Research Paper1 - Balan 2
Research Paper1 - Balan 2
The Kingdom
The whole theme of the New Testament is establishing kingdom. Jesus came to this
world to establish a spiritual kingdom. He was rejected by His own as they expected
Him to be a political king to bring deliverance from the Roman government. Even
though He was rejected by His own, God still made a provision to be part of His
Kingdom through the work on the cross. Understanding the Kingdom in the light of the
Gospels is essential as Bible clearly states that entering into the Kingdom of God, John
3:5 is essential to be part of His heavenly kingdom when He establishes on earth.
The term “Kingdom of God” appears 68 times in New Testament, 53 times in Gospels
(only 5 times in Mathew) and 15 times in Acts and other Epistles. The term “Kingdom
of Heaven” appears 31 times in New Testament, only in the Mathew Gospel. No where
else it appears in the New Testament. Why Mathew preferred "Kingdom of Heaven" to
"Kingdom of God" the explanation has long been that Mathew, writing to specifically
Jewish readers, inserted "Heaven" for "God" so as not to offend the Jewish sensibilities
regarding uttering the name of God or the term that describes Him. This is probably
correct, but it leaves us with no explanation for the 5 times Mathew failed to make the
switch, or for why he uses "God". Many believe that "Kingdom of God" and "Kingdom
of Heaven" are one and the same. But if we compare Mathew, Mark and Luke, Mathew's
"Kingdom of Heaven" exactly parallels Mark's and Luke's "Kingdom of God." So there is
no doubt that they are different terms describing the same thing. The "Kingdom of
Heaven" and "Kingdom of God" are synonymous. Having established this truth, we still
are left with the question, what is the Kingdom of God and Kingdom of Heaven? Before
answering this question it is appropriate to see what the Gospels say about Kingdom of
God and Kingdom of Heaven.
Kingdom in Gospels
Mathew:
It is believed that Mathew Gospel was written to the better educated Jews who believed
in Jesus, but argued over the Law. [1]
Kingdom of Heaven as addressed in Mathew:
John the Baptist preaching the Kingdom of Heaven –3:2, 4:17
To whom the Kingdom of Heaven belongs –5:3, 5:10, 19:14
Who shall be greater in Kingdom of Heaven – 5:19, 11:11, 18:1, 18:4
Who shall or not enter into the Kingdom of Heaven –5:20, 7:21, 8:11, 18:3, 19:23, 21:31
Jesus instructing to preach the Kingdom of Heaven – 10:7
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Mark:
It is believed that Mark Gospel was written mostly to Gentiles, fairly new in their faith,
and facing persecutions. [1]
Kingdom of God as addressed in Mark:
Jesus preaching the Kingdom of God – 1:14, 15, 4:11, 9:1, 47, 12:34
Parables of Kingdom of God – 4:26, 30
To whom the Kingdom of God belongs – 10:14
Who shall or not enter into the Kingdom of God – 10:15
How difficult it is to enter into Kingdom of God – 10:23, 24, 25
Kingdom of God related to last supper and crucifixion – 14:25, 15:43
Luke:
It is believed that Luke Gospel was written to the wealthier Gentile Christians in an urban
setting, becoming complacent. [1]
Kingdom of God as addressed in Luke:
Jesus preaching the Kingdom of God – 4:43, 8:1,10, 9:11,27, 10:9,11, 11:20, 16:16,
13:28,29, 17:20, 21, 21:31
Jesus instructing to preach the Kingdom of God – 9:2, 60
To whom the Kingdom of God belongs – 6:20, 18:16
Who shall or not enter into the Kingdom of God – 18:17
Who shall be greater in Kingdom of God – 7:28
Who is not fit for the Kingdom of God – 9:62
Seek first the Kingdom of God – 12:31
Parables of Kingdom of God – 13:18-21, 19:11
How difficult it is to enter into Kingdom of God – 18:24, 25
Kingdom of God related to last supper and crucifixion – 14:15, 22:16, 22:18. 23:51
John:
It is believed that John Gospel was written to a very mixed group of people: mostly Jews,
some Gentiles, Samaritans, etc. [1]
Kingdom of God as addressed in John:
Who can see the Kingdom of God – 3:3
Who can enter into the Kingdom of God – 3:5
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From the above analysis, it looks like all the effort is to make people aware the
importance of the Kingdom of God and to prepare them to enter into it. We could say
that the following are the highlights of what Gospels and other New Testament books in
the Bible teach regarding Kingdom of God.
1. Preaching and instructing to preach the Kingdom of God – Bible accounts, John the
Baptist preaching the Kingdom of God, Jesus preaching the Kingdom of God, Jesus
instructing His disciples to preach, Jesus preaching the Kingdom of God even after His
resurrection before ascending into heavens, disciples preaching the Kingdom of God,
Philip preaching the Kingdom of God and Paul preaching the Kingdom of God.
2. Entering into and inheriting the Kingdom of God – Bible clearly teaches about who
shall and shall not enter into the Kingdom of God and who shall and shall not inherit the
Kingdom of God.
3. Jesus teaching the Kingdom of God through parables – Bible accounts the effort Jesus
took to make people understand the various dimensions of Kingdom of God through
parables.
4. Seeking the Kingdom of God - Seek ye first the Kingdom of God, and his
righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you, Mathew 6:33 puts a
tremendous emphasis on Kingdom of God
5. Keep one fit for the Kingdom of God – Luke 9:62 gives a warning for those who once
with Him and later turned away from Him.
Kingdom parables
Mathew chapter 13 accounts for 8 parables of the Kingdom of Heaven. Before
understanding these parables it is worth answering the following questions.
What is a parable?
According to dictionary.com, parable is a short allegorical story designed to illustrate or
teach some truth, religious principle, or moral lesson. It is a statement or comment that
conveys a meaning indirectly by the use of comparison, analogy, or the like.
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13:10 And the disciples came, and said unto him, Why speakest thou unto them in
parables? 13:11 He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto you to know
the mysteries of the Kingdom of Heaven, but to them it is not given. 13:12 For
whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever
hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath. 13:13 Therefore speak I to
them in parables: because they seeing see not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they
understand.
Another reason why Jesus spoke to them in parables is fulfillment of prophecy. Mathew
13:34 All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and without a parable
spake he not unto them: 13:35 That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet,
saying, I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been kept secret
from the foundation of the world. Evidently this is a prophecy in Psalm 78:2; I will open
my mouth in a parable. I will utter dark sayings of old.
Mathew chapter 13 starts with, “The same day went Jesus out of the house, and sat by the
sea side”. As usual multitudes gathered around. Jesus began to speak many things unto
them in parables. Later verse 36 says, “Then Jesus sent the multitude away, and went
into the house: and his disciples came unto him, saying, declare unto us the parable of the
tares of the field.” Probably all 8 parables were spoken in the same day. Below is the
detailed study of the 8 parables in the order as spoken by Jesus.
The Sower: [2] The sower therefore is the servant of God who carries the seed - the
Good news of Jesus when applied to the Kingdom of Heaven. Similarly the sowers of the
Kingdom of Darkness are those who carry the seed of the devil - the good news of the
worldly freedom; "bow down and worship me, I will give you all these" (earthly glories)
The sowers here are then Christians for the Kingdom of Heaven. Notice that the sower
went out to sow. It is his business to sow. It is the business of every Christian to be a
sower. Whenever he goes out whether in business or in pleasure, he carries with him the
seed. We are his witnesses.
The seed: We have already seen that Jesus is the seed of the Kingdom of Heaven. Jesus,
the Word of God, is like the seed, which given proper conditions in a soil could sprout,
grow to maturity, and give rise to abundance of fruit. The provider of the seed is God
himself.
The ground: Ground in general symbolizes the world, the human heart or man himself -
his body and soul (excluding the spirit). Evidently man is taken out of the dust of the
ground
The seed that fell on the way: This is the word that was heard by the people who go in
the way of the world. They were simply swallowed up by the birds. The Word of God
was removed by the powers of darkness.
The seed that fell on the rocky ground: In the shallow soil the word gave rise to a
plant, but when the sun came up it withered away because its roots were not able to go
deeper to get water. Such people start their life in Christ but when troubles arise, they
walk away from the Word.
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The seed that fell among the thorns: [3] Some will hold on longer, but gradually lose
interest. The stones spoiled the root, the thorns spoil the fruit. The cares of this world,
the deceitfulness of riches or honors or pleasures or power make them unfruitful.
The seed that fell on the good ground: [2] The good ground is plowed and broken, the
rocks and the stones are removed so that the roots can reach down for water and from
which thorns and thistles are weeded out. Here the word will sprout, grow into maturity
and bring forth flowers and gives abundance of harvest. History accounts for seed that
fell on the good ground in the early church.
[2] The book of Acts describes the early expansion of the new faith into Jerusalem, from
Jerusalem into Judo, Samaria and the neighboring places and from Antioch into Rome.
After the rejection of Jesus by the Jews at the trial of Stephen, the gentiles came into the
inheritance of the Kingdom of Heaven. The seed of this was laid at the stoning of
Stephen in Saul of Tarsus who witnessed this stoning. He later became the Apostle Paul -
the apostle to the gentiles. Peter also became very active in proclaiming the message to
the Gentiles after his specific calling and confirmation to this effect. A very reluctant
Peter finally went along with the calling. Paul understood the three major missionary
journeys covering Asia Minor, Syria, Macedonian and Greece. On his return to
Jerusalem, the Jews arrested him in the temple premises on charges of desecration. Paul
being a Roman citizen appealed to Caesar. This gave him the opportunity to witness
before the celebrities of the royal families and the Roman Court. Most scholars believe
that Paul was freed by Caesar and was engaged in more work in Rome before he was
again arrested and executed. Paul had several active colleagues like Barnabas - the
brother of Mary, and john Mark - son of Mary and Silas. Later they went on casting the
seeds of their own.
Peter also traveled very extensively after the period of persecution of Christians in
Jerusalem. He visited Antioch, Corinth and perhaps Rome (for which we have no clear
historical evidence) It is believed that Peter was finally crucified with his head down at
the time of the persecution of Nero.
We have very little information about other Apostles except through the traditions of the
Churches. Some of these traditions are very reliable. But it is difficult to verify them by
secular sources.
Andrew is said to have spent his last years in Scythia - north of the Black Sea. A book
entitled "Acts of Andrew” probably written around AD 260 claims that he spent most of
his time in Macedonia until his martyrdom at Patras.
Barthelomew also known as Nathaniel was probably the only disciple of Noble birth,
being of royal family of Ptolemy of Egypt. Nathaniel went to India where he was killed
by King Astriagis.
James, the son of Alphaeus, also known as James the Less, probably a cousin of Jesus,
went to Persia and was crucified there.
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James the son of Zebedee, brother of John went as a missionary to Spain. Roman
Catholic tradition says that he was buried in Santiago.
John, the disciple whom Jesus loved most was probably a cousin of Jesus. At the foot of
the cross John took charge of the responsibility of caring of Mary, mother of Jesus. He
spent most his time in Asia Minor, ministering to the churches there with his residence at
Ephesus, the capital of the Roman Province of Asia Minor. During the persecution of
Domitian he was exiled into the island of Patmos where he received his Revelation of
Jesus Christ. later he was released and returned to Ephesus and died of Old Age. He is the
only Apostle who died in bed and the last one too. With his death the Apostolic Age
comes to an end.
Judas (not Iscariot) according to historian Eusebius was sent to King Abgar of
Mesopotamia where he healed the ailing King. He remained in this land till his
martyrdom. But other traditions claim that he went to Persia afterwards where he was
killed with clubs and stones by the magicians of the City of Suanir.
Mediaeval Greek tradition says that Matthew went to Parthia and Ethiopia and was
martyred at Nadabah City in AD 60.
Philip one of the first foreign missionaries went to France, Russia, Asia Minor and even
to India. Bishop Polycrates, the Bishop of Antioch (AD 194) says that Philip was buried
in Hierapolis.
Simon the Canonite of the Zealots Party is one of the few whose later ministry is claimed
by several countries. Coptic Church of Egypt claims that he taught in Egypt, Africa,
Great Britain and Persia. According to Nicephorous of Constantinople "Simon born of
Cana of Galilee who was surnamed Zealots, having received the Holy Ghost from above,
traveled through Egypt and Africa, the Mauritania and Libya preaching the Gospel. And
the same doctrine he taught to the Occidental Sea and the Isles of Butanias."
Thomas, the twin, the doubter and the courageous one traveled through Arabia Felix
(Yemen) and then to India where he established several Churches and was martyred in
Mylapore in Madras, South India.
The replacement of Judas Iscariot, Matthias who was elected by casting of lots is the least
known because he does not appear in the later drama. Some identify him as Zaccheas.
Tradition has it that he was martyred by the cannibals of Mesopotamia.
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distinguishable clearly from its fruit - because good seed produces good fruit and bad
seed produces bad fruit. It is from the fruit that we distinguish good and the bad. This is
why Jesus forbade the weeds being pulled out before times. Their roots are so much
entangled together they cannot be pulled out without hurting the each other. The weeds
are the sons of the evil one as the wheat is the sons of the Kingdom of Heaven.
Evidently weeds here refer to the sons of the evil ones that follow false teachings as
opposed to the true historical Christian faith. The parable indicates clearly that this
heretic teaching will start as soon the early church starts their life. The teachings will be
so entangled with each other that it is humanly impossible to uproot and destroy without
hurting the church as such. False teachings and cults have a way of entangling the
believers with subtleties.
Further the parable indicates that these heresies that germinated in the beginning of the
Christian church will remain with us to the end of the ages until the final separation and
gathering occur.
The large branches capable of offering nests for the birds of the air are evidently not
possible in a mustard herb however large it grew. Birds of the air or birds of the heaven
always symbolize the satanic powers. Whenever the ‘the birds of the air" is used
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symbolically it means children of the prince of the air. Prince of the air is Satan. Eph. 2:2
says "wherein you once walked, according to the course of the world, according to the
prince of the powers of the air." Again Eph 6:12 says: "For our wrestling is not against
flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the world rulers of this
darkness, against the spiritual powers of hosts of wickedness in heavenly places." Birds
of the air are the birds of the heaven - the high flying birds of prey. These are considered
unclean birds, not to be used as food. Remember we are now not talking about birds - but
birds as an image. Our Lord clearly identified them in his interpretation of the first
parable. "Birds are the evil ones” - Satan and all the forces of evil. When Satan
discovered that he cannot crush the church by persecution, he allowed it to grow into a
kingdom of this world. Now he can come into it freely and build his nest. Prestige, honor,
power, authority and money became the ruling factors of Church.
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The Kingdom of God means the sovereignty of God over the universe and included and
embraces the Kingdom of Heaven and all other realms in the whole universe. It is mortal
and universal and has existed from the beginning and will know no end. The Kingdom of
God existed even before the creation of the earth. The angels and other spirit beings were
in this kingdom when the earth was created. The Kingdom of Heaven could not have
existed then, for there was no earth for the kingdom from the heavens to rule.
The usage of the two different terms in parallel passages may be explained as follows.
The Kingdom of Heaven is a lesser term than the Kingdom of God. It is the earthly
sphere of the universal Kingdom of God, and in this respect the terms have almost all
things in common. Therefore, in an earthly sense, everything that is or could be spoken
of the Kingdom of Heaven could be spoken also of the Kingdom of God, for the
Kingdom of Heaven is the earthly sphere of the Kingdom of God. On the other hand,
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there are some statements made of the Kingdom of God in this age that could not
possibly be spoken of the Kingdom of Heaven. When the two terms are used in parallel
passages they refer to this age only, for the Kingdom of Heaven during this age has been
changed from a literal kingdom to the sphere of profession, because of the rejection of the
king who will be the earthly king of the Kingdom of Heaven when it is finally set up in
the next age.
[4] The general contrasts between the two terms are tabulated below for easy reference
and understanding.
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Kingdom concepts
[5] Dr. Myles Munroe in his book “Rediscovering the kingdom” deals with the concept
and principles of Kingdom to discover the reality of living in this world and the life
beyond. Presenting few of his thoughts here will certainly augments what was discussed
in the previous sections.
According to him,
God’s original plan in creation was to extent His heavenly kingdom on earth.
God’s purpose was to establish relationships, not religion.
Human beings were created to exercise dominion over the earth and all its creatures.
God will not do anything on earth without permission or access from those on earth to
whom He gave dominion.
God can do anything, but because He has given us the license, He can release on the
earth only what we allow.
The gospel of the Kingdom is good news: a message sent from Daddy to all His
children telling them they can return home to the kingdom and once again be sons
and daughters in their full right.
Because God designed us to lead, the seed of leadership lie within us, dormant until
activated.
The Kingdom of God on earth is God’s rulership within the hearts and spirits of
believers, and the Kingdom of Heaven is when that rulership impacts the human
earthly environment.
The Kingdom of God is a kingdom of light, the light of the knowledge of the Lord.
Jesus came to restore our position in God’s government – to make us righteous.
When we are in right relationship with God, He can extend His kingdom, His
rulership into our lives and rule the earth through us.
As ambassadors of Christ, we represent our Father’s kingdom on earth.
We cannot be effective citizens of the Kingdom of God and continue to think
democratically.
We need to lay aside our democratic mindset and start thinking like kingdom citizens.
The end will come when the gospel of the kingdom has been preached throughout the
world.
The specific hour of Christ’s return is in God’s hands, but the general timing of it is in
ours.
The problem lies not with the readiness of the harvest but with the availability of
harvesters
The Kingdom of God represents power.
People everywhere are looking for the kingdom, even if they don’t recognize it by
that name.
Jesus’ purpose is twofold: to proclaim the arrival of God’s kingdom and through His
blood, provide entry to the kingdom for all who would come.
Jesus’ assignment was to introduce the kingdom.
Being born again is the way into the kingdom – it is necessary first step – but the
gospel of the kingdom involves much mire.
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The arrival of Jesus Christ inaugurated the period of the Kingdom of Heaven on
earth.
Jesus’ ultimate assignment was to get the Holy Spirit back into us.
As citizens of the new spiritual order, we are greater than those Old Testament men
and women who went before us, not because of any particular merit of our own, but
because of the indwelling Spirit, which they did not know.
The Kingdom of Heaven is advancing forcefully, and we who are citizens of that
kingdom are part of the “advance force’ that is storming the stronghold of the enemy.
Our kingdom does not run and it does not retreat: our kingdom stands firm, advances,
and overcomes.
As ambassadors of Christ, we should be concerned only about the interests of our
king.
As long as we concentrate on our King’s interests and in representing Him faithfully,
He will take care of our interests.
God’s purpose is to restore His rulership on earth through mankind.
Jesus came to reintroduce the Kingdom of God to us and, through His shed blood on
the cross, provide the means by which we could enter into it.
As an inheritance the kingdom belongs to us by legal right.
We proclaim the message of the Kingdom of God, and that message is good news for
everyone who hears it.
The degree to which we enjoy our kingdom citizenship depends upon the degree of
our willingness to be bold and claim what is rightfully our – what Jesus has restored
to us through His death and resurrection.
God’s kingdom is founded on eternal principles that will never fade or pass away.
The key to man’s manifesting the Kingdom of God here on earth is the presence of
the Holy Spirit.
If we are to exercise our full status and potential in the earthly realm as ambassadors
of our Father, we must be retrained in the behavior and mindset of the kingdom.
Jesus died on the cross and arose from the dead, not so much to take us to heaven as
to bring us back into possession of the kingdom we lost.
As children of God we receive three specific things when we come into the kingdom:
sovereignty, power and greatness.
Within the scope of our delegated sovereignty, we have absolute authority.
When we are restored to the kingdom, we are restored to greatness, because we return
to the place and environment for which we were created.
The Kingdom of God must be our highest priority; Jesus gave us no other
commission.
If you are a believer, you are a saint, and if you are a saint, you are an heir to the
Kingdom of God.
The Kingdom of God is all matters, and apart from the Kingdom of God nothing
matters.
The king’s reputation is important to the king and is the source of the glory of the
name. A king’s reputation is created and sustained by the conditions of the citizens
and his kingdom.
We were created to represent God and His heavenly kingdom in this earth. We were
born to be born again. It is our choice to decide our destiny.
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References:
1. The Four Gospels: Some Comparative Overview Charts by Prof. Felix Just, S.J. -
Loyola Marymount University
http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Four_Gospel_Chart.htm
4. Rev. Finis Jennings Dake. God’s Plan for Man – Lesson Thirty One, Dake Bible
Sales, Inc. Georgia, 1949.
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