Dogs

Skill Level 1
Nature
General Conference Year of Introduction: 1950

1. Give the scientific name of the dog family. [edit]

The scientific name of the dog family is Canidae, or Canine.

2. Name five distinctive characteristics of the dog family. [edit]

1. Canines have 42 teeth.
2. They walk on their toes.
3. They have four claws on their hind feet, and five on the front.
4. They have two coats - an outer coat of coarse hair, and an inner coat of fine hair.
5. They have a keen sense of smell.
6. They have excellent hearing due to ear flaps called leathers.
7. They can see colors but not as clearly as we can

3. Identify from pictures or personal observation five wild members of the dog family. [edit]
We present here several species of fox, but as the instructor, you should feel free to present them as one "member." This is
also true of the jackal.
African Wild Dog[edit]
Dhole[edit]
Gray Fox[edit]
Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Gray Fox)

Description: The gray fox is small and has a pepper

brown back,
tawny sides, neck and legs, a white belly, and a black
stripe along its back and tail. Another black stripe
crosses its face from the nose to the eye and continuing
to the side of the head. Standing about 12-16 inches at
the shoulders, weighing up to 16 pounds and having an
overall body length of up to 47 inches, the gray fox is an
agile canid able to scurry up and down trees with relative
ease.

Arctic Fox[edit]
Alopex lagopus (Arctic Fox)
 Description: The Arctic fox, also known as the polar fox,
is a small fox native to cold Arctic regions of the Northern
Hemisphere. Arctic foxes will eat pretty much anything.
Their prey includes voles, lemmings, hares, ground
squirrels, and bird eggs. Foxes living on the coast also eat
shellfish, sea urchins, dead seals and fish, beached
whales, and nesting seabirds. In winter when food is
scarce, they may follow a polar bear and after the bear
makes a kill, eats and leaves, they will steal what ever
scraps of meat are left. In winter, their light coat protects
them from predators, esp. polar bears, by blending in to
the white snow.

Pale Fox[edit]
Vulpes pallida (Pale Fox)

Description: The Pale Fox

is a species of fox which
inhabits the Sahel from
Senegal in the west to
Sudan in the east. It is
widespread throughout the
Sahel but its environmental
status is described as "data
deficient" due to lack of
intensified study of the pale
fox in the wild. The pale fox
is long-bodied with
relatively short legs and a
narrow muzzle. Its ears are
long and rounded at the tip.
Its tail is bushy and black-
tipped. The upperpart of its
body has a pale sandy
color, while the underpart
is whitish. A dark ring
surrounds the fox's eyes.
Cape Fox[edit]
Vulpes chama (Cape Fox)

Description: The Cape Fox has black or silver gray fur with

flanks and underside in light yellow. The tip of its tail is always
black. The Cape Fox is found in Southern Africa from
Zimbabwe to Angola. It prefers the open savanna and semi-
arid regions in southwestern Africa, from Southern Zimbabwe
to the Cape province.

Red Fox[edit]
Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox)

Description: The Red Fox is the most familiar of

the foxes. In Britain and Ireland, where there are
no longer any other native wild canids, it is referred
to simply as the "Fox". It has the widest range not
just of any fox but of any terrestrial carnivore. As
its name suggests, its fur is predominantly reddish-
brown
Gray Wolf[edit]
Canis lupus (Gray Wolf)

Description: The Gray Wolf, also known as Timber Wolf or

Wolf, shares a common ancestry with the domestic dog (Canis
lupus familiaris), as evidenced by DNA sequencing and genetic
drift studies. Gray wolves were once abundant and distributed
over much of North America, Eurasia, and the Middle East.
Today, for a variety of human-related reasons including
widespread habitat destruction and excessive hunting, wolves
inhabit only a very limited portion of their former range. Though
listed as a species of least concern for extinction worldwide, for
some regions including the Continental United States, the
species is listed as endangered or threatened.

Coyote[edit]
Canis latrans (Coyote)
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Canis lupus dingo (Dingo)

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Golden Jackal[edit]
Canis aureus (Golden Jackal)

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Side-striped Jackal[edit]
Canis adustus (Side-striped Jackal)
 Description: Side-striped jackal is a greyish brown to tan with a white stripe from the front legs to the hips and has a dark tail that
has a white tip. Side-striped jackal can weigh from 14 to 30 lb. Males tend to be larger than the females. They are social within
small family groups, communciating via yips, "screams" and a soft owl like hooting call. They are nocturnal, and rarely active during
the day.

Black-backed Jackal[edit]
Canis mesomelas (Black-backed Jackal)

Description: The Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) is an African canine with a fox-like appearance, tan fur, and a thick
stripe of black and silver running down its back. They weigh anywhere from 15 to 30 pounds and are 15 to 30 centimeters at the
shoulder. Males are usually larger than females.

4. Identify from pictures or personal observation 25 different breeds of dogs. [edit]

The South Pacific Division has revised this requirement and reduced to 15 different breeds of dogs.

When teaching this honour point out the 7 different categories of dogs as viewed by a kennel club (some kennel clubs in other countries may have different
categories) : Toy, Terrier, Gundog, Hound, Working, Utility, Non Sporting. See if they can identify dogs from each of these to make the honour more
relevant.
Several dog breeds are presented here, but this is by no means an exhaustive list. No toy dog breeds are presented here as they can be found in
requirement 9.

Afghan Hound[edit]
Afghan Hound

Description: The Afghan Hound is a very old sighthound dog breed. Distinguished by its thick, fine, silky coat and its tail with a ring
curl at the end, the breed acquired its unique features in the cold mountains of Afghanistan, where it was originally used to hunt
wolves, foxes, and gazelles.

German Shepherd[edit]
German Shepherd
 Description: German Shepherds (or Alsatians) are highly intelligent, agile and well-suited to active working environments. They
are often deployed in various roles such as police work, guarding, Search and Rescue, Therapy and in the military. They can also
be found working as guide dogs for the blind. Despite their suitability for such work, German Shepherds can also make loyal and
loving pets inside the home. They enjoy being around people and other animals.

Golden Retriever[edit]
Golden Retriever
 Description: The Golden Retriever is a popular breed of dog, originally developed to retrieve downed fowl during hunting. It is one
of the most common family dogs as it is easy to handle, very tolerant and normally very happy and friendly. They are a low-
maintenance dog and thrive on attention, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and regular veterinary check-ups. Golden Retrievers
are usually compatible with all people and other dogs. And they are also very smart dogs. Love playing around and having
someone there with them.

Siberian Husky[edit]
Siberian Husky

Description: The Siberian Husky is a working dog breed that originated in eastern Siberia. The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized
dog. Siberian Huskies are a resilient breed; known for their ability to thrive in the arctic cold, they can work and live in temperatures
as low as negative 75 degrees Fahrenheit (-60ºC). They were originally bred by the Chukchi tribes for use as a village dog to
accomplish such tasks as pulling sleds.
Beagle[edit]
Beagle

Description: A Beagle is a medium-sized dog breed and a member of the hound group, similar in appearance to a Foxhound but
smaller with shorter legs, and with longer, softer ears. Beagles are scent hounds used primarily for tracking deer, bear, and other
game. They are a loyal breed and most often very well tempered. Beagles love exercise and being around people.

Border Collie[edit]
Border Collie
 Description: The Border Collie is a hard-working breed of herding dog that originated in the border country of England and
Scotland. They are regarded by many as the most intelligent dog breed. Like most working dogs, Border Collies are highly
energetic, and as a result have a tendency towards neurotic or destructive behavior if not given enough to do. They are still
frequently used on farms all over the world for assisting with the handling of livestock. Though known to be reserved with strangers,
these dogs can also be protective of a human family member and affectionate to those they know.

Rough Collie[edit]
Rough Collie
 Description: The Rough Collie is a breed of dog developed originally for herding in Scotland. It is well known because of the works
of author Albert Payson Terhune, and was popularized in later generations by the Lassie novel, movies, and television shows.

Smooth Collie[edit]
Smooth Collie

Description: The Smooth Collie is a breed of dog developed originally for herding. It is a short-coated version of the Rough Collie
of Lassie fame. Some breed organizations consider the smooth-coat and rough-coat dogs to be variations of the same breed.
Boxer[edit]
Boxer

Description: Boxers are a breed of stocky, medium-sized, short-haired dog with a smooth fawn or brindled coat and square-jawed
muzzle. Boxers have very strong jaws and a powerful bite. The character of the Boxer is of the greatest importance and demands
the most careful attention. He is renowned for his great love and faithfulness to his master and household, his alertness, and
fearless courage as a defender and protector. The Boxer is docile but distrustful of strangers. He is bright and friendly in play but
brave and determined when roused. His intelligence and willing tractability, his modesty, and cleanliness make him a highly
desirable family dog and cheerful companion.

Bulldog[edit]
Bulldog
 Description: The bulldog is a relatively small but stocky breed, with a compact body and short, sturdy limbs. Its shape results in a
waddle-like gait. Bulldogs are known for their short muzzles and the saggy skin on their faces, creating the apparent "frown" that
has become a trademark of the breed. Bulldogs come in a variety of colors and ideally have a smooth, short coat.

Dalmatian[edit]
Dalmatian
 Description: The Dalmatian is a breed of dog, noted for its white coat with either black or liver spots. Today the Dalmatian serves
as a fire house mascot, but back in the days of horse-drawn fire carts, they provided a valuable service. Dalmatians and horses are
very compatible, so the dogs were easily trained to run in front of the engines to help clear a path and quickly guide the horses and
firefighters to the fires and sometimes used as rescue dogs to locate victims in burning structures.

Saluki[edit]
Saluki

Description: The Saluki is a breed of dog that is a member of the sighthound family, that is, hounds that hunt by sight rather than
scent. The Saluki is one of the oldest dog breeds known, and originally came from the Middle East, where it was used (and is still
used to some extent) by the Bedouins for hunting hare and gazelle.
Saint Bernard[edit]
Saint Bernard

Description: The St. Bernard Dog is a large breed of dog originally bred for rescue and as a working dog. A full-grown male can
weigh between 150 and 220 lb (68 and 100 kg). The Saint Bernard is known for its loyalty and vigilance and is tolerant of both
children and animals. Because of these traits, it has become a family dog. They also make good watchdogs, as their size can be
intimidating to strangers, though their temperament is gentle.

Great Dane[edit]
Great Dane

Description: The Great Dane's large and

imposing appearance belies its friendly
nature; the breed is often referred to as a
gentle giant. Great Danes are generally
well-disposed toward other dogs, other
non-canine pets, wild animals, and
 humans (including strangers and
children). However, some Great Danes
have dominance issues, are aggressive
with other dogs of the same sex, or chase
small animals.

Basenji[edit]
Basenji
 Description: The Basenji is a breed of hunting dog that originates in central Africa. It is considered by some, particularly in North
America, to be a member of the sighthound family. The Basenji produces an unusual yodel-like sound, due to its unusually shaped
larynx. Although Basenjis do not bark per se, they can mimic sounds, and thus are able to mimic barks if raised among barking
dogs. In behavior and temperament they have some traits in common with cats.

Bernese Mountain dog[edit]

Bernese Mountain dog

Description: The “Berner” is
instantly recognized by its
distinctive tricolor pattern: body,
neck, legs, head and ears black;
cheeks, stockings and eyespots
rich tan, toes, chest, muzzle, tail tip
and blaze between the eyes white.
The pattern is rigid and varies only
slightly in the amount of white. The
eyes are an expressive dark
brown.
Borzoi[edit]
Borzoi

Description: The Borzoi is a breed of dog also called the Russian Wolfhound. They have medium-length, slightly curly hair and are
similar in shape to Greyhounds. They are a member of the sighthound family. Borzoi can come in any color or color combination.
As a general approximation, "long haired greyhound" is a useful description.

Whippet[edit]
Whippet

Description: Whippets are generally quiet and gentle dogs, content to spend much of the day sleeping. They are not generally
aggressive towards other animals, and although especially attached to their owners, they are friendly to visitors. They are not prone
to snapping, so they are good with young children. Because of their friendly nature they have often been known to be used in aged
care facilities.
Australian Shepherd[edit]
Australian Shepherd

Description: The Australian Shepherd is a working dog that was developed in the United States in the 19th century. The dog,
commonly known as an Aussie, is popular in its native California and is growing in popularity in countries across the world.
Contrary to its name, the breed did not originate in Australia. Like all working breeds, the Aussie has considerable energy and drive
and usually needs a job to do. It often excels at dog sports such as frisbee and dog agility.

Hungarian Vizsla[edit]
Hungarian Vizsla

Description: The Hungarian Vizsla, pronounced VEEZH-la (zh as in vision), is a dog breed originating in Hungary. Vizslas are
known as excellent hunting dogs, and also have a level personality making them suited for families.
Dachshund[edit]
Dachshund

Description: The dachshund is a short-legged, elongated dog breed of the hound family. The breed was developed to scent,
chase, and hunt badgers and other hole-dwelling animals. Due to the long, narrow build, they are sometimes referred to in the
United States and elsewhere as a wiener dog, hot dog, or sausage dog, though such terms are sometimes considered disparaging.

Greyhound[edit]
Greyhound

Description: The Greyhound is a breed of dog used for companionship, coursing game and racing. It is commonly thought to be
the third fastest land mammal, next to the pronghorn antelope and the cheetah; a combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest
and aerodynamic build allows it to reach speeds of up to 72 km/h (45 mph), in less than one and a half seconds, or within 5-6
strides. However, the Pronghorn Antelope is quite a bit faster than the Greyhound.

Harrier[edit]
Harrier
 Description: The Harrier is a small dog breed of the hound class, used for hunting rabbits ("hares"). It resembles a foxhound but is
smaller. A humorous, yet fairly accurate short-hand description of a Harrier is that of "a Beagle on steroids." It is a muscular hunting
hound with a short, hard coat. It has large bones for stamina and strength.

Labrador Retriever[edit]
Labrador Retriever

Description: The Labrador Retriever ("Labrador" or "Lab" for short), is one of several kinds of retriever, and is the most popular
breed of dog (by registered ownership) in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The breed is exceptionally friendly,
intelligent, energetic and good natured, making them excellent companions and working dogs. Labrador Retrievers respond well to
praise and positive attention. They are also well known as enjoying water, since historically, they were selectively bred for retrieving
in water environments as 'gun dogs' and as companions in waterfowl hunting.

5. Name five contributions the dog family has made to man. [edit]
 Companion animals.
 Seeing-eye dogs help the blind gain independence.
 Watchdogs protect property (and their owners).
 Hunting dogs help retrieve and flush out game.
 Sled dogs are used as transportation.
 Dogs herd cattle, sheep and other livestock.
 They can be used to follow a scent trail, whether to catch a criminal or find a missing person.
 They can detect explosives.
 They are used to search through earthquake rubble for victims.

6. Give the name of the smallest and largest breed of dog. [edit]
The smallest breed of dog is the Chihuahua. Many breeds can claim to be the "largest" depending on how "largest" is defined. The tallest is the Irish
Wolfhound, but it is outweighed by the Mastiff, the Great Dane, and the Saint Bernard. The heaviest of these is the Saint Bernard.

7. Write or describe orally the value to man of the following dogs: [edit]
a. Seeing-eye[edit]
Seeing-eye dogs, or guide dogs are assistance dogs trained to lead blind or visually impaired people around obstacles. The human half of the guide dog
team does the directing, based upon skills acquired through previous mobility training. The handler might be likened to an aircraft's navigator, who must
know how to get from one place to another, and the dog is the pilot, who gets them there safely.

Despite regulations or rules that deny access to animals in restaurants and other public places, in many countries, guide dogs and other types of
assistance dogs are protected by law, and therefore may accompany their handlers most places that are open to the public.

b. Saint Bernard[edit]
The ancestors of the St. Bernard are the herding dogs of Swiss farmers as well as hunting dogs and watchdogs. Their history has also been connected
with the hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass.

The most famous Saint Bernard to save people at the pass was Barry, who reportedly saved somewhere between 40 and 100 lives. There is a monument
to Barry in the Cimetière des Chiens, and his body was preserved in the Natural History Museum in Berne, Switzerland.

The classic St. Bernard looked very different from the St. Bernard of today, but an avalanche killed off many of the dogs used for breeding. Breeders
crossed the remaining dogs with other dogs, but in the process they lost much of their use as rescue dogs.
c. Shepherd[edit]
A shepherd dog is a type of domestic dog whose original purpose was to herd or guard sheep, though they have been used for other types of livestock as
well. A herding dog will keep a herd or flock of animals together and help a farmer direct them from one place to another (such as from a sheep fold to a
pasture). They will also guard livestock from predators.

d. Collie[edit]
Collies are a type of shepherd dog. Some say the Border Collie is the most intelligent breed of dog.

e. Eskimo[edit]
The Eskimo Dog, otherwise known as the Qimmiq (Inuit for "dog"), or what is considered to be the more culturally sensitive Canadian Inuit Dog, is a larger
breed of Arctic dog commonly found pulling sleds for their Inuit counterparts. However, as snowmobiles tend to be faster and more efficient, the Eskimo
Dog is now a rare breed.

8. Write or tell what special contribution dogs have made to man in wartime. [edit]
Dogs have been used by the military since ancient times. They have been used:

 To sniff out landmines

 To carry messages
 As sentries
 As scouts to detect booby-traps
 As attack dogs in battle

9. Identify from pictures or personal observation five dogs that are classed as "toy" dogs.
[edit]
Pomeranian
Description: The head of the Pomeranian is wedge-shaped, making it somewhat foxy in appearance. The ears are small and set
high. Its tail is characteristic of the breed and should be turned over the back and carried flat, set high. The Pomeranian is a very
active dog who is intelligent, courageous, and a loyal companion. But due to its small size can suffer abuse from children. Beneath
the Pomeranian's fur is a small but muscular dog, similar to a Chihuahua.

Chihuahua
Description: Chihuahuas are best known for their large eyes; small size; and large, erect ears. Chihuahuas are prized for their
devotion, ferocity and personality. Their curious nature and small size make them easily adaptable to a variety of environments,
including the city and small apartments. Chihuahuas are often stereotyped as high-strung, though it has been shown that correct
training and socialization can result in an outstanding companion animal.

Toy Poodle
Description: Poodles are intelligent, alert, and active. Arguably one of the most intelligent breeds, their aptitude has made them
ideal for performing in circuses across the globe for centuries. Because they are so intelligent, they can become bored easily, and
can get quite creative about finding mischief.

Maltese
Description: The Maltese is covered from head to foot with a mantle of long, silky, white hair. Adult Maltese range from roughly 3
to 10 lb (1.4 to 4.5 kg)

Yorkshire terrier

Description: This long-haired terrier is known for its playful demeanor and distinctive blue and tan coat. Yorkies can be very small,
usually weighing between 5 and 7 pounds (2.5 to 3.5 kilograms). In fact, the smallest dog in the world was a Yorkshire Terrier. It
was no bigger than a match box.
10. What is the only dog that has a wholly blue or black tongue? [edit]
The Chow chow.

11. Which is the fastest-running dog?[edit]

The matter of which dog breed is the fastest is a matter of dispute. Some say the Saluki, and others say the Greyhound.

12. Which member of the "toy" dogs has become the most popular? [edit]
The Yorkshire Terrier [1] is currently the most popular breed of toy dog, and the third most popular dog breed overall (nearly overtaking the Golden
Retriever for second place in 2005).

The answer to this question will vary country to country and change in different era's. Labrador Retrievers are still New Zealand's most popular dogs
according to 2006 registrations with the NZ Kennel Club.10th Chihuahuas (long coat) (no change from 2005, was 15th in 2004). The Chihuahua is the
most popular Toy Dog in New Zealand as of 2005. Different areas of a country may have a more popular breed of dog. So you need to expect a wide
variation in answers to this question. Personally at present in my part of the country (NZ) the Bichon Frise.

13. What dog has been especially helpful in tracking criminals? [edit]
The Bloodhound has been used extensively to track the scent not only of criminals, but also of lost children and even adults suffering from dementia.

The Australian Police use the German Shepherd for tracking criminals and lost people. Many years ago they did use Bloodhounds but found them too
difficult to use tracking a criminal as this breed is a large dog and the handler has to lift the dog over fences so they do not use them anymore.

The New Zealand Police Dog teams and Search and Rescue teams use the German Shepherd for general roles but use the Labrador Retrievers for more
specialist roles.

The United Kingdom used to use the Bloodhound for tracking criminals. Their size was certainly an effective deterrent. But in practice the Bloodhound
when it caught up with the offender rushed up knocked him over and wanted to play. They do not grab with the jaw of stand over the offender to subdue
him. These dogs are not good around young children unsupervised. They do not realize their own size and strength and usually end up hurting or scaring
the child. The Police in the UK no longer use this breed they have changed to mainly using the German Shepherd.

14. Write or tell a dog story.[edit]

As the instructor it will be up to you to moderate the story-telling event, or to encourage the Pathfinders to write their essays. The more extroverted
Pathfinders in your group may prefer to tell the stories, while the introverted ones may prefer to write theirs. Allow each Pathfinder to choose which method
they will use.