08 -Singapura & Malaysia

Singapura
History of Singapore
A Srivijayan Prince Named Sang Nila Utama Found Temasek
Temasek..
He Saw A Singa [Lion] And Renamed The Island As Singapura
Singapura..

Temasek ('Sea Town' in Old Javanese, spelt Tumasik) was the

name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore. From the
14th century, the island has also been known as Singapura, which
is derived from Sanskrit and means "Lion City". Legend has it that
the name was given by Sang Nila Utama when he visited the
island in 1299 and saw an unknown creature, which he mistook as
a lion.
Sir Stamford Raffles
• The Dutch had been
stifling British trade in the
region by prohibiting the
British from operating in
Dutch-controlled ports or
by subjecting them to a • In 1818, Sir Stamford Raffles was appointed
high tariff. Raffles hoped as the Lieutenant Governor of the British
colony at Bencoolen. He was determined
to challenge the Dutch by
that Great Britain should replace the
establishing a new port Netherlands as the dominant power in the
along the Straits of archipelago, since the trade route between
Malacca, the main ship China and British India, which had become
passageway for the India- vitally important with the institution of the
China trade. opium trade with China, passed through the
archipelago.
Founding of Singapore
• Raffles arrived in Singapore on 28 January 1819 and soon
recognized the island as a natural choice for the new port. It lay
at the southern tip of the Malay peninsula, near the Straits of
Malacca, and possessed a natural deep harbor, fresh water
supplies, and timber for repairing ships. Raffles found a small
Malay settlement, with a population of a few hundred, at the
mouth of the Singapore River,
• Before Raffles arrived, there were around 1,000 people living in
Singapore, mostly Malays and a few dozen Chinese. By 1869, due
to migration from Malaya and other parts of Asia, Singapore's
population had reached 100,000. Many Chinese and Indians
immigrants came to Singapore to work in the rubber plantations
and tin mines, and their descendents later formed the bulk of
Singapore's population.
Singapore As A Trading Port
• This trading port is
situated along busy
shipping routes that
connect Europe to
China. The Port of
Singapore is the
world's busiest and
very popular port as it
is in the centre of the
main trading route.
Merlion
• The Merlion is a statue with
the head of a lion and the
body of a fish, used as a
mascot to identify Singapore.
Its name combines `mer’
meaning the sea and `lion’.
The fish body represents
Independence of Singapore
• The history of the Republic of Singapore began when Singapore gained its
independence and became a republic following an ejection from Malaysia on
9 August 1965.
• After the separation, the fledgling nation had to become self-sufficient, and
faced problems including mass unemployment, housing shortages and lack of land
and natural resources such as petroleum.
• During Lee Kuan Yew's term as prime minister from 1959 to 1990, his
administration curbed unemployment, raised the standard of living and
implemented a large-scale public housing programme. The country's economic
infrastructure was developed, racial tension was eliminated and an independent
national defence system was created.
• Singapore evolved from a developing nation to first world status towards the
end of the 20th century.
Architectural Influences
• Displays range of influences and styles from different places and
periods.
• These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial
period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to
incorporate trends from around the world.
• Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay
houses, local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows, a
range of places of worship reflecting the ethnic and religious diversity
of the city-state as well as colonial civic and commercial architecture
in European Neoclassical, gothic, palladian and renaissance styles.
Pre--colonial Architecture in Singapura
Pre
• Vernacular architecture comprised village (or 'kampong')
houses built in the Malay tradition.
• Malay kampong houses were built on stilts and raised
above the ground (or water, depending on their location).
• Erected on a skeletal structure of tropical hardwood posts
and beams, usually cengai.
• Medium hardwoods, like meranti, were used as floor
boards, roof rafters and door and window frames.
Pre--colonial Architecture in Singapura
Pre
Pre--colonial Architecture in Singapura
Pre
• The roof itself was made of layers of palm frond thatch,
while the walls were either made of woven bamboo strips or
meranti planks.
• The basic form of the house was simple, but additional
rooms could be added according to the requirements and
wealth of the family.
• The architectural ornament, in the form of carved wood
fascia boards, screens and panels, could be quite elaborate.
Pre--colonial Architecture in Singapura
Pre
Colonial Architecture in Singapura
• Raffles planned the city down to the size of the house, the
widths of the streets, and the material to be used.
• Raffles' regulations for the city also has some influence
over the architecture, and some of their effects may still be
seen in the shop houses; for example it is stipulated that
they should not be over 3 stories high, and needed to have
an obligatory five foot way.
– Five Foot Way – (Kaki Lima) paved pedestrian walkways of 5 feet
(1.524 meters) in width projecting from the ground floor of a
building into the road. Commonly found in shophouses.
Colonial Architecture in Singapura
Shophouses in Singapura
• SHOPHOUSES is a vernacular
architectural building type that
is commonly seen in areas such
as urban Southeast Asia.
• Shophouses are mostly two
or three stories high, with a
shop on the ground floor for
mercantile activity and a
residence above the shop.
Shophouses in Singapura
Shophouses in Singapura
Shophouses in Singapura
• The position of the shop and residential space
depends on the number of floors of the
shophouse:
– A single storey shophouse tends to include residential
space behind the shop,
– while residential spaces in shophouses of two or more
storeys are typically located above the shop.
Shophouses in Singapura • Narrow front
and deep rears
Shophouses in Singapura
• A number of reasons have been given for the narrow
widths of these buildings.
• One reason relates to taxes, i.e. the idea that buildings
were historically taxed according to street frontage
rather than total area, thereby creating an economic
motivation to build narrow and deeply.
• Another reason is building technology: the timber
beams that carried the roof and floor loads of these
structures were supported by masonry party walls.
Shophouses in Singapura
Shophouses in Singapura
• PARTS:
– Five Foot Way – covered walkway within the shophouse
property line but intended for public use that provides shade
from harsh weather condition.
• Chinatown in Manila (previous) has two-storey shophouses built in
rows with arcades on ground floor.
– Internal Courtyards – the most important features of the
shophouse is the use of a variety of open-to-sky spaces to admit
natural daylight as well as natural air.
Shophouses in Singapura
Shophouses in Singapura
• PARTS:
– Party Walls – generally constructed out of masonry (usually
locally manufactured baked clay bricks) and they are structural,
load-bearing walls.
• Party walls marked a major shift from traditional timber post-and-beam
frame construction of pre-colonial Southeast Asia.
– Roofs – pitched roofs covered with orange clay roof tiles. Again,
this marks an important shift away from the use of more organic
coconut frond thatch (called "attap") in traditional architecture.
• The added cost of clay tiles was borne due to their greater durability and
especially their resistance to fire.
Shophouses in Singapura
Shophouses in Singapura
• PARTS:
– Floors and Beams – timber beams which carried the weight of
the roof and floors. Floor were similarly made of timber planks,
often with narrow gaps in between them to allow air to filter
through and to help the building (and its inhabitants) to 'breathe'
better.
• Modern shophouses, on the other hand, use reinforced concrete beams and
slabs.
– Façade Colours – Traditionally, many shophouses would have
been plastered an off-white colour. Other popular early colours
were indigo and ochre, given the range of available pigments.
Shophouses
• PARTS:
in Singapura
– Façade Ornamentations – facade ornamentation draws
inspiration from the Malay, Chinese and European traditions.
• European neo-classical motifs include egg-and-dart moldings and ionic or
Corinthian capitals on decorative pillasters.
Shophouses
• PARTS:
in Singapura
– Façade Ornamentations From the
Malay building tradition, elaborate
woodwork has been borrowed in the
form of carved panels. Fascia boards,
louvres, screens and fretwork.
Shophouses
• PARTS:
in Singapura
– Façade Ornamentations
• Chinese tradition
comes Sino-
Portuguese influences and
mythological motifs like
phoenixes as well as
butterfly-shaped windows.
Shophouses
• PARTS: in Singapura
– Façade Ornamentations
• Sino-
Sino-Portuguese
– is a hybrid architecture style incorporating Chinese and the
Portuguese architecture styles. The style was traditionally common
in wealthy urban centres where Chinese settlers lived.
– The construction majority theme is a two-storey commercial
building or one floor. The wall has strength because wall gets to the
weight of the tiles on the roof.
– Construct use roof curved tiles of architecture of Chinese. The pillar
and structure have used art, Renaissance and neo-classical are
European came to build.
Shophouses
• PARTS:
in Singapura
– Façade Ornamentations
• Other traditions include the
use of Peranakan pastel
coloured glazed tiles, often
with floral or geometric
motifs.
• Peranakan Chinese or Straits-
born Chinese are the
descendants
of Chinese immigrants who
came to the Malay archipelago
Shophouses in Singapura
• PARTS:
– Façade Ornamentations
• Peranakan Tiles
• Dainty and decorative,
heritage tiles in Singapore
can be found on
shophouses and properties
originally owned by chiefly
Peranakan owners.
Shophouses in Singapura
• STYLES
Shophouses in Singapura
• STYLES
Shophouses in Singapura
• STYLES
Shophouses in Singapura
• STYLES
Shophouses in Singapura
Black & White Bungalow Houses
• Black and white bungalows are white-painted bungalows,
in a style once commonly used to house
European colonial and expatriate families in tropical
climate colonies, typically the Southeast Asian colonies of
the British Empire in the nineteenth century.
• The term 'black and white' refers to the dark timber beams
and whitewashed walls usually found in these buildings.
Black & White Bungalow Houses
Black & White Bungalow Houses
• Such houses typically have a pitched roof with wide
overhanging eaves due to the rainy tropical condition, and
the high roof also allows for good ventilation that draws in
cooling air.
• The ground floor is generally open and spacious, often tiled
for coolness.
• The building may have large verandahs, and some have
elevated foundations similar to that of a traditional Malay
house.
Black & White Bungalow Houses
• Example:
ATBARA
HOUSE
– former
French
Embassy to
Singapore.
– Built in
1898 by
architect
Regent
Alfred John
Bidwell
Black & White Bungalow Houses
• Example:
ATBARA HOUSE
– The Atbara House
consists of a
strong mixture of
indigenous Indian
and Malay
vernacular design
mixed with roof
and construction
methods adapted
from colonial
source.
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Armenian Church
– Oldest Christian church.
– British neo-classical style with few
eclectic influences.
– Architect George Coleman
– Interior is circular that is imposed
on a square cross plan.
– Features wide verandahs to adapt
to tropical climate
Places of Worship in Singapura
• St. Andrew’s Cathedral
– Architect Ronald MacPherson
– Gothic Revival Style (Neo-Gothic)
– Anglican Church
– Features three stained glass windows
located at the apse that are dedicated to
the three figures in Singapore early
colonial history.
• Sir Stamford Raffles
• John Crawfurd – first major resident
• Major General William Butterworth
Places of Worship in Singapura
• St. Andrew’s Cathedral
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Thian Hock Keng Temple
– “Palace of Heavenly Happiness”
– a.k.a. Tianfu Temple, built to
worship Mazu (Ma Cho Po) a
Chinese sea goddess.
– Oldest and most important of the
Hokkien.
– Temple is constructed in the
temple style found in Fujian.
Dragons and other motifs are
placed on roof.
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Thian Hock Keng Temple
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Sultan Mosque
– a.k.a. Masjid Sultan
– Stayed unchanged since it was
built.
– The prayer hall and domes
highlight are its most important
features.
– Architect Denis Santry of Swan
and Maclaren adopted Saracenis
Style and incoporated Minarets
on it.
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Sultan Mosque
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Sri Mariamman Temple
– Oldest Hindu Temple in SG.
– Built in Dravidian Style.
– Features an elaborately designed
Gopuram, which had six tiers of
sculptures of Hindu deities, and
other ornaments.
– The scale of the entrance double-
leaf timber doors is intended to
induce humility.
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Sri Mariamman Temple
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Masjid Jamae
– Located in Chinatown
SG
– Architect George
Coleman
– Gateway framed by
two minarets topped
by onion domes.
– Eclectic style that
reflected the style
prevalent during 1830s
Places of Worship in Singapura
• Masjid Jamae
Civic & Commercial Buildings Singapura
• Often built in one or another European architectural style
which is at fashion at that time such as:
– Palladian
– Renaissance
– Neoclassical
• Often the approach to matters of style was highly eclectic,
and builders combined a variety of stylistic elements from
various European, and some non-European, sources in the
same building.
Civic & Commercial Buildings Singapura
• Examples: FULLERTON HOTEL
Civic & Commercial Buildings Singapura
• Examples: FULLERTON HOTEL
– Used to be General Post Office Building
– Adapted Neo-classical style
– Architectural Firm: Keys & Dowdeswell (Original Structure)
– Features two-storey fluted Doric colonnades on a heavy base
– Used mainly Aberdeen granite
Civic & Commercial Buildings Singapura
• Examples: OLD SUPREME COURT BUILDING
Civic & Commercial Buildings Singapura
• Examples: OLD SUPREME COURT
BUILDING
– Former courthouse of the Supreme
Court
– Classical Style with Corinthian
Columns
– Architect: Frank Ward (Original
Structure)
– Converted into National Art Gallery of
Singapore
Civic & Commercial Buildings Singapura
• Examples: RAFFLES HOTEL
Civic & Commercial Buildings Singapura
• Examples: RAFFLES HOTEL
– Used to be a private owned beach
house
– Established by Sarkies Brothers as
one of the high-end hotels
– Named after the “founder” of
Singapore
– Long Bar – favourite spot of
celebrities, where the infamous
Singapore Sling was invented by
Ngiam Tong Boon.
Art Deco Buildings Singapura
• The style was especially popular in commercial
architecture, like factories and offices.
• Often, Art Deco style ornaments and elements were
applied onto otherwise typical shophouses or bungalows.
• Features of this style in the local context included a
penchant for inscribing the date of the erection of the
building prominently on its facade, the use of projecting
horizontal fins as sun shading devices over windows and
the use of flagpoles.
Art Deco Buildings Singapura
• Examples: CATHAY BUILDING
– Used as a HQ for the British
Malaya Broadcasting
Corporation.
– First skyscraper in Singapore
– 16 storey was designed by
Frank Brewer back in 1930s
– It was the island’s first cinema /
public edifice that features AC
unit.
Art Deco Buildings Singapura
• Examples: CATHAY BUILDING
Public Housing in Singapura
• Public housing architecture in Singapore dates back to the
1930s with the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT), a
colonial government agency, embarked on a building
programme to address a shortage of affordable housing in
Singapore.
• The most prominent example of their pre-war efforts was
the Tiong Bahru estate, where many low-rise, four-storey
Art Deco style apartment blocks, shops, markets and other
amenities were built on the city fringe.
Public Housing in Singapura
Public Housing in Singapura
• Currently it is being managed by the HOUSING and DEVELOPMENT
BOARD (HDB) under temporary leasehold for 99 years.
• Adapted Block Design, Each public housing block is considered a
vertical community, with common area built into the design to
promote social interaction.
• Void decks, a term unique to Singapore, refers to the first level
which are often left devoid of housing units, hence the word
"void". These open, sheltered spaces are intentionally left empty
to provide convenient spaces for communal activities such as
weddings, funerals, parties, bazaars and even as polling stations.
Public Housing in Singapura
Modern Singapura
Modern Singapura
• From the 1970s to late 1980s the city was dominated
by modern architecture, particularly the brutalist style.

• This is seen in some of the older commercial skyscrapers,

such as the OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei, as well as many
buildings built to house governmental offices and
government-linked companies.
Modern Singapura
• OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei
– Brutalist architecture
– 52 storey skyscraper
– HQ of OCBC bank
– Designed to be a symbol of
strenght and permanence.
– Nicknamed as the “calculator” due
to its shape and windows that
looks like button pads
Modern Singapura
• In 2016, the tallest building Tanjong Pagar Centre was built.
The maximum allowable height of building in Singapore is
280m (the height of the other three tallest buildings), but
permission was obtained to build Tanjong Pagar Centre up
to 290m.
• The tallest residential building in Singapore is the Marina
Bay Tower
• Singapore government's ambitions to create a 'City in a
Garden'
Modern Singapura
• Tanjong Pagar Centre
by Architect 61 & SOM
– Tallest in Singapore
– 64 storey high
– A.k.a. Guoco Tower
– It is the only building that is
exempted from the height
restriction rule in the central
business district, because it is
located at Tanjong Pagar.
Modern Singapura
• South Beach by Foster & Partners
– Features luxury hotel, offices and
apartments.
– Adopted Environmental Design and
Green Technology that integrates
with tropical climate
– Features “Environmental Filter”
canopy that covers the open spaces
that draws air to cool these areas.
– Slanting facades catches wind and
direct the flow of air to the ground.
Modern Singapura
• South Beach by Foster & Partners
Modern Singapura
• D’Leedon by Zaha Hadid
– Largest condominium
complex.
– Features seven curvaceous
tower extending up to the
height of 150 metres.
– Orientation of the tower to
minimize sun exposure.
Modern Singapura
• Reflections at Keppel Bay
by Daniel Libeskind
– Luxury waterfront
residential complex
– Local architect DCA
Architect
– Features six glass towers
that provides panoramic
view of its surroundings
Modern Singapura
• Reflections at Keppel Bay
Modern Singapura
• Esplanade by DP Architects &
Michael Wilford & Partners
– Two rounded space frames fitted
with triangular glass elements as
sunshades.
– The unique sunshade
architectural feature resembles
the king fruit “durian” or eyes of
a fly.
Modern Singapura
• Esplanade by DP
Architects & Michael
Wilford & Partners
Singaporean Architects
• WOHA
– Established in 1994 by Wong Mun Summ & Richard Hassell
– The firm incorporates sustainable design strategies as a response
to climate change and widespread urbanization.
– Integration of landscape, architecture, and urbanism in high-rise
building to improve quality of life for residents.
– Their works are notable with extensive use of natural vegetation
as a building element.
Singaporean Architects
• WOHA – Oasia Hotel in Downtown SG
Singaporean Architects
• WOHA – Crowne Plaza, Changi Airport
Singaporean Architects
• WOHA – Parkroyal at Pickering, Chinatown
Singaporean Architects
• WOHA – School of the Arts, Dhoby Ghaut
Malay
Malaysisiaa
Traditional games
• Malaysia is famous for
its batik.
• Batik is a cloth that
traditionally uses a
manual wax-resist
dyeing technique.
Geography &Climate of Malaysia
• There are two major parts to this country,
– Peninsular Malaysia to the west and
– East Malaysia to the east, in additional numerous smaller islands
surrounding both landmasses.
• Located near the equator, Malaysia's climate is categorised
as equatorial, being hot and humid throughout the year.
• Malaysia is exposed to the El Niño effect, which reduces
rainfall in the dry season.
Geology of Malaysia
• Malaysia is located on the Sunda shelf, and is tectonically
inactive.
• The oldest rocks in the country date from 540 million years
ago, and are mostly sedimentary.
• The most common form of rock is limestone
• It is the only country to contain land on both
mainland Asia and the Malay archipelago
• Kota (Mount) Kinabalu is the country’s highest mountain
and the national park is listed on UNESCO Heritage list.
Brief History of Malaysia
Brief History of Malaysia
People of Malaysia
• Malaysia consists of various ethnic groups.
• Malaysia consists mainly of the Malay, Chinese
and Indian people.
• Indigenous people live in the remote areas of
Malaysia. They are the Ibans, Kadazans and
Penans.
People of Malaysia
Religion of Malaysia
• The Muslims
– predominant religion of the country – 60% of population
– state's official religion.
• The Buddhist
– 19 % of the population, centralized in KL and Selangor
• The Hindus
– 9% of the population
• The Christians
– Around 10% mostly found in East Malaysia
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• TRADITIONAL STYLE
– Ideally suited for tropical
climates.
– Hardwood and entirely
free of nails.
– Held together by beams
and wedges.
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• TRADITIONAL STYLE
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• EXAMPLE TRADITIONAL – Istana Seni Menanti
– Palace complex that comprises of 3 palaces
• Istana Besar – primary palace; formal ceremonies are held
• Istana Lama – palace is held together by wooden pegs; hints
from Minangkabau architecture is prevalent; used to be a
religious school.
• Istana Tasik – or Lake Palace
– One of the ten historical structures and considered as a
national heritage.
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• INDIAN STYLE
– Examples:
• Sri Mariamman Temple
in Kuala Lumpur
• Features an ornate
“Raja Gopuram” tower
in style of Dravidian.
• Important temple
during the Deepavali
Festival
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• INDIAN STYLE
– Examples:
• Batu Cave in Selangor
• Popular Hindu shrine outside India
ia.
• Dedicated to Lord Murugan
» World largest statue of
this deity.
» Standing at 42700 mm
» Important Site to the
Thaipusam Festival
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• INDIAN STYLE - Thaipusam
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• CHINESE STYLE
– Two Styles:
• Traditional
• Baba – Nyonya
(Peranakan)
– the word Peranakan is
derived
from anak "child" and
means "descendant“
– Baba – Men
– Nyonya – Female
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• CHINESE STYLE
– Baba – Nyonya Style
• Baba Nyonya have
courtyards and colorful ties
• Also called “Chinese
Baroque”
• Signways are called Jee Ho.
• Ornaments in doors Pintu
Pagar
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• CHINESE STYLE
– Example
• Kek Lok Si Temple
• Penang Malaysia
• Chinese, Thai, and Burmese style
in Temple architecture
• Largest Buddhist Temple in
Malaysia that is an important
pilgrimage site in Southeast Asia.
• Features the bronze statue of
Kuan Yin, Goddess of Mercy
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• CHINESE STYLE Kek Lok Si Temple
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• COLONIAL STYLE
– Examples:
• A’Famosa in Melaka
• Portuguese Fortress.
• Currently only portion
of the fortress exists.
• It was once consisted of
four towers that serves
as a storage for
ammunition.
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• COLONIAL STYLE
– Examples:
• Stadthuys in Melaka
• Dutch word that means
city hall.
• Known for its red
exterior and red
clocktower.
• Also features the Christ
Church
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• COLONIAL STYLE
– Examples:
• Christ Church in Melaka
• Oldest functioning Protestant
church in Malaysia
• Dutch colonial style
• Roof is covered in Dutch tiles
and walls were raised using
Dutch bricks coated with
Chinese plaster.
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• COLONIAL STYLE
– Examples:
• Sultan Abdul Samal Building
• Kuala Lumpur, serves as offices
for British administration.
• Originally designed by A.C.
Norman but A.B. Hubback took
over
• Moorish, Indo-Saracenic, or
Neo-Mughal Style
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• COLONIAL STYLE
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• COLONIAL STYLE
– Examples:
• Kuala Lumpur
Railway Station
• Indo-Saracenic Style
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• MODERN MALAYSIA
– Examples:
• Petronas Tower
• Architect Cesar Pelli
• Tallest in the world from 1998
to 2004
• Post modern style
• Façade resemble motifs from
Islamic Art.
• RC, Steel and Glass
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• MODERN MALAYSIA
– Examples:
• Maybank Tower
• Architect Hijjas Kasturi Asso.
• Floor plan consists of two
square-based blocks that
interlocked on one corner.
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• MODERN MALAYSIA
– Examples:
• Maybank Tower
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• MODERN MALAYSIA
– Examples:
• Menara KL
• Architect Kumpulan Senireka
Sdn. Bhd.
• Menara means Tower
• Features revolving restaurant
and impeccable panoramic
view of the city.
Architectural Styles of Malaysia
• MODERN MALAYSIA
– Examples:
• KOMTAR, Georgetown Penang
• Architect Team 3 (SG)
• Offices, retail shops,
transportation hub.
• Post modern style
• 6th tallest in Malaysia and
tallest in the island of Penang