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Compounds: From Elements To Compounds

Most substances exist as compounds rather than elements. A compound contains two or more elements chemically bonded together. Compounds like water, calcium carbonate, and sucrose contain hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, and carbon bonded together. Elements combine through chemical reactions, usually releasing heat energy. Compounds have different properties than their constituent elements. Compounds are represented by chemical formulas showing the elements and their ratios, like H2O for water.

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41 views

Compounds: From Elements To Compounds

Most substances exist as compounds rather than elements. A compound contains two or more elements chemically bonded together. Compounds like water, calcium carbonate, and sucrose contain hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, and carbon bonded together. Elements combine through chemical reactions, usually releasing heat energy. Compounds have different properties than their constituent elements. Compounds are represented by chemical formulas showing the elements and their ratios, like H2O for water.

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Unike
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPOUNDS

Most subtances on Earth occur as compounds and not elements. Although there are only a small
number of elements, there are millions of compounds, for example, chalk and sugar.

A compound is a substance containing two or more elements chemically joined together, for
example :

 Water is a compound made up of two elements (hydrogen and oxygen)


 Calcium carbonate is a compound made up of three elements (calcium, carbon and oxygen)
chalk is one form of calcium carbonate)
 Sucrose (sugar) is a compounds made up of three elements (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)

From elements to compounds


Many elements combine together to form compounds. When this happens heat energy is usually
given out. The compounds formed have different properties from their constituent elements. Here
are two examples.

1. When magnesium burns in air, the magnesium (an element) combines with oxygen (also an
element) to form the compound magnesium oxide. This change is shown by the word
equation.

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

The elements are a silvery solid (the magnesium) and a colourless gas (the oxygen in the air).
The compound is a white solid, magnesium oxide.

2. Water is a compound made up of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. It can be made by
applying a lighted splint to a mixture of hydroge and oxygen gases. This change is shown by
the word equation.

Hydrogen + oxygen → water

Water and its elements have different properties, for example, the compound, water is
colourless liquid, whereas the elements, hydrogen and oxygen, are colourless gases.

Chemical compound
Scientists believe that two kinds of particles are found in compounds. These are molecules and ions

1. Molecules
Compounds are made of two or more different elements joined together. Therefore, the
atoms in molecules must also be of different kinds. For example, water is made from the
elements hydrogen and oxygen each molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen.
The molecules in compounds are also represented by chemical formulae. Water has the
formula H2O. This formula shows the symbols for hydrogen and oxygen; so water contains
hydrogen and oxygen.

2. Ions
An ion is an atom or molecule that carries an electric charge. Negatively charged ions are
called anions, and positively charged ions are called cations. Ions form when doing so
minimizes the total potential energy of the chemical species involved in the chemical
reaction. Often, this is achieved by allowing atoms of different elements to achieve a full
shell of electrons.
Consider the salt lithium fluoride:
Lithium atoms have 3 electrons, meaning they have electrons in two shells: 2 in the first shell
and 1 in the second. By losing an electron to become a cation, lithium gets a stable electron
arrangement, identical to that of the noble gas helium.

Names and Formulae of Compounds

IONIC AND COVALENT CONPOUNDS

Elements combine to form chemical compounds that are often divided into two categories.

Metals often react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. These compounds are composed of
positive and negative ions formed by adding or subtracting electrons from neutral atoms and
molecules.

Nonmetals combine with each other to form covalent compounds, which exist as neutral molecules.
The shorthand notation for a compound describes the number of atoms of each element, which is
indicated by a subscript written after the symbol for the element. By convention, no subscript is
written when a molecule contains only one atom of an element. Thus, water is H 2O and carbon
dioxide is CO2.

Characteristics of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds


Contain positive and negative ions (Na+Cl-) Exist as neutral molecules (C6H12O2)
Solids, liquids,or gases (C6H12O6(s), H2O(l),
Solids suchs as table salt (NaCl(s))
CO2(g))
Lower melting and boiling points (i.e.,
High melting and boiling points often exist as a liquid or gas at room
temperature)
Strong force of attraction between Relatively weak force of attraction
particles between molecules
Separate into charged particles in water to Remain as same molecule in water and
give a solution that conducts electricity will not conduct electricity

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