas.
Sink holes is an area of ground that has no natural

external surface drainage--when it rains, the water stays inside the
sinkhole and typically drains into the subsurface. Sinkholes can vary
from a few feet to hundreds of acres and from less than 1 to more
than 100 feet deep. Some are shaped like shallow bowls or saucers
whereas others have vertical walls; some hold water and form natural
ponds.
Continental Drift The movement, formation,
or re-formation of continents described by the theory of
plate tectonics. A theory stating that the Earth's continents
have been joined together and have moved away from each
other at different times in the Earth's history.
P waves are formed

when energy is applied
exactly at right angles to a medium. Particle motion under the
influence of the wave is then in the direction of propagation of the
wave. As a result of the particle motion, the rock particles are
alternatively compressed and rarefracted or pulled apart as the waves
propagate. P waves are also known as compressional waves, because
of the pushing and pulling they do. They are the fastest kind of seismic
waves.
Mainshock The largest earthquake in a

sequence. Sometimes preceded by foreshocks and almost
always followed by aftershocks which are of lesser intensity.
Foreshock a relatively small earthquake that

precedes a greater one by a few days or weeks and originates
at or near the focus of the larger earthquake.
Soil erosion by
water is the wearing away of the
earth’s surface by the force of water and gravity, and consists of soil
particle dislodgement, entrainment, transport, and deposition. This
sequence of events occurs over a wide range of temporal and spatial
scales, from raindrop splash moving particles millimeters in milliseconds
to suspended sediment and bedload in rivers continuously moving an
estimated 15.5 billion metric tonnes per year to the oceans of the world.
Richter’s scale The Richter magnitude scale

was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California
Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare
the size of earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is
determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves
recorded by seismographs. Adjustments are included for the
variation in the distance between the various seismographs
and the epicenter of the earthquakes. On the Richter Scale,
magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal
fractions.
Geology is the study of the earth

(geo means earth, and ology means study of). This is a very
simple definition for something so complex. Geology involves
studying the materials that make up the earth, the features
and structures found on Earth as well as the processes that act upon them. Geology also deals with the
study of the history of all life that's ever lived on or is living on the earth now.
Liquefaction A process by which water-saturated

sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid, like when you
wiggle your toes in the wet sand near the water at the beach. This
effect can be caused by earthquake shaking
Pacific
ring of fire is a
major area in
the basin of the Pacific Ocean where
many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. In a
large 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is
associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic
trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and plate
movements.
Earthquake drill
The essential components of earthquake drills are classroom discussions, demonstrations, and exercises
designed to help students learn and practice WHERE to seek shelter and HOW to protect their heads and bodies
from objects (e.g., debris from ceilings light fixtures, and shattered glass. Effective earthquake drills simulate (1)
actions to be taken during an actual earthquake and (2) actions to be taken after the ground shaking stops.
Building evacuation following an earthquake is imperative due to potential danger of fires or explosions.
It’s important to take “quake-safe” action at the first indication of ground shaking. Don’t wait until you
are certain an earthquake is occurring. As the ground shaking grows stronger, danger increases. For example: -
Free-standing cabinets and bookshelves are likely to topple. Wall-mounted objects (such as clocks and artwork)
may shake loose and fly across the room. Suspended ceiling components may pop out, bringing light fixtures,
mechanical diffusers, sprinkler heads, and other components down with them.

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TERMS IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Temblor is the shaking of the surface of the Earth

Phivolcs The Philippine Institute of

Sink holes is an area of ground that has no natural

P waves are formed

Mainshock The largest earthquake in a

Foreshock a relatively small earthquake that

Richter’s scale The Richter magnitude scale

Geology is the study of the earth

Liquefaction A process by which water-saturated

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